1. travel
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3. national parks

International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG)
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VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND CHANGE
DETECTION ON TUTICORIN COASTAL
ENVIRONMENT, TAMIL NADU - USING REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS
* K.Muthukumar1, No: 9B, Keelakottai, Gangaikondan-via, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
A.Selvin Samuel2. Department of Botany, St.John’s College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email ID:[email protected]
Abstract
The coastal vegetation’s are ecologically important
ecosystem highly distributed and threatened due to natural and
anthropogenic threats. Satellite data of land sat IRS IC –LISS
III with PAN merged for 2003 and IRS P6-LISS IV for 2010
were used to identify the vegetation types and changes in the
vegetation types using change deduction analysis. The
changes estimated by the satellite data processing in the major
vegetation types such as mangroves, open vegetation,
riveraine vegetation, sand dune vegetation, scrub jungle and
teri vegetation are really disturbing because these changes
have occurred. The dependence of local people on coastal
vegetation for various purposes in this region is also
considerably high, which might be a key factor for the changes
in the vegetation. The results of this study not only provide an
outlook on the present status of the vegetation and the change
trends but also provide the basis for further studies on
vegetation in the Tuticorin coastal environment of Tamil
Nadu.
Key words: Indian Remote Sensing, Linear Imaging SelfScanning Sensor
Introduction
Coastal environment play a vital role in nation’s
economy by virtue of their resources, productive habitats and
rich flora and fauna. India has a coastline stretch of 7,516 km
and nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 km
from the coast. The shallow gulf is highly productive
ecosystem and supports large number of marine organisms
including highly threaded species. The coastal part of this
district is least concerned and has variety of ecosystems from
mangroves, dune vegetation and inland vegetation. The coastal
environment is under continuous pressure from natural and
anthropogenic factors. The natural threats includes cyclone,
storms, tsunami, etc., and anthropogenic threats include
clearing and burning of native vegetation for developmental
purposes, grazing, planting of invasive alien species, etc.,
ISSN No: 2319-3484
Tuticorin district has developed in recent and past in coastal
areas with industries and other developments. Vegetation acts
as an indicator of many of the physical and biological
attributes of an area (Austin, 1991; Specht, 1975; Whittaker,
and Niering, 1965 and Subrahmanyan and Murthy, 1968).
Vegetation mapping plays a fundamental role in providing
relevant information and therefore becomes a precondition for
the effective management of natural resources, especially for
the conservation of biodiversity (Stoms, 1992) and is surrogate
for ecosystems in conservation evaluations (Blasco, et.al,
1996). Satellite remote sensing techniques with reasonably
high spatial and temporal resolution could be used as potential
tools for monitoring changes in different vegetation types in
features on spatial and temporal scales (Jayakumar, et.al.
2000). The change in vegetation structure is brought about by
a number of factors biotic and a biotic resulting in
characteristic response of its surroundings a biotic
environment, which includes physical factors such as
temperature, light, soil, topography etc. (Huggeh, 1998).
Studies on the varied biotic factors in relation to biodiversity
and their ecological relationship with each other help in the
systematic assessment of the status of vegetation. This in turn
would result in the formulation of suitable measures of in situ
conservation (Miller, 1994). Such an approach plays a vital
role in conservation biology (Roy, 1999). The coastal
vegetation is a community formed by a variety of salt-tolerant
species growing in the inter-tidal areas of the estuary mouth
between the land and the sea, and Mangrove vegetation is one
of the most productive wetlands on earth. They provide
critical habitat for diverse marine and terrestrial flora and
fauna. These unique coastal vegetation and inland vegetation
are among the most threatened habitats in the world.
Traditionally, fishing communities in mangrove ecosystems
collect fuel wood, harvest fish, fodder and other natural
resources (Bandarnayake, 1998 and Dahdouh-Guebas, et.al.
2000).. In recent decades, many coastal areas have come under
severe pressure from rapid urban and industrial development,
compounded by a lack of awareness among environmental
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International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG)
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research institutions and local people. Mangrove vegetation
which are the most sensitive and fragile ecosystem may be
affected by coastal environment changes including sea level
rise. Mangroves have been overexploited or converted to
various other forms of land use, including aquaculture,
saltpans, urban and industrial development and for the
construction of roads and embankments (Gang and Agatsiva,
1992 and Das, 1997). Coastal vegetation and also mangrove
vegetation were affected by several developmental activities
as well as land-use changes (Dahdouh-Guebas, 2000).
