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John E. Smee, Ph.D.
Sr. Director, Engineering
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
May 2015
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
This presentation addresses potential use cases and views on
characteristics of 5G technology and is not intended to reflect a
commitment to the characteristics or commercialization of any
product or service of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. or its affiliates.
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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5G targets a range of services and devices
Wide Area IOE
Mobile
broadband
Smart homes/
buildings
Enhanced
mobile
broadband
Increased Indoor/
outdoor hotspot
capacity
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Sensing what’s
around, autonomous
vehicles
Health & fitness,
medical response
High reliability
services
Smart city,
smart grid and
infrastructure
Remote control,
process
automation
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Technology enablers for improved system designs
Technology
Air Interface Impact
Improved RF/antenna capabilities
New mmWave bands, and Massive MIMO
with new PHY/MAC design across bands
Improved radio processing
Faster narrow/wide bandwidth switching
and TDD switching
Improved baseband processing
Virtualized Network Elements
Lower latency and faster turn around,
new PHY/MAC algorithms
Dynamically move processing between
cloud and edge
• Drive fundamental improvements in user experience, coverage, and cost efficiency
• Deliver high quality of experience and new services across topologies and cell sizes
• New designs below 6 GHz and above 6 GHz including mmWave
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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Unified 5G design across spectrum types and bands
From narrowband to wideband, licensed & unlicensed, TDD & FDD
Band
Single component
carrier channel
Bandwidth examples
Target
Characteristics
FDD/TDD
<3 GHz
1, 5, 10, 20MHz
Deep coverage, mobility,
high spectral efficiency,
High reliability, wide area IoE
TDD
≥3GHz
(e.g. 3.8-4.2, 4.44.9)
80, 160MHz
Outdoor & indoor, mesh,
Peak rates up to 10gbps
TDD
5GHz
160, 320MHz
Unlicensed
TDD
mmWave
250, 500 MHz, 1, 2 GHz
Indoor & outdoor small cell,
access & backhaul
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Range of application requirements
Diverse spectrum types
5G
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5G design across services
Enabling phased feature rollout based on spectrum and applications
5G Enhanced Broadband
• Lower latency scalable numerology across bands and
bandwidths, e.g. 160 MHz
• Integrated TDD subframe for licensed, unlicensed
• TDD fast SRS design for e.g. 4GHz massive MIMO
• Device centric MAC with minimized broadcast
…
Wide area IoE
•
•
•
•
Low energy waveform
Optimized link budget
Decreased overheads
Managed mesh
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
mmWave
•
•
•
•
Sub6 GHz & mmWave
Integrated MAC
Access and backhaul
mmWave beam tracking
High reliability
• Low latency bounded delay
• Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ
• Efficient multiplexing of low
latency with nominal
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Designing Forward Compatibility into 5G
Enabling flexible feature phasing
Blank subframes and blank frequency resources
D2D
mmWave &
5Gsub6
High reliability
WAN
high reliability
− Minimized broadcast
− Enable future features to be deployed on the same
frequency in a synchronous and asynchronous manner
mmWave
5Gsub6
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Vertical service multiplexing on the same carrier
WAN
Compatible frame structure design for multiple
modes (5Gsub6, high reliability, D2D, mmW, etc.)
