Law Student Today Attorney Tomorrow
Law Student Today Attorney Tomorrow Prospectus Document No. ASL/PRO/2015-16 © Alliance School of Law, Alliance University, Bangalore, India This is a controlled document. Unauthorized access, copying and replication in any form are expressly prohibited. This document must not be copied in whole or in parts by any means, without the written authorization of the Registrar, Alliance University. ® All Rights Reserved April 2015 CONTENTS 4 ............................................................................... 5 ............................................................................... 6 ............................................................................... 7 ............................................................................... 8 ............................................................................... 9 ............................................................................... 10 ............................................................................... 11 ............................................................................... 13 ............................................................................... 15 ............................................................................... 24 ............................................................................... 25 ............................................................................... 27 ............................................................................... 28 ............................................................................... 29 ............................................................................... 30 ............................................................................... 31 ............................................................................... 33 ............................................................................... 34 ............................................................................... 36 ............................................................................... 37 ............................................................................... 4 VISION MISSION 5 6 Alliance University is a world-class university, and is turning into an instrumental force for nurturing young graduates, seasoned professionals and experienced scholars from India and abroad. The vision of Alliance University is to become an iconic learning destination, which is supported and mentored by an Advisory Board that has successful and renowned professionals and academicians. The Advisory Board Dr. Jagdish N. Sheth Chair Advisory Board, Alliance University Charles H. Kellstadt Professor of Marketing Goizueta Business School Emory University, USA Dr. Madhukar Angur Chancellor Alliance University Dr. Robert A. Easter President University of lllinois, USA Dr. Tan Chi Tiong President Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore Dr. Howard Hunter Professor of Law Singapore Management University, Singapore Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus School of Law, Emory University, USA Dr. Bharat K. Singh Chairman, SBRC Aditya Birla Group Mr. Bhaskar Bhat Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer Titan Industries Ltd. Dr. W. Ken Harmon Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Kennesaw State University, USA Mr. Pratik Kumar Executive Vice-President Group Human Resource Wipro 7 Mr. Justice A. M. Ahmadi Former Chief Justice Supreme Court of India Chairperson Dr. Justice Arijit Pasayat Former Judge Supreme Court of India Former Chairperson, Competition Appellate Tribunal Dr. Madhava Menon Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Chair on Parliamentary Studies; Former Director, National Law School, Bangalore; and Former Director, National Judicial Academy, Bhopal Dr. Manoj Sinha Director, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi Mr. Sadar Vikas Founder President, Knowledge Thrust, New Delhi Dr. Rodney Ryder Advisor, Government of India 8 9 Alliance School of Law, Alliance University is approved by the Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi. The Alliance School of Law offers two five-year, integrated undergraduate courses in law, viz., Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Law Honors–B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) and Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Law Honors–B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) that have been carefully crafted and designed to prepare its graduates for rewarding careers in various 10 roles and responsibilities in legal service organizations. Alliance School of Law also offers a full-time, one-year Master of Law (LL. M.) degree course with specializations in Constitutional and Administrative Law and Corporate and Commercial Law—and is designed to develop strong research expertise in law and legal principles in among its