Mangrove vegetation and coastal vegetation have not received
proper attention and they have been subjected to overexploitation and encroachment, and hence there is a need for
conservation and management of mangrove vegetation as well
as coastal vegetation. The information on present coastal
vegetation cover status; the change it has undergone at a
specific period, preferably the latest; and the coastal
vegetation areas that are likely to be affected in the near future
are needed for planning and sustainable utilization. Remote
sensing technology can play a vital role in providing accurate
and reliable landscape details with lower cost and lesser time
compared to other methods. Use of GIS in decision-making
and that tool in environmental problems is well established
and they are for resource mapping, spatial analysis and
decision-making has been widely reported by many
researchers (Jha, 2000; Martin, 1988; Roy, 2000; Porwal, and
Pant, 1989; Porwal, and Roy, 1992; Pant, et.al. 1992;
Jaganathan, and Davi Datt Chauniyal, 2000 and GIS, 1976).
For our first objective, a comparison of spatial data of
vegetation in the Tuticorin coastal environment for two
different periods has to be done, and for the second objective,
a comparison of species composition of vegetation in the
Tuticorin coastal environment between the past and present
has to be done. Objective 1 was carried out by vegetation
classification and change detection using satellite data
processing between two different periods (2003 and 2010).
Objective 2 was carried out by documenting the present
species composition of different vegetation through field
floristic study and subsequently comparing with existing
records such as flowering plants of the Flora of the Gulf of
Mannar (Daniel and Umamaheswari, 2001) As in the present
study, it was decided to carry out the floristic diversity study
by the stratified random plot (quadrate) technique (Magurren,
1988 and Padalia, et.al.2004). Satellite data processing,
classification, and change detection of the vegetation was done
first and the floristic diversity study, documentation of species
composition, and comparison with existing records were
conducted subsequently.
ISSN No: 2319-3484
Study area:
Tamil Nadu has a coast length of 1076 km 13 coastal districts.
Tuticorin is located in the south east coast of Gulf of Mannar.
The coast of Tuticorin is part of Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve, is situated in between the latitude of 8°45’36”N and
9°02’31” N and the longitude of.78°07’17” E and 78°19’18”
E.
Figure 1. Location of study area map
This geographical area runs from the mouth of
Vembar to Manappad. The area is endowed with a
combination of ecosystem including mangroves, sand dune,
scrub, riparian ecosystem etc.
Materials and methods
Coastal vegetations have been studied using satellite data.
The maps generated, using satellite data, were mainly coastal
vegetation maps at 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 scales.
In this research two remote sensing satellite images were
acquired and used. Two optical Satellite data of land sat IRS
IC –LISS III with PAN merged, 5.8 m resolution for 2003 and
IRS P6-LISS IV, 5.0 m resolutions for 2010 were used to
analyses the changes in the land cover and vegetation types.
During the field survey the ground control points of
the vegetation types and other land cover classes were
collected using GPS. The images were classified digitally
manually using visual interpretation keys such as colour, tone,
texture, pattern, size and shape. A thematic map of vegetation
types and land cover was generated for the two corresponding
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International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG)
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images. The classes for vegetation types are mangroves, scrub
jungles, sand dune vegetation, riparian vegetation, Teri
vegetation, and open vegetation. Ground truth analysis was
performed to assess the accuracy of the map prepared and the
corrections were carried out to produce the final output maps.
Change deduction analysis was performed on the
corresponding images to assess the changes in vegetation type.
Results and Discussion:
The major vegetation types of the study area include
mangrove vegetation, open vegetation, sand dune vegetation,
scrub jungle vegetation, and teri vegetation etc. To determine
the accuracy of the thematic map obtained using visual
interpretation from the latest 2010 image, an accuracy
assessment was carried out. Doubtful areas were identified and
the geographic coordinates of these points were noted from the
visually interpreted classified map. All these points were
thoroughly checked in the field with GPS points. The overall
accuracy assessment stands at 80% in 2010 (Table 4). Spatial
changes in vegetation cover were assessed (Tables 2). The
change-analysis map showed that major changes were taking
place in the proximity of open vegetation due to high
anthropogenic pressure. Changes also observed in the river
creeks may be due to sedimentation or tidal inundation. The
overall change area statistics of different land-cover categories
from 2003 to 2010 is presented in Tables 2 and 4. The floristic
diversity in each vegetation type and change dynamics in
different land-cover categories of the study area are discussed
below.
