1. travel
2. tourist destinations
3. national parks

FIRST
MANAGEMENT PLAN
OF
PAMBADUM SHOLA NATIONAL PARK
2009 - 2018
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
INDEX
PART - I
THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA
Pages
1-23
1-3
1.1
Name, Location, constitution and extent
1
1.2
Approach and access
1
1.3
Statement of significance
2
1.4
Values of the Park
3
CHAPTER - 2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES
4-13
2.1
Boundaries
4
2.2
Geology Rock and Soil
4
2.3
Terrain
5
2.4
Climate
5
2.5
Water sources
8
2.6
Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat
8
HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT AND PRESENT PRACTICES
14-22
CHAPTER - 3
3.1
General
14
3.2
Timber operation
14
3.3
Non Wood Forest Collection
15
3.4
Leases
15
3.5
Other programmes and activities
15
3.6
Forest protection
15
3.7
Visitor Management
19
3.8
Research monitoring and training
20
3.9
Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation
20
3.10
Administrative set up
20
3.11
Communication
21
3.12
Summary of threats to wildlife
21
CHAPTER - 4
THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USE
SITUATION
4.1
The existing situation in the zone of influence
23
4.2
23
The Development program and conservation issues
23
PART - II
PROPOSED MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER - 5
5.1
PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS
Objectives
5.2
Problems in achieving objectives & strategies to overcome the
problems
CHAPTER - 6 STRATEGIES-BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND
THEME PLANS
6.1
Boundaries
24-61
24-31
25
25
32-46
32
6.2
Zonation
33
6.3
Zone plans
34
6.3.1
Plan for core zone
34
6.3.2
Plan for restoration zone
36
6.3.3
Plan for buffer zone
38
Theme plans
38
6.4.1
Protection plan
38
6.4.2
Fire protection
44
6.4.3
Watershed and water resource management
45
6.4
CHAPTER - 7
TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION
47-48
7.1 Environmental conservation awareness
47
7.2 Nature-based regulated tourism
48
CHAPTER - 8
ECODEVELOPMENT
49-51
CHAPTER - 9
RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING
52-53
9.1
Research
52
9.2
Monitoring
53
9.3
Training
53
CHAPTER -10
ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION
54-55
10.1
Structure
54
10.2
Responsibilities
54
CHAPTER -11
THE BUDGET
56-61
PART-III
APPENDICES
62-95
Annexure -1
Notification No. 12875/F2/2003/F&WLD dated 14.12. 2003
62
Annexure -2
Trees, Shrubs, Herbs of Pambadum Shola National Park
63
Annexure -3
List of Mammals recorded from Pambadum Shola NP
66
Annexure -4
Birds of Pambadum Shola NP
67
Annexure -5
List of butterflies recorded from Pambadum Shola NP
71
Annexure -6
List of moths recorded from Pambadum Shola NP
74
Annexure -7
77
Annexure -8
Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide
letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005
Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93
Annexure -9
GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007
81
Anneuxre-10
List of Control forms
88
79
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION OF THE AREA
1.1.
Name, Location, Constitution and Extent
Pambadum Shola National Park is located on the eastern portion of the High Ranges of
Southern Western Ghats of Kerala. It is situated between 10 o 7' and 10o10' N Latitudes
and 77o14' and 77o17' 30" E Longitudes, falls in the Vattavada Panchayat of Devikulam
Taluk, Idukki District. This National Park lies in between the Kanan Devan Hills and the
Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu Originally notified as Pambadum Shola Reserve No. 55 in 1901,
it was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per Notification no.
12875/Fe/2003/F&WLD dated 14/12/2003 of Kerala Government (Annexure 1) due to its
unique ecological and geographical significance. The vegetation consists mostly of
southern subtropical hill forests with shola-grassland system at the higher altitudes. The
Shola National Park is 11.753 Km2 in extent (as per SOI toposheets) even though the
notified area is only 131.80 Ha.
In Muvattupuzha part of Malayattoor Working Plan for the period 1951-52 to 1966-67 by
Sri. T.P. Viswanathan, it is stated that though the area as per notification is 320 acres the
area indicated on the concerned Map exceeds 2600 acres and that maintained on the
ground roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the Map (page 105). It was
prescribed in Page 72 of working plan to take early steps to survey and notify the Shola
Reserve.
The extent within the notified boundaries has also been checked and calculated by the
GIS unit working under the Chief Conservator of Forests (FMIS). As per the findings of
GIS unit extent comes to 11.6859 Sq. km. The Boundary of the Pambadum Shola National
Park on the toposheet is given in Fig. 1.
1.2.
Approach and access
The Park is situated at a distance of 36 Kms from Munnar town. Munnar is accessible
from Kochi (120 km) and Coimbatore (150 km) airports along main roads. The nearest
railway station in Kerala is Aluva (120km) and in Tamil Nadu, Pollachi (100 km). Two
1
roads pass through the Park, the Munnar – Koviloor road and the Munnar – Kodaikanal
road, now closed at the State boarder.
Fig.1: Boundary of Pambadum Shola National Park on Toposheet
1.3.
Statement of significance
The Pambadum Shola National Park represents a large number of plants and animals
unique to the shola vegetation. The Park has 321 species of Lepidoptera out of which 89
species belong to the sub order Rhopalocera (butterflies) and the rest belong to
Heterocera (moths). Thirteen endemic butterflies which are dominant in the higher
elevations are found in the shola.
The species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) which is restricted to some of the hills of
south India and listed as threatened species by IUCN, is abundant. The Shola also harbors
2
other rare species like Libythea lepita, Pantoporia ranga, Rohana pariasatis, Zipoetis
saintis and Jamides dalecto.
1.4.
Values of the Park
1.4.1. Value related to biodiversity of Protected Area.
Value related to flora.
·
Well-protected representative example of shola ecosystem in Western Ghats.
·
Exceptional species diversity
·
Significant population of locally endemic species.
·
Ideal place for “in-situ” germplasm conservation of rare and threatened species
like tree ferns.
Values related to fauna.
·
Significant diversity of insects especially butterflies.
·
Corridor connecting KDH and Palani
1.4.2. Values related to watershed
·
Value associated with watershed for drinking water and irrigation to Vattavada
valley.
1.4.3. Values related to education and research.
·
Research and monitoring values associated with endemism, biodiversity, humanwildlife interaction etc.
·
Educational value associated with nature education, nature exploration and
adventure.
1.4.4. Aesthetic value
·
Eco-tourism potential
·
Values related to bird watching, trekking, nature interpretation
3
CHAPTER
2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES
2.1.
Boundaries
2.1.1. Legal boundaries
North: The southern boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved Forest No.55, starting from
a point about 500m towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less south
East to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the middle
of hill points 2497 (Pattitalachai Malai) and 2531 (Vandaravu Malai) on the inter state
boundary.
East: The boundary runs more or less south along the interstate boundary.
South: The boundary runs more or less west along the interstate boundary.
West: The western boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the
eastern boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the
starting point.
70% of the boundary is already consolidated with permanent cairns.
2.1.2. Internal Boundaries
The Park is now managed as a single unit and hence there are no internal boundaries.
2.1.3. Ecological Boundaries
On the northern side, the Park is bordered partly by the Kurinjimala Sanctuary. The
eastern and southern sides are bordered by the proposed Palani Hills National Park and
forests of Theni Division respectively.
On the western side are the forests and
plantations of Kannan Devan Hills. At the landscape level, the Park has continuity with
Anamala Tiger reserve, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park and the
forests of Kannan Devan Hills.
2. 2
Geology, rock and soil
The underlying rock formation consists principally of gneiss of a granites nature, very
often foliated and composed of quartz, feldspar and biotile. The soil is deep in general
4
and in ridges and hilltops, the soil is shallow. Soils in lower slopes and valleys are
considerably deeper and finer.
2.2.1. Soil sampling and analyses
Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from Pambadum Shola. The gravel
contents were found out. Analyses were carried out for estimation of particle–size
separates, soil pH, organic carbon, available N, P, K Ca and Mg as per standard
procedures in ASA (1965) and Jackson (1958). The soil physical and chemical properties
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Characteristics of soils from Pambadum Shola forests
Location
Sand Silt Clay Soil
%
%
%
PH
Pambadum 60
Shola
14
26
5.7
Organic
Av.
Av.
Av.
Av. K
Av. N
carbon,
P
Ca
Mg
%
%
%
Ppm
%
%
4.50
0.037 12
0.271 0.092 0.0288
Source: KFRI Extension Project Report No. 15.
The general features of soils in Pambadum shola are as follows:
The soils are very dark grayish brown granular, porous and very friable, low in gravel
content, rich in organic matter and all nutrients, decaying leaves forming a mat on and
closely below surface, medium acid and clay loam.
2.3
Terrain
The terrain is undulating with hillocks of varying heights. Vandaravu on the state boarder
at 2531mts. is the highest peak.
2.3.1. Contour mapping
The contour maps of the different shola areas were prepared by KFRI using 1:50,000 SOI
toposheets. The digital output was generated using MapInfo software (Figs.2 and 3).
2.4.
Climate
The Pambadum Shola National Park due to its location towards the east of KDH receives
less rainfall during the south west monsoons. The coldest months are December and
January when the minimum temperature inside forests falls to 6˚C. In the grasslands sub
zero temperatures occur. December to April are the dry months. Again, due to the
5
location nearer to Tamil Nadu, Pambadum Shola receives heavy rains during south-east
monsoons.
Fig.2: Contour map of Pambadum shola NP and surrounding
Fig .3: Contour map of Pambadum shola (based on 1:50,000 SOI toposheets)
2.4.1. Rainfall pattern and distribution
Pambadum Shola National Park receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. The
details of rainfall collected from nearby Park is given in Table 2.
6
Table.2: Rain fall data
Year
Rain fall
(inches )
107.51
115.69
108.40
98.83
65.95
95.28
99.11
127.25
99.99
125.40
92.712
1998-99
99-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
Source: Mattupetty Tea Estate (KDHP)
2.4.2. Temperature, a summary of year round pattern
The average of past ten years of temperature varies with a maximum of 28 0 C and
maximum of 9˚ 0 c. The details of temperature collected from nearby Park is given in
Table 3.
Table.3: Temperature data
Year
Maximum in˚ C
Minimum in˚ C
1995
23.00
10.00
1996
25.50
8.90
1997
27.00
10.00
1998
28.00
9.00
1999
23.30
10.00
2000
18.90
12.20
2001
24.40
10.00
2002
25.00
10.00
2003
24.20
10.00
2004
27.00
9.00
2005
22.00
11.00
2006
22.72
12.48
2007
23.07
12.40
2008
22.63
11.87
Source: United Plantation Association of South India- Munnar
7
2.4.3. Humidity
The humidity of the area reaches its maximum during the months from Oct-November.
The minimum humidity of the area varies from 55% to 70 % during the summer season.
2.4.4. Wind speeds
The wind speed is high in the upper reaches of the Park. No authenticated records are
available. 2.4.5.
Water sources
Two streams originate from the forest area and they join together with in the boundary
of the Shola and runs through the Vattvada valley, then flows east through Kambakallu
inside Kurinjimala Sanctuary and drains into the Amaravathy Reservoir through
Thalinjiyar. The local people living in the near by villages use this water streams for
drinking as well as agricultural purposes. These streams are the main water sources for
the wildlife also.
The National park is having 9 nos. of Check Dams. The name and location of check dams
are as follows:
6. Top Station
1. Manathalam
7. Pappathiyoda
2. Manathalam
8. Bandhar
3. Kuttikkadu
9. Bandhar
4. Kuttikkadu
5. Oorkkadu
No proper water resources map is generated for the National Park by the Authorities.
2.5.
Drainage
The drainage maps of the study area were also generated digitally using SOI toposheets
and watershed atlas maps of Kerala State Land Use Board (Figs. 4 and 5). The water from
the National Park is drained to Amaravathy Reservoir through Thalinjiyar.
2.6.
Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat
The National Park forms part of the home ranges of large mammals like tiger and
elephant. Sambar and bison are commonly found. The forage value of the grasslands has
been considerably reduced due to extensive plantations of wattle. The Shola is an
important habitat for the rare and elusive Nilgiri marten. Nilgiri langur and Malabar giant
squirrel are very common. Rainfall and terrain are the important factors that influence
animal movements.
8
Fig.4: Pambadum shola NP and surroundings (Drainage – general)
Fig.5: Drainage map of Pambadum shola (based on 1:50,000 SOI topo sheets)
2.6.1. Vegetation
2.6.1.1.
Forest types
Following forest types are recognized inside the Park
9
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Shola forests (Southern montane wet temperate forest)
Grassland (Southern montane wet temperate grass land)
Transition forest (Southern sub tropical board leaved hill forest)
Shrub lands
Plantations
The two distinct physiognomic vegetation found within the Park are the grasslands and
Shola forests. These forests are classified as southern montane wet temperate forests.
The forests on the plateau occupy glens, hollows or valleys. Broadly, the Shola vegetation
also includes the subtropical broad-leaved hill forests that merge in to the evergreen
forests at a lower attitude. Grasslands, sholas, shrub lands and subtropical board- leaved
hill forests are the major land cover types. A large portion of the Park has plantations of
wattle (Acacia mearnsii), Eucalyptus and pine. The list of trees, shrubs and herbs are
given in Annexure 2.
Shola forests
The hill forests are locally known as ‘sholas’ the Tamil term for forest. The Shola forests in
the upper plateau are dense and floristically rich with many endemic and rare species.
The trees in the shoals from a continuous canopy usually not exceeding 10-15 m. There is
no marked differentiation in to canopy layers. The tree bark is covered with lichens,
orchids, mosses and climbers. The crowns are generally rounded and dense.
Common tree specis in the Shola forests are Pithecellobium subcoriaceum, Ixora
notoniana, Syzygium arnottanum, Ilex denticulate, I. wightiana, Michaelia nilagirica,
Elaeocarpus recurvatus, Muicrotropis ramiflora, Actinodaphne bourdellonii, and
Symplocos pendula. The edge of the Shola are marked by trees such as Rhododendron
nalyzing var. nilagiricum, Terntstroemia japonica, Ligustrum perrttettii,
Turpinia
cochinchinensis, Mahonia leshenaultii, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,Berberis tinctoria,
Vacccinium neilgherrense etc. and herbs and shrubs include Gaultheria fragramtiessima,
Moonia hetrophylla, Jasminum bignoneacium, Smithia blanda, Venleriana hookeroana
and a few spices of Strobilanthes. The undergrowth in the Shola is represented by
Strobilanthes sp., Impatiens phoenicea, I. coelotropis Psychotria congesta, Viola patriinii,
V. serpens, Asplenium sp., and Arumdomaria demsofolia. Epiphytic orchids in the shoals
include Aerides ringens,Coelogyne nervosa.C. mossiae Eria dalzelli E. pauciflora and
Schoenorchis filiformis. The common climbers are Piper schamidtii, Rubia cordifila and
10
Connarus
wightii Rapanea capillata, Vacinium
Sonerila grandiflora, Osmunda regalis and Eurya
nalyzing tia impatiens tangachee,
nalyzin are usually found along
streams.
Transition forest (Southern sub tropical board leaved hill forest)
Broad- leaved forests are found on the slopes descending from the plateau. The
dominant tree species found in the board- leaved forests are Pittosporum tetraspermum,
Eleeocarpus munroii. Apollonias arnotti, Sympocos spicata, Gomphandra coriacea,
Garcinia gummi-gutta, Litsea coreacea, Prunus ceylanica and Photinia nomtoniana. Major
shrubs include Begonia subpeltata, Osbeckia lineolata, Polygala arillata, Strobilanthes
homotropus, Maesa perrotteana etc.
Grasslands (Southern Mountain wet temperate grass land)
The grasslands cover the plateau and descending slopes. Three hundred and eight
species are recorded from the grassland out of which 51 are endemic to the montane
grasslands of the Western Ghats. In Kerala grasslands extends over an area of about 200
km2 (Anon. 1991). These high altitude grasslands are extensive and consist of grasses,
herbs and under shrubs. The dominant species of grasslands are Chrysopogon zeylanicus,
Arundinella fuscata, Dichanthium polyptychum, Eulalia pheothrix, etc. The common nongrass species in the grasslands are Anaphallis sp., Swerita sp., Hypericum mysurensis,
Phlebophyllum kunthianum, Eupatorium sp. Viola sp. And Pteridium aquilinum
The major grass species in the grasslands are Andropogon lividus Arundinella vaginata,
Digitaria wallichiana and Arundinella mesophylla. Chrysopogon zeylanicus and Sehima
nervosum dominate these plateau and slopes, whereas in the cattle grazed areas,
unpalatable Cymbopogon flexousus is frequent. Sehima nervosum community is more
prevalent through the plateau. Moist valleys are characterized by Garnotia sps. Other
dominant grasses are Eulalia phaeothrix, and ropogon lividus, Arundinella purpurea,
Agrostis peninsu;aris, Ichaemum indicum, Heteropogon contortus and Tripogon
bromodies.
The common herbs and shrubs in the grasslands include Anaphalis lawii, A. bourneii, A.
meeboldii, Swertia corymbosa, Polygala japonica, Curculigo orchiodies, Micromeria
11
biflora, Bupeurum distichophyllum, Crotalaria fysonii, C. overlifolia, Ranunculus reniformis
Hydyotis swertiodes, Hedyotis swertiodes, Sencio lavandlaefolious, Parnassia mysorense,
Pedicularis zeyalanica, Wahlenbergia gracilifolia, Impatiens pandata, I. modesta,
Pheldophyllu kunthianum, Hypericum mysorense, Pteridium aquilinum, Ageratina a
denophora, Gaultheria sragrantissima etc.