graduates at the postgraduate level. Five-year, integrated degree courses with honors-level specializations A full-time, one-year Master of Law course with specializations in Constitutional and Administrative Law as well as Corporate and Commercial Law Rigorous, relevant, contemporary and progressive curriculum Delivered by accomplished full-time faculty and embellished by eminent jurists as well as international adjunct faculty Innovative pedagogy comprising case-based, interactive teaching and experiential learning Extensive interactions with legal luminaries Moot Court hall for simulated court proceedings and visits to courts-in-session Magnificent infrastructure—comparable to the best in the world Well-equipped library with world-class digital legal resources Internship opportunities and final placement facilitation in reputed companies and legal firms Scholarships available for eligible students 11 A World-class Curriculum for Today’s Legal Practice 12 Learning at Alliance School of Law is delivered by highly accomplished faculty who posses a wide range of expertise. The faculty at Alliance School of Law besides being excellent teachers are also accomplished researchers with numerous publications in journals of national and international repute, and have actively contributed to legal academia through participation in conferences and seminars. The faculty at Alliance School of Law places great emphasis on critical thinking and seeks to provide graduates with world-class learning on domestic, international and comparative law. The faculty also strives to include case law discussions, moot-courts, debates and other pedagogical tools to enhance the rigor and relevance of the curriculum. In addition to the full-time faculty, the teaching is complemented by a panel of distinguished and experienced visiting faculty from a consortium of leading accredited universities across the world as well as renowned legal practitioners. 13 14 15 Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Law–B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) It is essential for a graduate of law to have a robust understanding of the social sciences. Law and social sciences share a strong mutual relationship. While a legal instrument is a mechanism to express the socioeconomic and political will of the State, it is equally undeniable that the effectiveness of the legal system has a definite impact on the society. Hence a successful attorney should have a sound knowledge of the social sciences in order to appreciate how to use law as an instrument of social change. The B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) course at the Alliance School of Law includes Political Science, Sociology, Economics, and English subjects as minor areas of study to supplement the wide range of law subjects that its graduates are required to study. Core/Electives Semester 1 Law and Language (English I) Legal Methods and Legal Systems General Principles of Contract Grammar of Sociology Micro Economics Grammar of Politics Semester 2 Law and Literature (English II) Specific Contracts Law of Tort, Motor Vehicle Accident and Consumer Protection Laws Contemporary Sociological Issues Macro Economics Contemporary Political Ideologies and Ideas Semester 3 Constitutional Law I Law of Crimes Family Law I Explorations in Social Inequalities Indian Economy and Development Economics Anatomy of Global Politics 16 Semester 4 Constitutional Law II Family Law II Property Law Jurisprudence Administrative Law Mass Communication I (Mass Communication Hons. I)-Optional Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology (Sociology Hons. I)-Optional Quantitative Methods (Economics Hons. I)-Optional Principles of Public Administration (Political Science Hons. I)-Optional Semester 5 Semester 6 Semester 8 Intellectual Property Law Labor and Industrial Laws II Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act Drafting, Pleading and Conveyance (Clinical Paper I) Private International Law Moot Court and Internship (Clinical Paper II) Honors Paper I Energy Laws Honors Paper II Honors Paper IV Mass Communication III (Mass Communication Hons. III)- Honors Paper V Optional Sociology of Crime and Deviance (Sociology Hons. III)-Optional International Economics (Economics Hons. III)-Optional Semester 9 Alternative Dispute Resolution (Clinical Paper III) Competition Law Anatomy of Political Institutions (Political Science Hons. III)Honors Paper VI Optional Honors Paper VII Seminar Paper I Semester 7 “ I think we learn the best when we experience what we are trying to learn. At Alliance School of Law. The faculty believe in teaching us with live case discussions - we read about a current legal news one day and the next day we are already analyzing it either in discussions or in live simulations. I've come to a point now where conceptual analysis of any current case or judgement comes naturally to me. Labor and Industrial Laws I Semester 10 Taxation