Lesson 4: Flotation
Flotation Introduction
Why are small boats required to have flotation, and why are
there different requirements?
Back in the 1950's and 60's the old Boating Industry
Association (now NMMA) and the Yacht Safety Bureau (now
ABYC) realized that one of the main reasons people died in
boat accidents was the boat sank out from under them. It
sounds obvious, but at the time it wasn't. Then in the
1970's a lot of research was done into hypothermia, and the
two came together. It was realized that if the boat did
not sink, it would give the people something to hang onto,
something that could be seen much better than just a head
sticking out of the water, and if the boat, although full
of water, did not sink, or roll over, then the people could
actually stay in the boat. Most of their torso would be
out of the water reducing the effects of hypothermia, and
providing a much better rescue platform.
So work started on developing a standard for flotation.
Through testing and experiments, techniques were developed
that would provide enough flotation to keep a small boat
afloat, and floating relatively level. However, this did
not work well for inboard boats, because the size and
weight of the engines required far too much flotation
material to float the boat level.
Meanwhile the Federal Boat Safety Act passed in 1971 and
went into effect in 1972. Even before that in 1969, the
Coast Guard had begun collecting statistical data on
boating accidents. Analysis of this data revealed that the
most significant contributors to fatalities were capsize,
sinking and falls overboard. Flotation in a boat could
eliminate the sinking, prevent capsizing, and prevent some
of the falls overboard. Many of the "falls overboard" were
actually the boat rolling over and dumping everyone in the
drink. Also, analysis revealed that by far the majority of
these accidents occurred in monohulled boats under 20 feet
in length, manually propelled or with outboard power. The
inboards contributed some of the fatalities.
NMMA, ABYC, and the Coast Guard determined that monohull
boats under 20 feet with outboard power or manually
propelled should have level flotation, and inboard boats,
basic flotation. Basic flotation simply keeps the boat
afloat with some of the boat sticking out of the water.
1
Lesson 4: Flotation
When the regulation was proposed many people in the classic
and wooden boat community felt that the level flotation
standard was too rigid to be applicable to small manually
propelled boats or boats with tiny engines. So after
testing and consultation with persons building these types
of boats the standard was modified to allow some latitude
in achieving the same performance. That is, these boats
have to float level to the same degree as larger boats with
bigger outboards, but the method of achieving it is
different. It was called modified level flotation.
Additionally small boats are allowed to carry a greater
percentage of their weight capacity as persons than larger
boats are and integral air chambers are allowed. This
seemed to satisfy everyone.
This particular standard has been very successful in
preventing deaths. It is not clear and probably not
quantifiable just how many deaths have been prevented but
the fatalities have dropped dramatically since 1972, but in
the United States, from about 19 per 100,000 boat, or about
1300 people, to less than 6 per 100,000 boats, about 600,
annually in 2005. At the same time the boating population
has grown to roughly 5 times what is was then. The drop in
fatalities is a combined result of education, engineering
and enforcement, so it is hard to say which has contributed
more, but certainly flotation standards have had an effect.
Finally; the flotation standard is a performance standard
that is, your boat must perform in a certain way. Rather
than make a rule that says something like, you must put so
many cubic feet of foam in your boat for every 160 pounds
per person, etc., this standard says how your boat must
perform under specific circumstances. The circumstances
are, loaded with an amount of weight determined by the
weight of the boat, the engine and the people, this boat
must remain afloat, in calm water, the way described in the
rule or standard. How you achieve this is left up to you
the builder.
In the ISO Standard for flotation ISO 12217
Small craft -- Stability and
buoyancy assessment and categorization -- Part 1: Non-sailing boats of hull length greater than or equal to
6m, and in the RCD, these test are performed in a different
manner. The principles are the same but the procedure is
different. For instance the weights used inside the boat in
the USA, are hung over the outside of the boat in the ISO
standard. In some instances this makes it more difficult to
2
Lesson 4: Flotation
pass the test. In others the results are the same. The US
Coast Guard and ABYC have done some comparison tests using
both methods. The results can vary widely, so if you are
using ISO or the RCD you will need to obtain a copy of
their standard. Additionally t6he ISO standard covers
stability and buoyancy for small sailboats lees than or
equal to 6 m. See the Appendix C for links to various
Standards.
