Emotions and Temperament in Infancy (cont`d)
4/10/2015 Emotions and Temperament in Infancy (cont’d) Chapter 10 Temperament: Behavioral Inhibition Kagan Behavioral Inhibition: Type of temperament that is characterized by extreme wariness and withdrawal in the face of novelty, particularly social novelty, appears early in toddlerhood (12-14 months), and is relatively stable Highly related to shyness and social anxiety Negative reactivity - precursor to behavioral inhibition, characterized by increased motor activity and negative affect when novel stimuli are presented to young infant (10-15% of infants are negatively reactive) Behavioral Inhibition Laboratory Visit Behavioral Inhibition and Social Anxiety Behaviorally inhibited infants are at risk for developing anxiety disorders later in life Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety in Adolescence 70 BI non -BI 60 %Participants 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Anxiety Social Anxiety Diagnosis 1 4/10/2015 Behavioral Inhibition and Materenal Care Over-controlling mothers can increase chance that behaviorally inhibited infant will have an anxiety disorder Behavioral Inhibition and Nonparental Care Behaviorally inhibited children who spend at least 10 hours/wk during first 2 years of life in nonparental care are more likely to lose BI classification by middle childhood # Participants Continuously BI Change from BI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Exclusive Parental Care Nonparental Care Behavioral inhibition, genetics, and environment Children are more likely to remain behaviorally inhibited or shy if they had a short 5-HTT allele and a mother with low levels of social support 2 4/10/2015 Behavioral Inhibition & Culture Chinese children were more likely to be characterized as behaviorally inhibited compared to Canadian children (Chen et al., 1998). Further evidence suggests that this is difference is likely due to differences in cultural acceptance of withdrawn/shy behaviors. Neural Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition Behaviorally inhibited children display higher and more variable heart rates, increased levels of cortisol, increased right frontal asymmetry, and increased neural responses to novel stimuli compared to non-inhibited children Thought to be driven by hyperactive amygdala 3
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