"Celebrate our breastfeeding community with LLL of PA West" Register Online at www.lllofwp.org LLL of Western PA, Registrar 914 Miller Road, New Castle, PA 1610 The Voice of the Ages, Wisdom of Our Instincts La Leche League of Western Pennsylvania Breastfeeding and Parenting Area Conference April 11, 2015 Alumnae Reception, April 10th DoubleTree by Hilton, Green Tree Conference Registration Information La Leche League La Leche League of Western Pennsylvania Presents The Voice of the Ages, Wisdom of our Instincts Where the breastfeeding community comes together to share, network, and inspire. Celebrating over 58 years of mother-to-mother support! La Leche League International was founded in 1956 by seven women who were interested in breastfeeding their babies. Today it reaches over 200,000 women in over 65 countries every month with information and mother-to-mother support. LLL is recognized as the world’s foremost authority on breastfeeding. Our Philosophy La Leche League Alliance Representative and Guest, Pam Freedman, Alliance Leader Department Administrator Featured Guest Speaker David Lobur, MD, Board-certified Internist Specializing in the practice of Functional Medicine oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo In Memoriam Our Breastfeeding and Parenting Conference is dedicated to the memories of four of our beloved co-Founders: Edwina Froehlich, Betty Wagner, Viola Lennon, and Mary Ann Cahill who passed away and are dearly missed. Please join us in honoring these revolutionary women by wearing pearls to the conference! oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo PAGE 2 Mothering through breastfeeding is the most natural and effective way of understanding and satisfying the needs of the baby. Mother and baby need to be together early and often to establish a satisfying relationship and an adequate milk supply. In the early years the baby has an intense need to be with his mother which is as basic as his need for food. Human milk is the natural food for babies, uniquely meeting their changing needs. For the healthy, full-term baby, breast milk is the only food necessary until the baby shows signs of needing solids, about the middle of the first year after birth. Ideally the breastfeeding relationship will continue until the baby outgrows the need. Alert and active participation by the mother in childbirth is a help in getting breastfeeding off to a good start. Breastfeeding is enhanced and the nursing couple sustained by the loving support, help, and companionship of the baby's father. A father's unique relationship with his baby is an important element in the child's development from early infancy. Good nutrition means eating a well-balanced and varied diet of foods in as close to their natural state as possible. From infancy on, children need loving guidance which reflects acceptance of their capabilities and sensitivity to their feelings. The ideals and principles of mothering, which are the foundation of LLLI beliefs, are further developed in The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, the most comprehensive handbook on breastfeeding and parenting ever published. It has provided needed answers to three generations of nursing mothers on every aspect of breastfeeding. PAGE 15 Hotel Information Accommodations: DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Green Tree, 500 Mansfield Avenue, Green Tree, PA 15205, 412-922-8400. La Leche League has arranged for a special group rate of $119 + tax per night. To receive this rate, reservations must be made by March 21, 2015. Please mention that you are attending the conference. The hotel provided this on-line reservation link: http://doubletree.hilton.com/en/dt/groups/personalized/P/ Conference Schedule Friday, April 10, 2015 PITGTDT-LLL-20150410/index.jhtml?WT.mc_id=POG Guests wishing to avoid an early checkout fee should advise the hotel at or before check-in of any change in planned length of stay. 9:00 am to 4:30 pm Communication Skills Enrichment Workshop Nearby Attractions: The Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, science center, the Andy Warhol Museum, Heinz Field, home of the Steelers, PNC Park, CONSOL Energy Center; and the David L. Lawrence Convention Center. 