2.6.2. Animals
Mammals
The Shola is very rich area for large mammals and presence of elephants (Elephas
maximus) was recorded from the shola. Presence of Nilgiri Langur, Gaur (Bos gaurus),
Common Mongoose and small carnivores were also recorded from the shola. Sloth bear
and Jungle cat were recorded through indirect evidences. Sambar hair was recorded in
the scat of wild dog. Indirect evidence of Cremnomys blanfordi a rodent was obtained by
nalyzing the small carnivore scat collected from the Shola. List of mammals recorded
during the survey by KFRI is given in Annexure 3.
Avifauna
During the survey 76 species are recorded from the National Park. The list of avifauna
recorded from the Pambadum Shola is given in Annexure 4.
Lepidoptera
A total of 321 Lepidoptera species under 26 families were recorded from a study in which
89 species (21 families) belonged to hetrocera.
Rhopalocera (Butterflies)
Details of faunal elements special to this area Is given below.100 species of Butterflies
have been recorded in this area. Of this, Mycalesis, Oculus, Paranticanil, Giriensi, tirunala
Limniace, Tirunala Septentrionis,Neptis Hylas, Vanessa Indica,(Nymophalidae), Acytolepas
Puspa, Udara Singalensis, Janides Bochus, Udara Akasa,(Lycaenidae),Eeurema blanda,
Euremahecabe and Pieris canidia (pieridae) were the most ubiquitous species. Among
these Mycalesis oculus, vanesaindica and Pieris canidia were the most abundant species
and were found to be characteristic of Shola Forests, not being represented frequently in
other forest types in the Western Ghats. Certain rare species like Libythea lepita,
12
Pantoporia ranga, Rohana parisatis, Zipoetis saittis (NumPhalidae) and Jamides Alecto
(Lycaenidae ) etc. have also been recorded. The list of butterflies in the National Park is
given in Annexure 5.
Heterocera (moths)
Out of 232 morpho species of heterocerans recorded, 108 were identified as given in
Annexure 6. The families Pyralidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae and Arctiidae were
ubiquitous being present in all the sampling sites. These families accounted for more
than half of all the species collected from these sholas. Lymantriidae and Tortricidae
were the next most abundant heteroceran families of the study area followed by
Syntomidae,
Notodontidae,
Pterophoridae,
Cossidae
and
Lasiocampidae,
Phycitidae.
Bombycidae,
The species
Tineidae,
Sphingidae,
Sangatissa
subcurvifera
(Lymantriidae); Larentia flavistrigata, Racotis inconclusa and Spilosoma casignetum
(Geometridae) were some of the Himalayan species that are present in Pambadum Shola
Other insects
Other than the above listed species of insects, beetles, bees, wasps, dragonflies as well
as syrphid and tabanid flies were very abundant in the region
Endemism
Some of the endemic species of butterflieslike Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis
(Nymphalidae); Udara singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) were adapted
to cool climatic conditions and were shared only by some similar forests like the hills of
Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an ideal habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis
(Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of the hills of south India and has been listed as
threatened species by IUCN.
Some of the endemic species in Pambadum shola are included in the various schedules of
the Indian Wild Life Act (GO 1982). They are Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah
(Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae) [Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira
(Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas missipus, Libythea
lepita,
Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core, Euthalia lubentina
(Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV]
13
CHAPTER
3
HISTORY OF MANAGEMENTS AND PRESENT PRACTICES
3.1.
General
Pambadum Shola was notified as a Reserved Forest in 1901 because the colonial
foresters greatly understood and appreciated the catchment values of forests and its
impact on the agricultural settlements in the valley below. No private rights were
admitted and the only public rights admitted were the right of way to the erstwhile
Madras state, right of water and the right of cutting small timber for agricultural
purposes. All the earlier Working Plans had placed the Shola under the Protection
Working Circle. In 1963 the Shola Reserve became part of the Marayur Range of the
newly formed Munnar Forest Division. Most of the grasslands were converted into
plantations of wattle and Eucalyptus during 1970s and 80s. The road from Munnar to
Kodaikanal which traverses a distance of 8.5 km through the Park was formed by the
British planters towards the end of the Second World War for evacuation towards
Madras Presidency in the event of a Japanese victory. This road was blocked at the state
boarder at Bandhar by Tamil Nadu Forest Department and is at present used only for
protection purposes. Consequent to the tourism boom in Munnar during 1990s, the
other road namely Munnar-Koviloor road was upgraded and developed into a high way.
There is unregulated movement of tourists along this road and this needs regulations for
the long term conservation of this Park. Planting and removal of wattle and Eucalyptus
were stopped after declaration of the Reserved Forest as National Park. During 80s and
90s most of the lands in the Vattavada valley belonging to the local people were
purchased by outsiders and these absentee landlords started large scale planting of
Eucalyptus which ultimately led to a situation of acute water scarcity in this relatively low
rainfall area. The importance of the perennial water flow from the shola has to be viewed
against this scenario.
3.2.
Timber operations
After declaration as National Park, no timber operation of any sort has been carried out
in these areas.
14
3.3.
Non wood forest collection
There are agricultural villages namely Vattavada, Kovilur and Oorkadu lies adjoining to
the boundary of the National Park. The villagers are mainly depending on agriculture for
their livelihood. They mainly depend on forest for the collection of firewood and other
minor forest products like honey, Kattupadavalam and wild pepper.
3.4.
Leases
No part of National Park is leased to any organizations/ bodies except for 28.46 ha
captive plantation of HNL. The details of captive plantation are explained in Para 3.7.
3.5.
Other programmes and activities
There is an ongoing ecotourism programme by involving local people who have formed
an EDC. Removal of exotics is being taken up on a small scale.
3.6.
Forest Protection
The agricultural village named Vattavada, Oorkadu and Koviloor lies adjoining to the
National Park. The people depend on the forest for firewood, and other small forest
produces like honey, wild pepper and Kattu padavalam. The Collection of fire wood is the
major pressure on the forest. The area has grasslands and swamps and people often
graze their livestock in the Park.
The Munnar – Koviloor main road cuts through the National Park for 4 kms. There is
unregulated movement of tourists along this road. The Park shares its east and south
boundaries with Tamil Nadu. Climate and terrain provide opportunities for Ganja
cultivation necessitating constant vigil.
There is an extensive wattle plantation along the border of Tamil Nadu both inside and
outside the Park. Frequent fires cause invasion of wattle into the grasslands and it grows
as a bushy thicket of vegetation causing destruction of available wildlife habitats.
Presently the National Park is protected by one Forester and 2 Forest guard deployed
from Kadavari Station. The National park at present does not have a separate vehicle,
arms, ammunitions, equipments and accommodation facilities related to protection of
National Park. There is also no institutional mechanism for coping with the interstate
problems.
15
3.6.1. Forest Plantation
The notified boundaries of the National Park encompass plantations of the following
categories (Table 4) and same is shown in Fig.6.
Table 4: Forest plantations in Pambadum Shola National Park
Sl.
Name of Plantation
No
1 1972 Eucalyptus
2 1972 Wattle
3 1984 Wattle
4 1991 Eucalyptus
5 1973 Eucalyptus
6 1983 Wattle
7 1967 Pine
8 1971 Pine
9 1991 (1958) Eucalyptus
10 1999 Eucalyptus
11 1973 Wattle
12 1986 Wattle
13 1968 Wattle
Total (396.72)
Location
Vattavada
Pattiyankal, Bendhar
Pattiyankal
Vattavada
Vattavada
Bendhar
Vattavada
Vattavada
Vattavada
Vattavada
Bendhar
Vattavada
Vattavada
Extent (ha)
KFD
HNL
46.90
89.90
14.70
02.97
40.00
54.50
02.50
14.10
29.40
21.01
25.49
04.25
11.00
40.00
368.26
28.46
Fig. 6: Forest Plantations in Pambadum Shola National Park
16
3.6.1.1.
HNL captive plantation
The notified boundary of National Park encompass 28.46 ha Eucalyptus captive
plantation of HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06
to 2009-10 is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest
vide letter No. F(C) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 7). The captive
plantation by HNL were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No
42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure 8). The Government of Kerala had an agreement
on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company
50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 metric ton of Acacia, Manjium and other
pulpwood species 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo
(Annexure 9).
The extraction of Eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme
Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in Civil Writ Petition No. 202/95 which
prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from
PAs. In IA No. 1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition
No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25 th November 2005 and 14th
Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and
eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The
Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act
1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.
3.6.2. Legal Status
The Shola Reserve was notified as Reserved Forest in 1901. It was declared as a National
Park in December 2003 as per notification No. 12875/ Fe / 2003/ F&WLD dated
14.12.2003. There are no enclosures inside.
3.6.3. Hunting
There is no history of hunting in the Shola reserve. The area was historically managed
under Protection Working Circle of the Working Plans.
17
3.6.4. Illegal activities
3.6.4.1.
Poaching
Over the past ten years, only one case was registered under poaching category. The
details of the case are given below:
3.6.4.2.
Date
Number of Accused
17/8/96
2
Value of Forest Produce
(Rs.)
500.00
Illegal cutting of trees
During the past ten years, three cases were registered under illegal cutting of trees in the
Pambadum Shola Reserve. All the offences took place inside Eucalyptus and wattle
plantations. The details of the cases are given in Table 5.
Table 5: Details of offence in Pambadum Shola National Park
3.6.4.3.
Date
Number of Accused
18/6/97
5/8/97
21/6/2000
O.R.4/06
2
3
6
6
Value of
Seizures
Rs. 75
2.5 lakhs
Loss (Rs.)
75.00
200.00
500.00
20000.00
Illegal removal of NWFP
The NWFP like Honey, Badraksham, Wild pepper, Kattu padavalam, etc. are collected by
the fringe area people.
3.6.4.4.
Ganja cultivation
There were some instances of attempts to cultivate ganja during the past in the remote
areas of the Shola.
3.6.4.5.
Encroachment
No case under illegal encroachment was recorded.
3.6.4.6.
Domestic livestock grazing
Pambadum Shola is enriched by grassland and the near by villagers are using it for cattle
grazing. It may cause to the spread of many communicable diseases to the wild life of the
Shola.
18
3.6.5. Wild fires
The plantations of Wattle and Eucalyptus inside the National Park were subjected to
frequent fires. No reliable records of fire occurrence are available in the erstwhile
Marayoor Range. After declaration as National Park, no instances have been recorded.
3.6.6. Insect attacks and pathological problems
Insect attacks and pathological problems are not reported
3.6.7. Wildlife Health
The presence of cattle may cause out-break of foot and mouth and other communicable
disease. The invasion of grasslands by wattle and Eucalyptus causes loss of habitat and
fodder availability to herbivores is adversely affected. There is no system of wildlife
health monitoring at present.
3.6.8. Interagency programmes and problems.
As there are no settlements inside, other agencies are not operating inside. The MunnarKoviloor road that passes through the Park is maintained by PWD, but it is a forest road
fully under the control of the Forest Department. This may lead to future conflicts. The
HNL has 28.46 ha captive Eucalyptus plantations inside the PA. The plantations are not
extracted after the formation of National Park.
3.7.
Visitor management
3.7.1. Tourism
Park has the capacity only for nature based regulated tourism because of the tiny size.
Currently, there is a programme of guided trekking conducted by one EDC. The facilities
at present are at the entrance at Top Station. The Amenity Centre and 2 mud houses at
Oorkadu are not yet become operational.
3.7.2. Conservation education
The Park lacks basic infrastructure facilities for conservation Education. The presence of
Shola Grassland Eco system having high ecological importance is making this area
suitable for conservation education.
19
3.8.
Research monitoring and training.
3.8.1. Research & monitoring
The National Park is considered as the representative of an entire biodiversity, hence
there is a high excellent opportunities for research and monitoring in the said area. There
were some studies in the past conducted by different research institutions. Some of the
notable studies were Nameer (2001) on avifauna of this Shola, Brijesh C M (2004) on the
diversity of Lepidoptera (Insects) in Shola Forest, Mathew and Mohandas (2001) on
Insects, and Kishore Kumar (2004) on the taxonomy and ecology of Shola forests. All
these studies emphasise the need for continuous monitoring of fauna and flora. Longterm studies are needed to understand the status of the animal and avifaunal
populations, which will be incorporated in the prescriptions of this plan.
3.8.2. Training
The staff of Pambadum Shola National Park is under-trained, except with regard to study
tours and brief trainings. The staff has not received any form of wild life training yet or
training in the maintenance and use of firearms, wireless etc. The lack of trained staff
seriously affect the park management programmes.
3.8.3. Census
There is no history of wildlife census.
3.9.
Wildlife Conservation strategies & evaluation
Prior to the notification of Pambadum Shola National Park, the forest area existed as
Pambadum Shola reserve forest under the erstwhile Marayoor range of Munnar forest
Division. These small Shola forests were protected as reserve forests and neither hunting
nor any management practices were in existence. There were no wildlife management
schemes or special plans.
3.10. Administrative set up
Pambadum Shola National Park is one of the administrative units under Assist. Wildlife
Warden, Shola National Parks. The head quarters of the Shola National Park is in Top
Station and the infrastructure is inside the Pambadum shola National Park itself. The
Shola National Park is one of the administrative units under Wildlife Warden, Wildlife
20
Division, Munnar. One Forester and two Forest Guards are looking after the Pambadum
Shola National Park and they are deputed from Kadavari Forest station. Six protection
mazdoors assist them in protection duties.
3.11. Communication
The Parks lies 36 km away from Munnar. It takes almost one and half-hours to travel the
distance. Wireless set fixed in the office of the Asst. Wildlife Warden Shola National Parks
is used for communication. No telephone connection is available.
POSTEL ADDRESS
Wildlife warden
Munnar - 685612
Telephone No. 04865 231587
Email address: [email protected]
Mobile phone No.9447979093
Assistant wild life warden
Shola National Parks
Vattavada
Yellapatty P.O., Top Station.
3.12. Summary of threats to wildlife
Invasive alien species
Old plantations of wattle and eucalyptus present in the Park and the extension of area
under this species by subsequent natural regeneration and invasion of wattle is causing
shrinkage of natural grassland.
Ganja Cultivation
Some of the areas are prone to ganja cultivation.
NTFP collection
The Pambadum Shola National park is rich in Non Timber Forest Produce. People of
Vattavada settlement and locals are regularly engaged in illegal collection of Non Timber
Forest Produce. People are using Non Timber Forest Produce mainly for self-use and sale.
The unscientific collection practices of Non Timber Forest Produce cause severe damage
to the ecosystem. Moreover the illegal practice is leading to the extinction of many
locally endemic plants within the Protected Area.
Illicit felling
Illicit felling is not a big problem in this National Park, as no economically important
species are available.
21
Firewood collection
Illicit firewood collection is a major problem within the National Park. The practice is
widespread due to the existence of a large number of local people in the fringe area.
Majority of families are depending on firewood for domestic purpose. It is understood
that a considerable quantity of firewood are also used for sale outside the National Park.
Human - wildlife conflict
The population in human inhabitations adjacent to the National Park is estimated to be
more than 1000. Majority of the people are engaged in agricultural practices. Since
agriculture produce cultivated by the people attract wildlife animals, human-wildlife
conflicts are common. Wild boar, Elephant, Sambar and Bonnet macaque cause most of
the damages.
Encroachments
The North West boundary of the National Park is not permanently demarcated. Hence
detection of old encroachments, if any, is difficult and chance of marginal encroachments
exists.
Poachers and smugglers
This problem is not a matter of serious concern for this Shola National park.
Wildlife diseases
The National Park is not much exposed to wildlife diseases, though there is a high cattle
rearing and local residence on the fringe area of the National Park.
Inadequate protection staff
One of the major constraints in dealing with protection aspect is the absence of separate
protection staff exclusively for the Park. Staff is needed for enforcing proper protection,
supervising developmental activities, visitor management and monitoring.
22
CHAPTER
4
THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USE SITUATION
4.1.
The existing situation in the zone of influence
The villages of Vattavada, Koviloor and Oorkadu lie outside the northern boundary of the
Park. Their means of livelihood is mainly agriculture and related jobs. The people depend
on the Park mainly for firewood and cattle grazing. NWFP is also collected.
4.1.1. PA people mutual impact.
People living near the Park in the adjoining villages depend on the Park for a wide range
of needs. The existing water sources within the Park meet the drinking water needs of
the local people. On the other hand, the agricultural crops in the farm land are frequently
destructed by the wild animals.
4.2.
The development programme and conservation issues.
4.2.1. Evaluation of Government and non- Government agencies
Integrated approach is absent in developmental programmes in which many agencies are
involved.
4.2.2. The interplay of market forces and their impact
Due to the lack of proper marketing system, the agriculturists of the area are not getting
reasonable value for their crops.
Large scale planting of Eucalyptus by absentee
landlords not only create ecological damage, but also lead to lack of employment.
4.2.3. Eco developmental initiatives
Eco developmental activities are at its initial stage. The Park is not equipped at present to
deal with people’s programmes due to lack of suitable trained personnel.
23
VISION
“Conservation of fragile shola grassland ecosystem for biological
diversity, ecological services and water security”.
24
CHAPTER
5
PLAN OBJECTIVE AND PROBLEMS
5.1.
·
Objectives
To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare,
endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola
grassland ecosystem
·
To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and
landscape.
·
To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park
·
To promote environmental conservation awareness
·
To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism
·
To strengthen People-PA interface
5.2.
Problems in achieving objectives within and Outside Protected Area.
Objective-1. To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare,
endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland
ecosystem
Constraints
Possible negative impact of exotic and
invasive species on native and endemics
• Strategies
• Conduct study on impact of exotic and invasive
species on native and endemics & develop
guidelines for phased removal
• Phased removal based on guidelines
• Monitoring the impact of removal of exotic and
invasive species and regeneration of
indigenous species.