− Enable future features to be deployed on a different
frequency in a tightly integrated manner, e.g. 5Gsub6
control for mmW
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Multi connectivity across bands & technologies
4G+5G multi-connectivity improves coverage and mobility
Urban area
5G carrier aggregation with
integrated MAC across
sub-6GHz & above 6GHz
multimode
device
Small
cell
Macro
4G+5G
Sub-urban area
4G & 5G
small cell coverage
4G+5G
Rural area
Simultaneous connectivity
across 5G, 4G and Wi-Fi
4G & 5G macro coverage
Leverage 4G investments to enable phased 5G rollout
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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5G targeting enhanced mobile broadband requirements
Key requirements
Technical considerations
• Uniform user experience
• Scalable numerology and TTI to support various
spectrum and QoS requirements
• Increased network capacity
• Massive MIMO to achieve high capacity, better
coverage, and low network power consumption
• Higher peak rates
• Self-contained TDD subframes to enable massive
MIMO and other deployment scenarios
• Improved cost & energy efficiency
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
• Device centric MAC to reduce network energy
consumption & improve mobility management
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5G scalable numerology to meet varied
deployment/application/complexity requirements
Sub-carrier spacing = 2N
Numerology Multiplexing
Normal CP
(e.g. outdoor
picocell)
Indoor
Wideband
80MHz
Note: not drawn to scale
ECP
ECP
Sub-carrier spacing = 8N
FG
ECP
FG
(e.g. unlicensed)
160MHz bandwidth
NCP
NCP
Sub-carrier spacing = 16N
TTI k
mmWave
TTI k+1
TTI k+2
500MHz bandwidth
 5G mmW synchronized to 5Gsub6 at e.g. 125us TTI level for common MAC, along
with scaled subcarrier spacing, and timing alignment with 1ms LTE subframes
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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Driving down air-interface latency & enabling service multiplexing
TTI
Data
0
1
0
1
2N scaling of TTI
High reliability
FDD
ACK
0
ACK
ACK
1
ACK
0
HARQ RTT
Data
High reliability
Nominal short
TTI
TDD
High reliability
G ACK
P
Order of magnitude lower HARQ RTT
− Faster processing time and shorter TTI
− Driving down HARQ latency and storage
Self-contained TDD subframes
− Integrated approach to licensed spectrum,
Massive MIMO, unlicensed spectrum, D2D
− Decoupling UL/DL data ratio from latency
− Very low application layer latency
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Nominal medium
Nominal long
Provides various levels of QoS, hence bundled
TTI design for latency/efficiency tradeoff
− Short TTI traffic with low latency and high reliability
− Long TTI for low latency and higher spectral efficiency
Service aware TTI multiplexing
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Self-contained TDD subframes
Decouple HARQ processing timeline from uplink/downlink configuration
• To transmit control, data
and pilots
Data
(Tx)
Guard
Period
Control
(Tx)
Uplink
(Rx)
• To receive ACK and other
uplink control channels
Enhanced subframe
Additional headers/trailers for advanced deployment scenarios
PDCCH
(Tx)
Data
(Tx)
Guard
Period
Cellular DL or mesh/D2D
transmission scheduled subframe
Uplink
(Rx)
• To support massive MIMO/ unlicensed/D2D/mesh/COMP
• E.g. headers associated with Clear Channel Assessment (CCA),
hidden node discovery protocol for 5G unlicensed spectrum
access
Note: Multiple users are typically multiplexed over each control/data region in FDM/TDM/SDM manner
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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5G modulation and access techniques
OFDM for enhanced mobile broadband access
− 5G broadband access requires the following
− Low latency
− Wide channel bandwidth and high data rate
− Low complexity per bit
− OFDM is well suited to meet these requirements due to the following characteristics
−
−
−
−
Scalable symbol duration and subcarrier spacing
Low complexity receiver for wide bandwidth
Efficiently supports MIMO spatial multiplexing and multiuser SDMA
OFDM implementations allow for additional transmit/receiver filtering based on link and adjacent
channel requirements
In addition, resource spread multiple access (RSMA) waveforms have advantages for
uplink short data bursts such as low power IoE
− Supports asynchronous, non-orthogonal, contention based access
− Reduces IoE device power overhead
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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5G coverage layer improvements (1.7km intra-site distance)
with 4GHz massive MIMO & new TDD SF design
4Rx devices
2Rx devices
100%
100%
80MHz bandwidth, 24x2
90%
20MHz bandwidth, 2x2
CDF
80%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
10
100
User Throughput (Mbps)
•
•
•
20MHz bandwidth, 2x4
80%
70%
1
80MHz bandwidth, 24x4
90%
1000
1
10
100
1000
User Throughput (Mbps)
Assumptions: 46 dBm Tx power
Gains of 4 GHz Massive MIMO with 80MHz compared to 2GHz with 2Tx DL over 20 MHz
Leverage same cell tower locations and same transmit power as legacy systems (no new cell planning)
Cell-edge user @ 1km cell radius still able to scale up throughput with bandwidth (for ~80 Mbps)
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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mmW deployment scenarios
Stand alone mmW access
Collocated mmW + 5Gsub6 access
Non-collocated mmW + 5Gsub6 access
mmW integrated access & backhaul relay
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
5Gsub6
mmW