6:00 pm Alumnae Reception 6:30 pm Alumnae Dinner From Erie, Buffalo and North: Take 79 South towards Pittsburgh. Don’t use exit 21 Pittsburgh! Continue on 79S to Pittsburgh exit #59A. Merge onto 376 East towards Pittsburgh. Exit 376 East at Exit 67 Green Tree/Mt. Lebanon. Stay in far left lane. At traffic light turn left onto Green Tree Road (Rt 121). At the next traffic light make a left onto Mansfield. After two lights The Doubletree Hotel will be the next drive on the right. From West Virginia and South: Take I-79 North to Pittsburgh. Get on 376 East towards Pittsburgh. Exit 376 East at Exit 67 Green Tree/Mt. Lebanon. Stay in far left lane. At traffic light turn left onto Green Tree Road (Rt 121). At the next traffic light turn left onto Mansfield. After two lights The Doubletree Hotel will be the next drive on the right. From Philadelphia, Harrisburg and East: PA Turnpike West to Pittsburgh Exit 57 (Pittsburgh exit at Monroeville.) Follow 376 West toward Pittsburgh. Proceed through the Squirrel Hill Tunnel. As passing downtown Pittsburgh you will see signs for Fort Pitt Bridge. Cross the bridge and head through the Fort Pitt Tunnel. As you exit the tunnel you will continue on 376 West towards the airport. Go 2 miles and take Exit 67 Green Tree/Crafton. The ramp will split, bear left on the exit. At the stop sign turn left onto Mansfield Avenue. After two lights The Doubletree Hotel will be the next drive on the right. From Ohio and West: Take PA Turnpike (76 East) to 79 South. Do not use exit 21 Pittsburgh! Continue on 79S to the Pittsburgh exit #59A. Merge onto 376 East towards Pittsburgh. Exit 376 East at Exit 67 Green Tree/Mt. Lebanon. Stay in far left lane. At traffic light turn left onto Green Tree Road (Rt 121). At the next traffic light turn left onto Mansfield. The Doubletree Hotel will be the next drive on the right. From Pittsburgh International Airport: Take 376 East towards Pittsburgh. Get off exit 67 Green Tree. Turn left off the exit onto Green Tree Road. At the next traffic light turn left t onto Mansfield. The Doubletree Hotel will be the next drive on the right. —Smoking is not permitted in the LLL Conference areas— PAGE 14 Saturday, April 11, 2015 8:00 to 9:00 am 8:00 am Registration Boutique, Auctions, Bookstore and Exhibits open 9:15 to 10:30 am Session I 10:45 am to noon Session II Noon to 1:45 pm Lunch New Leader and Leader Anniversary Ceremony 1:45 to 2:45 pm Session III 3:00 pm Silent Auction Closes 3:00 to 4:00 pm Session IV 4 :30 pm to 5:00 pm Boutique, Bookstore and Exhibits Close La Leche League International is an international, nonprofit, nonsectarian organization dedicated to providing education, information, support and encouragement to women who choose to breastfeed. Our Mission is to help mothers worldwide to breastfeed through mother-tomother support, encouragement, information, and education, and to promote a better understanding of breastfeeding as an important element in the healthy development of the baby and mother. PAGE 3 Registration and More Featured Guest Speaker Dr. David Lobur Dr. David Lobur is a board-certified physician who received his medical degree from Jefferson Medical College in 2008 and completed his residency and chief residency in internal medicine at UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside Hospital in 2012. He currently practices hospital medicine at UPMC Shadyside and has begun a private practice in the specialty of Functional Medicine through extensive training received through the Institute of Functional Medicine (IFM). Functional Medicine is a highly individualized, patient-centered model of care which focuses on restoring normal body physiology by optimizing genetic, environmental, nutritional and lifestyle factors that influence long-term health and complex, chronic disease. In this way, Functional Medicine supports the unique expression of health and vitality for each individual person. Dr. Lobur is also a proud “LLL Dad” who is married to a LLL leader and has two beautiful breastfeeding children ages one and three. He’s attended several prior LLL WPA conferences and is excited for the opportunity to speak on the immensely important topics of optimizing the health of mothers and babies through Functional Medicine and the unrivaled benefits of breastfeeding as the ideal source of nutrition for children. Dr. David Lobur will present two sessions: "Building a Better Baby" and "Ask the Doctor." PAGE 4 Registration: Everyone attending the conference must register, including speakers, exhibitors and those with complimentary registrations. — Take advantage of our EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION! — Registration Fees Without Meals Early Bird Registration After March 28 LLL Leaders $ 15 $25 LLL Leader Applicants $30 $40 LLL Member $30 $40 Non-Member $50 $60 Spouse/Significant Other $20 $30 Additional Caregiver $20 $30 Students and WIC $20 $30 Children 12 and under Free! Free! *Registration cost includes registration of one attendee. *Please note the cost of registration does not include meals. Lunch Buffet: Tossed Garden Green Salad, Vegetarian Vegetable Soup, Penne Pasta, Bowtie Pasta, Turkey Meatballs, Tomato & Basil Marinara Sauce, Alfredo Sauce, and Parmesan Cheese. Buffet includes garlic bread, an assortment of multi grain rolls, butter, coffee, iced