Law Professional Ethics and Professional Accounting Systems (Clinical Paper IV) Drafting, Pleading and Conveyance (Clinical Paper I) Honors Paper VIII Environmental Law Seminar Paper II Moot Court and Internship (Clinical Paper II) Seminar Paper III Honors Paper III Seminar Paper IV Honors Papers Business Law Intellectual Property Law Corporate Governance (Hons. I) Copyright and Drafting (Hons. I) Capital Market Regulations (Hons. II) Trade Marks and Drafting (Hons. II) Banking, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law (Hons. III) Patent and Drafting (Hons. III) Insurance Law (Hons. IV) Law of Corporate Finance (Hons. V) Geographical Indications, Biodiversity, Biotechnology, Farmers and Breeders Rights (Hons. IV) Mergers and Acquisitions (Hons. VI) Designs, Trade Secrets and Technology Transfer (Hons. V) Investment Law (Hons. VII) Intellectual Property Rights Transaction (Hons. VI) Commercial Arbitration (Hons. VIII) Intellectual Property Rights Litigation (Hons. VII) Intellectual Property Rights Management (Hons. VIII) 17 International Law International Organizations (Hons. I) International Trade Law (Hons. II) Maritime Law and Law of Sea (Hons. III) International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (Hons. IV) International Criminal Law (Hons. V) Air and Space Law (Hons. VI) Investment Law (Hons. VIII) Commercial Arbitration (Hons. VIII) Seminar Papers Group I Mining Law Sports Law Port Law Air and Space Law E-Commerce and M-Commerce Law Insurance Law Feminist Jurisprudence Group II Technology Convergence Law “ Criminal Law Criminology and Forensic Science (Hons. I) Penology and Victimology (Hons. II) Comparative Criminal Procedure (Hons. III) Juvenile Justice (Hons. IV) International Criminal Law (Hons. V) Women and Criminal Law (Hons. VI) Corporate Offences (Hons. VII) Transnational Organized Crimes (Hons. VIII) International Investment Law Competition Law Judicial Power and Process Biotechnology Law Conflict of Laws Telecommunication Law Group III Refugee Law Cyber Forensics Election Law Energy Law Constitutional Law Comparative Constitutional Law (Hons. I) Indian Federalism (Hons. II) Equal Opportunity Law European Law International Commercial Arbitration Group IV Affirmative Action and Discriminative Justice (Hons. III) Law and Media (Hons. IV) Law and Education (Hons. V) Law Governing Services (Hons. VI) Government Accounts, Audit, Fiscal Responsibility and Management (Hons. VII) Legislative Drafting (Hons. VIII) Human Displacement and the Law International Criminal Tribunals Law and Media Law and Medicine Service Law World Trade Organization Robotics and Law 18 Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Law– B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) Law graduates are no longer limited by the option to choose litigation as their profession. There are many exciting opportunities for them in the corporate system, which include roles such as legal associates in law firms as well as in-house counsels in companies, among others. Legal practice in a corporate system becomes easier if the attorney is also aware of the business and management practices in business organizations. This requires graduates to not only understand the law but to also possess subject-matter expertise in business administration. The Alliance School of Law thus offers the B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) course wherein graduates are trained in subjects such as Management, Finance and Languages. The course has been carefully crafted with a view to equip its graduates with an understanding of the legal and management principles in the desired proportion, thereby empowering them with a distinct advantage in their professional careers. Core/Electives Semester 1 Law and Language (English I) Legal Methods and Legal Systems General Principles of Contract Principles and Practices of Management Managerial Economics Principles and Practices of Financial Accounting Semester 2 Law and Literature (English I) Specific Contracts Law of Tort, Motor Vehicle Accident and Consumer Protection Laws Fundamentals of Marketing Management Managerial Psychology Cost and Management Accounting Semester 3 Constitutional Law I Law of Crimes Family Law I Human Resource Management Strategic Management Corporate Accounting Semester 4 Constitutional Law II Family Law II Property Law Jurisprudence Administrative Law Mass Communication I (Mass Communication Hons. I)Optional Financial Institutions and Financial Markets (Management Hons. I)-Optional Financial Management (Finance Hons. I)-Optional Semester 5 Criminal Procedure Code, Probation of Offenders Act and Juvenile Justice Act Law of Evidence Public International Law Company Law Interpretation of Statutes Mass Communication II (Mass Communication Hons. II)Optional Business Environment (Management Hons. II)-Optional Mergers, Acquisitions and Business Restructuring (Finance Hons. II)-Optional 19 Semester 6 Semester 8 