• Mapping of vegetation types
• Survey and demarcation of boundaries
• Collect details of fire prone zones (Banthar,
Periyakadu), impact due to fire, cause of fire,
etc
• Prepare fire management plan (possible
activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely
engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of
fire watch towers, procuring modern
Lack of data on extent of vegetation types
Lack of clarity on the boundary & extent
Fire
25
Constraints
• Strategies
equipments, creation of awareness, training to
staff and EDC members, controlled preburning, etc)
• Participatory fire management
Grazing
• Study & monitor the number, extent and
impact of grazing
• Propose for pasture land, if needed
• Reduce number of cattle by providing
alternate livelihood and encourage stall
feeding
• Vaccination of cattle – twice an year.
• Ensure vaccination of cattle transported
through the PA.
• Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals
near PA as supporting agency.
• Form an user-group EDC
Lack of wildlife health monitoring • Impart training to staff & EDC members on
mechanism
wildlife health monitoring
• Strengthen veterinary support for effective
monitoring
• Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals
near PA as supporting agency.
• Implement regular wildlife health monitoring
Firewood collection for self-use
• Study the extent and impact of firewood
collection
• Prevent collection of indigenous species as
fuelwood
• Exotic species may be permitted to be collected
as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part
of phased removal of exotics
• Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever
required
• Provide energy-saving devices
• Form an user-group
EDC
Lack of information on the status of flora • Conduct studies to document the flora and
and fauna including RET and endemics
fauna of the PA including RET and endemics
• Document traditional knowledge of indigenous
communities
• Conduct population monitoring of selected
species of flora and fauna
•
Identify
infrastructure requirement for effective
Lack of infrastructure including
management of PA
communication, arms, vehicles &
(One quarter cum office for RO at
accommodation
Manathalam, one check-post at Manathalam,
Forester’s and staff quarters at Manathalam,
26
Constraints
NWFP collection
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of separate staff for the Park
•
Lack of welfare amenities for staff
•
•
Unregulated vehicular traffic through the
Park
Potential ganja cultivation
•
•
•
Presence of invasive species
•
•
•
Poaching & Illicit felling
•
•
•
27
• Strategies
anti-poaching camp sheds (3 nos.) at Oorkadu
and Bandhar and watchtower (2 no.) at
Pattiyangal and Bandhar.
Study the extent and impact of NWFP
collection (honey, badraksham, wild pepper,
kattu padavalam, etc)
Prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection
of NWFP resources
Provide training to EDC members for
scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP
resources & value addition
Define zone of collection and frame access
rules for sustainable collection
Propose alternate livelihood to prevent
unscientific/unsustainable collection
Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal
plant species placed in RED Data Book.
Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP
species in the homesteads.
Propose for additional staff (create posts –2
forester and 4 guards, I UDC and I peon, 1 part
time sweeper) for the Park for effective
management of PA & check posts
Creation of 5 posts of Muduvan watchers
Identify required welfare amenities for staff
and propose to implement
Control vehicular traffic at entry points and
prevent untimely visits of tourists
Strengthen
protection
with
improved
amenities and ensure support of local people
for preventing all illegal activities.
Prepare protection plan, divide the area into
smaller field formation (patrolling units) for
effective protection.
Study and identify invasive species that have
negative impact on ecosystem
Control/prevent growth of invasive species
with appropriate method.
Explore possibilities of using invasive species
for income generating activities
Prepare protection plan, divide the area into
smaller field formation (patrolling units) for
effective protection.
Strengthen Intelligence gathering.
Capacity building for staff in intelligence
gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and
Constraints
• Strategies
•
•
•
•
Lack of information on judicious distribution •
of water sources for wildlife
•
Absence of zonation
Interstate boundary
•
•
rules, etc.
Incentives to informants
Anti-poaching camp sheds in crucial points.
Joint patrolling in inter-state boundary
Strengthen communication facilities, arms and
mobility of staff
Study and identify the spatial and temporal
distribution of water sources in view of
animal’s requirement
Ensure judicious distribution of water sources
throughout the park
Propose zones (core, restoration/multi-purpose)
Take steps to prevent spreading of fire,
poaching, and other illegal activities from the
adjacent state through periodic interaction,
joint patrolling, sharing information on
smugglers, joint raids, etc.
Objective. 2. To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and
landscape.
Constraints
Lack of information on extent of exotics
Lack of information on mechanism of
restoration
• Strategies
• Collate information on the plantations from
plantation journals and other documents and
ground truthing
• Roadside restoration of shola as this is the best
fire break
Lack of rules for removal of plantations
from PA
• Warden may move a proposal for removal of
plantations from the Park
Fire
• Collect details of fire prone zones (Banthar,
Periyakadu), impact due to fire, cause of fire,
etc
• Prepare fire management plan (possible
activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely
engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of
fire watch towers, procuring modern
equipments, creation of awareness, training
to staff and EDC members, controlled preburning, etc)
• Participatory fire management
• Study & monitor the number, extent and impact
of grazing
• Propose for pasture land, if needed
Grazing
28
• Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate
livelihood and encourage stall feeding
• Vaccination of cattle
• Ensure vaccination of cattle transported
through the PA
• Form an user-group
EDC
• Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection
(honey, badraksham, wild pepper, kattu
padavalam, etc)
• Prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection of
NWFP resources
• Provide training to EDC members for scientific/
sustainable collection of NWFP resources &
value addition
• Define zone of collection and frame access rules
for sustainable collection
• Propose alternate livelihood to prevent
unscientific/unsustainable collection
• Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal
plant species placed in RED Data Book
• Study the extent and impact of firewood
collection
• Prevent collection of indigenous species as
fuelwood
• Exotic species may be permitted to be collected
as fuelwood with mutual commitments as
part of phased removal of exotics
• Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever
required
• Provide energy-saving devices
• Form an user-group
EDC
NWFP collection
Firewood collection
Objective 3. To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park
Constraints
Lack of data on hydrology of the PA
•
•
•
•
Lack of water retaining mechanisms within
(Kovilur, Oorkadu) and outside PA
Presence of exotics like eucalyptus and
•
•
29
• Strategies
Mapping of water sources
Prepare drainage map.
Install meteorological stations for regular
monitoring.
Implement suitable measures for maintaining
and improving watersheds.
Conduct feasibility study to retain water in
crucial locations.
Phased removal
wattle plantations
Objective 4. To promote environmental conservation awareness
Constraints
Lack of infrastructure
•
Lack of resource persons
•
Inadequate education materials for
different target groups
•
Lack of signage
•
• Strategies
Explore feasibility for developing a centralized
interpretation centre/Information centre in
collaboration with DTPC/local bodies/Tourism
Department
at
appropriate
location
preferably on the land with forest dept near
KSRTC Bus stand in Munnar.
Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division
level.
Develop education materials for various
target groups, brochures, posters, movies etc
Develop appropriate signages
Objective 5. To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism
Constraints
Lack of trained human-resource
•
Lack of training to local people and staff
•
Lack of equipments like binoculars, leechproof socks, etc
Lack of infrastructure
•
Absence of closure period
Lack of ban on waste accumulation
including plastics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of dissemination of nature-based •
regulated tourism potentials
•
Lack of specified nature-based regulated
•
tourism activities
Lack of benefit sharing mechanism from
tour operators for the benefit of the local
people/forest dependent communities
•
30
• Strategies
Engage trained resource persons by Anamudi
FDA
Capacity building & training to guides and
staff
Procure adequate equipments to be given to
tourists on rent
Develop pay and use toilets – Top Station
Develop an ethnic waiting shelter for
guides/tourists
Propose closure period after scientific study
Legal Enforcement with fine
Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as
part of mutual commitment.
Ensure support of local bodies
Create awareness among local communities /
visitors to park
Develop dissemination mechanisms.
Create a website.
Develop appropriate nature based tourism plan
considering protection of PA and ensuring
livelihood security of dependant community
Initiate dialogues with tour operators and
formulate benefit sharing mechanisms
Lack of recycling of entry fee for the benefit • Move proposal for recycling entry fee
of park & the local people
· Prepare site specific microplan with baseline
Lack of impact monitoring mechanism
information and conduct annual monitoring.
Objective 6. To strengthen People-PA interface
Constraints
Human-Wildlife Conflict at Kovilur,
Oorkadu, Vattavada, Kottakombur,
Chilandiar & Pazhathottam
•
•
•
•
Lack of information on the extent of conflict •
Lack of ecodevelopment programmes
•
Lack of funds for implementing
ecodevelopment programme
•
Inadequate supporting team for
implementing ecodevelopment
programmes
Absence of information on needs and
natural and cultural resources of local
people
•
• Strategies
Develop appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife
entering the farmlands
Timely payment of compensation
Institution of crop insurance
Appropriate habitat improvement programmes
within the Park
Study the extent of the problem and wildlife
and crops involved
Constitute EDCs and design appropriate
ecodevelopment programmes
Seek funds from various sources (Local bodies /
other line departments/ Govt of India)
through FDA
Deploy adequate trained support team
including social workers in Vattavada area
• Identify the needs /aspirations and natural and
cultural resources of local community
• Identify the potentials to be utilised for the
livelihood security of local people
• Impart training to staff
Lack of training to staff
Lack of drinking water facility in the human
habitations
Lack of fuel wood plantations for bonafide
use
31
• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in
crucial locations outside PA
• The exotics removed in phased manner from
plantations may be used for the purpose
• Planting miscellaneous species of fuel wood in
community lands
• Make use of solar water heaters for firewood
dependent communities funded by line
departments
CHAPTER
6
THE STRATEGIES
BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND THEME PLANS
6.1.
Boundaries
Pambadum Shola National Park
6.1.1. Legal Boundary
North: The southern boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55, starting from
a point about 500 Mtr towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less south
east to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the middle
of hill points 2497 (Pattialachai Malai) and 2531 (Vandaravu Malai) on the inter state
boundary.
East: The boundary runs more or less south along the inter state boundary.
South: The boundary runs more or less west along the inter state boundary.
West: the western boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the
eastern boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the
starting point.
Within the legal boundaries notified, there is a difference in extent of area notified than
the actual. As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park within the
notified boundaries is 11.78 sq.km. The area mentioned in the Working Plan for the
Moovattupuzha part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by
Sri. T.P. Viswanathan exceeds 10.52 sq.km. The Wildlife Warden may survey the area
and take action to notify the actual in the ground within the notified boundaries. The
Wildlife Warden may also take action for final notification of the National Park.
About 70% of the legal boundaries are already demarcated with permanent cairns. The
Wildlife Warden may taken action for survey of boundaries and consolidation with
permanent cairns.
32
6.1.2. Ecological Boundaries
On the northern side, the Park is bordered partly by the Kottakombur Revenue Village
and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. The eastern and southern side is bordered with forests of
Kodaikanal and Theni Divisions of Tamil Nadu. On the western side are the Kannan
Devan Hills.
The area has continuity with Kurinjimala Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife
Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park and Munnar and Marayur Forest Divisions (Fig.7).
Fig. 7: The National Park and the Landscape
Internal Boundaries
The Park is managed as a single Section. There are 165.77 ha (28.46-HNL area & 137.31
KFD area) Eucalyptus plantations, 214.35 ha Wattle plantations and 16.60 ha Pine
plantations within the Park. The Wildlife Warden will submit proposals for notification
of section to the Field Director. The Wildlife Warden will also take action to conduct
the GPS survey for delineation of the plantations and prepare maps for the restoration
zone.
6.2.
Zonation
The park management zoning scheme has been developed to:
·
Provide a geographical framework in which to manage the Park
·
Indicate which management directions have priority in different parts of the Park
33
·
Indicate the types and levels of use appropriate throughout the Park
·
Assist in minimizing existing and potential conflicts between uses and activities, or
between these and the protection of park values
·
Provide a basis for assessing the suitability of future activities and development
proposals
6.3.
Zone plans
In order to achieve the objective the park is divided into the following zones.
1. Core zone
2. Restoration zone
3. Buffer zone or multiple use area
6.3.1. Plan for Core zone
The core zone is the fully protected zone where human interference is strictly prohibited.
Except for the plantations (396.72 ha), all the areas are taken into Core (Fig.8). The core
area is having total extent of 7.7858 km2. The focus of management will be total
protection of natural resources. The following activities subject to specific proposals in
respective chapters of this management plan will be allowed to be implemented.
Fig.8: Management Zonation in Pambadum Shola National Park
34
·
Anti poaching initiatives
o Construction, maintenance and improvement of small anti-poaching
camps/chowkies, patrolling camps, check posts, barriers, boundary walls,
constructions of small staff quarters for the frontline staff, etc.
·
Communication and protection measures
o Construction of wireless towers, improvement and maintenance of fair
weather forest roads not exceeding three meters in width, small bridges,
culverts, fences, etc.
·
Fire protection measures
o Clearance and maintenance of fire lines as prescribed in the Management
Plan by undertaking controlled cool or early burning and construction of
watch towers
o No fireline should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline
around the shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the
extension of shola forest.
o In grass around the shola the scrapping may be avoided. The system followed
in Eravikulam NP by Mudhuvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may
be followed.
·
Habitat improvement activities
o Weed eradication, maintenance and development of meadows/grassland
required for wild herbivores which are prey base for the carnivores, digging
and maintenance of small water holes and small anicuts, earthen tanks,
impoundment of rain water
·
Management of grassland habitats
o Early or cool controlled winter burning of grassland habitats to facilitate
growth of fresh grass.
35
·
Studies/data collection
o The studies like mapping of vegetation, wildlife health monitoring,
documentation of flora and fauna including RET and endemic, population
monitoring of selected flora and fauna, habitat utilization and movement
pattern of elephants, invasive species that have negative impact on
ecosystem, spatial and temporal distribution of water sources, mapping of
water sources, drainage map, etc.
6.3.2. Plan for Restoration zone
There are 165.77ha Eucalyptus plantations, 214.35ha Wattle plantations and 16.60 ha
Pine plantations (total 3.9672km2) which is considered to be the restoration zone (Fig.8).
The above plantations include 28.46 ha of captive plantations (eucalyptus) raised by HNL.
The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 is
approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No.
F(c)A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 7). The captive plantation by HNL
were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt.
11-06-93 (Annexure 8). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007
with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton.
Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 MT of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species, 75,000
metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 9).
The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme
Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in civil Writ petition No. 202/95 which
prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from
PAs. In IA No. 1220 (interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition
No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25 th November 2005 and 14th
Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and
Eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The
Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act
1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.
The areas planted with Eucalyptus (165.77 ha), Wattle, A. mearnsii (214.35ha) and Pine
(16.60ha) are taken into Restoration zone. The total extent of the restoration zone is 3.96
36
km2 (map 2). The restoration zone after removal of the planted species will be included in
the core zone.
For restoration and maintenance of the originality of the shola grassland ecosystem and
landscape, the following strategies and activities are proposed.
§
Warden may move a proposal for removal of plantations from the Park to
improve habitat and restore the original vegetation.
§
Fine tune techniques of restoration by studying ecorestoration works in similar
habitats elsewhere especially in the neighbouring Kodaikanal Division and
Valparai in Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The accepted method of removing A. mearnsii
is cutting at the base for older plants (it doesn’t coppice) while younger plants
need to be carefully uprooted over a 3-5 years period. Uprooting has to be done
by pulling by the roots and pressing the soil back to avoid erosion. The soil seed
bank might contain A. mearnsii seeds which are usually stimulated by fire.
Therefore, controlled burning can be carried out in such sites after the initial
removal to stimulate germination of all the seeds in the soil seed bank, which can
then be removed as and when they germinate. This process is to be continuous
over a 3-5 years period, using volunteers and paid labour.
§
Assisted regeneration of indigenous species on trial basis using the species (listed
in Table 6) recommended by Sri. U.M. Chandrasekharan, Sri. P.K. Muraleedharan
and Sri. V. Sibichan suitable for shola forest.
Table 6: Recommended species for assisted regeneration in different sholas in Park
Mannavan shola
Pullaradi shola
Mathan shola
Acronychia pedunculata
Elaeocarpus serratus
Neolitsea scrobiculata
Actinodaphne bourdillonii
Elaeocarpus munronii
Presea macrantha
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Elaeocarpus recurvatus
Rhododendron nilgiricum
Beilschmiedia wightii
Glochidion neilgherrense Schefflera racemosa
Canthium dicoccum
Gomphandra coriacea
Symplocos cochinchinensis
Chionanthus ramiflorus
Hydnocarpus alpina
Syzygium cumini
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Litsea floribunda
Syzygium densiflorum
Cinnamomum sp.
Litsea wightiana
Syzygium gardneri
Cryptocarya bourdillonii
Mastuxua arborea
Turpinia nepalensis
Cyathea nilgiriensis
Meliosma pinnata
Vaccinium leschenaultia
Daphniphyllum
Microtopis raniflora
Viburnum coriaceum
neilgherrense
Neolitsea cassia
37
§
Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion
§
Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring succession and eco restoration
The activities prescribed for core zone are applicable to restoration zone also.
6.3.3. Plan for Buffer zone or multiple use area
The areas falling within 100 m distance on either side of the Munnar – Koviloor road
through the plantations inside the Park is included in the buffer zone. The total extent of
the buffer zone is about 1 km2 (Fig.8) which is overlapping with the restoration zone.
The buffer zone will perform the functions of
1. Promoting environmental conservation awareness
2. Nature based regulated tourism
3. Strengthen People-PA interface
The activities to be carried out in buffer zone are covered in respective theme plans and
chapters. The core zone activities are applicable to buffer zone also.
6.4.
Theme Plans
The Pambadum Shola National Park will be managed under the following theme plans.
1. Theme plan for Protection
2. Theme plan for Fire protection
3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management
6.4.1. Theme plan for Protection
The Pambadum Shola National Park is having total extent of 1.318 km2 (as per
notification) and 11.78 km2 as per GPS survey conducted by KFRI. The park is having
threats like cultivation of ganja, illicit distillation, poaching, smuggling of timber, etc. The
park is also having pressures on natural resources like grazing, firewood collection, NWFP
collection, etc. Although the park was notified in 2003, there are many gaps in protecting
the natural resources of the park. In order to protect the natural resources of the park
the following strategies and activities are proposed.