Goals: Learn the rules and flotation standards for small
boats.
Learn how to test a boat to for Flotation.
I strongly suggest that to complete this course you obtain
the US Coast Guard Boatbuilders Handbook (the URL is below)
and the Canadian Rules (also given below). These are free
and will give you a lot of additional information. You can
purchase the others, but they will only benefit you if you
are planning on building boats for the European market. The
exception is the ABYC Standards. If you are building boats
I can’t recommend strongly enough joining ABYC and getting
copies of the standards either through on-line access, or
on CD, or printed.
The US Rules can be found at
http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/boatbuilder/index.htm
The Canadian Rules can be found at
http://www.tc.gc.ca/MarineSafety/tp/TP1332/menu.htm
The Recreational Craft Directive for the EU can be found
at. http://www.rcdweb.com/ There is a fee for these
documents.
The ISO Standards for recreational boats are at
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?I
CS1=47&ICS2=80&ICS3=&scopelist= There is a fee for these
documents.
ABYC Standards can be found at htpp://www.abycinc.org There
is a fee for these documents for non-members. Members can
access these documents on-line.
3
Lesson 4: Flotation
The USA rules for Flotation are found in Title 33 Code of
Federal Regulations 183, Subparts F, G and H, beginning at
183.101 to 183.335
The ABYC standards for Flotation are found in H-8, Buoyancy
In The Event Of Swamping.
The USA and ABYC Flotation Standards are divided into three
categories,
Definitions: From ABYC
H-8
Basic Flotation: For inboard and sterndrive boats: A
flotation system that will keep a swamped boat from sinking
when its passengers are in the water clinging to it,
provided that the aggregate weight of the engine,
passengers and equipment carried in or attached to the boat
does not exceed that boat's maximum weight capacity. With
basic flotation the swamped boat may float at any attitude
Level Flotation: outboard powered boats over 2 HP (1.49
Kw); A flotation system that will keep a swamped boat and a
specified quantity of the weights of its engine, equipment,
and passengers floating in an approximately level attitude.
Sufficient stability is provided to prevent the swamped
craft from capsizing in calm water. Level flotation does
not provide a self-righting capability.
Modified Level Flotation: manually propelled boats, or
boats with 2 HP (1.49 KW) or less. - A flotation system
providing the same buoyancy as basic flotation but the
flotation material is arranged to achieve an approximately
level floating attitude.
Monohull: US Coast Guard Definition. Monohull boat: A boat
on which the line of intersection of the water surface and
the boat at any operating draft forms a single closed
curve. For example, a catamaran, trimaran, or a pontoon
boat is not a monohull boat.
ABYC Definition of Monohull Boat: Monohull boat – A boat on
which the line of intersection of the water surface and the
boat at any operating draft forms a single closed curve.
4
Lesson 4: Flotation
Basic Flotation
Applies to:
Monohulls under 20 feet (6m) which are:
inboards
sterndrives
airboats
jetboats
With inboard engines (gas, diesel, electric, stern-drive,
etc.):
Less than 20 feet (6m)(measured on the center line,
including rub rails):
This category includes most stern-drive and inboard motor
boats.
It does not include:
canoes
inflatables
submersibles
surface effect vehicles
sailboats
kayaks
multihulls
raceboats
amphibious vehicles
Exception
Mini Jet Boats must meet either:
FED REGS – Basic (33 CFR 183.101)
Or:
ABYC H-8,
8.5.1 – Level Flotation
Requirements:
The boat has to float when swamped, (that is; full of
water), with some part of the boat out of the water.
So how do I test the boat to see if it meets the standard?
To test the boat you need to know the following:
5
Lesson 4: Flotation
The maximum weight capacity (the safe load – covered in
Lesson 3) your boat will carry. This can be found on the
capacity label or taken from your capacity calculations.
How much weight in people it will carry, that is, the
persons capacity.
The machinery weight: the weight of the engine.
These will be used to determine the amount of weight to
load into the boat to test it for flotation.
Then measure the following reference areas on your boat.
Reference areas are specific areas on the boat where
weights representing the load are placed.
Cockpit area: 40% reference area.
Passenger area: 70% reference areas.
Two foot reference areas fore and aft.