Intellectual Property Law Labor and Industrial Laws II Civil Procedure Code and Limitation Act Drafting, Pleading and Conveyance (Clinical Paper I) Private International Law Moot Court and Internship (Clinical Paper II) Honors Paper I Energy Laws Honors Paper II Honors Paper IV Mass Communication III (Mass Communication Hons. III)Optional Honors Paper V Entrepreneurship and Leadership (Management Hons. III)Optional Alternative Dispute Resolution (Clinical Paper III) Financial Reporting and Corporate Governance (Finance Hons. III)-Optional Honors Paper VI Semester 9 Competition Law Honors Paper VII “ Semester 7 Seminar Paper I Semester 10 Labor and Industrial Laws I Taxation Law Professional Ethics and Professional Accounting Systems (Clinical Paper IV) Drafting, Pleading and Conveyance (Clinical Paper I) Honors Paper VIII Environmental Law Seminar Paper II Moot Court and Internship (Clinical Paper II) Seminar Paper III Honors Paper III Seminar Paper IV Honors Papers Business Law Intellectual Property Law Corporate Governance (Hons. I) Copyright and Drafting (Hons. I) Capital Market Regulations (Hons. II) Trademarks and Drafting (Hons. II) Banking, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law (Hons. III) Patent and Drafting (Hons. III) Insurance Law (Hons. IV) Law of Corporate Finance (Hons. V) Geographical Indications, Biodiversity, Biotechnology, Farmers and Breeders Rights (Hons. IV) Mergers and Acquisitions (Hons. VI) Designs, Trade Secrets and Technology Transfer (Hons. V) Investment Law (Hons. VII) Intellectual Property Rights Transaction (Hons. VI) Commercial Arbitration (Hons. VIII) Intellectual Property Rights Litigation (Hons. VII) Intellectual Property Rights Management (Hons. VIII) 20 International Law Seminar Papers Group I International Organizations (Hons. I) International Trade Law (Hons. II) Mining Law Maritime Law and Law of Sea (Hons. III) Sports Law International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (Hons. IV) International Criminal Law (Hons. V) Air and Space Law (Hons. VI) Investment Law (Hons. VII) Commercial Arbitration (Hons. VIII) Port Law Air and Space Law E-Commerce and M-Commerce Law Insurance Law Feminist Jurisprudence Group II Criminal Law Criminology and Forensic Science (Hons. I) Penology and Victimology (Hons. II) Comparative Criminal Procedure (Hons. III) “ Juvenile Justice (Hons. IV) International Criminal Law (Hons. V) Women and Criminal Law (Hons. VI) Corporate Offences (Hons. VII) Transnational Organized Crimes (Hons. VIII) Technology Convergence Law International Investment Law Competition Law Judicial Power and Process Biotechnology Law Conflict of Laws Telecommunication Law Group III Refugee Law Cyber Forensics Election Law Constitutional Law Comparative Constitutional Law (Hons. I) Indian Federalism (Hons. II) Affirmative Action and Discriminative Justice (Hons. III) Energy Law Equal Opportunity Law European Law International Commercial Arbitration Law and Media (Hons. IV) Law and Education (Hons. V) Law Governing Services (Hons. VI) Government Accounts, Audit, Fiscal Responsibility and Management (Hons. VII) Legislative Drafting (Hons. VIII) Group IV Human Displacement and the Law International Criminal Tribunals Law and Media Law and Medicine Service Law World Trade Organization Robotics and Law 21 Master of Law–LL. M. The Master of Law degree course prepares graduates at the postgraduate level in legal principles, law, justice and governance while building in them strong research acumen and subject-matter expertise in Constitutional and Administrative Law as well as Corporate and Commercial Law. The pedagogy and learning delivery includes classroom training based on seminars, workshops and research-centric discussions in law. Constitutional and Administrative Law Semester 1 Semester 2 Research Methods and Legal Writing (Compulsory Paper) Local Self-Government and Federal Governance Comparative Public Law (Compulsory Paper) Service Laws Law and Justice in a Globalizing World (Compulsory Paper) Religion, Diversity and the law Administrative Law Dissertation Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State policy Center State Relations and Constitutional Governance Corporate and Commercial Law Semester 1 Semester 2 Research Methods and Legal Writing (Compulsory Paper) International Trade Law Intellectual Property Law Comparative Public Law (Compulsory Paper) Law of Corporate Finance Law and Justice in a Globalizing World (Compulsory Paper) Banking and Insurance Law Law of Corporate Governance Competition law 22 Dissertation Pedagogy Alliance School of Law is committed to imparting world-class learning in law practice and governance to its key constituents. To fulll this objective, the curriculum and teaching pedagogy is designed to prepare its graduates in the domestic, international and comparative law subjects. Graduates from Alliance School of Law study compulsory subjects and choose from an unparalleled range of electives. In addition to subjects on substantive and procedural law, its attorney-graduates also acquire lawyering skills through practical training activities and clinical, legal programs even while they inculcate in themselves sound research and writing skills in law. Learning Delivery B.A. LL. B. (Hons.); B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) “ 1. There are six subjects in each semester except semesters nine and ten, which have only five subjects in each. 2. The general subjects are of four credits each while every honors subject is of five credits. 