tea, and water. Adults $23.00, children ages six to eleven years $11.50, and children five and under eat free with a registered adult. Refund Policy: A full refund less $15 administrative fee will be made for requests received by March 28th. Requests received after March 28th will be entitled to a refund for registration fees only, less a $15 administrative fee. Please note: Refunds cannot be given for meals or other fees after March 28th. No refund requests will be honored after April 3rd. No refunds are given for pre-ordered books. Send refund requests with a SASE to the Conference Registrar: Cathy DeRaleau, 914 Miller Road, New Castle, PA 1610 or e-mail refund requests to [email protected] PAGE 13 Conference Features Scholarships Available A limited number of scholarships for Leaders, Leader Applicants, and Members are available to attend the Conference. These are for registration only. (No meals, CERPs, CEUs, hotel fees, travel expenses, etc are included.) Please ask your Group Leader for more details. Membership Please consider joining La Leche League. Membership costs $40 per year and your payment helps to support local LLL activities and to promote LLL services to mothers throughout the world. You can join La Leche League by filling out the membership space on the registration form and including the cost of membership in your registration payment. Day-Workers Needed! Willing to spend a session working the Silent Auction, Boutique or Play Room? Please check the box on the registration form. In appreciation of your help, all day- workers receive five tickets to use in the drawing for items in the Boutique room. Luncheon Ceremonies Anniversaries of Leadership: La Leche League of Western Pennsylvania celebrates Leaders reaching special milestones in their journey of inspiring breastfeeding mothers. Please join us as we honor these Leaders’ anniversaries with a special pin. New Leader Recognition: All those accredited between March 2014 and April 2015 will be honored with a special ceremony. Please plan on attending to congratulate these Leaders. Friday Fun Alumnae Association Dinner and Reception Join us Friday, April 10, 2015 for the annual Alumnae Association dinner. It is open to everyone and is a special time to renew old acquaintances and make new friends. We will meet at 6:00 PM in the hotel’s George Westinghouse room. Dinner starts at 6:30 and includes your choice of Chicken Breast Piccata, Baked Tilapia Buerre Blanc, or Vegan Penne Primavera with carrots, onions, yellow squash, zucchini and spinach. Each entrée includes a fresh garden salad of mixed baby greens, mixed seasonal vegetables, roasted potatoes, assorted dinner rolls and butter with double layered chocolate cake for dessert. Also included are iced tea and coffee. The cost is $32.00 per adult; $16.00 for children ages six to eleven, and free for children five and under. Children’s dinner choices are the same as the adult dinner, but half the size and will include a salad. Throughout the evening, select items from the Silent Auction will be available for bidding. After Dinner ALLLum Fun Later Friday evening, please join us for a LLLadies get together in the hotel ballroom. PAGE 12 New this year! Pre-conference workshop! Communication Skills Enrichment Friday, April 10,2015 9:00 am to 4:30 pm This year we are offering La Leche League’s amazing Communication Skills Enrichment as a pre-conference workshop. This is a great opportunity for those wanting to take their communication skills to another level. Even if you are already a great communicator, you will gain essential communication skills for all areas of life. Interactive practice is provided and led by trained Communication Skills Instructors (CSIs). The emphasis is on “doing” instead of “talking about” doing. Participants will explore and practice the following skills: Attending behavior and its effect on communication Body language as a communication tool Identifying feelings and reasons for feelings Making effective summary statements Asking and answering questions Effectively imparting information Composing "I" statements Practicing setting limits Problem solving steps Putting it all together using real life situations as practice “Many times, as breastfeeding helpers, we are asked a question that has no simple answer...through CSE I’ve learned to help a mother find her own solution to her problem by being empathetic and reflecting her feelings. Sometimes the answer she finds is not the answer I would have given her, but it works for her because she discovered it herself.” “I've always wanted to be a better listener. CSE gave me specific things to be listening for…I've found a way to accept what someone thinks about me or about an issue without believing that I have to defend or explain my