38
6.4.1.1.
Administration of the Park
The Wildlife Warden is based at Munnar which is 36 km away from the park and the
office of the Assistant Wildlife Warden of the park is at Top Station within the park. The
Assistant Wildlife Warden is having administrative control over Pambadum Shola NP,
Mathikettan Shola NP, Anamudi Shola NP and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. Presently the area
is functioning as one section manned by one Forester and two Forest Guards deployed
from Kadavari station for the protection of the park.
The extent of the Park is 11.78 km2 (as per GPS survey by KFRI) having difficult and hostile
terrain. It is proposed to manage the area as one section, namely, Pambadum Shola
Section with head quarter at Manathalam. The Wildlife Warden will move a proposal for
declaration of section as per the provisions in the Forest Code.
It is proposed to redeploy one Forester and 2 Forest Guards from Kadavari Station to
the Pambadum Shola National Park.
The Forester will look after the overall
management of the Park and report to Assistant Wildlife Warden.
Check post and chain gate
The people settled at Kovilur, Kottakombur, Shilanthiyar, Kadavari, and Vattavada are
having the right of way through the Munnar- Koviluoor road.
Munnar - Kovilur road is also used for transportation of goods and cattle.
The tour operators are also using the road for carrying the visitors for seeing landscapes
in Vattavada and Kovilur.
There is one Check post at Top Station which is managed by Forest Guard and daily wage
watcher at present. In order to have a effective control to regulate the movement of
traffic, cattles and visitors, it is proposed to post one forester and 2 forest guard at Check
post. The Wildlife Warden for sanction of the post.
6.4.1.2.
Infrastructure
Administrative building
At present the Asst. Wildlife Warden is utilizing the outpost at Top Station, made
available from Marayoor Sandal division is functioning as Range Office. It is proposed to
construct Office cum residence for the Range Officer at Manathalam on the northern
boundary of the Park (Fig.9).
39
The Section Forester and Guards are also functioning in the out post at Top station. It is
proposed to construct Residence cum office for the Forester at Manathalam / Oorkadu
and the existing 2 patrol camp shed at Manathala will improved and maintained for the
Forest Guards. (nature friendly)
The proposed one Forester and two Forest Guards at Top station are having building for
operating the Check post but there is no accommodation. The present building utilized by
the Asst. Wildlife Warden will be spared for accommodating the Check post staff.
The existing Mud house at Oorkkadu will be manned by protection watchers and staff will
make frequent camps during perambulation.
Fig.9: Existing and proposed infrastructure in Pambadum Shola National Park
6.4.1.3.
Perambulation procedure
The Wildlife Warden will divide the park into patrolling units and communicate to the
staff. The perambulation schedule will be communicated to the staff on monthly basis
for implementation. The Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden will also join for
40
patrolling and make frequent surprise checks. The staff will maintain the movement
register and wildlife monitoring register which will be subject to frequent inspection by
Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden.
Frequent special ganja raids may also be arranged by the Wildlife Warden / Asst. Wildlife
Warden.
6.4.1.4.
Staff welfare activities
The Wildlife Warden will have meetings with the staff and include the staff amenities
items in the APO funded by Government of India. At present the Govt. of India is
providing staff welfare inputs like residential accommodation for the childrens of
frontline staff in nearby town/villages, supply of kerosene, medicine, field kit, mosquito
net, torch, etc.
6.4.1.5.
(a)
Infrastructure related to protection
Arms and ammunitions
At present the Asst. Wildlife is provided with 1 Revolver and the staff is provided with 4
Rifles(315). Wildlife Warden may take action to provide 2 gun to the section staff and
one gun to check post and also provide the required ammunition. One extra gun may be
spared for the other park under his jurisdiction.
(b)
Communication facilities
At present there are two wireless stations, one at Top Station and the other at Bendhar,
two wireless sets and three walkie talkies. The Wildlife Warden may take action to
distribute the walkie talkies as follows:
1.
Range Officer
- 1 No.
2.
Section Staff
- 1 No.
3.
Check post
- 1 No.
The Wildlife Warden may take action for the maintenance of wireless stations by
employing daily-waged watchers preferably tribals under his jurisdiction.
41
(c)
Anti poaching shed
At present, there are 3 anti-poaching camp sheds located at Oorkadu (2 nos) Bandhar (1
No.). No new anti-poaching camp shed is proposed. The staff during patrolling should
make frequent camps in the anti-poaching sheds. The Wildlife Warden will take action
for manning the antipoaching campsheds.
(d)
Vehicle
At present the Assistant Wildlife Warden with head quarter at Top Station has a vehicle
and the same is used for the protection of Anamudi shola NP, Pambadum shola NP,
Mathikettan shola NP and Kurinjimala WLS. It is proposed that a vehicle may be procured
for Pambadum Shola NP. Two bikes, one for section staff and one for check post staff are
also proposed to be procured during the plan period.
6.4.1.6.
Roads and Trek path
Road
The following roads are passing through the park.
Munnar - Koviloor road
- 4 km
Munnar – Kodaikanal road (through Bendhar) - 8.5 km
The Munnar- Koviloor road is tarred and Bendhar Road is fair weather road.
The
maintenance of the Munnar-Koviloor road is being done by PWD. The maintenance of
Top Station – Bendhar road will be done by the Wildlife Warden depending on the
requirement in the field.
Trek path
Trek paths with a total length 52.00 km are existing at present which are as follows.
1
Check Post to Manathalam
6.00km
2
Manathalam to Oorkkadu
4.00km
3
Check Post to Cement palam
5.00km
4
Pattiankal to Bendhar bottom
6.00km
5
Oorkkadu to Pultheri
4.00km
6
Oorkkadu to Pothukandam
4.00km
42
7
Kuttikkadu to Pultheri
4.00km
8
Manathalam to Bendhar
4.00km
9
Bendhar to Bendharthotty
4.00km
10
Pambadumthotty to Bendhar
3.50km
11
Vattavada to Pattiyankal
3.50km
12
Manathalam to Pattiyankal
3.00km
13
Check Post to Pappathiyoda
1.00km
Total
52.00km
The Wildlife Warden may review and study the necessity of maintaining important trek
paths in the checklist mentioned above. As far as possible, the trekpaths through the
sholas may not be maintained.
6.4.1.7.
Check post and Chain gates
It is proposed to construct a chain gate at Manathalam. Maintenance of existing check
post at Top Station and the chain gates at Manathalam and Bandhar road are proposed
during the plan period.
6.4.1.8.
Uniforms and Field Equipments
It is proposed to procure field equipments such as Tents, Compass, GPS, Binoculars,
Range finder, Digital camera, Rain Gauge, Thermometer, Hygrometer, Camera trap, field
kits, etc.
6.4.1.9.
Protection along the Interstate boundary
The Wildlife Warden will take steps to prevent spreading of fire, poaching and other
illegal activities from the adjoining state through periodic interaction, joint patrolling,
sharing information on smugglers, joint raids, etc. Activities like annual Inter state
boundary clearance, annual joint inspection of the boundary may also be taken up.
The Wildlife Warden may review and monitor the implementation of the protection plan.
6.4.1.10.
Strengthening intelligence
The Wildlife Warden, Assistant Wildlife warden and staff will develop liaison with NGOs,
peoples’ representatives, EDC members Tribal Heads, interstate officers, Crime Control
43
bureau officials, in sharing information. The informants may be paid suitably. The
Wildlife Warden may move proposal for fixing the rewards to the informants depending
on the type of crime and information. The legal support if any required may also be
availed by the Wildlife Warden in special / serious cases.
6.4.2. Theme plan for Fire protection
Forest fire is the basic threat to the forest, which cause considerable damage to the flora
and fauna in the area. The existing roads, trekpaths, rivers, etc. may be considered while
preparing fire plan. In order to protect the natural resources of the Park from fires, the
following strategies and activities are proposed.
6.4.2.1.
Fire lines
The Wildlife Warden will maintain the following fire lines in the fire prone areas.
Top-station-Manathalam
Manathalam-Neduvarppu
Neduvarappu-Bendhar
Bendhar-Top-station
Top-station-Koviloor Road (2sides) Top-station-Manathalam
Pattiyankal-Manathalam
Kuttikadu-Pappathioda
Pothinkandam-Manathalam
Estate-mala-Kuttikkadu
Oorkkadu-Pattiyankal
Total
11.00
04.00
10.00
03.00
04.00
08.00
14.00
12.00
11.00
12.00
09.00
98.00 kms
While taking the fire lines, the following precautions will be taken:
• No fire line should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the
shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.
• Scrapping of grass as fire break around sholas should be avoided. The system followed
in Eravikulam NP by Muduvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be
followed.
6.4.2.2.
Fire Watchers Camps
The fire watchers camps will be established at following vulnerable locations.
1. Bendhar top
2. Estate mala
44
The Wildlife Warden may ensure the engagement of fire watchers from the fringe area
people, priority may be given to provide livelihood and employment to resource
dependent communities.
6.4.2.3.
Participatory Fire Management
The fringe area people from Vattavada, Kovilur and Oorkadu may be involved in
Participatory Fire Management. A microplan may be prepared for each settlement
detailing the extent of area, people involved, benefit sharing, etc.
6.4.2.4.
Awareness and Training
Wildlife Warden will arrange awareness and training for the staff and EDC members
before the fire season every year. Awareness campaigns may be arranged for fringe area
people on the impact of fires on forests. This may be done by mass involvement of
people in procession, talks in nearby schools, display boards, street play, etc.
6.4.2.5.
Construction of fire watchtower and communication network
A fire watch tower may be erected at Pattiyamkal. Any fire incident should be
communicated to the headquarter for mobilizing the additional force for fire prevention.
6.4.2.6.
Equipments to extinguish fire
The equipments like gum boots, fire resistant suit, etc may be procured and made
available to the fire camps.
The Wildlife Warden may review the fire plan every year after the fire season. The gap
in fire protection may be identified and suitable proposals may be made in the ensuing
year to make Mathikettan Shola National Park total fire free.
6.4.3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management
The utilization of habitat by the wild animals depends on the availability of water
resources within their reach. The people within the settlements and local people of
Kottakombur, Koviloor and Vattavada also depend on the water discharged from the
National Park for drinking and irrigation purposes. To provide judicious distribution of
water sources for wildlife and to fulfill the water needs of the local people, following
strategies and activities are proposed.
•
The present check dams (9 nos) may be maintained. The warden may also check
the water quality in all the waterholes / checkdams.
45
•
Mapping of water sources – water holes, check dams, streams and other natural
sources with seasonality.
•
Preparation of drainage map. The details available with land use board on
drainage and water shed may be collected and ground truthing may be done by
the wildlife warden.
•
Installation of meteorological stations for regular recording of weather data.
•
Initiation of dialogue with local bodies and beneficiaries for water sharing and
watershed conservation.
•
Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial locations inside and outside PA.
•
Implementation of suitable measures for maintaining and improving watersheds –
revegetation of habitats especially in restoration zone, soil and moisture
conservation measures etc.
•
Enhancement of water discharge capacity through habitat improvement
activities.
Wildlife Warden may prepare a Status Paper on water resources and seasonality and
propose future development of water holes and check dams /anicut accordingly.
46
CHAPTER
7
TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION
The main goal is to strengthen the cause of conservation in general and of the
management of the PA concerned in particular through conservation oriented tourism.
This can be achieved through (i) providing informed wilderness experience to visitors (ii)
enabling the visitors to view a cross section of PA values.
The Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education zone will be overlapping with
the restoration zone and buffer zone. The existing facilities related to environmental
conservation awareness and nature based tourism are only the following.
1. Amenity Centre at Oorkadu
2. Mud house at Oorkadu
3. Camp shed (2 nos) at Oorkadu
Strategies and Activities
7.1.
·
Environmental conservation awareness
Develop
a
Information
centre
in
collaboration
with
DTPC/
Tourism
Department/local bodies / NGOs etc at appropriate location preferably on the
land near KSRTC Bus Stand in Munnar and an interpretation centre
at
Manathalam in Pambadum Shola National Park.
·
Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level.
·
Develop education materials for various target groups - leaflets,
brochures,
pamphlets, posters, movies, etc
·
Conduct nature awareness camps for various target groups including people on
the fringe.
·
Procure equipments such as computer, LCD projector etc for conducting nature
education camps effectively.
·
Create a website
·
Develop appropriate hoarding and signage’s and display at strategic location.
47
7.2.
Nature-based regulated tourism
·
Engage trained resource persons through Anamudi FDA
·
Capacity building & training to guides and staff on human behaviour,
identification of flora and fauna (butterflies, birds, animal evidences etc)
·
Procure adequate equipments to be given to tourists on rent (binoculars, leech
proof socks, tents, sleeping bags, solar lights, torches etc.)
·
Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park
·
Legal Enforcement with fine to control littering of National Park.
·
Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment.
·
Creation of toilet facilities at Top Station.
·
Facilities made using locally available materials for arranging treks at Top Station
·
Develop dissemination mechanisms on tourism packages available through
website
·
Develop appropriate nature based tourism packages considering protection of PA
and ensuring livelihood security of dependant community and PA management
·
Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operators and formulate benefit sharing
mechanisms
·
Move proposal for recycling entry fee
·
Prepare site specific microplan for each package with baseline information and
conduct annual impact assessment through participatory process.
The Wildlife Warden will conduct annual review of environmental conservation
awareness programmes and nature-based regulated tourism activities.
48
CHAPTER
8
ECODEVELOPMENT
The problems related to people-PA interface are human-Wildlife (elephant, boar) conflict
at Koviloor, Kottakombur, Vattavada etc. Lack of information on the extent of conflict,
lack of ecodevelopment programmes, lack of funds for implementing ecodevelopment
programme,
inadequate
supporting
team
for
implementing
ecodevelopment
programmes, absence of information on needs and natural and cultural resources of local
and ethnic communities (Muthuvans) and lack of training to staff.
The ecodevelopment zone will be overlapping with the buffer zone and restoration zone.
8.1.
To strengthen the People-PA interface, the following strategies and activities are
proposed.
·
Declare the adjoining areas as Eco-Sensitive Areas to regulate land use in tune
with the management objectives.
·
Development of appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife entering the farmlands
(elephant proof trench, solar power fence etc) at Kovilur, Kottakambur and
Vattavada. The people may be involved in future maintenance of power fences.
·
Timely assessment of wildlife damages and payment of compensation
·
Institution of crop insurance
·
Undertaking appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park for
improving the availability of forage and water.
·
Study the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops
involved
·
Constitution of EDCs and designing appropriate site specific ecodevelopment
programmes
·
Seeking funds from various sources (Local bodies / other line departments/ Govt.
of India) through FDA.
·
Identify and phase out the ecologically incompatible activities of line
departments. This may be regularly discussed in FDA meeting.
49
·
Deployment of adequate trained support team including social workers
/voluntary services for microplanning and collating data on socio-economic status
of people.
·
Identification of the needs /aspirations and natural and cultural resources of local
community during microplanning.
·
Identification of the potentials to be utilised for ensuring the livelihood security of
local people – nature based tourism packages.
The nature based tourism
packages may be designed to provide livelihood security and protection of
National Park.
·
Imparting training to staff on microplanning, ecodevelopment concept,
ecotourism including visit to other areas in the state and outside.
8.2.
For regulating and control over grazing, firewood and NWFP collection and
transportation of goods through mules, the following strategies are proposed.
8.2.1. Grazing
o Study and monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing
o Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall
feeding
o Ensure vaccination of cattle – twice a year
o Ensure vaccination of cattle transported through the PA
o Form an user-group EDC with access rules
o Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting
agency.
8.2.2. Firewood collection
o Study the extent and impact of firewood collection
o Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood
o Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual
commitments as part of phased removal of exotics
o Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required within community land/
ecodevelopment zone.
50
o Provide energy-saving devices
o Form an user-group EDC access rules
8.2.3. NWFP collection
o Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham,
kattupadavalam, wild pepper etc)
o Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods
o Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP
resources & value addition
o Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection
o Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection
o Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED
Data Book
o Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP species in the homesteads.
8.2.4. Presence of mules for transportation of goods to settlements and vice versa
o Vaccination and health care of the existing ones – twice an year
o Monitoring by the staff –about animal health and vaccination certificate
o Explore the possibilities for developing an alternate arrangement with
minimum impact in consultation with people.
Grazing and collection of Natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in
the National Park. At the same time the Tribal rights Act permit traditional rights of
people. Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights
under Tribal Right Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.
51
CHAPTER
9
RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING
Research, monitoring and training are among the weakest areas in wildlife management.
The need is acknowledged but there is very little progress. Research has mainly suffered
due to lack of policy, clarity of objectives, priorities and therefore inadequate funding
support; lack of adequate employment opportunities inclusive of reasonable career
advancement prospects and therefore want of suitable personnel.
The Park was declared during 2003 and not explored much from the biodiversity point of
view. In order to accomplish the plan objectives, the following research, monitoring and
training are proposed.
9.1.
Research
1. Mapping of the extent of wattle, eucalyptus and pine plantations to restore the
areas.
2. Mapping of vegetation types
3. Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing
4. Conduct studies to document the flora and fauna of the PA including RET and
endemics
5. Study and document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities
6. Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham,
kattupadavalam, etc)
7. Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods for NWFP management.
8. Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem
9. Study and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of water sources and
generate maps.
10. Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and
crops involved.
11. Study the extent and impact of firewood collection.
52
9.2.