Table 1. Image interpretation key for coastal vegetation types within the study area.
Sl.No
1.
Vegetation
Types
Mangroves
Vegetation
Tone
Texture
Shape
Pattern
Description
Dark Red
Medium
Varying
Smooth
Small dense trees
2.
Open Vegetation
Light
green
Smooth
Regular
Smooth
Medium sized shrub
and grass
3.
Riveraine
vegetation
Light blue
Smooth
Irregular
Narrow
Patchy vegetation
along the river beds
4.
Sand dune
vegetation
Light grey
or whitish
Fine
Regular
Smooth
Sands with sparse
vegetation
5.
Scrub Jungle
Coarse
Varying
Irregular
Scattered vegetation
6.
Teri vegetation
Light
yellow
Light
Orange
Coarse
Varying
Irregular
Low vegetation
density
Figure 2. Image comparison for coastal vegetation types 2003 and 2010
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Figure 3. Changes comparison for coastal vegetation types 2003 and 2010
Table 2. Change Area Matrix from 2003 to 2010
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Table 3. Changes detection in vegetation types (in Hec.) between 2003 and 2010
S.No
Vegetation Types
1
Mangroves vegetation
2
Open vegetation
3
Others
4
2003 (Area in
2010 (Area in
Change detection
Hectares)
Hectares)
in Hectare
106.06
538.98
+ 432.92
36321.53
24020.81
-12300.72
0.00
4626.88
+ 4626.88
Riverian vegetation
1801.12
5576.48
+ 3775.36
5
Sand dune vegetation
5284.37
8371.74
+ 3087.37
6
Scrub jungle
716.23
629.64
+ 86.59
7
Teri vegetation
2048.67
2513.44
+ 464.78
46277.97
46277.97
Total
Figure 4. Changes detection in vegetation types map in between 2003 and 2010
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1.
Mangroves vegetation
2.
Open vegetation
3.
Riveraine vegetation
4.
Sand dune vegetation
5.
Scrub jungle vegetation
6.
Teri vegetation
Total
3
15
1
2
99
4
25
0
15
1
0
45
0
0
27
0
0
4
31
1
1
1
55
2
0
60
2
0
0
1
36
0
39
0
2
3
0
0
38
43
81
32
34
86
40
44
317
Total
4
Teri
vegetation
74
Open
vegetation
Vegetation Types
Scrub jungle
Sl.No
Sand dune
vegetation
Reference data
Riveraine
vegetation
Classification data
Mangroves
vegetation
Table 4. Image interpretation key for coastal vegetation types and other land cover types
within the study area
Overall Accuracy = 255/317 = 80%
Table 5. Compare the producer’s Accuracy and User’s Accuracy assessment
Producer’s
Accuracy
Sl .No
Vegetation Types
1
Mangrove vegetation
2
Open vegetation
3
Riveraine vegetation
4
Sand dune vegetation
5
Scrub jungle vegetation
6
Teri vegetation
ISSN No: 2319-3484
74/81 = 91 %
User’s Accuracy
74/99 = 74 %
25/32 = 78 %
25/45 = 55 %
27/34 = 79 %
27/31 = 87 %
55/86 = 64%
55/60 = 85%
36/40 = 90%
38/44 = 86 %
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36/39 = 92%
38/43 = 88 %
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International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG)
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Table. 6. Vegetation types and their dominant species of Tuticorin coastal environment the corresponding vegetation types of
Champion and Seth
Sl.No
1.
2.
Vegetation
Types
Mangrove
vegetation
Champion and Seth
classification
Tidal swamp forests
(4B/TS2)
Open
vegetation
Southern thorn scrub
(6A/C2/DS1)
Dominant species in the vegetation types
Rhizophora sps, Avicennia sps suaeda sps ,
salicorinia sps etc.
Prosopis juliflora, Borassus flabellifer, Calotropis
gigantea, Ziziphus oenopolia, Achyranthes aspera
Lantana camara etc.
3.