3. In the fourth semester, students of the B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) course have the option to select honors in Economics; Sociology; or Political Science by studying three additional subjects in their chosen area of honors. 4. Similarly, students of the B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) course can pursue an honors in either Management or Finance. 5. In the sixth semester, students of both courses may select any one specic area in Law out of five honors areas (Intellectual Property Rights Law; Business Law; International Law; Constitutional Law; or Criminal Law) and are required to study eight subjects from the respective honors' group. 6. Each credit is equivalent to 15 classroom contact hours. 7. For the award of the degree of B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) and B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.), a student is required to successfully complete 58 subjects, or the equivalent of 243 credits respectively. Learning Delivery LL. M. 1. There are five subjects in the first semester and four subjects in the second semester along with the Dissertation. 2. Each subjects is of four credits. 3. In the second semester of study, each student is required to complete the Dissertation. 4. Each credit is equivalent to 15 classroom contact hours and includes practical training classes. 5. Alongside classroom hours, a student may also be allotted practical exercises as a part of the curriculum. 6. For the award of the degree of LL. M., a student has to successfully complete ten subjects, or the equivalent of 40 credits respectively. 23 CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE Centre for Investment and Financial Laws (CIFL) Centre for Human Rights and Cultural Heritage (CHRCH) Centre for Comparative Intellectual Property Rights Law (CCIPRL) Centre for Fiscal Studies (CFS) Centre for Governance of International Relations (CGIR) Centre for studies in Sustainable Environmental Development and Policy (CSEDP) Centre for Social Justice and Public Empowerment (CSJPE) Centre for studies in Corporate Governance and Policy (CCGP) 24 INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES 25 Antwerp Management School, Belgium ICHEC Brussels Management School, Belgium Telecom Sud Paris, France Royal Roads University, Canada Toulouse Business School, France Telecom School of Management, France Beijing Institute of Technology, China Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany Kristianstad University, Sweden University of Dundee, UK Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China European Business School, Germany Webber International University, USA Fairleigh Dickinson University, USA San Jose State University, USA The Sino-British College, China University of Applied Sciences, Germany European Federation of Schools, Switzerland Georgia State University, USA The University of Memphis, USA INSEEC, France Duisenberg School of Finance, The Netherlands Swansea Metropolitan University, UK University of Central Florida, USA IPAC School of Management, France Maastricht School of Management, The Netherlands University of Bedfordshire, UK Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia University of Chester, UK Oakland University, USA ISEP, France Paris School of Business, France Togliatti Academy of Management, Russia University of Milano Bicocca, Italy Nanhua University, Taiwan National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Edinburgh Napier University, UK 26 Kennesaw State University, USA The University of The Fraser Valley, Canada INTERNSHIP AND PLACEMENT CELL 27 INFRASTRUCTURE 28 ACADEMIC SERVICES IT Infrastructure Alliance University has implemented an IT network infrastructure and a state-of-the-art Unified Communication Solution for the University campus with the latest technology that suits the present and future needs of higher education. The University in association with Cisco and Wipro has built a strong network and communication infrastructure, which includes excellent campus-wide Wi-Fi connectivity. Library The library of Alliance School of Law, Alliance University is comparable to the best anywhere. Our resources are constantly updated to include recent developments. The library has a large collection of texts, reference books and multimedia, which is continuously updated with the latest