Monitoring
1. Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion
2. Regular wildlife health monitoring
3. Population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna
4. Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration of invasive species
5. Monitoring of regeneration of natural species in the restoration zone.
6. Identify and monitor the special habitats/micro-habitats sch as talush, cliff, dens,
caves, snags, old growth forests and riparian forests for future habitat
management.
9.3.
Training
1. Impart training to staff & EDC members on wildlife health monitoring
2. Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP
resources & value addition
3. Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts
and rules, etc.
4. Capacity building & training to guides and staff
5. Training to staff on GPS.
6. Training on wildlife evidences, collection of biological materials and their
interpretation, wildlife census techniques.
7. Training in weapon handling and maintenance.
8. Training on modern fire fighting.
53
CHAPTER
10
ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION
10.1. Structure
The organizational structure of the Park is as shown below
Field Director
Wildlife Warden
Munnar
Assistant Wildlife Warden,
Shola NP Range
Forester -2
Forest Guards – 4
Watchers -5
10.2. Responsibilities
10.2.1. The Pambadum Shola National Park will be headed by the Wildlife Warden who
will have overall responsibility for the implementation of the Management Plan. The
Wildlife Warden will develop a pocket field guide with schedule of operations for the
implementation of management plan and supply it to Assistant Wildlife Warden and
Section Forester.
10.2.2. The Wildlife Warden will make arrangements to supply the below mentioned
control forms (Annexure 10) to the Assistant Wildlife Warden and Section Forester and
compile the information about the Park.
FORM - 1
FORM - 2
FORM - 3
FORM - 4
FORM - 5
Creation of new artificial waterholes
Maintenance of waterholes : Natural
Maintenance of waterholes : Artificial
Restoration of habitat : weed control
Restoration of habitat : Prescribed burning
54
FORM - 6
FORM - 7
FORM - 8
FORM - 9
FORM - 10
FORM - 11
FORM - 12
FORM - 13
FORM - 14
FORM - 15
FORM - 16
FORM - 17
FORM - 18
FORM - 19
FORM - 20
FORM - 21
FORM - 22
FORM - 23
FORM - 24
FORM
FORM
FORM
FORM
FORM
FORM
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
FORM - 31
FORM - 32
FORM - 33
Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial
operations and subsequent maintenance
Restoration of habitat
Animals : Measuring trends in populations
Animals : New records
Animals : Mortality other than that attributable to an offence
Animals : Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism
Animals : Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores
Animals : Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused
Animals : Wildlife damage to private or public property
Plants : New records
NWFP collection : Plants and other produce
Grazing of domestic livestock
Inter-agency programmes : Agencies and schemes (Government)
Programmes of NGOs
Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : Roads and Bridges
(*existing/new)
Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : buildings
(*existing/new)
Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : communication
(*existing/new)
Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : vehicles
(*existing/new)
Developing infrastructure : construction of boundaries
Fences (*existing/new)
Developing infrastructure : firelines (*existing/new)
Tourism
Outbreak of fires
Offence cases detected
Incentives and awards
Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with
or without collaboration with other agencies
Survey and inventories
The Monitoring Programme
Ecodevelopment
10.2.3. The Wildlife Warden, Munnar will prepare Annual Plan of Operations and
Schedule of Operations every year in the first week of April.
10.2.4. The Wildlife Warden may not deviate from the Management Plan prescriptions
without the prior permission in writing of the Chief Wildlife Warden.
55
BUDGET FOR PAMBADUM SHOLA NATIONAL PARK
Para of
Management
Plan
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.3.2
6.3.2
6.3.2
6.4.1.1
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.2
Activity
Survey of boundaries and construction
of cairns (8km)
GPS survey for delineation of
plantations & preparing maps
Removal of plantations of exotic species
for improvement of habitat and
restoration of original vegetation
Assisting regeneration of indegenous
species
Establishment of permanent plots and
monitoring
succession
&
ecorestoration
Salary of 2 Foresters, 4 Forest Guards &
Asst.Wildlife Warden
Construction of office cum residence at
Manathalam for Range Officer
Construction of office cum residence for
the Forester at Manathalam/Oorkadu
Maintenance of existing patrol camp
shed.
Maintenance of the outpost at Top
station for accomodating checkpost
staff
Maintenance of the Mud house at
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
8th
Year
9th
Year
10th
Year
2.25
2.25
1.50
2.00
1.50
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
2.80
3.00
4.50
6.50
7.50
10.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
11.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00
97.50
TOTAL
6.00
3.50
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
23.60
31.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
15.00
15.00
10.00
10.00
0.50
0.50
0.22
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.20
0.25
56
0.15
0.50
0.50
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.75
0.75
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.75
0.75
0.20
0.15
0.15
6.00
1.02
0.15
1.70
Para of
Management
Plan
6.4.1.2
6.4.1.3
6.4.1.4
6.4.1.4
6.4.1.5
6.4.1.5
6.4.1.5
6.4.1.5
6.4.1.6
6.4.1.6
6.4.1.7
6.4.1.8
6.4.1.9
6.4.1.10
Activity
Oorkadu
Engaging protection mazdoors (5 Nos.)
Ganja raids
House
rent
for
residential
accomodation for childrens of frontline
staff
Supply of kerosene, field kit, mosquito
net, torches to staff
Purchase of ammunition
Purchase & Maintenance of wireless set
and 3 walkie-talkie
Maintenance of vehicles
Purchase of 1 Jeep & 2 Bikes and
maintenance
Maintenance of Top Station- Bendhar
road
Maintenace of trek paths
Erection of Chaingate at Manathalam &
maintenance
Purchase of equipments - Tents,
Compass, GPS, Binoculars, Range
Finder, Digital Camera, Camera Trap,
Field Kit
Clearance/ Maintenance of Interstate
Boundary
Intelligence gathering and rewards to
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
2.50
0.50
2.60
0.60
2.70
0.70
2.80
0.80
2.90
0.90
3.00
1.00
3.10
1.10
3.20
1.20
3.30
1.30
3.40
1.40
29.50
9.50
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
6.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
15.00
1.00
1.50
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
6.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
14.50
2.50
12.50
5.00
50.00
0.20
0.60
0.50
2.50
5.00
5.00
2.50
5.00
5.00
0.20
9th
Year
10th
Year
TOTAL
0.50
2.50
5.00
8th
Year
5.00
0.50
2.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.20
2.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
20.00
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
3.00
57
10.00
Para of
Management
Plan
6.4.1.10
6.4.2.1
6.4.2.2
6.4.2.3
6.4.2.4
6.4.2.5
6.4.2.6
6.4.3
6.4.3
6.4.3
6.4.3
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
Activity
informers
Legal support in special cases.
Creation of firelines.
Engaging fire watchers during fire
season
Participatory Fire Management
Awareness to Staff & EDC during fire
season.
Fire Watch Tower 1 No. (Pattiyamkal)
and maintenance
Purchase of fire fighting equipments
(gum boots, fire resistant suit etc.)
Maintenance & creation of water holes
/ check dams.
Mapping of water resources and
preparation of drainage map.
Installation of meteogological station
Soil & moisture conservation measures
(Gully Plugging, Bunds)
Construction of Information Centre at
Munnar
Construction of Interpretation centre at
Manathalam
Education & awareness materials.
Awareness camps
Procurement of LCD, Computer for
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
0.20
4.50
2.00
45.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
20.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
15.00
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
2.00
1.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
1.90
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
2.50
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
24.00
2.00
8th
Year
9th
Year
10th
Year
TOTAL
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
25.00
25.00
15.00
15.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
1.00
58
20.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
5.00
10.00
2.50
Para of
Management
Plan
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2.1
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Activity
awareness campaigns
Creation of websites.
Erection of signages at strategic
location
Engaging a resource person for
awareness and nature based tourism
through Anaimudi FDA
Training to staff and guides on Tourism
Purchase of solar lights, torches,
sleeping bags, tents, binoculars etc.
Preparation of microplans for tourism
packages
Construction of elephant proof
trenches / solar fences at Kovilur,
Kottakombur and Vattavada
Constitution of EDCs and preparation of
microplans
Ecodevelopment activities (as per
microplan)
Training to staff on ecodevelopment,
microplanning and visits to other sites.
Study the impacts of grazing
Vaccination of cattle
Study the extent and impact of
firewood collection
Study the extent and impact of NWFP
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
8th
Year
9th
Year
10th
Year
0.20
0.50
TOTAL
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
5.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
9.00
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
2.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
30.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
20.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
2.50
0.25
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.80
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.20
0.25
59
0.25
0.25
Para of
Management
Plan
8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.4
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.3
Chapter 6 &
Activity
collection
Training on scientific collection of
NWFP & value addition
Regeneration of NWFP & medicinal
plants in RED Data Book
Planting of NWFP species in
Homesteads
Vaccination and health care of mules
used for transportation of goods from
settlements
Mapping vegetation type in the
National Park
Document flora & fauna including RET
& Endemics
Study & document on traditional
knowledge of indigenous communites
Study and identify invasive species that
have negative impacts on ecosystem
Monitoring regeneration status and soil
erosion
Wildlife health monitoring
Wildlife census
Identify and monitoring special habitat
Training to staff on weapon handling,
fire fighting, census tecnique etc.
Building maintenance
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
0.30
0.30
0.30
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
9.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
4.50
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
1.00
0.10
8th
Year
9th
Year
10th
Year
0.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
TOTAL
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.20
1.00
0.50
0.20
1.00
0.50
0.20
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.50
10.00
5.00
0.60
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
2.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
60
Para of
Management
Activity
Plan
7
Chapter 6
Overhead and office expenses
TOTAL
1st
Year
2nd
Year
3rd
Year
Financial Requirement
4th
5th
6th
7th
Year
Year
Year Year
0.50
91.42
0.50
97.90
0.50
89.20
0.50
69.60
0.50
71.50
Wildlife Warden may sought funds from other sources (State Budget Head at present in operation)
61
8th
Year
9th
Year
10th
Year
TOTAL
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
5.00
60.30 66.75 62.05 60.95 63.65 733.32
Annexure 1
Notification of Pambadum Shola National Park
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
Forest and Wildlife (F) Department
NOTIFICATION
No. 12875/F2 2003/F & WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 14th December 2003
WHEREAS,
the Government of Kerala consider that the area, the situation and limits
of which are defined in the Schedule below is of great ecological, faunal, floral,
geomorphological and zoological significance;
AND WHEREAS, it appears to the Government of Kerala that the said area is needed to be
constituted as a National Park for ensuring long-term protection for this majestic vegetal
stretch, which contains many botanical rarities and novelties to Science;
NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 35 of
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central Act 53 of 1972), the Government of Kerala hereby
declare their intention to constitute the said area as a National Park to be known as
“Pambadum Shola National Park”.
District
Taluk
Village
Extent
SCHEDULE
Idukki
Devikulam
Marayoor
131.80 ha (approx)
Situation and limits of the said area
North:- the southern boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved Forest No.55, starting
from a point about 500 Mtr towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less
south East to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the
middle of hill points 2497 (Pattitalachai malai) and 2531 ( vandaravu Malai) on the inter
state boundary.
East;- The boundary runs more or less south along the inter state boundary.
South:- The boundary runs more or less west along the inter state boundary. West:- the
western boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the eastern
boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the starting
point.
By Order of the Governor,
LIZZIE JACOB
Principal Secretary to Government
62
Annexure 2
Trees, Herbs & Shrubs of Pambadum Shola NP
Trees
1. Acacia dealbata Link.
2. Acacia mearnsii de Wilde.
3. Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble
4. Alnus nepalensis D.Don
5. Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f.
6. Canthium neilgherrense Wight var. chartaceum (Gamble) Swamin.
7. Casearia thwaitesii Briq.
8. Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f.
9. Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. wightiana
10. Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd.
11. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.
12. Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm.
13. Rhododendron arboreum Smith ssp. nilagiricum (Zenk.) Tagg.
14. Schefflera racemosa (Wight) Harms
15. Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC. ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb.
16. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore
17. Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.
18. Daphniphyllum neilgherrense (Wight) K. Rosenth.
19. Hydnocarpus alpina Wight
20. Diospyros sp.
21. Eurya japonica Thunb.
22. Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast.
23. Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner
24. Gomphandra coriacea Wight
25. Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq.
26. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. var. peninsularis, Ravikumar & Lakshmanan
27. Phoebe wightii Meisner
28. Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz.
Herbs and Shrubs
1. Arisaema psittacus Barnes
2. Begonia malabarica Lam.
3. Bidens pilosa L.
4. Crinum latifolium L.
5. Erigeron karvinskianus DC.
6. Hedyotis anamalayana (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri
7. Hedyotis articularis R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. ssp. santapaui (Shetty & Vivek.) Deb. &
Dutta
8. Hedyotis leschenaultiana DC.
9. Helichrysum buddleioides DC.
10. Pouzolzia auriculata Wight
11. Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight var. acuta (Wight) Fischer
12. Procris crenata Rob.
13. Ranunculus reniformis Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
63
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
Valeriana leschenaultii DC.
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins.
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.
Anaphalis aristata DC.
Gamochaeta coarctata (Willd.) M. Kerguelen
Plantago erosa Wall.
Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera
Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.) Hook. & Arn.
Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl.
Oberonia verticillata Wight
Oberonia wightiana Lindl.
Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don
Peliosanthes courtallensis Wight
Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) Balakr.
Alstonia venenata R. Br.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.
Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg
Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser
Hypericum mysurense Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
Lasianthus acuminatus Wight
Lasianthus coffeoides Fyson
Pittosporum neilgherrense Wight & Arn.
Psychotria nilgiriensis Deb & M.G. Gangop. var. nilgiriensis
Psychotria nudiflora Wight & Arn.
Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflora (Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.) Chitra
Strobilanthes homotropus Nees
Strobilanthes micranthus Wight
Viburnum coriaceum Blume
Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.
Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) Mabber.
Lobelia nicotianiifolia Roth ex Schult.
Mahonia leschenaultii (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Takeda ex Gamble
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait.
Rosa leschenaultiana Red. & Thory ex Wight & Arn.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.
Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC.
Osbeckia reticulata Bedd.
Polyscias acuminata (Wight) Seem.
Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble
Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp.
Ardisia rhomboidea Wight
Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC.
Isonandra lanceolata Wight
Ligustrum perrottetii DC.
Fagraea ceylanica Thunb.
64
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Barleria involucrata Nees
Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.
Lantana camara L.
Pogostemon pubescens Benth.
Phytolacca octandra L.
Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross
Taxillus cuneatus (Heyne ex Roth) Danser
Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.-Arg.
Glochidion ellipticum Wight
Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg.
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.
Climbers
1. Cissampelopsis corymbosa (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen
2. Embelia ribes Burm. f.
3. Jasminum bignoniaceum Wall. ex DC.
4. Passiflora leschenaultii DC.
5. Passiflora leschenaultii DC.
6. Rubia cordifolia L.
7. Rubus ellipticus Smith
8. Rubus fairholmianus Gard.
9. Rubus niveus Thunb.
10. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
11. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
12. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers
13. Tetrastigma nilagiricum (Miq.) B. V. Shetty
14. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.
15. Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn var. umbellata (Chakravarthy) Kumari
16. Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond.
65
Annexure 3
List of mammals recorded from Pambadum Shola
No.
Species
1.
Ratufa indica
Common Name
Indian giant squirrel
Vulnerable
2.
3.
4.
Nilgiri langur
Lion-tailed macaque
Common palm civet
Vulnerable, Endemic to WG
Endangered, Endemic to WG
Least concern
Asiatic wild dog
Leopard
Sambar
Gaur
Asian elephant
Near threatened
Vulnerable
Least concern
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Semnopithecus johnii
Macaca silensis
Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus
Cuon alpinus
Panthera pardus
Cervus unicolor
Bos gaurus
Elephas maximus,
66
Status
Annexure 4
Birds of Pambadum Shola National Park
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Common Name
Scientific Name
ICICONIIFORMES
1) Ardeidae
Indian Pond Heron
Cattle Egret
II. FALCONIFORMES
2) Accipitridae
Sparrowhawk sp.
Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Crested Hawk-Eagle)
Black Eagle
III. GALLIFORMES
3) Phasianidae
Grey Junglefowl
IV. CHARADRIFORMES
4) Charadriidae
Charadriinae
Red-wattled Lapwing
Common Sandpiper
V. COLUMBIFORMES
5) Columbidae
Pompadour Green-Pigeon (Grey-fronted GreenPigeon)
Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (Jerdon’s Imperial
Pigeon)
Nilgiri Wood Pigeon
Spotted Dove
Emerald Dove (Bronze-winged Dove)
VI. PSITTACIFORMES
6) Psittacidae
Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet)
Vernal Hanging-Parrot (Malabar Lorikeet)
VII. CUCULIFORMES
7) Cuculidae
Greater Coucal (Crow-Pheasant)
VIII. APODIFORMES
8) Apodidae
Apodinae
Indian Swiftlet (Edible-nest Swiftlet)
IX.TROGONIFORMES
9) Troginidae
Malabar Trogon
X. CORACIIFORMES
67
Status*
Ardeola grayii
Bubulcus ibis
R
R
Accipiter sp.
Spizatus cirrhatus
Ictinaetus malayensis
M
R
R
Gallus sonneratii
R
Vanellus indicus
Actitis hypoleucos
R
M
Trenon pompadora
R
Ducula badia
R
Columba elphinstonii
Streptopelia chinensis
Chalcophaps indica
EN
R
R
Psittacula columboides
Loriculus vernalis
EN
R
Centropus sinensis
R
Collacalia unicolor
R
Harpactes fasciatus
R
Sl.