position. Instead we can talk about how the person feels and we can work toward solving problems. What freedom!” CSE provides essential skills for all breastfeeding helpers, including LLL Leaders, Leader Applicants, Lactation Consultants, Doulas, and Midwives. It is also extremely helpful for mothers, fathers, and anyone else interested in increasing communication skills. Costs: LLL Leaders & Leader Applicants: FREE! Our gift to you—it will make your life easier LLL members , LLL spouses/partners: $25 All others: $50 Please note: Limited to the first 20 registrants Lunch is on your own (pack or eat in the hotel restaurant) Nursing babies are welcome On-site babysitting may be available upon request For more information, please contact Kate Bunton at [email protected] or 724-941-2370 PAGE 5 Session I 9:15 to 10:30 am Conference Features 101 Building a Better Baby The human body is an absolute marvel, an awe-inspiring creation that comes together with perfect precision utilizing DNA as the individualized building blocks of life. The ultimate edifice we construct for ourselves from these DNA raw materials though is quite malleable and heavily influenced by our environment. We can take the form of "straw houses "or "towering skyscrapers" based in large part on the impact of nutrition, toxins, and stress on our genetic foundation. security of your children, please supervise them AT ALL TIMES including at the Playroom and other activities. All caregivers must be of an appropriate age (with the parent’s complete schedule), bearing in mind the public atmosphere at our conference facility. We will be sharing the facility with other groups. A Play Room supplied with age appropriate toys is available for children ages six and under. There is a small outdoor courtyard near the Ballroom. A Rock ‘n Rest area complete with rocking chairs for mothers and babies who need a little quiet time will also be available. Through the lens of functional medicine, Dr. Lobur will outline the optimal blueprint for building a healthier and happier baby, which surprisingly starts long before conception even takes place. By optimizing nutrition for both mother and baby, eliminating toxic exposures and minimizing stress, we as parents can provide our babies with the absolute best start in life. Particular importance will be paid to the importance of breastfeeding as the ultimate and unrivaled source of nourishment for infant growth, development and continued well-being. Dr. David Lobur, 1.25 BE CEU, 1.25 L CERP 102 Oh Snap! A conversation about assistance programs: WIC (Women Infant and Children), SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-formerly Food Stamps), and LiHeap (Low Income Housing Assistance Program. We will discuss who qualifies for the programs, what benefits are received, dispelling myths and brainstorming ways to effectively reach a lower income population. Mollie Sipe FF F103 Family Sing Along Kids of all ages will enjoy a mix of children’s, folk and original music by Lori, the "All about That Breast" singer, song writer, mother of two amazing breastfed children, member of the Tiger Maple String Band, and Internet sensation. Lori Burke FF L/LA = Leaders and Leader Applicants only FF = Father Friendly; CERP = IBLCE CERPs CEU = LLL Leader CEUs PAGE 6 IBLCE CERPs and La Leche League CEUs: CERP/CEUs have been granted through the LLL Alliance for Breastfeeding Education providership with the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners (IBLCE). CERP/CEU sessions held in the morning block provide 1.25 CERPs and CEUs; and CERP/ CEU sessions held in the afternoon block provide 1 CERP and CEU. All conference attendees may attend CERP sessions. If you wish to receive CERP credit, the fee for each CERP certificate is $10.00. You can sign up for each session individually. La Leche League Alliance Continuing Education Units (CEUs) are available to LLL Leaders and Leader Applicants for FREE! For more information about CERP and CEU opportunities, contact Ellen Rubin [email protected] or 412-241-0960. Children, regardless of age, are allowed to accompany their parents to CERP sessions at Area Conferences. CERP speakers and attendees should be aware and accepting of the fact that first-time parents and older children may attend these sessions. Attendees with children are asked to be respectful of the needs of all attendees and to the speaker who is presenting. Snack Table: Please bring a nutritious snack to share at our snack table. Snacks are great for keeping mothers alert and children happy, so we hope that everyone can bring something. Here are some snack suggestions organized by your first name beginning with A-E—fruits or veggies; F-J—cheese or spreads; K -O—snack food (crackers, pretzels); P-U—baked goods; V-Z—light colored