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[ADeY;~ov3;
MEMORANDUM REPORT ARBRL-MR-(0951
*
F
THE HUGON lOT OF 4340 STEEL RC 54-55
Robert E. Franz
Joseph L. Robitalle
D D
September 1979
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.me1ugonlot of 4340 steel of Rockwell %C3E hardness 54-55 has been measured.
The a or b.c.c. phase iagos~tot can be rep"Seted by the equAtion U a 4.67
The4 u whereoU isthe ae vciy MWas
uboie
the parce velosityo
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The4 u wher U isthe cave vcity pae above the paG rtil ocitypint i/s
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.'AUNCL~ASSFIED
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Nae
TAbLE OF CONTENrS .....
1. INTRODUCTION
II. EXPERIMENTAL
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III.
REFERENCES .....
Ipit%
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.:
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5
7
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13
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1.
INTRODUCTION
For some time the Ballistic Research Laboratory has been measuring
and studying the mechanical and physical properties of materials of
interest to the Army. This includes a spectrum of tests from slowly
applied loads in convential testing machines to shock loading with lightgas gun impacts or high explosives. This report gives results of shock
wave tests on 4340 steel of Rockwell "C" hardness 54-55. It, also,
includes ultrasonic and quasi-static data which provide zero points on
the high pressure Hugoniot curves. Table I gives a chemical analysis of
this material.
Like iron and rolled homogeneous armor (RHA), 4340 steel displays a
phase transition under shock loading at approximately 13 GPa. This
causes the material to display a one, two, or three wave structure depending on the initial shock strength. Hlauver , 2 has discussed this phenominon
in two recent reports on the Iugoniot of RHA. The experimental method
used for this study is the same as Hiauver's and consists of measuring and
analyzing the free surface motion of a sample of material shocked in the
usual one-dimensional strain experiment. This motion can become complicated when the three wave structure is encountered. The analysis used is
the same as in the aforementioned reports. It is based on a mid-point of
the wave analysis used by Barker 3, in which the wave velocities are measured from the half amplitude points in the wave.
11.
EXPER|MWNTAL
The experimental specimens were cut out of a IOM (4-inch) round
bar of material and heat-treated to RC 54-55 hardness. They were, then,
machined to final dimensions. The heat-treatment consisted of soaking at
860C for 30 minutes, oil quenching, drawing down at 315%: for I hout.
and air cooling. The measured density of the material was 7800 kg/ms.
The experiments were performtsI with the BRI. light-Sas gun. The free
surface motion was measured with a laser velocity interferometer called a
VISAR which was developed by Barker 4. Figure I shows the results of five
tests performed at different impact velocities. Four are symetrical
impacts of nominal 6.13mm thick plates of 4340 steel 7tm in diameter and
'G. IIziuver,
ballitie'
"The A'a-ihao
Rceavarch !1,*orto#O
~'6. Nauvar and A. "'itZni.
coua Avor",
Amr.iOi",
Hu;onfit of RolZ led HVenerto
Momran..k. .+port No. 2b1, Azguet 1979.
"Tho
l~Pa
uHiicomiot of Role4 fimwgaen
or.ande Reort ARRL-X.R-02909, Mau h 179.
L..
. azrker, "Alp;-laaeMliwyot of Iro",
., , Juno ;.976
' 2544-
~~4.
I.'.
&1.
A a.
Vol. 46,
M.IRarker -and R?. E. Hoal enIbach, "L~zer Inte4rferrnteter for Meiasuring
H~ih Vlooities of An A~~&U Sw'faoe', J. AiL p2.
So
'l
NoqTe
;97', pp 4 66-1.
1.6-
O EST NUMBERS
1.4
E 1.2o
1.0
LU
U"0.8-
uj0.6LU
.4
0.4
0
0
FIGURL 1:
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.6
TIM E (p&,)
1.0
VISAR Results for S Tests with 4340 Steel
1.2
one (Test #6) is the result of the impact of a 3.0
on a 9.43
thick 4340 steel specimen.
thick tungsten plate
The elastic wave velocity was measured using an ultrasonic device
constructed by Hauver1 and called by him "The Thumper". This velocity,
which was used in subsequent data analysis, was 5.86 ki/s.
The low pressure a-phase goes through the bulk sound velocity at the
:ero point. This velocity has been calculated from bulk modulus measurements made in quasi-static compression tests in which the volumetric
change with load was measured. This was accomplished by measuring both
the axial and circumferential strains using resistance strain gages
applied directly to circular cylindrical specimens. The volumetric strain
was then calculated from equation (1)
= tlI~
)(I+,:
a
-1 ,
(1)
where,
c\-
axial strain
c -circumferential
strain.
