Lucrări Ştiinţifice - vol. 53, Seria Zootehnie
THE EFFECT OF OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL
(ORIGANUM VULGARE L) ON BROILER PERFORMANCE
Lenuţa Fotea, Elena Costăchescu, G. Hoha, Doina Leonte
Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Romania
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of botanical additives in farm animal may arise from activation on feed intake
and digestive secretions, imune stimulation, antibacterial, coccidiostatical, antihelmintical, antiviral
or antiinflamatory activity. This study was conducted in order to determine the use of oregano oil in
broiler nutrition as a natural growth promoting substances instead of antibiotics. Different levels of
oregano oil added to standard diet, to determine its effect on weight gain, daily weight gain, and
feed conversion ratio compared to control group. Two hundred day-old broilers (Ross-308) were
divided into groups of fifty chicken each, and randomly assigned to based diet. Experimental groups
were as follow: LM control group without additive, L1 a 0.3% oregano oil group, L2 a 0.7%
oregano oil group, L3 a 1% oregano oil group. The highest weight gain was observed on the L3
(2484 g), and followed by L2 (2463 g), L1 (2401 g) and LM (2365 g). The addition of oregano oil on
the diets improved daily live weight by approximatley 1.5% (L1), 4.1% (L2) and 5% (L3) compared
to the control group. As a general conclusion from all groups with oregano results were better than
the group without, but the addition of 1% oregano oil to the diet improved feed conversion ratio by
approximatley 4 % compared to the control group. In conclusion the results show that essential oil
of Origanum vulgare L. culd be considered a potential natural growth promoter for poultry.
Key word: essential oil, oregano, alternatives, natural, safe, broilers
INTRODUCTION
In the new century antibiotics growth
promoters as feed additives has been banned.
Anitibiotics have been in animal feed for
improving growth performance, preventing
some disease and increasing some useful
microorganism in intestinal microflora. After
the use of most antibiotic growth promoters as
feed additives has been banned by the European
Union because of the secondary effects like
bioresistance and the remanescence of trace
antibiotics in tissues; scientists have researched
for alternatives to antibiotics. Herbs spices and
plant extracts have received increasing attention
as possible antibiotics alternatives. The plants
and extracts have been used traditionally in the
therapy of some diseases for a long time in the
world, and they have a significant role in
maintaining human health. Plants and extracts
especially essential oils war used research in
broiler nutrition to see their effects on broiler
performance. The effect of essential oils is
widely known in human and animal use.
Essential oils are volatile oils, natural vegetable
products obtained from extracted by steam
and/or water distillation plants. Most essential
oils consist mixtures of compounds luck as
phenolics and polyphenols, terpenoides,
saponins, quinines, esters, flavones and
flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and nonvolatile
residues; and their chemical composition and
concentration of compounds is variable. These
components have many effects as antimicrobial,
stimulating
animal
digestive
systems,
antioxidants, anticoccidial, increase production
of digestive enzymes and improve utilization of
digestive products by enhancering liver
functions. Some aromatic plants and their
essential oils have research on the broiler
performance the addition to the feeds or water
improved feed intake feed conversion ratio,
carcass yield action (Saricoban et al 2004,
Hernandes et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004, Ciftici
et al., 2005, Ertas, et al., 2005, Zhang et al.,
2005). Origanum vulgare L is the species is a
genus of aromatic plants of the family
Lamiaceae, it is a herbaceous plant, perennial,
aromatic, grow spontaneously throughout
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Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi
Europe, in the hill up to the mountain by dry
and sunny places. Aerial parts harvested at
flowering have a varying amount of volatile oil
from the plant 0,18-0,45% 0,32-1,02% in fresh
and dried plant (Istudor, 2001; Robu, 2004).The
farmacodynamic action of the oregano is
bioactive components, acting synergeticall, has
as main actions the salt secretive,
antispasmodic, diuretic, stomahic, anti-broad
spectrum (bactericidal, fungicidal, virulicid,
parasiticide) imunomodulatoar. In this study,
we aimed to use oregano oil in broiler nutrition
as a natural additive as an alternative to
antibiotics. For this purpose different level of
oregano oil were added in standard diet, and
studied soas to determine the effect on
performance compared to control group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred day-old broilers (Ross-308)
were divided into four groups of 50 chickens
each, and randomly assigned to based diet.
The presence and levels of oregano oil in
standard diet were the main factors tested.
Three different levels of oregano oil were
added to standard diets to generate the other
four treatment groups. Experimental groups
were as follow: L control group, L1 a 0.3%
oregano oil group, L2 a 0.7% oregano oil
group, L3 a 1% oregano oil group. Oregano
oil was dissolved in vegetable oil and were
mixed in a standard diet every day. The
ingredients and chemical composition of the
diet are present in Table 1. Chicks were
given starter diet for 14 day (23% CP and
2995 kcal ME), a grower diet 28 day (20%
CP and 3100 kcal ME), thereafter a finisher
diet to 42 day (18% CP and 3153 kcal ME).
The diets and water were provided ad
libitum. The broilers were housed in battery
cages. The lighting regime provided 24 hours
of continuous light per day.