juice. Please bring a list of ingredients to display with your homemade goodies to aid those with food allergies. If you have any questions about our snack table, please contact Theresa Warren at [email protected] or 304-277-2208. Strollers: Strollers are not permitted due to fire safety regulations and space limitations. Stroller permits are available for parents of multiples or physically challenged children or adults. Please mark the appropriate space on the registration form if you need a stroller permit. PAGE 11 Conference Features Session II 10:45 to noon Bookstore: A selection of breastfeeding and parenting books will be available at a discount at our conference bookstore. Cash, check, and credit card accepted. Your bookstore purchases help LLL of WPA to encourage, inform, and educate breastfeeding mothers throughout Western Pennsylvania. Both Leaders and LLL members will receive a discount on books at the conference bookstore. 201 Ask the Doctor Dr. Lobur will answer specific questions and facilitate discussion germinating from the topics covered in his session, “Building a Better Baby,” the plenary session. Particular emphasis will be placed on the importance of gastrointestinal health as the cornerstone of whole-body wellness. Dr. David Lobur FF Theme Baskets and Boutique: We encourage all Groups to put together a Theme Basket for the Silent Auction. Each Group will receive 50% of the proceeds from their basket sales. Ideas that have done well in the past include children’s toys, gardening, art baskets, chocolate, and pamper mom baskets. LLL WPA Groups can rent Boutique tables at the conference for only $5, sell items of their choice (subject to LLL approval) and keep the proceeds for their Groups. All WPA Leaders can download and print a Theme Basket or Boutique Application at: [email protected]. Please complete and return the application by March 28, 2015. If you have any questions, please contact Becky Ashkettle at [email protected]. 202 Gadgets and Goo: Things We put on Our Nipples and What They Do While breastfeeding is touted as completely natural, frequently gadgets and creams are implemented to address latch, pain, anatomy, and milk transfer. Review these interventions used by lactation professionals and the situations in which they both facilitate and hinder successful breastfeeding. Ellen Rubin, IBCLC, 1.25 BE CEU, 1.25 L CERP (Ellen Rubin works for the Breastfeeding Center of Pittsburgh which sells breastfeeding supplies, including some produced by Medela.) Donations: We welcome donations and will recognize all donors in the Conference Program Booklet. Donation categories are: Patron - $50 and more; Supporter - $25 - $49; and Friend - $10 - $24. In-kind contributions of goods or gift certificates for the Silent Auction are also appreciated. To make an in-kind donation, please contact Janet Greenley at [email protected]. Donations must be received no later than March 28, 2015 to be included in the Conference Program Booklet. Blossoms: List your child as a Blossom of La Leche League in the Conference Program Booklet for $2 per child. Please list each child on the appropriate section of the Registration Form and include the additional cost with your registration payment. Dedications: We welcome you to make short dedications (30 words or less) in our Conference Program Booklet. Each dedication costs $5. Please list the number of dedications you would like on the Registration Form and attach a separate paper with the text of your dedications. If registering online, please email your dedications to [email protected] Cathy DeRaleau-registrar. Children at the Conference: Parents, babies, children and grandparents attending together are a La Leche League tradition. We hope to make the conference one that your entire family can enjoy, so please plan to bring everyone. Parents are responsible for their own children. To assure the PAGE 10 203 Sleep Styles and Breastfeeding: Safety, Snuggles and Sensibility Infant physiology and the study of infant attachment have much to tell us about the “normal” locations for infant and mother sleeping and the impact this has on breastfeeding. Examine infant sleep patterns, cultural and social expectations about infant sleep patterns, and how we can use new research to help parents make decisions about safe sleep. Alison Keating, IBCLC, 1.25 BE CEU, 1.25 R CERP 204 Relaxation: Birth, Breastfeeding and Beyond Relaxation and learning to get rid of stress is one of the keys to happiness in life, birth and breastfeeding. We’ll explore the joys of HypnoBirthing, Yoga and techniques utilized by doulas that can help your mothering be calm and joyful. We will be practicing these relaxation techniques in our session. Teresa Bailey FF 205 Nurturing Ourselves Identifying and taking