ALIGNMENT OF DNR STATUS WITH PATIENTS’ LIKELIHOOD OF FAVORABLE NEUROLOGICAL SURVIVAL AFTER IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST Timothy Fendler, MD; John A. Spertus, MD, MPH; Fengming Tang, MS; Paul S. Chan, MD, MSc Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO • Gaps in Knowledge: — Lack of valid prediction tool for prognosis to inform DNR discussions — Unknown whether DNR status adoption is aligned with likelihood of meaningful survival • Recent Developments: — The Cardiac Arrest Survival Post-Resuscitation In-Hospital (CASPRI) score risk model strongly predicts likelihood of favorable neurological survival after IHCA (c-statistic 0.802) — Includes 11 variables: age, initial arrest rhythm, pre-arrest neurological disability, hospital location of arrest, duration of arrest, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, sepsis, malignant disease, hypotension, need for mechanical ventilation OBJECTIVE • Evaluate whether DNR decisions after resuscitation from IHCA occur primarily in patients with low likelihood of favorable neurological survival, as per CASPRI score RESULTS RESULTS FIGURE 1: PATIENT EXCLUSION FLOWCHART TABLE 2: RATES OF SURVIVAL AND DNR STATUS ADOPTION, BY DECILE FIGURE 3: RATES OF FAVORABLE NEUROLOGICAL SURVIVAL AMONG DNR & NON-DNR PATIENTS, STRATIFIED BY DECILE Patients with cardiac arrest, n=72,875 Arrested outside inpatient & intensive care units, n=13,286 • Definition of Variables: — DNR Status: order placed within 12 hours after achieving return of spontaneous circulation from IHCA — Favorable Neurological Survival: survival to discharge without severe neurologic disability (Cerebral Performance Category [CPC] 1 or 2) DISCLOSURES • Dr. Fendler is supported by a T32 training grant (HL110837) from the NHLBI Overall Survival Rate* no. (%) Died during resuscitation, n=25,618 Patients with cardiac arrest and ROSC, n=33,971 105 (1.8%) 6213 (30.5%) 1 1550 (64.7) 169 (7.1) 12 (7.1) 1538 (69.1) 2 834 (48.3) 181 (10.5) 11 (6.1) 823 (53.3) 3 892 (35.2) 372 (14.7) 18 (4.9) 874 (40.4) 4 937 (27.9) 601 (17.9) 11 (1.8) 926 (33.6) 5 389 (20.1) 398 (21.4) 9 (2.3) 380 (26.1) 6 679 (18.4) 890 (24.1) 23 (2.6) 656 (23.4) 7 262 (15.6) 465 (27.7) 4 (0.9) 258 (21.2) 8 347 (12.2) 749 (26.4) 4 (0.5) 343 (16.4) 9 320 (9.0) 1160 (32.5) 13 (1.1) 307 (12.7) 10 108 (4.1) 959 (36.0) 0 (0.0) 108 (6.3) • Statistical Analysis: — Baseline characteristics compared using standardized differences (SD > 10% implies signi ficant between-group di fferences) — CASPRI score calculated for each patient's likelihood of favorable neurological survival — Higher CASPRI scores indicate worse prognosis — Stratified cohort into deciles of CASPRI score — Compared rates of DNR and actual favorable neurological survival, by decile Age, mean ± SD Female, no. (%) Race, no. (%): White Black Other CPC on admission, no. (%): CPC 1 CPC 2 CPC 3 CPC 4 CPC 5 Hypotension, no. (%) Respiratory insufficiency, no (%) Renal insufficiency, no (%) Hepatic insufficiency, no (%) Metabolic/electrolyte abn, no (%) Pneumonia, no (%) DNR (n = 5944) 68.6 ± 15.2 2775 (46.7) 4310 (73.6) 1165 (19.9) 381 (6.5) 2436 (50.7) 1244 (25.9) 691 (14.4) 435 (9.0) 1 (0.0) 2065 (34.7) 2963 (49.8) 2499 (42.0) 661 (11.1) 1264 (21.3) 983 (16.5) Non-DNR (n = 20383) 64.2 ± 15.7 8663 (42.5) 13697 (68.3) 4726 (23.6) 1644 (8.2) 9802 (58.8) 4006 (24.0) 1895 (11.4) 956 (5.7) 5 (0.0) 5003 (24.5) 8864 (43.5) 7501 (36.8) 1622 (8.0) 3096 (15.2) 3112 (15.3) Standardized Differences (%) 28.47 8.43 11.79 8.88 6.47 16.42 4.25 8.98 12.68 0.58 22.47 12.78 10.74 10.78 15.79 14.18 *Standardized differences were < 10% for heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus, central nervous system depression, stroke, acute central nervous system non-stroke event, septicemia, and metastatic/hematologic malignancy 70 Survival Rate* non-DNR Patients no. (%) 5944 (22.6) Patients not made DNR n=20,383 (77.4%) TABLE 1: BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS Survival Rate* DNR Patients no. (%) 6318 (24.0) Patients with complete data, n=26,327 Patients made DNR n=5,944 (22.6%) DNR Status Adoption Rate no. (%) Overall Missing CPC scores or DNAR data, n=7,644 METHODS • Data Source: Get With the Guidelines - Resuscitation — Multi-center, observational registry since 2001 — 125,000 patients with IHCA from 635 US hospitals Decile Non-DNR Patients DNR Patients 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CASPRI Score by Decile 8 9 10 LIMITATIONS • Occurrence, frequency, and content of physician-patient discussions about DNR status not measured *Refers to rate of favorable neurological survival (CPC 1 or 2) FIGURE 2: RATES OF DNR AND FAVORABLE NEUROLOGICAL SURVIVAL, STRATIFIED BY DECILE • Unmeasured confounders may mediate DNR decisions (i.e., terminal illness, personal beliefs, physician prognostic abilities) • Unclear if DNR status is a marker or mediator of worse survival 60 Favorable Neurological Survival, % DNR Status Adoption, % 50 Rate of Events, % • In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) occurs in ~200,000 patients annually in the US — Survival rate is ~22% among resuscitated patients — Often prompts Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) discussions METHODS % of Patients BACKGROUND • Among patients resuscitated from IHCA, DNR decisions were generally aligned with prognosis 40 30 • In patients with the worst prognosis, nearly 2/3 did not adopt DNR status, yet still had very low favorable neurolgocial survival rates 20 • Of patients with the best prognosis, ~1 in 10 still adopted DNR status, and had only ~1/10 the survival rate of non-DNR patients 10 0 CONCLUSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 CASPRI Score by Decile 7 8 9 10 • The CASPRI score may be a valuable prognostic aid for physicians in discussing goals of care with survivors of IHCA
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