1. technology and computing
2. programming languages
3. c and c++

LECTURE – 3
SYSTEM PROGRAMMING & SYSTEM
ADMINISTRATION
SECTION -A
INTRODUCTION
Interpreters
´ Compilers
´ Text
T t editors
dit
´ Debug monitors
´ Programming environment
´
INTERPRETERS
An interpreter may be a program that either
y
1. executes the source code directly
2. translates source code into some efficient intermediate
representation (code) and immediately executes this,
3 explicitly
3.
li itl executes
t stored
t d precompiled
il d code
d (a code
d that
th t is
i output
t t
from a compiler, ready to be executed. )made by a compiler which
is part of the interpreter system
Compilers and Interpreter
´
An interpreter translates some form of source code into a
ta
get representation
ep ese tat o tthat
at itt ca
ed ate y e
ecute a
d
target
can immediately
execute
and
evaluate.
´
The structure of the interpreter
p
is similar to that of a
compiler, but the amount of time it takes to produce the
executable representation will vary as will the amount of
optimization (improving a system to reduce runtime,
bandwidth, memory requirements ).
´
The following diagram shows one representation of the
differences among compilers and interpreters
Compiler characteristics:
´
spends a lot of time analyzing and processing the program
´
the resulting executable is some form of machine- specific binary
code
´
the computer hardware interprets (executes) the resulting code
´
program execution is fast
Interpreter characteristics:
´
relatively
l ti l littl
little titime iis spentt analyzing
l i and
d processing
i th
the program
´
the resulting code is some sort of intermediate code
´
th resulting
the
lti code
d iis iinterpreted
t
t db
by another
th program
´
program execution is relatively slow
Compilers
´
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that
transforms source code written in a programming language
(the source language) into another computer language (the
target
g language,
g g , often having
g a binaryy form known as object
j
code). The most common reason for wanting to transform
source code is to create an executable program.
´
The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that
translate source code from a high-level programming
language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly
language or machine code). A program that translates from
a low
l
llevell llanguage tto a hi
higher
h llevell one iis a decompiler.
d
il
TEXT EDITORS
´
A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain
text files.
files
´
Text editors are often provided with operating systems or
software development packages, and can be used to
change configuration files and programming language
source code.
´
(In computing,
computing configuration files,
files or config files
configure the initial settings for some computer programs.
They are used for user applications, server processes
and operating system settings.)
TYPES OF TEXT EDITORS
´
Some text editors are small and simple, while others offer a
broad
b d and
d complex
l range off functionality.
f
ti
lit For
F example,
l Unix
U i
and Unix-like operating systems use the vi editor (or a
variant).
´
Manyy text editors for software developers
p
include source
code syntax highlighting and automatic completion to make
programs easier to read and write
write.
´
Programming editors often permit one to select the name of
a subprogram or variable, and then jump to its definition and
back.
TYPICAL FEATURES
´
Cut, copy, and paste – most text editors provide methods
to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.
´
Text formatting – Text editors often provide basic
formatting features
feat res like line wrap,
rap bullet
b llet list formatting,
formatting
comment formatting, and so on.
´
Undo and redo – As with word processors, text editors will
provide
p
o de a way
ay to undo
u do and
a d redo
edo tthe
e last
ast ed
edit.
t
´
Syntax highlighting –highlights software code and other
text that appears in an organized or predictable format.
DEBUG MONITORS
´
A debug monitor, is a tool that helps to find and reduce the
number of bugs and defects in a computer program or any
electrical device within or attached to the computer in order
to make it act the way it should.
´
For example, when an armored car drives up to a bank and
the g
guards have to transfer money
y from the truck to the
bank, there are special guards that stand watch to make
sure no one tries to rob them thus making the transaction go
smoothly.
´
Those guards could be the debug monitors in the computer
industry.
´
If the debugging monitor locates a bug or defect in any of the
equipment, it will first try to reproduce the problem which will
allow a programmer to view each string (in a program) that was
within the bug or defect range and try to fix it.
it
PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
´
DEFINITION- The programming environment is the set of processes
and programming tools used to create the program or software product.