Riveraine
vegetation
Dry tropical riverian
forest(5/1S1)
Pandanus fascicularis, Typha angustata, Acacia
auriculiformis Cassia siamea, Ficus benghalensis
,Prosopis juliflora, Casuarina equisetifolia ,
Terminalia arjuna along with some nectar fetching
plants like Catharanthus roseus, and Tephrosia
purpurea. Grasses are also abundant in this location.
4.
5.
Sand dune
vegetation
Littoral forests (4A/L1)
Scrub jungle
Southern thorn forest
(6A/C1)
Borassus flabellifer, Spinifex littoreus, Launaea sps,
Calotropis gigantea and Ipomoea pes-caprae etc.
The dry areas of the Tuticorin coastal premises shelter
scattered patches of Prosopis juliflora . Some of the
dominant tree species are: Acacia spp. and Albizia
lebbeck. Predominant herbs and shrubs are: Lantana
camera, Euphorbia antiquorum, Calotropis gigantea,
Ziziphus oenopolia , Ocimum basilicum, Achyranthes
aspera, Croton bonplandianum, Solanum trilobatum,
Leucas aspera, Mimosa pudica, Gomphrena serrata,
Clitoria ternatea, etc
6.
Teri vegetation
Mangrove vegetation
Aeolian Formations
(Teri)6/C/DSWE
Ziziphus oenopolia , Mimosa pudica, Prosopis
juliflora, Acacia sps. etc.
community found on the fringes to the seaward side. A.
marriana occurs along the creeks. A net change of 538 ha is
observed due to conversion of mudflat to other land use
categories from 2003 to 2010. Similarly, an area of 432 ha
mangrove forest has been gained from other land-use
categories as a result of increased protection and consequent
regeneration. The key to the increase in mangrove area due to
protection lies in the wise management and use of mangrove
Mangrove vegetation is typically a closed evergreen
forest of moderate height, composed of species specially
adapted to survive on tidal mud, which is partially submerged
with salt water or brackish water. A major area of the is
covered by mangrove forests. Avicennia mariana, A.
officinalis occupies a major portion of the Tuticorin port
trust, Palayakayal, Punnaikayal and A. alba occur as a pure
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habitat, and in the enforcement of existing rules and
regulations by the State Forest Department and NGOs.
deciduous plants. There is also an increase the vegetation
covers because it’s a delta.
Sand dune vegetation
Scrub jungle vegetation
Coastal Sand Dune (CSD) vegetation serves as an
ecological niche between terrestrial and marine realms, and
form important nature conservation sites. However, these
habitats have been severely affected by natural and
anthropogenic activities resulting in loss of habitat and
dependent flora and fauna consequently, and CSD flora has
gained more attention for their protection, conservation and
rehabilitation. During my field observation the sand dune
vegetation of Tuticorin, Kayalpattanam, Thiruchendhur,
Kulasakharapattinam, and Manappadu and small patches of
Tuticorin in vembar of coastal villages was surveyed. With
increasing pressure from biotic factors, the vegetation is a
little increasing; Palm swamp vegetation is also found in drier
areas within or outside the sand dune vegetation mixed with
scrub areas on the landward side. Palm swamp shows typical
representation of tufted palms (Borassus flabellifer) up to 10
m in height. This vegetation faces high anthropogenic pressure
and change in landscape dynamics is clearly noticeable on the
images. A net change of 8371 ha is observed due to
conversion of open land to other land use categories from
2003 to 2010. Similarly, an area of 3087 ha sand dune
vegetation has been gained from other land-use categories as a
result of increased protection and consequent regeneration. In
these study areas most common were found in the following
species Borassus flabellifer, Spinifex littoreus, Calotropis
gigantea and Ipomoea pes-caprae etc.
The scrub jungles are made up of tree height up to 10
m tall and often armed with spines. Most of the plants
including climbers, xerophytic character like succulent,
stunted growth, thorniness etc. The whole area of the Tuticorin
coastal belts is covered by scrub Tuticorin north when
compare with Tuticorin south has low vegetation scrub,
particularly near Manapadu. The dry areas of the Tuticorin
coast shelter, scattered patches of Prosopis juliflora. Some of
the dominant tree species are: Acacia spp. and Albizia lebbeck.