Table 1 Structure and nutritional composition of standard diets
Starter
Feed ingredients
UM
0-14 day
Corn
%
61.00
Soybean meal
%
28.00
Full-fat soybean
%
2.00
San flowers
%
1
Gluten de porumb
%
1.00
Fish meal
%
400
Vegetable oil
%
L-Lysine
%
0.05
DL- methionine
%
0.20
Calcium
%
0.45
Dicalcium phosphate
%
1.10
Salt
%
0.15
Vitamin and minerals premix
%
1.00
Kemzyme VP dry
%
0.05
Total
%
100
Analysis
kcal /kg
2995
Crude protein
%
23
Crude fiber
%
3.25
Eter extract
%
4.51
Ash
%
6.12
Lysine
%
1.36
Methionine +Cistine
%
1.00
Ca
%
1.03
P
%
0.76
The body weights of the bird were
measured individually a 1, 14, 28 and 42 day
of the experiment. Feed intake was recorded
biweekly. Feed conversion efficiently was
Grower
15-28 day
65.00
23.00
4.00
1.00
3.50
0.50
0.10
0.20
0.45
1.00
0.20
1.00
0.05
100
Finisher
29-42 day
65.00
23.00
7.00
1.50
0.05
0.20
0.75
1.15
0.30
1.00
0.05
100
3100
20
3.33
4,01
6.05
1.17
0.90
0.95
0.66
3153
18
3.01
6,01
6.33
1.00
0.82
0.91
0.61
calculated at the end of the 42 day
experimental period. Oregano essential oil
was purchased from Hofigal a Romanian
company. The data results were to statistical
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Lucrări Ştiinţifice - vol. 53, Seria Zootehnie
analysis of variance and were significant
differences were observed. The results were
considered as significant when p values were
less than 0.05 and 0.01. It also has to be
mentioned that research has been carried out
in an isolated space where a reduced number
of persons had access, and the chickens were
not previously vaccinated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of this experiment towards the
goal up for to determine the effect of oregano
oil on broiler performances. The research on
the effects of the oregano oil has revealed a
series of results to be presented as follows.
Mean live body weight (LBW) and body
weight gain (BWG) of broilers during the
experimental period are summarised and
presented in Table 2. The best average body
weight was noticed at broilers from group
L3, which at the age of 42 days had an
average weight of 2484g, with the best daily
live weight of 59.14g. Compared to the
control group, the other groups treated with
various levels of savory oil had daily average
intakes higher with 1.5% (L1), 2 % (L2) and
4.1 % (L3) (p <0.05).
Table 2 The effect of different dietary concentrations of oregano on the live body weight and body
weight gain
LM
L1
L2
L3
Results
0.3%
0.5%
1%
oregano oil
oregano oil
oregano oil
Live body weight (g)
0-14 days
415
431
440
441
15-28 days
864
875
880
894
29-42 days
1086
1095
1143
1149
a
b
2401
2463
2484
0-42days
2365

Body weight gain g/bird/day
0-14 days
29.64
30.78
31.42
31.50
15-28 days
61.71
62.50
65.85
63.85
29-42 days
77.57
78.21
81.64
83.50
0-42days
56.30
57.16
58.64
59.14
a,b
means withing same column having different letters are significantly different (p<0.05)
The effect of the oregano oil was
different from that of the control group and
had an impact over the feed intake and its
conversion, registering significant differences
(p <0.05) (table 3).
Table 3 The effect of different dietary concentrations of oregano oil on the daily feed intake of broilers
(g/bird/day)
LM
Results
0-14 days
15-28 days
29-42 days
0-42days
L1
564
1516
2512
4586
40.2
108
179
109
0.3 %
oregano oil
g/bird/day
586
42
1525
109
2473
176
4584
109
By administering of 1% essential oregano
oil (L3), the food conversion improved by
L2
L3
0.5 %
oregano oil
1%
oregano oil
588
1544
2523
4655
42
110
180
111
573
1555
2470
4598
41
111
176
109
4% compared with the control group, and
followed by L2 (2%), L1 (1.5%) (table 4).
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Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi
Table 4 The effect of different dietary concentrations of oregano oil on the feed conversion ratio (g
feed/g gain)
LM
L1
L2
L3
Results
0.3 %
0.5 %
1%
oregano oil
oregano oil
oregano oil
0-14 days
1.35
1.35
1.33
1.29
15-28 days
1.75
1.74
1.75
1.74
29-42 days
2.31
2.25
2.20
2.15
a
b
1.90
1.89
1.85
0-42days
1.93
a,b

means withing same column having different letters are significantly different (p<0.05)
The different results obtained from the
groups that were administered oregano oil
were determined by the quantity of bioactive
substances contained, carvacrol, linalool,
borneol, α şi γ-terpinen, α şi β –pinen.
Essential oregano oil had positive effects on
the pathogen organisms, the digestive
enzyme secretions and on the liver. Our
experiments have proved that a level of 1%
of essential oregano oil has positively
influenced the weight gain and the feed
conversion. Our obtained results are in
accordance with those of other research
carried out by Ertas and al. 2005, in which
case following the administration of 200 ppm
of an essential oils mixture (oregano, clove
and anise) one notices improvement in the
growth performance of live broilers. Similar
results have been reported by Ciftici et al.,
2005 after the use of essential anise oil;
Jamroz and Kamel 2002 by using a product
from plant extracts; Al-Sultan 2003 using a
0.5 % tumeric plant; Zhang et al., 2005 using
essential oils and Gahazalan and Ali 2008
using rosmarin.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies carried out in the past 5 years on
the use of aromatic and spicy medicinal herbs
in broilers’ feed have extended. All groups
that received oregano oil had better results
than the control group. The main conclusion
was that the use of these plants as powder
and of the extracted essential oils determine a
high growing performance and a very good
feed conversion. The addition of 1% oregano
oil to the diet was improved daily live weight
by 5% and feed conversion ratio by
approximatley 4 % compared to the control
group. The research shows that the essential
oregano oil may be considered a as a
potential natural growth promoter for poultry.
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