editions. It subscribes to national and international periodicals, databases and online journals. The library maintains a website through which students can access online databases, journals and catalogs anywhere in the world. The library has a digital library providing a full text collection of documents and faculty publications. It has ample reading room facilities spread over four floors with a seating capacity for over 1,000 students. Lecture and Seminar Halls Spacious, gallery-type lecture and seminar halls are equipped with the latest audio-visual facilities for an enhanced learning experience. Seminar halls, which accommodate large groups at a time are used often for seminars and group meetings with speakers and guests from industry and academia. Student Committees for Undergraduate Courses Moot Court Committee Internship and Placement Committee Events Committee Legal Aid Clinic The Legal Aid Clinic is conducted by a faculty member in collaboration with legal aid authorities, attorneys and NGOs from the local community. 29 SUPPORT SERVICES 30 STUDENT LIFE 31 32 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 33 ACADEMIC UNITS 34 35 ADMISSIONS Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Law–B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Law–B.B.A. LL. B. (Hons.) Course Duration Full time; Five years (integrated) Eligibility 10+2 or equivalent examination from a recognized Board with a minimum of 45% marks in aggregate (40% marks for SC/ST candidates). The maximum age limit for candidates is 20 years as on the first day of July of the year of admission (22 years of age for SC/ST candidates) A high score in CLAT/LSAT/ACLAT* Selection Process Personal interview The Alliance School of Law also uses other parameters such as scholastic and extracurricular record for admission. The final selection of the candidate will be based on the overall performance in the Admission Selection Process. Course Master of Law–LL. M. Duration Full time; One year Eligibility LL. B./B. L. or any other graduate degree in Law recognized by Bar Council of India with a minimum of 55% marks in aggregate (45% marks for SC/ST candidates). Selection Process A high score in CLAT/ACLAT* Personal interview *ACLAT - Alliance Common Law Admission Test Application Procedure Applicants are encouraged to apply online at www.law.alliance.edu.in The Application Form is also available at the Office of Admissions on payment of Rs.1,000/- (Rs.2,000/- for NRI and SAARC national applicants and US$50 for other foreign national applicants) in cash or through demand draft drawn in favour of "Alliance University" payable at Bangalore Scholarships Scholarships are available to students of Indian nationality to support full-time study at Alliance University. Each year, Alliance University awards several scholarships in the form of fee remission to outstanding candidates. These scholarships of positive inclusive effort vary in value and have different criteria on which they are awarded. Please visit, www.law.alliance.edu.in for details on eligibility. 36 TERMS AND CONDITIONS Reasons for seeking refund Fee refund NIL 37 Ragging Library (Inside view) Food Court Pride Store Other undergraduate courses offered by Alliance University Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) Regular (Full time; Four years) | Lateral (Full time; Three years) Branches: Civil | Mech. | EEE | ECE | Aerospace | CSE | IT Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Full time; Three years Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com. Hons.) Full time; Three years 38 Learning Centre Hall of Residence Follow us on: AllianceSchoolofLaw AllianceU alliance-university alliance-university Scan the QR code to register your interest allianceuniverse http://allianceuniversitybangalore.wordpress.com/ Awarded the Best Private University of the Year 2014 by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM) of India Alliance University received the Brands Academy Education Excellence Award (2013) for the Most Innovative University in South India Disclaimer: The information provided in this Prospectus aims to be correct at the time of going to the press; however, the University reserves the right to make changes or add to any of the information contained herein without prior notice. Any dispute that may arise is subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts of Bengaluru. Alliance School of Law Approved by the Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi For more details, visit: www.law.alliance.edu.in Office of Admissions, Alliance Univeristy City Campus: 2nd Cross, 36th Main, BTM I Stage, Bengaluru - 560 068, Karnataka, India Central Campus: Chikkahagade Cross, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Anekal, Bengaluru - 562 106, Karnataka, India Tel.: +91 80 30938050/1/2/3 | Fax: +91 80 27841600 | E-mail: [email protected] www.alliance.edu.in
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