Since in a uiiiaxial strain experiment the pressure is one-third of
the axial stress, the slope of the curve shown ir Figure 2 is the bulk
modulus. The calculated bulk sound velocity is then 4.67 km/s. Poisson's
ratio was also directly calculated using the axial and circumferential
strain measurements.
Il. ~RESULS
Table 11 shows in tabular for% the Itugoniot points deduced from the
data and one point measured in an experiment by Ilauver in which both RPIA
ind 4340 were shocked to high pressure with an explosively thrown steel
plate. For the 14or b.c.c. phase the shock velocity-particle velocity
line is represented by the least squares equation U - 4.67 * 1.44 u
where U is the shock velocity and u the particle velocity. The a to r
or h.c.p. phase transition occurred at an average shock pressure of 13.2
GPa. The average dynamic elastic limit was 2.4) GPa. The measured
Poisson's ratio was 0.288. This gives, according to Jones and Grahams a
hydrostatic transition pressure of 12.2 tWa.
50. N.. Jonoo and R. A. GrahaR, "Shoar Strvgth Effots
Pyloaur-ae"
P-tm-,iud
S,
,Jhook-Coqreeeio'i
o" Ta.e 2Wneitio"
t~a" 3tpiposi
ofrpr-p w't n
Oiw Acourwat. Chat.-itriatim of the High Th'epuurv Fwirm~uent. U.S.
L au of Sz,
ithvrebwV, D.,
Dopt. of Comwroo, Natiopul
O~tcber 14-28, 2968.
7
The elastic limit measurements varied widely as did measurements by
Butcher and Canon 6 on this material. It is surprising and encouraging
that their average value was the same, 2.41 GPa.
Figures 3 and 4 show the U-u plots for 4340 RC 54-55 steel compared
to both RHtA and iron. It can be seen that the a-phase of each material
has practically the same slope but the intercept depends on the bulk sound
velocity. The c-phase of RHA and 4340 are the same within the experimental
error.
ACKNOWLEDGENENTS
The authors would like to thank George [lauver for his help with the
experiments and especially for his explanations of the data analysis. We
would like to vhank R. Benck and V. Diberardo for the quasi-static
measurements.
TABLE I
CUtMICAL ANALYSIS OF 4340 STEEL
RESULTS %
11 L,9MENT
0.40; 0.39
0.69
Carbon
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Silicon
Nickel
Copper
ChrLmium
Vanad I m
No I ybdcnum
Aluaminum
0.005
0.014
0.26
1.65
0.15 - 0.25
0.9
0.7
0.01
0.2 - . 3
0.02
*Dept of Army Materials Laboratory. Frankfovd Arsenal. 16 September
1976.
16B. R. Butcewr ami cl. R. Car-on,
,qrumic
"Inftuenv
(if Vorfivvfatim
Streeo-Strai' Lcnes of 4340 Steel", AIAA
8
,
o" the
Vol. 2, No. 12,
~~
N4 -41
1
0'
-4
u
>-
00
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C)
-.
.2
0 *
9-n"
'40
4)64 *1'
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m
aq
I'0
4)
0.9
0.8-
0.7-
0.6-
~0.5-
K~ 170 GI~a
tA
W
L
0.30.2
BULK SOUND VELOCITY
4.67 km/s
0.1
00
FIGURE 2:
Pressure vs. Volume Compression for 4340 Steel.
The pressure is taken as - u/3 where o is the load
divided by tho original area of the specimens.
10
00
01
I.-.
00
exI
(6/w)
Ai3013
3AV
0
IvC
LU
UAJ
I-
I-.
.CK
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oC
d0
WWI
A
'4..?3A
REFERENCES
1. G. llauver, "The Alpha-Phase Hugoniot of Rolled Homogeneous Armor".
Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum Report No. 2651, August
1976. (AD NB012871L)
2. ~. ilauver and A. Melani, "The Epsilon-Phase Hugoniot of Rolled
Homogeneous Armor", Memorandum Report ARBRL-MR-02909, March 1979.
(AD OA096107)
3. L. M. Barker, "Alpha-Phase Ifugoniot of Iron", .1.Appl. Phys., Vol. 46,
No. 6, June 1975, pp 2544-7.
4.
1..M. Barker and R. E. Hollenbach, "Laser Interferometer for Measuring
Vol. 43,
IHigh Velocities of Any Reflecting Surface", J. Appl. Ph.,
No. 11, November 1972, pp 4669-75.
S.
0. E. Jones and R. A. Graham, "Shear Strength Effects on Phase
Transition "Pressures" Determined from Shock-Compression Experiments",
Symposium on the Accurate Characterization of the Ifigh Pressure
Environment, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
Gaithersburg, MD., October 14-18, 1968.
b.
B. M. Butcher and J. R. Canon. "Influence of Work-liardening on the
Dynamic Stress-Strain Curves of 4340 Steel", AIAA .. , Vol. 2, No. 12,
December 1964, pp 2174-9.
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