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Advanced multicell scheduling algorithms improve
mmWave user experience
100%
80%
No coordination
Limited coordination
Full coordination
60%
40%
20%
0
0 dB
5 dB
10 dB
15 dB
20 dB
25 dB
30 dB
Interference measure (SNR - SINR)
Coordinated scheduling techniques reduce interference and improve user experience
Non-trivial interference from neighboring cell transmissions in mmW bands for small cell radii of ~100m
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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5G device centric MAC
Control plane improvements for energy efficiency and mobility
Zone 1
coverage
Zone 3
coverage
Device side: light weight mobility
− Transparent mobility within a device centric zone
− Coordinated control plane processing for tightly
coupled cluster
Serving
cluster
Coverage
for zone 2
Transmit
periodic sync
Transmit
SIB
SIB transmission request
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Network energy saving with less broadcast
No SIB
Transmission
− On-demand system info. transmission
− When no devices are around, base station only
provides a low periodicity beacon for initial
discovery
− When a few devices enter coverage, base station
provides system information via on demand unicast
− When many devices are present (or SI changes),
base station can revert to broadcast
No SIB transmission request
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5G targeting high reliability service requirements
Key requirements
• High reliability and availability
• Low end-to-end latency
• Minimal impacts to nominal traffic while
meeting reliability and latency
requirements
Technical considerations
• Integrated nominal/high-reliability system design
- New PHY coding, New FEC, and link-adaptation framework
for efficient traffic multiplexing
• Low latency design
- Efficient HARQ structure for fast turn-around
- Scalable TTI for latency, reliability & efficiency tradeoff
• High reliability design
- Large diversity orders to support bursty high-reliability traffic
- New link adaptation paradigm for lower error rates
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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Hard latency bound and PHY/MAC design
Single-cell multi-user evaluation/queueing model
Failed 1st Tx
1st tx queue
2nd tx queue
Failed 2nd Tx
3rd tx queue
Tx
nth tx queue
Residual RTT
Lowest
priority
freq.
1st Tx HARQ
2nd Tx HARQ
3rd Tx HARQ
time
Highest
priority
nth Tx HARQ
Successful
transmission
...
...
Failed
(n-1)th
Packet loss at Tx
Poisson arrivals
Packet drop at Rx
Failed transmission
• Causes of packet drop
1. Last transmission fails at Rx
2. Delay exceeds deadline at Tx queues
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
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Increased reliability benefits from wideband multiplexing
Reliability, Capacity, Latency, Bandwidth Tradeoff
3.5
3.5
BW = 10 MHz
High reliability capacity (Mbps)
High reliability capacity (Mbps)
Reliability = 1e-4
3
Reliability = 1e-4
2.5
~3X gain
2
1.5
total BW = 20MHz
total BW = 10MHz
1
0.5
0
0
2.5
2
1.5
Asymptotic capacity
reliability 1e-2
reliability 1e-4
1
0.5
0.5ms
1ms
1.5
2ms
Hard delay bound
2.5ms
3ms
Wider bandwidth provides significant capacity benefits
•
3
FDM of high-reliability/nominal traffic is sub-optimal
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
0
0
0.5ms
1ms
1.5ms
2ms
Hard delay bound
2.5ms
3ms
At lower bandwidth, achieving very low latency bound
requires drop in reliability
Notes: e.g. 256 bit control every 10ms: 40 machines is 1 Mbps.
Packet Error Rate (PER) results based on -3dB cell edge worse case scenario.
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5G targeting wide area IOE requirements
Technical Approaches
Key requirements
• Superior coverage for supporting
remote and deep indoor nodes
• Low power consumption to
enable longer battery life
• Better support low rate bursty
communications from multiple
device types including
smartphone bursty traffic
• Scalability to enable massive
number of connections
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
Non-orthogonal RSMA
• Resource spread multiple
access
• Avoids energy cost of
establishing synchronism
• Distributed scheduling
Uplink mesh downlink direct
• Leverage DL sync
• Coverage extension
IOE
IOE
Uplink IOE
Downlink IOE
Non-Orthogonal
Distributed
Scheduling
Orthogonal
Centralized Scheduling
Direct access on
licensed e.g. FDD
IOE
IOE
IOE
Mesh on unlicensed or
partitioned with uplink FDD
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5G design across services
Enabling phased feature rollout based on spectrum and applications
5G Enhanced Broadband
• Lower latency scalable numerology across bands and
bandwidths, e.g. 160 MHz
• Integrated TDD subframe for licensed, unlicensed
• TDD fast SRS design for e.g. 4GHz massive MIMO
• Device centric MAC with minimized broadcast
…
Wide area IoE
•
•
•
•
Low energy waveform
Optimized link budget
Decreased overheads
Managed mesh
© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
mmWave
•
•
•
•
Sub6 GHz & mmWave
Integrated MAC
Access and backhaul
mmWave beam tracking
High reliability
• Low latency bounded delay
• Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ
• Efficient multiplexing of low
latency with nominal
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© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
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References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the
Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio.
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