Fig 1
6
Lesson 4: Flotation
Fig 2
Measuring reference areas:
First determine what is the cockpit, or passenger carrying
area of the boat. This is different on every boat. Measure
the length of this area. Divide the length in half. Measure
from one end or the other, to the mid point of the length.
Then multiply the length by 0.20 (20%) and measure that
distance aft of the midpoint and the same amount forward of
the midpoint. That is 40% of the length of the passenger
carrying area.
Repeat for the width. Measure the width of the passenger
carrying area. Divide by half and mark the midpoint. Then
measure 20% to one side and 20% to the other side. This
area can be marked off with duct tape, which won’t damage
the boat and can be easily removed after the test. (see
photographs illustrating this in the section on level
flotation)
Then you need to load the boat with the following weights:
2/15 of the Person Capacity.
25% of the Dead Weight.
Dead Weight = Maximum Weight Capacity - Persons Weight
(this figure can be zero or negative. If negative use zero)
7
Lesson 4: Flotation
62.4 times the volume of the 2 largest air chambers in
cubic feet, if you used air chambers. If air chambers are
used; the 2 largest will be punctured and flooded during
the test. (I cubic meter = 1 metric ton or 1000 kg or 1
liter= 1 kg)
Air chambers integral with the hull are not allowed.
CFR 183.112(b))
(33
Note: The weights you use do not weigh the same under
water, so they must be multiplied by a factor to compensate
for their “loss” of weight when submerged. For instance,
iron weights have to be multiplied by a factor of 0.86.
A ten pound iron weight would weigh 8.6 lbs (4.53 kg X .86
= 3.9 kg) under water. So you must then add weights to make
up the difference. For instance, if your persons weight is
1124 pounds, then 2/15 that is 150 pounds. So you need to
put 150 pounds in the boat. But 150 pounds of iron does not
weigh 150 pounds under water. To get the correct amount
divide the weight by 0.86 to get how much you actually need
to put on the boat.
150 lb/ 0.86 = 174.42 lb. (68.04 kg x 0.86 = 58.5 kg) This
is the amount you would load into the boat. However if the
weight will be dry (even though the boat is swamped) do not
compensate. Use the actual weight. In some cases the
weight for the engine may stay completely out of the water,
and weights placed on seats or on top of fuel tanks may be
out of the water. All of this depends on how much flotation
the boat has and how high it sits when swamped. At the end
of this lesson in Appendix C is a table of Material
Conversion Factors. You will also use this table
extensively in Lesson five when calculation amounts of
flotation.
Initially the boat is flooded with water and allowed to
soak for 18 hours. Then the weights for the basic flotation
test are added, and if any part of the boat is above the
water it passes. With this weight aboard and the boat fully
swamped, it must float with some part of the boat out of
the water.
ABYC H-8.7.3.1.2, SAYS THAT IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE:
“WEIGHTS THAT, WHEN SUBMERGED, EQUALS 75% OF THE DRY
WEIGHTS OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM AND BATTERIES."
8
Lesson 4: Flotation
ABYC assumes you will test without the engines and
sterndrive installed. The Coast Guard tests the boat
with the engines installed but removes the sterndrive
and batteries, and substitutes weights.
The biggest difficulty with the basic flotation test is
finding a test tank or pool that is deep enough. Often the
boat is almost vertical with only the bow out of the water.
If the pool is only 6 or 7 (2.13 m)feet deep the stern of
the boat will be resting on the bottom of the tank.
Sometimes by shifting weights forward you can level out the
boat so it can be tested in a shallower tank.
9
Lesson 4: Flotation
Level Flotation:
Applies to:
Mono-hull outboard boats (not catamarans, trimarans, or
pontoon boats. Mono-hull means that if you can draw a
continuous line around the hull at the waterline when the
boat is at rest it's a mono-hull. If it makes two or more
footprints in the water it's a multi-hull.
Greater than 2 Horsepower (1.49 kw):
Less than 20 (6 m) feet (measured on the center line,
including rub rails):
It does not include:
canoes
inflatables
submersibles
surface effect vehicles
sailboats
kayaks
multihulls
raceboats
amphibious vehicles
This category includes most outboard motor boats.
Requirements:
The boat has to float when swamped, (that is; full of
water), in an upright level attitude. See the diagrams in
each test for specific requirements.