No.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Common Name
Scientific Name
10) Alcedinidae
White-throated Kingfisher (White-breasted
Kingfisher)
11) Meropidae
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater
XI. Order PICIFORMES
12) Family Capitonidae
White-cheeked Barbet (Small Green Barbet)
Crimson-fronted Barbet (Crimson-throated
Barbet)
13) Family Picidae
Black-rumped Flamebacked Woodpecker
(Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker)
Brown-capped Pigmy Woodpecker
Great Flamebacked Woodpecker
(Larger Golden-backed woodpecker)
XII. Order PASSERIFORMES
14) Family Hirundinidae
Red-rumped Swallow
15) Family Laniidae
Long-tailed Shrike (Rufous-backed Shrike)
16) Family Oriolidae
Eurasian Golden Oriole (Golden Oriole)
17) Family Dicruridae
Ashy Drongo
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo
18) Family Sturnidae
Jungle Myna
Hill Myna (Grackle)
19) Family Corvidae
Jungle Crow
20) Family Campephagidae
Barwinged Flycatcher-Shrike (Pied FlycatcherShrike)
Large Woodshrike (Lalabar Wood-Shrike)
Scarlet Minivet
21) Family Irenidae
Common Iora
Gold-fronted Leabird (Gold-fronted Chloropsis)
22) Family Pycnonotidae
Red-whiskered Bulbul
Yellow-browed Bulbul
Black Bulbul
23) Family Muscicapidae
68
Status*
Halcyon smyrnensis
R
Merops leschenaultia
R
Megalaima viridis
R/EN
Megalaima rubricapilla
R
Dinopium benghalense
Dendrocopos nanus
R
R
Chrysocolaptes lucidus
R
Hirundo daurica
R
Lanius schach
R
Oriolus oriolus
M
Dicrurus leucophaeus
Dicrurus paradiseus
M
R
Acridotheres fuscus
Gracula religiosa
R
R
Corvus macrorhynchos
R
Hemipus picatus
R
Tephrodornis gularis
Pericrocotus flammeus
R
R
Aegithina tiphia
Chloropsis aurifrons
R
R
Pycnonotus jocosus
Iole indica
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
R
R
R
Sl.
No.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Common Name
Scientific Name
Subfamily Timaliinae
Indian Scimitar Babbler
Dark-fronted Babbler (Black-headed Babbler)
Grey-breasted Laughingthrush
(White-breasted Laughingthrush)
Brown-cheeked Fulvetta (Quaker Babbler)
Subfamily Muscicapinae
Asian Brown Flycatcher
Brown-breasted Flycatcher
Black-and-Orange Flycatcher
White-bellied Blue Flycatcher
Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher
Verditer Flycatcher
Nilgiri Flycatcher
Grey-headed Flycatcher
Subfamily Sylviinae
Grey-breasted Prinia (Franklin’s Wren-Warbler)
Blyth’s Reed Warbler
Tickell’s Leaf-Warbler
Larg-billed Leaf-Warbler
Greenish Warbler (Greenish Leaf Warbler)
Western Crowned Warbler
(Large Crowned Leaf Warbler)
Subfamily Turdinae
Indian Blue Robin (Blue Chat)
Oriental Magpie-Robin (Magpie-Robin)
Pied Bushchat
Indian Robin
Malabar Whistling Thrush
Eurasian Blackbird
24) Family Paridae
Subfamily Parinae
Great Tit (Grey Tit)
Black-Iored Yellow Tit (Yellow-cheeked Tit)
25) Family Sittidae
Subfamily Sittinae
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch
26) Family Motacillidae
Nilgiri Pipit
Grey Wagtail
27) Family Dicaeidae
Tickell’s Flowerpecker
Plain Flowerpecker (Nilgiri Flowerpecker)
28) Family Nectariniidae
69
Status*
Pomatorhinus horsfieldit
Rhopocichla atriceps
R
R
Garrulax jerdoni
Alcippe poioicephala
EN
R
Muscicapa daurica
Muscicapa muttui
Ficedula nigrorufa
Cyornis pallipes
Cyornis tickelliae
Eumyias thalassina
Eumyias ablicaudata
Culicicapa ceylonensis
R/M
M
EN
EN
R
M
EN
R
Prinia hodgsonii
Acrocephalus dumetorum
Phylloscopus affinis
Phylloscopus magnirostris
Phylloscopus trochiloides
R
M
M
M
M
Phylloscopus occipitalis
M
Luscinia brunnea
Copsychus saularis
Saxicola caprata
Saxicoloides fulicata
Myiophonus horsfieldii
Turdus merula
M
R
R
R
R
R
Parus major
Parus xanthogenys
R
R
Sitta frontalis
R
Anthus nilghiriensis
Motacilla cinerea
EN
M
Dicaem erythrorhynchos
Dicaem concolor
R
R
Sl.
No.
73
74
75
76
Common Name
Scientific Name
Small Sunbird
Little Spiderhunter
29) Family Zosteropidae
Nilgiri White-eye
30) Family Fringillidae
Subfamily Carduelinae
Common Rosefinch
70
Status*
Nectarinia minima
Arachnothera longirostris
EN
R
Zosterops palpebrosa
R
Carpodacus erythrinus
M
Annexure 5
Butterflies recorded from Pambadum Shola NP
Sl.No
Order/Family/Species
Remarks
LEPIDOPTERA
Nymphalidae
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Euploea core core Cramer
Parantica nilgiriensis Moore
Tirumala limniace Cram.
Tirumala septentrionis Butler
Libythea celtis leptoides Moore
Libythea lepita (Moore)
Libythea myrrha Godart
Lethe nilgiriensis Guerin
Lethe rohria Frus.
Lethe drypetis Moore†
Melanitis leda Lin.
Mycalesis oculus Mar.‡
Zipoetis saitis Hewit.‡
Ypthima philomela (Linnaeus)
Ypthima ypthimoides Moore‡
Ypthima ceylonica Hewit.†
Ypthima chenui (Guérin-Méneville)‡
Ypthima avanta Moore
Neptis jumbah Moore
Athyma nefte Doubleday
Ariadne merione (Cram.)
Eriboea athamas Moore
Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus)
Elymnias caudata Butler
Danaus chrysipus Lin.
Junonia lemonias Frust.
Moduza procris Cram.
Danaus genuita genuita Cram.
Argynnis hyperbius Johannsen
Euthalia lubentina Cram.
Athyma nefte Doubleday
Cirrochroa thais Fb.†
Cupha erymanthis Drury
Cyrestis thyodamas Kollar
Hypolimnas bolina Lin.
Hypolimnas missipus Lin.†
Junonia almana Lin.
Junonia lemonias vaisya Fruhstorfer
Junonia stygia
71
Schedule IV
Threatened IUCN
Schedule II, Part II
Schedule I, Part IV
Schedule II, Part II
Schedule IV
Schedule II, Part II
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Junonia heirta Fb.
Junonia iphita Cram.
Kaniska canace Moore
Neptis hylas Moore
Athyma perius Lin.
Athyma ranga Moore
Phalanta phalantha Drury
Rohana parisatis Cram.
Vanessa indica (Herbst)
Cynthia cardui Lin.
Papilionidae
Graphium sarpedon teredon Feld.
Papilio demoleus Lin.
Papilio polytes Lin.
Papilio helenus Lin.
Papilio paris tamilana Moore
Papilio polymnestor parinda Moore†
Papilio clytia Linnaeus
Papilio polytes Linnaeus
Troides minos Cramer
Pieridae
Catopsilia florella Fb.
Anaphaeis aurota Fb.
Appias indra shiva Moore
Appias libythea Fb.
Appias indira Moore
Catopsilia pomona Fb.
Catopsilia pyranthe (Lin.)
Colotis fausta Oliv.
Delias eucharis Drury†
Artogeia canidia Sparrman
Eurema laeta Boisduval
Eurema hecabe Lin.
Eurema brigitta Stoll
Eurema blanda Boisd.
Colias nilagiriensis‡
Colias erate (Esper)
Lycaenidae
Hyolycaena nilgirica†
Catachrysops strabo (Fb.)
Celastrina lavendularis Moore
Udara akasa Horsfield†
Udara singalensis Horsfield †
Jamides bochus Cram.
Prosotas nora Felder
Abisara echerius Stoll
72
Schedule II, Part II
Schedule I, Part IV
Schedule II,
Schedule IV
Schedule II, Part II
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield)
Zizula hylax Fb.
Zizeeria karsandra Moore
Jamides alecto (Cram.)
Jamides celeno (Cram.)
Castalius rosimon (Fb.)
Schedule I, Part IV
†
Curetis thetis Drury
Hesperiidae
Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville)
Coladenia indrani (Moore)
Udaspus folus Cram.
Gangara thyrsis Moore
Potanthus pava Evans
Potanthus palnia (Evans)
Halpe porus (Mabille)
Aeromachus pygmaeus‡
Celaenorrhinus leucocera Fb.
Telicota acigias Lin.
Telicota ancilla Lin.
‘‡’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats and ‘†’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats
shared only by Sri Lanka
73
Annexure - 6
Sl. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
List of Moths recorded from Pambadum Shola NP
Insect Species
Pyralidae
Sylepta sp.
Chilo sp.1
Chilo sp.2
Dichocrocis surusalis Wlk.
Endotrichia sp.
Bradina sp.
Euclasta sp.
Corgatha semiparata Wlk.
Patissa sp.
Pycnarmon caberalis Guen.
Asura nebulosa Moore
Maruca testulalis Geyer
Nymphula depunctalis Snel.
Nymphula fluctuosalis Zell.
Syngamia abruptalis Wlk.
Syngamia abruptalis Wlk.
Glyphodes laticostalis Guen.
Glyphodes caesalis Wlk.
Pyrausta sp.1
Diasemia sp.
Bocchoris onychinalis Guen.
Endotrichia sp.
Nephopterix sp.
Talanga sexpunctalis Moore
Aulacodes sp.
Aulacodes peribocalis Wlk.
Psara sp.1
Psara sp.2
Myelopsis sp.
Phlyctaenodes nudalis Hubn.
Symitha sp.
Pterophoridae
Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Wlk.
Geometridae
Hypomecis sp.
Semiothisa epicharis Wehrli
Semiothisa emersaria Wlk.
Eclitoptera subapicalis Hamp.
74
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Timandra responsaria Moore
Chionaema peregrina Wlk.
Hypochrosis abstractaria Wlk.
Scopula sp.5
Scopula sp.2
Ourapteryx marginata Hamp.
Clorea ?alienaria Wlk.
Scopula opicata Fb.
Clorea sp.
Craspedia intensata Moore
Cusiala raptaria Wlk.
Sabaria rondelaria Fb.
Sabaria costimaculata Moore
Cidaria perficita Wlk.
Larentia flavistrigata Warr.
Dirades sp.
Pingasa sp.
Corymica arnearea Wlk.
Semiothisa eleonora Stoll
Abraxes ? latizonata Hamp.
Mixochlora vittata Moore
Hypomecis sp.
Gnamptoloma aventiaria (Guen.)
Buzura suppressaria Guen.
Abraxes poliaria Swinhoe
Polynesia sunandava Wlk.
Comibaena integranota Hamp.
Teldinia specca Wilk.
Hypomecis pallida Hamp.
Hypochrosis festivaria Fb.
Racotis sp.
Aplochlora vivilaca Wlk.
Scopula sp.
Abraxas etridoides Hamp.
Hypomecis sp.
Noctuidae
Ophiusa dotata Wlk.
Mocis undata Fb.
Mocis frugalis Fb.
Maliatha erecta Moore
Hadena pannosa Moore
Atacira caesia Roepke
75
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Atacira pala Holloway
Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.
Condria sp.
Lymantriidae
Sangatissa subcurvifera Wlk.
Eupterote hibisci Fb.
Euproctis guttata Wlk.
Eupterote mollis Moore
Eupterote flavidomre Moore
Eupterote sp.2
Euproctis sp.1
Rahica rosea Hamp.
Euproctis diagramma Guer.
Arctiidae
Asura sp.
Siccia taprobanis Wlk.
Macotasa nubecula Moore
Lemyra sp.
Paraplastis hampsoni Swinhoe
Cyme gratiosa Guerin-Meneville
Spilosoma stigmata Moore
Spilosoma bifasciatum Hamp.
Paraplastis sp.
Neochera dominio Cram.
Spilosoma casignetum Kollar
Cossidae
Cossus sp.
Hepialidae
Sahyadrases malabaricus Moore
Syntomidae
Ceryx sp.
Limacodidae
Thosea lutea Heylaerts
Spatulifimbria castaneiceps Hamp.
Notodontidae
Eupydna testacea Swinhoe
Saturnidae
Actias luna Lin.
Attacus atlas Lin.
Zygaenidae
Histia nilgira Moore
Chalcosia affinis Guer.
76
Annexure 7
Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c)
A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005
To
No. F(C)A/11.6/172/MISC/KER
The Principal Secretary to
Dated: 02.05.2005
Government of Kerala
Forest & Wildlife Department
Secretariat
Thiruvananthapuram.
Sub: Approval for the Management Plan for the Captive Plantation of M/s.
Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 –
reg
Ref: 1) State Govt.’s Letter No. 2893/B1/2005/F&WLD dated 14.03.2005
2) This office letter of even no. dated 20.04.2005
3) CCF(Planning), Kerala Letter No. Plg1-163/2005 dated 28.04.2005
*****
Sir,
Kindly refer to the subject and references cited above. I am directed to inform
you that the draft management plan for captive plantations of Hindustan Newsprint
Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 furnished by State Government has been
examined by this office and the State Govt. was requested by this office that a
reconciliation of the area may be done and the statement indicating the actual extent
and
location
of
the
leased
area,
status
of
land
leased
to
M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited may be furnished to this office. The CCF(P) vide letter
at Sl.No. 3 above has furnished a statement showing reconciliation of area. The
statement furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P) above has been examined by this
office and found to be adequate.
The Management Plan has been examined along with the area reconciliation
details furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P), with reference to the provisions of
the F(C) Act, 1980 and National Forest Policy, 1988. After careful consideration, I am
directed to convey in-principle approval of Central Government to the Management plan
of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 subject to the
following conditions:
i)
The modified copy of the management plan incorporating the reconciliation of
area figures as furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (Planning) vide letter as
Sl. No. 3 above, shall be furnished to this office within a period of one month. The
actual implementation of the prescriptions of management plan shall be
undertaken only after the modified plan is forwarded to this office.
ii)
No clear felling should be carried out in hilly areas having slope more than 30
degrees.
iii)
The controlled burning of debris in plantations felled for regeneration will not be
undertaken.
iv)
Fodder/fruit trees which attract birds and animals should be retained and
nurtured.
77
v)
The felling of trees in areas having slope more than 30 degree and along the bank
of river/streams shall not be undertaken.
vi)
The felling of standing trees other than eucalyptus shall not be undertaken in
pursuance of the directions of the Hon’ble High Court of Kerala vide order dated
05.03.1998 in W.P. No.314/1995.
vii)
No permanent building, road, bridges etc. should be constructed on the forest
land. However, temporary operational facilities like nurseries, protection sheds,
kutcha approach roads for plantation/extraction path can be prepared as per the
standard practices without resorting to felling of trees. The temporary structures
when not needed may be removed / demolished and the area should be reverted
to its normal condition.
viii)
It may be ensured that non non-forestry activity is permitted/allowed in forest
area in violation of the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
ix)
The plantation areas harvested in a year shall be regenerated next year as per the
prescriptions. However, if there is a shortfall in area regenerated in a year vis-àvis the area harvested in previous year then report to that effect shall be made to
this office and further clearance of plantation shall not be undertaken unless
specifically permitted by this office. The detailed report indicating area harvested
in a year and area to be regenerated shall be sent to this office by 30 th June of
each year.
x)
The maintenance of forest boundary and fire lines shall be taken up each year in
accordance with the established practice and annual expenditure incurred
thereon shall be reported to this office by 30 th June of each year.
I am further directed to inform you that prior approval of Central Govt. shall be
obtained if any deviation is to be made from the prescriptions of approved management
plan. It may also be ensured that provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and
guidelines issued there under are strictly followed while implementing the management
plan prescriptions. The Central Govt. reserves the right to review, modify or withdraw
this approval if any of the conditions of approval are not implemented or amendment to
plan is necessitated keeping in view the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
guidelines issued there under or general instructions issued by Central Govt. for the
scientific management of forests. This management plan will be due for revision in the
year 2010-2011 and timely steps may please be initiated for revision of management
plan.
Yours faithfully
-sd(K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar)
Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)
Copy to:
1)
The Director General of Forests & Special Secretary to Govt. of India, Ministry of
Env. & Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, New Delhi – 3.
2)
The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, Govt. of Kerala,
Forest Head Quarters, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram.
3)
The Managing Director, Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Newsprint Nagar,
Kottayam, Kerala.
(K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar), Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)
78
Government of Kerala GO (Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93
Annexure 8
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
Abstract
Forest Department – Production of Eucalyptus for industrial use-Making forest area
available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. For captive Plantation – Orders issued.
Forest & Wildlife © Department.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G.O. (Ms) No. 42/93/F&WLD
Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 11-6-1993.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Read:- Letter No. G3-21796/89 dated 5/11/1992 from the Chief Conservator of Forests.
OR D E R
There are a few major Wood-based industrial units in Kerala, which have been
receiving substantial supplies of eucalyptus wood from the existing eucalyptus
plantations of the Forest Department of the State. It has however been found from
experiences that the annual eucalyptus crops harvested from the plantations of the
Forest Department are not adequate to meet the actual requirements of the industries.
The question as to how this problem of short supply of raw-material can be solved has
been engaging the attention of the government for some time.
It has been suggested that the above problem can be solved to a considerable
extent if the industrial units which utilize the eucalyptus as raw-material are themselves
permitted to cultivate it on their own in the most scientific and efficient manner with the
objective of achieving maximum productivity, to freely harvest their own product and to
use it for their own purpose.
M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Vellur, Kottayam district is a public sector
industrial unit belonging to the Government of India which is utilising about 1.5 lakhs
tonnes of eucalyptus annually as raw-material for producing newsprint. They have come
forward with a proposal to cultivate eucalyptus on their own in the forest land of Kerala
for being used as raw-material in their factory. The Chief Conservator of Forests has also
recommended this proposal.