Predominant herbs and shrubs are: Lantana camera,
Euphorbia antiquorum Calotropis gigantean, Zizyphus
oenopolia, Ocimum basilicum, Achyranthes aspera, Croton
bonplandianum, Solanum trilobatum, Leucas aspera, Mimosa
pudica, Gomphrena serrata, Clitoria ternatea, Parthenium
histrophorus, and Cleome viscosa etc. A net change of 629 ha
is observed due to conversion of open land to other land use
categories from 2003 to 2010. Similarly, an area of 86 ha
scrub jungle has been gained from other land-use categories as
a result of increased protection and consequent regeneration.
Scrub vegetation was formed due to mangrove deforestation.
In the course of time, several exotic species spread over the
area, and are affecting the native vegetation, so decreases the
scrub vegetation.
Riverian vegetation
Stream or river banks are riparian areas, and the
plants that grow there are called riparian vegetation. Riparian
vegetation is extremely important because of the many
functions it serves. Riparian vegetation is essential for
maintaining high water quality in streams, rivers, lakes, and
along shorelines. However, riparian vegetation is threatened
from residential and commercial construction, sand mining
and landscaping. Riverian vegetation (Freshwater swamp) is
purely localized and found above the tide level mainly in the
Tamiraparani delta, and occupies an area of 1801 ha. A net
change of 5576 ha is observed due to conversion of open land
to other land use categories from 2003 to 2010. Similarly, an
area of 3775 ha Riverian vegetation has been gained from
other land-use categories as a result of increased protection
and consequent regeneration. The riparian area is relatively
dense with Pandanus fascicularis, Typha angustata, Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Ficus benghalensis, Prosopis
juliflora, Casuarina equisetifolia, Terminalia arjuna along
with some nectar fetching plants like Catharanthus roseus,
and Tephrosia purpurea. Grasses are also abundant in this
location. Albizia sps is the most dominant tree species,
associated within several evergreen tree species and few dry
ISSN No: 2319-3484
Teri Vegetation
Teri dune complex is an undulating terrain having
loose heaps of red color sand and silt dust of Aeolian origin. In
this study area the Teri vegetation was found in Manapadu
south and Viappar of Tuticorin coastal environment. A net
change of 2513 ha is observed due to conversion of open land
to other land use categories from 2003 to 2010. Similarly, an
area of 464 ha Teri vegetation has been gained from other
land-use categories as a result of increased protection and
consequent regeneration. Teri vegetation was formed due to
scrub vegetation deforestation. In the course of time, several
exotic species spread over the area, and are affecting the
native vegetation.
Open vegetation
Open vegetation occupy an area of 28,385 ha in the
Tuticoruin coastal vegetation found inland near Agriculture
land with scrub jungles. Major portion of the area is covered
by grasses, small shrub and small trees. Arundo donax,
Chrysopogon aciculatus, Dichanthium pertusum and Imperata
cylindrica are some dominant grass species found in the area.
The open vegetation has been changed into agriculture land,
salt pans, land industrial, buildings and others. So open
vegetation has decreased compared to 2003 data.
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The land use system undergoes significant change according
to the changes in socio-economic and natural conditions of the
people. Agricultural practice with open vegetation is gradually
decreasing from 36,321 (2003) to 24,020 ha (2010). A net
change of 4626 ha area was observed due to conversion
agriculture land, salt pans, land industrial, buildings and others
by the surrounding villagers. The present study has shown that
there is significant increase of 432 ha of mangrove vegetation,
3775 ha of riverian vegetation, 3087 ha sand dune vegetation,
464 ha of Teri vegetation and 86 ha scrub jungle vegetation
from 2003 to 2010.
Conclusion
The present study also found that remote sensing
coupled with GIS can be effectively used for real time and
long time monitoring of the environment. The baseline
information generated on vegetation type mapping has been
identified as the fundamental need for any conservation
strategy. It has been used in this study to arrive at a broader
stratification and spatial distribution of various vegetation
classes. It has provided basic information to assess the forest
resources, their effective management in the Tuticorin coastal
environment and vegetation distribution pattern analysis.
Prediction and the direction they would take are aspects that
deserve priority, since they are vital for planning effective
conservation measures
Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful to the Director IRS Anna
University Chennai for providing GIS maps, and also thankful
to Mr. T.Mallikaraj for his encouragement for during the field
survey. We also thank the anonymous reviewers whose
comments improved this manuscript substantially
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ISSN No: 2319-3484
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