At the end of this lesson in Appendix B, are tables of
weights for outboard motors, batteries and portable fuel
tanks. Table 4 is from The US CFR 183, and Tables 1a and
1b are from ABYC Standard S-30. These tables must be used
for calculating capacity, and flotation, and for doing the
flotation test. Do not use the actual weight of any
particular outboard. The weights of the heaviest outboards
are included in the tables. This is so no matter which
brand the owner of the boat uses, they will have enough
flotation to float level.
To test the boat you need to know the following:
1. The maximum weight capacity (the safe load – covered in
Lesson 3) your boat will carry.
10
Lesson 4: Flotation
2. The weight of the persons. This comes from the persons
weight on the capacity label or your capacity calculations.
3. The machinery weight: the weight of the engine from
Table 4 or the ABYC tables
These will be used to determine the amount of weight to
load into the boat to test it for flotation.
Then measure the following reference areas on your boat.
Reference areas are specific areas on the boat where
weights representing the load are placed.
The cockpit area. 40% reference area.
The following photos illustrate measuring the 40% reference
area
Photo #1
11
Lesson 4: Flotation
Photo #2
The passenger carrying area: 70% reference areas.
The two foot (61 cm) reference areas fore and aft.
There are three tests to do.
The first is the level flotation test, after an 18 hour
soak.
Put your boat in the water. Put half the persons weight in
the boat assuming the maximum persons weight is less than
550 pounds. If over 550 pounds (249.5 kg), add 0.125 (1/8)
times persons weight minus 550) in the 40% reference area.
The Center of Gravity of all the weights needs to be in the
40% reference area. That doesn't mean all the weights have
to be in the 40% area, just the Center of Gravity of all
the weights.
Place weights to simulate the engine in a basket on the
transom. You get this weight from table 4 column 2, Swamped
Engine weights, or column 4 from the ABYC table. Why
swamped? Because only the lower portion of the engine will
12
Lesson 4: Flotation
be underwater. The center of gravity of the engine weights
must be no more than three inches aft of the transom and no
more than three inches above the top of the transom.
Place weights to simulate the battery in the position where
the battery is normally mounted. This weight comes from
Table 4 Column 4, Submerged Battery Weights, or ABYC table
column 8. If no position for the battery is indicated, put
them on the centerline of the boat. Place weights to
simulate the full portable full tank, also from Table 4 or
the ABYC table, in the position where the tank would be
placed or if no position is indicated, on the centerline.
If the boat has a permanently installed full tank, either
fill the tank ¾ full of water, or use weights to simulate
the weight of the tank. These weights should be place so
their center of gravity is a close to where the tanks
center of gravity would be.
Pull the plug! Let the boat fill up with water. Leave it
that way for 18 hours.
Fig 3
13
Lesson 4: Flotation
The 18 hour soak is primarily designed to get trapped air
out of areas on the boat. To test the boat properly you
should drill small holes in areas where air may be trapped,
open up the backs of upholstered seats and open hatches or
covers to compartments. All areas of the boat should be
flooded. The easiest way to do the 18 hour soak is to
prepare the boat in the afternoon, put it in the water at
four or five pm, and let it sit overnight. You can then
test it first thing in the morning.
Test 1. After the 18 hour soak the boat should float in the
following way:
One end out of the water.
The other end 6 (15.24 cm) inches or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the 2 foot (61 cm)
reference area.
No more than a 10 degree heel angle. (You can buy a device
at a hardware store that measures this. See Photo #4).
TEST 2. The second test is the stability test. You need to
do this one twice, once on each side of the boat.
Place half the weight for persons on one side of the boat.
The center of gravity of these weights has to be in the 70%
reference area on that side of the boat. You have a lot of
lee way here. You can move the weights from front to back,
or back to front to get the boat to pass as long as the
Center of Gravity is in the 70% area, and 30% of the total
passenger weight is in the 70% area.
Take the other half of the passenger weight out of the
boat.
Leave the engine, batteries, fuel and control weights where
they are.
WARNING! Make sure you have some ropes or straps
to the boat to keep it from rolling over. If you
enough flotation to keep it upright, that's what
do. Then the weights will fall out and go to the
the pool or lake. When it settles down it should
this. (See diagram)
attached
don't have
it will
bottom of
float like
14
Lesson 4: Flotation
Fig 4
The final results should be:
One end out of the water.