´
An integrated development environment is one in which the processes
and tools are coordinated to provide developers an convenient view of
the
h d
development
l
process ((or at lleast the
h processes off writing
i i code,
d
testing it, and packaging it for use).
´
A example
An
l off an IDE product
d t is
i Microsoft's
Mi
ft' Vi
Visuall St
Studio
di .NET.
NET A
And
d
Oracle JDeveloper 10g and Eclipse (an IBM product) for Java
development
´
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a programming
environment that has been packaged as an application program
program, typically
consisting of a code editor, a compiler, a debugger, and a graphical user
interface (GUI) builder.
´
The IDE may be a standalone application or may be included as part of one
or more existing and compatible applications.
´
IDEs provide a user-friendly framework for many modern programming
languages, such as Visual Basic, Java etc.
´
IDEs for developing HTML applications are among the most commonly used.
For example, many people designing Web sites today use an IDE (such as
H
HomeSite,
Sit D
DreamWeaver,
W
or F
FrontPage)
tP
) for
f Web
W b site
it development
d
l
t that
th t
automates many of the tasks involved.
Program Generators
´
´
´
g
Software p
program
that enables an individual to
easily create a program of their own with less effort
and programming knowledge.
With a program generator
t a user may only
l b
be
required to specify the steps or rules required for
his or her p
program
g
and not need to write any
y code
or very little code.
Some great examples of a program generator are:
Ad
Adventure
M
Maker,
k Alice,
Ali
S
Stagecast
Creator,
C
and
d
YoYo Games
´
Alice is an innovative 3D programming environment that
makes it easy to create an animation for telling a story,
playing an interactive game, or a video to share on the web.
Alice is a teaching tool for introductory computing. It uses
3D graphics and a drag-and-drop interface to facilitate a
more engaging, less frustrating first programming
experience.
´
Adventure Maker: The World's easiest way to create pointand-click games and virtual tours for Windows, iPhone, and
iPod touch!
´
Stagecast Creator: Make your own video games, share
them with friends, learn thinking skills…
APPLICATIONS
´
´
´
´
´
´
´
´
´
Beginner-friendly mouse operation.
You basically don't even need a keyboard.
Complicated environmental configuration not required.
required
Just start up and start creating sample software immediately.
Since the module library provided even defines MCU peripheral circuits, you can
operate
p
yyour MCU as soon as software combination is complete.
p
The Sample Application Program Generator & Organizer system is C-compliant.
The combination of supported program modules enables highly-flexible software
creation.
Since the source file of the created software is output, it can also be used as a
base for development.
As control of the Sample Application Program Generator & Organizer system
utilizes
tili
only
l th
the commentt liline, ROM/RAM cannott be
b increased.
i
d
User programs can be registered in a library at the function level using the GUI..
The program module, like sample software, is provided free of charge. Please
note that proper operation is not guaranteed
guaranteed.
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
A well-known problem in program generation is scoping. When identifiers
(i.e., symbolic names) are used to refer to variables, types, or functions,
program generators
mustt ensure that
are bound
t
th t generated
t d identifiers
id tifi
b
d to
t
their intended declarations. This is the standard scoping issue in
programming languages, only automatically generated programs can
quickly become too complex and maintaining bindings manually is hard
hard.
In this paper we present generation scoping: a language mechanism to
facilitate the handling of scoping concerns. Generation scoping offers
control over identifier scoping beyond the scoping mechanism of the
target programming language (i.e., the language in which the generator
output is expressed). Generation scoping was originally implemented as
an extension of the code template
p
operators
p
in the Intentional
Programming platform, under development by Microsoft Research.
Subsequently, generation scoping has also been integrated in the JTS
language extensibility tools. The capabilities of generation scoping were
invaluable in the implementation of two actual software generators:
DiSTiL (implemented using the Intentional Programming system), and P3
(implemented using JTS).