After having examined the matter in all its aspects, the Government are [leased to
order as follows:
(i)
(ii)
(a)
An area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus Grandis belonging
to the Forest Department will be made available to M/s. Hindustan
Newsprint Ltd., Vellur, for the present for the purpose of their own captive
plantation to meet the raw-material requirement of their existing plant.
If M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. Vellur take over Punalur Paper Mill,
which is now closest, and make it operational, the following additional
areas will also be made available to them in future for captive plantation.
An area of 4400 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest
Department for the raw-material requirement of the major
79
expansion project of Ms/ H.N.L. which is now under active
consideration.
(b)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
An area of 1000 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest
Department for the raw-material requirement of Punalur Paper
Mill.
The Forest area (ie. Existing eucalyptus plantation) which is made available
to M/s. HNL for captive plantation as mentioned above will continue to be
Reserve Forest belonging to the State; its control protection and
administration will remain with the State’s Forest Department; and the
role of M/s. HNL will be confined to the cultivation and harvesting of the
eucalyptus crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief
Conservator of Forests.
The price of the existing eucalyptus trees standing in the area, which is
allotted to them, will be collected from M/s. HNL at the time of making
the area available to the Company-for which the Chief Conservator of
Forests will (in consultation with the Chief Executive of M/s. HNL) estimate
the value of the standing trees and get it approved by the Government.
As and when the eucalyptus planted by M/s. HNL is harvested in future,
they will pay a royalty of Rs. 150/- (rupees. One hundred and fifty only) to
the Forest Department of the State for every metric tonne of eucalyptus
wood at 50% moisture content.
The above arrangement will be valid for a period of twelve years from
1993-94 to 2005-2006 and will be reviewed thereafter.
The Chief Conservator of Forests will take immediate action to take
immediate action to identify the area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus
Grandis Plantation to be made available to m/s. HNL and make the area
available to the Company for cultivation as early as possible.
(By Order of the Governor)
-sdR. RAMACHANDRAN NAIER,
Commissioner & Secretary to Govt.
To
The Chief Conservator of Forests (Protection)
The Chief Conservator of Forests (Development)
The Executive Director, HNL NewsPrint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district.
The Executive Director, HNL, Newsprint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district.
The Accountant General (this issues with the concurrence of the Finance
Department)
The Finance Department (Vide No. 2219/AWAI/93/Find)
The Industries © Department.
Copy to the Forest (B) Dept. For further necessary action.
Copy to the Forest (D) Dept. For further necessary action.
Forwarded/By Order
80
Annexure 9
GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007
THIS AGREEMENT is executed on this the 4th day of OCTOBER Two Thousand
Seven BETWEEN the Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as the Government”
which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in office and
assigns) of the ONE PART and the Hindustan Newsprint Limited, registered under Indian
Companies Act, 1956 and having its Registered office at Newsprint Nagar, Velloor,
Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam District; Kerala (hereinafter referred to as “Company” which
expression shall, where the context so admits, include its successors and assigns) of the
OTHER PART:
WHEREAS an agreement was entered into on the 7 th day of October, 1974
between the parties hereto (hereinafter called “the Principal Agreement”) under which
the company was permitted to establish a pulp/newsprint/paper mill and other allied
Plants in Kottayam District of Kerala State, for the manufacture of pulp, newsprint, paper
and other allied products of paper/boards and allied products of different qualities
“(hereinafter referred to as “the products”) from Eucalyptus Grandis , Eucalyptus
tereticornis and other pulp woods, reeds and other cellulosic material grown in the
forests of Kerala) all of which are hereinafter collectively called “the raw materials”);
AND WHEREAS as per Clause 8 of the Principal Agreement it shall be in force for a
period of 30 years starting from 07.10.1974 subject to renewal of further terms and
conditions to be negotiated between the parties.
AND WHEREAS, Government of Kerala has issued necessary order for renewing
the long term agreement for a further period of twenty years on expiry of the Principal
Agreement on Octover6, 2004, as per GO(MS) NO. 20/2006/ID dated,
Thiruvananthapuram, 21.02.2006;
AND WHEREAS, based on the Government Order referred above, Company has
executed the Agreement with Government of Kerala on the 8 th day of May Two Thousand
Six for a period of 20 years starting from October 7, 2004, subject to renewal for further
term on conditions to be mutually agreed between the parties;
AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(1) of the Principal
Agreement has undertaken to make available annually to the Company 150000 tonnes
(One Lakh and Fifty Thousand Tonnes) of Eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content
consisting of not less than 100000 (One Lakh) tones of Eucalyptus Grandis variety at 50%
moisture content from the State Plantations of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus
tereticornis including the yield from the plantations reserved viz Pamba, Kottayam.
Punalur, Thenmala and Thiruvananthapuram Forest Divisions, for the purpose and not
permit harvesting Eucalyptus grandis therefrom by any party other than the Company;
AND WHEREAS, the Government as per Clause 4(i) of the renewed long term
agreement, has undertaken to make available annually to the Company, 50000 MT of
Eucalyptus wood (Grandis and hybrid) and 100000 MT of Acacia, Mangium and other
81
pulpwood species at 50% M.C. from the State Forest Department’s plantations, 75000
MT of reeds at 50% moisture content and 75000 MT of bamboo in net weight from the
forest as near to the mill as possible;
AND WHEREAS, the Company as per Clause 5 of the Principal Agreement agreed
to pay to the Government of Kerala royalty for the raw materials supplied to the
Company @Rs.11/- (Rupees Eleven) per tonne of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and
Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Both with 50% moisture) provided that the Government may at
the end of every 5 years from the commencement of manufacture of products revise
these rates in consultation with the Company and the Company shall be bound to pay at
the rate so revised by the Government from time to time;
AND WHEREAS, the Company commenced commercial exploitation of Eucalyptus
grandis from the reserved areas from 1982 and continues every year thereafter.
AND WHEREAS, the Government has revised the rates at the rate of Rs.335/(Rupees Three Hundred and Thirty Five) per MT of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis
and Eucalyptus Tereticornis with effect from 01.10.1991, subject to revision as and when
found necessary by Government;
AND WHEREAS, it has become necessary for the Company to get assured
regarding the sustained supply of Eucalyptus Grandis for production of Newsprint un
interruptedly as per existing capacity, both the parties have agreed to go for Captive
Plantations at the Company’s cost in the Forest lands permitted by the Government;
AND WHEREAS, the Government vide Order No. G.O. (MS) 42/93/F&WLD dated
11.06.1993 (hereinafter referred to as ‘said order’, which shall from part of this
agreement as if incorporated herein) were pleased to order an area of 5600 ha of existing
plantation of Eucalyptus belonging to the Forest Department to be made available to
Hindustan Newsprint Limited, for the purpose of raising Captive Plantations at the
company’s cost for producing the raw materials requirement of their existing plant
subject to the terms and conditions contained therein and hereinafter mentioned;
AND WHEREAS, the Chief Conservator of Forests has been instructed to take
action to identify an area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus grandis plantations to be
made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, and issue orders permitting cultivation
of the area with pulpwood crop;
AND WHEREAS, as per Clause 4(v) of the renewed long term agreement for a
period of 20 years, the Government of Kerala agreed to supply forest raw materials to
the Company at such prices as may be recommended from time to time by the expert
Committee constituted under section 4 of the Kerala Forest Product (Fixation of Selling
Price) Act, 1978 provided that the price will be fixed after consultation with the
Company;
82
AND WHEREAS, the Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the
Company and the Government of Kerala on the 26th day of April, 2000 for a period of 12
years from 1993-94 to 2005-06 expired in 2006;
AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(iv) of the renewed long
term agreement for a period of 20 years, agreed to renew the existing Captive Plantation
Agreement entered into between the Company and the Government of Kerala on its
expiry in 2006 for a further period of 14 years or till such period as the Company
continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking, whichever is earlier;
AND WHEREAS, the parties hereto have therefore agreed to enter into the
agreement (hereinafter referred to as second supplemental agreement) on terms and
conditions herein contained.
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS AND IT IS HEREBY MUTUALLY AGREED AS
FOLLOWS
1.
The Company hereby agrees that the land permitted for raising Pulpwood
Plantations will not be utilized for any purpose other than permitted and the
Company will have no claim from Government for the expense incurred for
plantation activities undertaken.
2.
The establishment of the Kerala Forest Department in the areas proposed for
raising plantation will be continued for all works other than works taken up by
the Company for raising the plantations.
3.
The forest areas permitted for raising Captive Pulpwood Plantations will
continue to be Reserve Forest belonging to the State, and its control,
protection and administration will remain with the State Forest Department,
and the role of the Company will be confined to the cultivation, maintenance
and harvesting of the pulpwood crop subject to the guidance and supervision
of the Chief Conservator of Forests governed by the terms and conditions
hereinafter mentioned.
4.
The Government will continue to have the ownership of the land where
Captive plantations are raised by the company without any change in legal
status. The Government agree that the produce available from the Captive
Plantation will be permitted to be extracted only by the Company against the
agreed quantity and it will not be allotted to any other party without the prior
consent of the Company.
5 (a) The Company agrees that the area where Captive Plantation is found to be a
failure shall be resumed to the Department and proportionate rent for such
area till it is resumed shall be paid to the Government.
(b) The Company agrees to pay lease rent fixed by Government fro time to time
for areas, for which permission was given for raising plantations irrespective
of whether the area is planted or not by the Company, except in the cases
where the reasons for not raising the plantation are beyond the control of the
Company.
6.
The period of agreement shall be for 14 years from 01.04.2006 or till such
period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking
which ever is earlier. The agreement can be renewed thereafter by mutual
consent with appropriate changes.
83
7 (a)
When cutting, converting and stacking of pulpable wood are completed n a
strip, the Company shall furnish a list in duplicate to the Range Officer /
Deputy Range Officer concerned showing the details of pulpable wood stacks.
The same shall be verified by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer
concerned and necessary passes for the removal shall be issued by the Range
Officer / Deputy Ranger Officer concerned. The extension of period of passes
shall also be allowed by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned;
For piece-meal transport of raw materials covered by the departmental
passes, subsidiary pass books in Form No. IV of Kerala Forest Produce Transit
Rules 1975 can be had on application from the Deputy Conservator of Forests
/ Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned on payment of value and tax
thereof. No subsidiary pass shall be issued for produce not covered by current
departmental passes.
A subsidiary pass for each lorry load shall be issued taking care that all
columns therein are duly filled up by the nominee of the Company approved
by the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests
concerned. The counterfoils of the used up passes together with all unused
shall be returned to the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator
of Forests within thirty days from the date of expiry of the working season.
(b)
The pulpwood on arrival at the premises of the Company at Velloor shall be
weighed in the presence of the Forest officers stationed at the Mill Site and
the Company shall maintain records thereof and copy of such records shall be
sent to the concerned DFOs.
(c)
The Company agrees that the Pulpwood extracted from the Captive
Plantations shall not be sold or utilized for any purpose other than as raw
material for their own use within the State except with specific permission of
the Government.
The Company agrees that no burning other than that required Silviculturally,
be done in the areas and that all natural tree growth and animals available in
the area shall be retained as such.
The Government agree to permit the Company for insuring the entire
plantations raised and maintained by them against untoward happenings like
fire, theft etc. and further agree that the company can receive the insurance
claim, if any, in full from the insurance Company for the claims put forth by
the Company without any liability to the Government;
The Company shall pay the lease rent fro every hectare of area permitted to
raise Captive Plantations.
Both the Government and the Company shall be responsible for the
protection of the and against encroachment. The actual areas for Captive
Plantations will be verified by a Joint Inspection by officers of the Government
and of the Company and surveyed and demarcated.
The Company shall abide by Section 29 of Kerala Forest Act with reference to
fire protection (for fire incidents and damages if any, that occur within the
Captive Plantations, Company only shall be liable and responsible).
(d)
8.
9.
10.
11.
84
12.
Company shall furnish a lost of Company’s staff, agents and Workmen to the
concerned DFO and get his approval. The Government agree that the
Company can engage these approved agents, staff and workmen for the
purpose of the work and utilize the exiting roads, water source or any other
natural resources available within the area permitted for the purpose of the
plantation, free of charge. The Government also agree that the Company can
improve existing roads and other facilities for extraction of the crop and also
construct semi-permanent structures if required for facilitating effective
supervision without damaging and detrimenting the natural growth, for the
purpose of the cultivation and harvest of the pulpwood with the prior
permission of the concerned DFO in writing. Any or all structures constructed
in the work area shall be demolished / handed over to the Government at the
expiry of the Agreement period.
13.
The Government agree that the Company can resort to mechanization
activities required for raising and harvesting the captive plantation, without
damaging natural tree growth.
14 (a) The Company shall be responsible for the safety of forest wealth in the area
permitted for raising captive plantation. If any forest tree is lost, rendered
useless or otherwise destroyed during the agreement period, the Company
shall be liable to pay the value of such wealth as assessed by the concerned
Divisional Forest Officer at the scheduled rate, or the rate for standing timber
notified from time to time by the Government under Section 3 of the Kerala
Forest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act. 1978 whichever is higher.
(b)
Company shall ensure for the protection and conservation of biodiversity of
the area adjoining to the captive plantation.
(c)
The Company agrees that violation of this agreement shall forfeit the right of
the Company for raising the captive plantation in the area and the
Government is at liberty to withdraw the permission given to the Company for
raising the plantations in such areas and that such areas shall be taken by the
Government with all improvements made, without paying any compensation
to the Company in respect thereof.
15.
The existing check post if any in the area will continue to function under the
control of the Forest Department.
16.
In the case of any penalty imposed by Divisional Forest Officer for the
infringement of Acts and Rules in force due to omissions and commissions by
the Company, the staff, agents or workmen engaged by the company, the
Company is at liberty to refer the matter to Conservator of forests whose
decision therein shall be final.
17.
The Government agree that the employees with valid identity cards of the
Company and approved by the concerned DFO’s and vehicles owned and used
by the company will be permitted to enter the plantation areas.
The Company shall engage only the approved Agents, staff and workmen in
the plantation and shall provide identify cards to all the persons showing the
name, age and address. They shall produce the identity cars on demand by
any forest officer. The Company will be held responsible for all acts and
omissions of such agents, staff or workers causing damage to the areas. The
Divisional Forest Officer is at liberty to direct the Company to withdraw any of
85
their agents or workers and the Company shall abide by such directions. Any
produce collected by persons who are not authorized shall be liable for
confiscation and appropriation by the Divisional Forest Officer in such manner
as he deems fit and such persons shall be dealtwith under the relevant Acts
and Rules in force. Duly accredited representative of the Company shall be
present in the area during the period of agreement.
18.
The Government agree that the yield obtained at the time of every harvest
from the captive plantation shall be accounted against the committed
quantity of pulpwood to be supplied by government against that year.
19.
All the Shola Forests in the area within or adjoining (within 2 chain belt
around) the area allotted to the Company shall be protected by the Company.
Government reserves its right to take any part of the area for puclic purpose,
without paying compensation.
(a)
20.
The Company shall at all times comply with the provisions of the Kerala Forest
Act and the Rules framed there under and such other laws and rules and
regulations as are applicable from time to time.
21.
The Company shall be liable and responsible for payments, if any, to the
agents, staff and workers engaged/employed by the Company including all
claims as per the Workmen Compensation Act and such claims/payments shall
be settled by the Company. All payments due to Government from the
company by virtue of the agreement, if not paid within the time allowed, shall
be recovered from the company and their properties movable and immovable
under the provisions of the Revenue Recovery Act for the time being in force
as if they were arrears of land revenue and in such other manner as the
Government may deem fit.
22.
On expiry of the agreement period the Company shall vacate the areas after
preparing a joint mahazar with the concerned Range Officers indicating
liabilities, if any, on part of the company. A copy of the joint mahazar shall be
furnished to the Company.
The Government agree that the barks, lops and tops obtainable from the
captive plantations during extraction of the plantation shall be the property of
the Company and the Company is free to use or dispose if of at their option.
The external boundaries of the Captive Plantations will be demarcated by
granite Stones/ concrete blocks marked CP/HNL.
The value of pulpwood crop raised by Forest Department available in the area
permitted for raising captive plantations shall be paid by the Company to the
Government as per valuation approved by the Government.
No standing trees (except Eucalyptus trees and plants) shall be cut and
removed by the Company without the permission for the Hon’ble High Court
from the areas ear-marked for Captive Plantation by the Company as directed
by the Hon’ble High Court in writ appeal No.314/95 filed by Kerala Forest
23.
24.
25.
26.
86
27.
Protective Staff Association represented by its Kottayam District Committee
President.
Any dispute, doubt, difference or ambiguity which may at any time arise
between the parties hereto, touching on or arising out of or in respect of this
Agreement or the subject matters hereof, shall be referred to a committee
consisting of the Principal Secretary/Secretary (F&WL), the Principal Chief
Conservator of Forests (General) and the Managing Director, HNL and their
decision shall be final and binding on the parties.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF
SHRI C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for and on behalf of the Governor of Kerala and Shri. N.P.
PRAbhu MD.for and on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited have hereunto been
affixed on the day, month and year first above written.
THE SCHEDULE OF PROTERTY ABOVE REFERRED TO signed by Shri. C.S.
Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for on behalf of this Governor of Kerala
Sd/C.S. YALAKKI, IFS
Chief Conservator of Forests
(Protection)
Forest Headquarters
Thiruvananthapuram.
In the presence of Witness:
1.
S. SreeRekha, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/-
2.
Suji Stantly, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/-
Signed by Shri. N.P. PRABHU MD for on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited
Sd/N.P. PRABHU
Managing Director
HINDUSTAN NEWSPRINT LTD.,
NEWSPRINT NAGAR – P.O.,
KOTTAYAM DIST. – KERALA – 686 610
In the presence of witnesses;
1.