The other end 12 inches (30.48 cm)or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the 2 foot (61 cm)
reference area.
No more than a 30 degree heel angle.
Experience has shown that if it goes 30 degrees it will
probably roll all the way over.
15
Lesson 4: Flotation
Photo #3 above, Photo #4 below
REPEAT THIS TEST ON THE OTHER SIDE.
16
Lesson 4: Flotation
TEST 3. The final test is without the passenger weights.
Take all of the passenger weight out of the boat. Leave
the engine batteries and gear weights where they are. Let
the boat settle
Fig 5
The final result should be:
One end out of the water.
The other end 6 inches (15.24 cm)or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the 2 foot reference (61
cm) area.
No more than a 10 degree heel angle.
17
Lesson 4: Flotation
Modified Level Flotation:
Applies to:
Mono-hull Boats (not catamarans, trimarans, or pontoon
boats): Mono-hull means that if you can draw a continuous
line around the hull at the waterline when the boat is at
rest it's a mono-hull. If it makes two or more footprints
in the water it's a multi-hull. I am repeating this
definition because a lot of small pedal boats and small
fishing boats are not mono-hulls until you put the
passengers in them. With this load they are monohulls and
must meet this standard.
Less than 2 Horsepower (1.49 kw), gas or electric outboard
motor, or:
Manually propelled. (Oars, sculls, paddles or pedals, etc.)
This category includes most dinghies and rowboats, and some
small john boats.
Requirements:
The boat has to float when swamped, (that is; full of
water), in an upright attitude. See the diagram in each
test for the specific requirements.
To test the boat for modified level flotation, you need to
know the following:
The maximum weight capacity (the safe load) your boat will
carry. This is taken from the capacity label or from your
capacity calculations.
How much weight in people it will carry. This is also taken
from the capacity label or from your capacity calculations.
If you want to use 2 horsepower (1.49 kw) or less you need
the engine weight: = 25 lb. (11.34 kg)
Then measure the following reference areas on your boat:
Cockpit area. 40% reference area.
Passenger area 70% reference areas.
18
Lesson 4: Flotation
Two foot reference areas fore and aft.
These are the same as the reference areas for Basic
flotation and level flotation.
There are three tests to do.
TEST 1. The first is the level flotation test after an 18
hour soak.
Put your boat in the water. Put half the persons weight in
the boat assuming the maximum persons weight is less than
550 pounds. If over 550 pounds (249.5 kg), add 0.125 (1/8)
times persons weight minus 550) in the 40% reference area.
The Center of Gravity of all the weights needs to be in the
40% reference area. That doesn't mean all the weights have
to be in the 40% area, just the Center of Gravity of all
the weights.
Pull the plug! Let the boat fill up with water. Leave it
that way for 18 hours. When done it should float like this:
Fig 6
19
Lesson 4: Flotation
One end out of the water.
The other end 6 (15.24 cm) inches or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the inner side of the 2
foot reference (61 cm) area, at the centerline of the boat.
No more than a 10 degree heel angle. (You can buy a device
at a hardware store that measures this).
TEST 2. The second test is the stability test. You need to
do this one twice, once on each side of the boat.
Place half the weight for persons on one side of the boat.
The center of gravity of these weights has to be in the 70%
reference area on that side of the boat. You have a lot of
lee way here. You can move the weights from front to back,
or back to front to get the boat to pass as long as the
Center of Gravity is in the 70% area, and 30% of the total
passenger weight is in the 70% area.
Take the other half of the passenger weight out of the
boat.
If this is a 2 HP 1.49 kw)or less boat, leave the 25 lbs
(11.33 kg) where it is.
WARNING! Make sure you have some ropes or straps
to the boat to keep it from rolling over. If you
enough flotation to keep it upright, that's what
do. Then the weights will fall out and go to the
the pool or lake.
attached
don't have
it will
bottom of
20
Lesson 4: Flotation
Fig 7
One end out of the water.
The other end 12 inches (30.48 cm) or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the 2 foot (61 cm )
reference area.
No more than a 30 degree heel angle.