responsibility for our needs as women. Creating a haven for ourselves in a hectic world and ways to cope. Pam Freedman F207 Family Interactive: Balloon Art and Children’s Entertainment Erie's premier balloon artist will entertain for a fun hour to fill your littlest heart with joy. Magic Steve FF Register Online at www.lllofwpa.org PAGE 7 Session III 1:45 to 2:45 pm Session IV 3:00 to 4:00 pm 301 Prenatal Facial Development and its Impact on Breastfeeding The development of the mouth and face will ultimately impact the ease of nursing. A discussion on normal and abnormal prenatal development of the mouth, lip, palate and tongue – particularly, abnormalities such as tongue tie, cleft lip and cleft palate. Heather Szabo Rogers, PhD, 1 BE CEU, 1 L CERP 401 Skin-to-Skin Contact and its Importance in Breastfeeding A history and overview of the instinctual newborn behaviors associated with skin to skin contact. A review of the initial and long term benefits to mother and baby and the positive impact these benefits have on breastfeeding. Valerie Homanics IBCLC, 1 BE CEU, 1 L CERP 302 How Birth Public Practices Affect Breastfeeding Birth today is geared towards mother and baby’s survival. This attitude promotes many different interventions such as early cord cutting, continuous monitoring and lack of incentive for obstetricians to avoid cesareans. These can hurt early breastfeeding. We will explore how to secure the health and safety of mother and baby while supporting breastfeeding. Teresa Bailey, IBCLC, 1 BE CEU, 1 L CERP 402 Breastfeeding in the NICU Offering support when a mother's plans get detoured to an alternate route of pumps, kangarooing, and high tech interventions. Cindy Garrison, IBCLC, 1 BE CEU, 1 L CERP, (Cindy Garrison works for Magee-Womens Hospital which contracts for Medela for all its breastfeeding supplies.) 303 Setting Limits With Children & Teens: Way’s to Say “No” Without Saying NO!” One of the biggest parenting challenges is learning to provide loving guidance to children and teens. This session will explore gentle discipline as a way to set limits with children while protecting self-esteem, fostering self-discipline, and delineating clear boundaries. Kate Bunton FF 304 DIY Natural Remedies for Healthy Families Motherhood can be tough, so let us help! Please join our duo of natural-minded DIY moms for invaluable tips and hands-on experience for utilizing home remedies, plant extracts, healing foods, and essential oils to boost the health and wellness of your family. Highlighted topics will include combating clogged ducts and mastitis, calming stressed moms, soothing babies, boosting breast milk supply, tackling tummy troubles, and mending bumps and bruises. Jaclyn Lobur and Mellory Birner FF 305 Staying Connected How to keep in touch when you live far away from your grandchildren, adult children, friends and others dear to your heart. Pam Freedman FF F307 Family Interactive: Art Fun Explore hands on fun with art. Emily Cicora FF 403 Maintaining Breastfeeding When Mother & Baby Must Separate This session will discuss how to help mothers continue to breastfeed when they must be separated from their babies. This will include supporting mothers who return to work or school, and custody situations as well as other reasons. We will cover pumping and breast milk storage, introduction of bottles and proper bottle feeding techniques, and practical advice for day-to-day challenges mothers encounter. Judy Gutowski, IBCLC FF 404 My Co-Leader and Me We will examine ways to help co-Leaders work well together, even when they have different viewpoints, values, and lifestyles. Goals include discussing ways to increase regular, high-quality co-Leader communication, identifying when it might be helpful to be assertive, and exploring effective ways to approach co-Leader confrontation. Kate Bunton and Ellen Rubin, IBCLC, 1 CS CEU L/LA 405 The Breastfeeding Bowl Join us for a fun game based on the Breastfeeding Resources Guide. For Leader Applicants who need to complete this portion of their work, and Leaders who want to brush up on their skills. Michelle Roth and Terri Aquilina L/LA F407 Family Interactive: Yoga for the Healthy Family Relaxing yoga session for all ages. Amy, certified through The Prenatal Yoga Center is the Mother of two beautiful breastfed children, Broadway dancer including Radio City Rocketts, and creator of the Exercising Balance DVD. Amy Griffith FF What to Bring to the Conference: Baby carrier, sling or backpack, quiet toys that your child would not mind losing or sharing, sippy cups, diapers, and a small blanket for baby What to Leave At Home: Your schedule, the hotel phone number and the conference emergency phone number- 724-651-0111 PAGE 8 PAGE 9
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