P. Govindankutty
Sd/Manager (Forestry & Liaison)
HNL, Trivandrum
2.
M.K. Sasindran Nair Sd/Senior Inspector GOI,
HNL, Thiruvananthapuram.
87
Annexure 10
List of Control forms
FORM - 1
Creation of new artificial waterholes
Sl. No
1
Category
2
Note : Category
Location
Performance
year
3
Location
4
Cost
5
Performance
6
: Masonry anicut, earthen bund, lined depression, borewell and pump,
reservoir, spring fed, tanker fed, guzzler,
aquifer; permanent or temporary
: By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any
: Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
FORM - 2
Maintenance of waterholes: Natural
Sl.
No
1
Category
2
Note : Category
Location
Nature of work:
Performance
Perennial or
seasonal
3
Location
Year
4
5
Nature
of work
6
Cost
Performance
7
8
: Spring, seep, natural depression, a flowing stretch, reservoir
: By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any
Desilting, provision of apron, any other category
: Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
FORM - 3
Maintenance of waterholes: Artificial
Sl.
No
1
Category
2
Perennial or
seasonal
3
Location
Year
4
5
Nature
of work
6
Cost
Performance
7
8
Note : Category
: Masonry anicut, earthern bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, spring
fed, guzzler, aquifer etc.
Location
: By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any
Year
: Year of maintenance, with year of establishment in parenthesis.
Nature of work: Desilting, grouting, repairing leaks, repair to mechanical parts, closing anicut
openings, any other work
Performance
: Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)
FORM - 4
Restoration of habitat: weed control
Sl. No
1
Location & name
of site
2
Note : Location
Operation
Remarks
Year
3
Extent of
area(ha)
4
Species
of weed
5
Operation
6
Total
cost
7
Cost
/ha
8
: By compartment, site name or land feature
: Uprooting, cutting, burning, ploughing, manual or by using animals or
machinery
: Measure of success and or problem faced.
88
Remarks
9
Sl. No
1
FORM - 5
Restoration of habitat: Prescribed burning
Extent of
Area
Total
Year
Period
area(ha)
treated(ha)
cost
3
4
5
6
7
Location &
name of site
2
Note : Location
Period
Remarks
Cost / ha
Remarks
8
9
: By compartment or name of site
: Date of starting operation and completion
: Mention resultant structure e.g. a mosaic, % burnt, % intact problems
encountered in conducting the operation – e.g. fire escape.
FORM - 6
Restoration of habitat: Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance
Location & name
Extent of
Area
Opera- Total
Cost /
Sl. No
Year
Remarks
of site
area(ha) treated(ha)
tions
cost
ha
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Note : Location
Extent of area
: By compartment, name of site or landmarks
: Total area identified for such treatment. In case of streams or gullies, the
length involved
: If linear feature then quote length; otherwise area.
: Structures involved such as gully plugs, trench-cum-mound, terracing, spurs
and bunds etc. quote quantity nos. and cmt. of earthwork.
: Mention if initial work or maintenance.
Area treated
Operation
Remarks
Sl. No
Location
Year
1
2
3
Note : Location
Description
Regulations &
protection measures
Response
Remarks
Sl.
No.
Species
1
2
Response
Remarks
7
8
: By compartment or landmarks
: % tree, shrub, ground cover, main species, impact of factors causing
perturbations.
: Social fencing, power or other kind of fencing, enforced protection by
patrolling, fire protection etc.
: To be recorded annually. Consider trend of regeneration, vegetation
cover, change in structure and composition, wildlife use index.
: Site problems or any other useful information, including alternatives if
area being used by people for specific purposes.
FORM - 8
Animals: Measuring trends in populations
Population
Adult
Sub-adults
Yearestimation
FeFelings
Male
Male
methodology
male
male
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Population estimation
Remarks
FORM - 7
Restoration of habitat
Regulations or
Extent of
Description
protection
area(ha)
of site
measures
4
5
6
Fa
wn
s
9
Cubs
Tot
al
10
11
Remar
ks
12
: e.g. pugmark, line transect, scan, roadside counts etc., area covered,
sampling intensity, data treatment, extrapolation where involved. In
case of indices of density or dung count mentions those figures under
the remarks column; use details as pertinent. Describe age classes for
each species.
: Operational problems, protection problems, any other useful
information. Indices of density or dung count details to be recorded
here
89
FORM - 9
Animals: New records
Sl. No
Species
Location
Year
How
discovered
1
2
3
4
5
Details of
number, age
sex
6
Habitat
description
Remarks
7
8
Note : Animal will include vertebrates and invertebrates
How discovered
: Sighting, dead specimen, reliability of sighting, captured specimen,
incontrovertible other evidence
No., age, sex etc
: As applicable to vertebrates
Habitat description
: Broad habitat description such as vegetation, and elements such as
water, large old trees, den trees, snags, down log material. Use
microhabitat descriptors only if relevant
Remarks
: Any other useful information
Sl.
No
Species
1
2
FORM - 10
Animals: Mortality other than that attributable to an offence
Sex
Cause of
How
Location
Year
and
Number
mortality
discovered
age
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Location
Sex and age
How discovered
Cause of mortality
Remarks
Sl. No
Species
1
2
Remarks
Range
1
2
9
: By compartment, landmark etc.
: As per parameters for age class. Sex, if possible to identify.
: Carcass, complete or partial. Skull or any other recognizable remains
collected where only some remains of an animal are found.
: If known e.g. territorial fight, accident, possible disease (following
postmortem results),old age cause difficult to determine, predation etc.
: Any other useful information
FORM - 11
Animals: Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism
Cause of mortality, number, sex
Location
Remarks
age class
3
4
5
Note : Location
Cause of mortality
Sl.
No
Remarks
: By compartment or landmarks.
: Whether the animal was intact or remains found, article or trophy to be
recorded. Cause if known eg. animal snared, shot or poisoned etc.
: Any other useful information, especially matters of illegal trade.
FORM - 12
Animals: Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores
Category
CompenLoca- Num
Carnivore No. of cases
Month of livestock
sation paid
tion
bers
involved
undecided
killed
(Rs.)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Note : Category of livestock killed
Location
Carnivore involved
No. of cases undecided
Remarks
Rema
rks
10
: Buffalo, cow, bullock (adult, sub-adult, calf), camel, horse, donkey,
sheep, goat, poultry etc.
: Comptt. no. or landmark where killed and the village of the owner
: Indicate species responsible for the kill if identity is confirmed
: Either in progress or dropped.
: Record observations like - attended or unattended animal, killed in
forest or waterhole or in the pen/shed, field and whether kill was in area
closed to livestock trespass.
90
Sl.
No
Range
Month
1
2
3
FORM - 13
Animals: Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused
No. of
Location,
No. of
No. of
people
circumpeople
incidents killed, age
stances &
injured,
& sex
species
age & sex
4
5
6
7
Note : Location, circumstances
Range
2
FORM - 14
Animals: Wildlife damage to private or public property
The category
Extent of
Species involved
Month
of property
damage
and number
3
4
5
6
Note : Location
Category of property
Extent of damage
Remarks
Range
Kind of
produce
Species
1
2
3
4
Sl.
No
1
Range
Month
2
3
Note : Location
Category of property
Extent of damage
Remarks
Remarks
7
: By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark.
: eg. agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle.
: Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss.
Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts
and belongings with estimated monetary loss
: Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was
provoked by people.
Sl.
No
Note : Kind of produce
Species
Quantity
Local people
Compensation
(Rs.)
9
: Location by comptt no., the village to which the person
belongs and a description of the site and
activity such as – open grassy patch, cutting grass; or under a
mahua tree collecting flowers ets. Mention species on proof.
and species
Sl.
No
1
Location,
circumstances &
species
8
FORM - 15
Plants: New records
Revenue
Quantity
realized
(Rs.)
5
6
Free of
change
quantity
7
Agency involved
Local
Outsider
people
s
8
: Mention name, can be biological or geomorphic in origin
: If applicable
: Use the appropriate unit
: Applies to people within TUZ & ZI (buffer). This return
normally applies to TUZ & buffer. If practice exists within the
PA, make a special mention.
FORM - 16
NWFP Collection: Plants and other produce
Year:
The category
Extent of
Species involved
of property
damage
and number
4
5
6
Remarks
7
: By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark.
: eg. Agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle.
: Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss.
Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts
and belongings with estimated monetary loss
: Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was
provoked by people.
91
Sl.
No.
Grazing unit
No.
1
2
Note : Remarks
Sl.
No.
1
FORM - 17
Grazing of domestic livestock
Year:
Village-wise
Capacity of the
Total cattle unit
List of
listed
unit (cattle units)
grazed
villages in
population of
an number of
the unit
Legal
Illegal
cattle
cattle grazed
3
4
5
6
7
(i) Mention number of cattle immunized against FMD, RP, anthrax as
the case might be and the number of cattle without the prophylactic
cover (ii) If grass is allowed to be cut for cattle being stall-fed, mention
the village and number of such cattle.
FORM - 18
Inter-agency programmes: Agencies and schemes (Government)
Year:
Physical and
Number and name
Name of
Central
Area and
financial targets
Remarks
of scheme
Agency
or State
location
operated
Given
Achieved
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Remarks
1
8
:
Note : Name of the Scheme
Sl.
No.
Remarks
Name
of
Agency
2
HQ
location
3
: To include all activities in the Govt. Sector, i.e. construction, use of
resources, development processes etc. mention names of schemes,
projects or normal operations. This will address all departments in the
management area and those activities outside but capable of
influencing the management area.
: Success, adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management
objectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the
PA book.
FORM - 19
Programmes of NGOs
Year:
Physical and
Nature of
Area and
financial targets
the scheme
Remarks
location
operated
Given
Achieved
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Remarks : Success or adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management objectives or failures
should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the PA Book. These programmes and
activities could be within the management area or those that are outside the
management area but are capable of influencing the state of the management area –
either complementing efforts or adversely impacting.
FORM - 20
Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: Roads and Bridges (*existing/new)
Year:
Length
Cross, drainage
Sl.
Name or
Total cost
Category
Range
Surface
covered
works, bridges
No.
number
and status
(km)
with types
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Category of road
Surface type
Name or number
Cross drainage type
Bridge type
Status
*
: National/State highway, district road etc. public road or open only to
managers should be stated
: Block topped, metal, earth etc. Applies to roads..
: As the case may be.
: eg. for culverts – box, hume pipe culverts etc.
: Wooden trestle, suspension, metal multi span, masonry arch etc.
: Work completed or ongoing. State also the agency responsibility;
state whether operational or non-operational
: Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required;
for construction and for maintenance details.
92
Sl.
No.
1
FORM - 21
Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: buildings (*existing/new)
Name of the
Type of
Range
Location
Numbers Total cost
building
construction
2
3
4
5
6
7
Note : Nature of the building
Location
Type of construction
Status
*
Sl.
No.
1
Year:
Status
8
: eg. residential(Guard), office, store, chauki, watch tower, tourist
facility, hide, barrier, patrolling camp (temporary or permanent) etc.
: the By compartment or village or landmark as appropriate.
: Masonry (brick/stone), log or wooden, metal, local material etc.
: Completed or ongoing.
: Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required;
for construction and for maintenance details.
FORM - 22
Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: communication (*existing/new)
Year:
Name of
Advantage
Range
Location
Number
Cost
Remarks
facility
gained
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Type of facility
Location
Advantage gained
Remarks
*
: eg. telephone, wireless
: Staff Hq location, village, landmark etc.
: Area’s served, staff locations connected etc.
: Record status – complete, ongoing, functional, non-functional..
: Strike out that is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for
new facility and maintenance.
FORM - 23
Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: vehicles (*existing/new)
Kind of
Sl. No.
HQ if any
Intended use
Cost
Number
vehicle
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year:
Remarks
7
Note : Kind of vehicle
: Jeep, trailer, tractor, truck, minibus, tanker, motorcycle, bicycle, boat
(paddle or motor), launch, car, riding elephant, ponies, etc.
Intended use
: Management support, patrolling/antipoaching, tourism etc.
Remarks
: Any other useful information. Mention written off vehicles, retired or
dead animals.
*
: Strike out the inapplicable. Use separate forms as required to
indicate acquisition, maintenance.
FORM - 24
Developing infrastructure: construction of boundaries Fences, CPTs, EPTs, exclosures, enclosures
(*existing/new) Year:
Category of
Length
Sl. No.
Range
Location
Numbers Specifications
Remarks
construction
(meters)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Category
Location
Numbers
Specifications
Remarks
*
: Kind of boundary eg. comptt, block, zone etc. In case of fences:
power fence, others
: By compartment or suitable landmark.
: In case of exclosures, enclosures, number of pillars etc. as applicable.
: As applicable to the construction: dry rubble, chain link, local
material, height, area, depth, width etc.
: Any other relevant information.
: Strike out that is inapplicable. Use a form each for maintenance of
existing features and for new features.
93
Sl.
No.
1
Range
2
FORM - 25
Developing infrastructure: firelines (*existing/new) Year:
Fireline category
Name of points
Length
Cost
or width
connected
(meters)
3
4
5
6
Remarks
7
Note : Category
*
: Main or subsidiary etc. Record width
: Strike out that is inapplicable. Use one form each for maintenance of
existing fireline and creation of new
FORM – 26 Tourism
Total number of visitors all categories :
Year:
Name of complex:
Total revenue earned:
The category of visitors by month & numbers
No staying
Indian
No.
Sl.
Adult
overnight
days
Child- ForeigNo.
and
Rura
ren
ners
Month Male Female
Urban Revenue visitors
revenue
l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Note :
Sl.
No.
1
Column 2 to 5 will be written in three successive lines for the month pertinent, one below the
other. First line information pertains to foreign tourists. Put a tick(_/) in col. 6. Second and
third line details rural and urban tourists respectively. Put a tick (_/) in Col. 7, Column 8 as
applicable.
FORM - 27 Outbreak of fires
Year:
Dates
Estimated
Extent
Range Location
Remarks
Reasons
loss
(ha)
Detected Controlled
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Location
: By compartments
Reasons
: Established or suspected
Estimated loss : eg. number of trees damaged, stacked firewood/timber/bamboo
destroyed/damaged by volume and cost, wild animals dead, particulars of
sensitive sites affected, other property or life destroyed.
Remarks
: State particularly problems encountered in detection and uppression and any
other useful information. State also whether the extent of fire has been mapped.
FORM – 28 Offence cases detected
Year:
Number of cases
Number of
Number of
Sl.
decided
cases
Range category Numbers
cases under
Remarks
No.
compounded
process
Successful Failure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Category : eg. illegal cutting of trees, illegal firewood, illegal NWFP, poaching, encroachment,
illegal cattle grazing etc. category be codified by letters of alphabet.
Remarks : Any other useful information. This should also include the number of cases pending
decision with the Department. The cases under column 8 pertain to area of non PA
status under management which do not involve an endangered species (Schedule-I).
FORM – 29
Incentives and awards
Year:
Amount
Number of
Sl.
Number of recipients of
Kind of
Range
Remarks
recipients
No.
incentives for detecting offences paid (Rs.) award
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Note : Kinds of award : eg. a medal like the Shaurya Chakra, any other such awards instituted by the
State or Central Government, includes citations, extra increments etc.
Remarks: Any other useful information. If an award carries cash, mention the amount.
94
FORM - 30
Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with other
agencies
Year:
Sl.
Title
Comple
OnNew
Status
Financial
Expenditure
Remarks
No.
ted
going
outlay(Rs.)
incurred (Rs.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Note : Completed
Ongoing
New
Status
Sl.
No.
1
: State date of completion and the status of the project report
: State since when the project is under operation and expected period of completion
: State the date of commencement and duration.
: State the progress towards achievement of objectives; or project which has been
dropped or held in abeyance etc
Remarks
: Any other relevant information. If the project is in collaboration with any other
agency or is an contractual arrangement, state the situation and the name of the
collaborating agency. If animal/plant specimen are being collected, state authority
and where the collections are being housed.
FORM - 31
Survey and inventories
Year:
Title of survey,
By other
Completed Ongoing
New
By PA
Remarks
inventory activity
agency
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Completed
Ongoing
New
By PA personnel:
Sl.
No.
1
: State date of completion of field work and the status of the report
: State since when is it under operation & when is it expected to be completed.
: State the date of commencement and duration.
Will include collaboration or contractual arrangement. State the case as
relevant.
Other agency
: State the name of the agency.
Remarks
: If specimen of plants /animals are being collected, state where the collection is
being housed and authority. Any other useful information.
FORM - 32
The Monitoring Programme
Year:
Status of
Title of the
Date of
Responsible
Technique
collaboration and
Remarks
programme
initiation
agency
analysis of data
2
3
4
5
6
8
Note : Technique
Sl.
No.
: PCQ, belt transect, line transect and plots, pugmarks etc. by the
title of the technique.
Status of collaboration
: Write only if applicable.
FORM - 33
Ecodevelopment Programme: Targets and implementation Year:
Sector
Village
Target set
Achievements
Nature of the
Remar
(Central /
(Buffer /
programme
ks
State) or NGO
enclave)
Physical Financial Physical Financial
sponsored
Note : Nature of the programme: eg. pasture development, fodder plantations, establishing biogas units,
livestock improvement, establishment and development of sericulture, revival of local
skills such as handicraft, water harvesting systems, adults education etc.
Village : Site where programme is being implemented – whether buffer or inside PA
Remarks : State problems, state failures and reasons thereof, reasons for not attaining targets, for
non-implementation or deviation etc. State whether it is on the right tracks in context
of achievement of objectives
95
PART-I
THE PROTECTED AREA:
THE EXISTING SITUATION
Pambadum Shola NP Location Map
Part II
The Proposed Management
PART III
APPENDICES
CHAPTER
11
BUDGET