Experience has shown that if it goes 30 degrees it will
probably roll all the way over.
REPEAT THIS TEST ON THE OTHER SIDE.
TEST 3. The final test is without the passenger weights.
Take all of the passenger weight out of the boat. Let the
boat settle
21
Lesson 4: Flotation
Fig 8
One end out of the water.
The other end 6 inches (15.24 cm) or less under water (or
out of the water too) measured at the inner side of the 2
foot (61 cm) reference area, at the centerline of the boat.
No more than a 10 degree heel angle.
Some procedures to be used during testing
Permanently Installed Fuel Tanks:
20 Gals (75.7 L) or Less. Place weight of fuel on deck over CG of Fuel Tanks.
Greater Than 20 Gal. (75.7 L) : Initially same as above. If boat fails fill tank to ¾
level with water. If still fails fill tank full with water.
Time Allowed to stabilize between tests: 15 minutes.
Hull to Deck Joint:
Seal Hull to deck Joint with tape on all boats prior to test.
22
Lesson 4: Flotation
Location Of Outboard Motor Weight
3 Inches aft of transom. (+/- 1 inch) (7.62 cm)
3 inches above transom. (+/- 1 inch) (7.62 cm)
Flooded Bait Wells During Flotation Tests
Remove riser from drain hole and let bait well flood /drain naturally.
Trolling Motor Weight for Flotation Test.
If equipped with or wired for a trolling motor, the trolling motor and battery are to
be considered gear weight.
Kicker Motors:
If the boat is equipped with a pad or wiring for a kicker motor then flotation must
be provide for the submerged weight of motor and controls.
If the manufacture of the boat does not specify the horsepower for the kicker motor
the the horsepower will be assumed to be 10% of the main motor’s horsepower.
Weights will be from table 4 .
How do I know it works? Test it!
The best way to find out if your boat passes is to test it.
You can do the test yourself, or have a laboratory do it,
To find out more call the U. S. Coast Guard at 1-202-3721076.
23
Lesson 4: Flotation
Appendix A
Table 4 from 33CFR183
Weights of Outboard Motors and Related Equipment For
Various Boat Horsepower Ratings
Boat Horsepower
Rating
Motor and Control
Weight
Battery weight
Full
Portable
Fuel Tank
Weight
column
Dry
Swamped
Dry
Submerged
1+3+5
1
2
3
4
5
6
.01 to 2
25
20
-
-
-
25
2.1 to 3.9
40
34
-
-
-
40
4.0 to 7
60
52
-
-
25
85
7.1 to 15
90
82
20
11
50
160
15.1 to 25
125
105
45
25
50
220
25.1 to 45
170
143
45
25
100
315
45.1 to 60
235
195
45
25
100
380
60.1 to 80
280
235
45
25
100
425
80.1 to 145
405
352
45
25
100
550
145.1 to 275
430
380
45
25
100
575
275.1 and up
605
538
45
25
100
750
Transoms Designed for Twin Motors
50.1 to 90
340
286
90
50
100
530
90.1 to 120
470
390
90
50
100
660
120.1 to 160
560
470
90
50
100
750
160.1 to 290
810
704
90
50
100
1000
290.1 to 550
860
760
90
50
100
1050
550.1 and up
1210
1076
90
50
100
1400
Below are tables 1a and 1b published in ABYC Industry
Conformity Standard S-30, Outboard Engine and Related
Equipment Weights. It is updated on a five year cycle and
contains the weights for four stroke outboards..
24
Lesson 4: Flotation
25
Lesson 4: Flotation
26
Lesson 4: Flotation
Appendix B
© 2004 American Boat & Yacht Council, Inc.
27
Lesson 4: Flotation
Appendix C
The US Rules can be found at
http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/boatbuilder/index.htm
The Canadian Rules can be found at
http://www.tc.gc.ca/MarineSafety/tp/TP1332/menu.htm
The Recreational Craft Directive for the EU can be found at.
http://www.rcdweb.com/ There is a fee for these documents.
The ISO Standards for recreational boats are at
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=47&ICS2=
80&ICS3=&scopelist= There is a fee for these documents.
ABYC Standards can be found at htpp://www.abycinc.org There is a fee
for these documents for non-members. Members can access these documents
on-line.
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