1. religion and spirituality
2. christianity

Forty Years On: A Critical Reflection of Fred B. Craddock’s New Homiletic
Clint Heacock, PhD
Springdale College, Birmingham UK
www.preachersforum.com
Introduction
Within its Western and North American traditions, preaching is currently
experiencing a remarkable renewal. Preaching handbooks abound and are marked by
their sheer volume, diversity and quality. Theological schools continue to add both
homiletics faculty and courses, while voices from local congregations increasingly
demand competent and relevant preaching. In addition the online conversation of the
global community continues to influence and shape forms and methods of preaching
as never before.1
Despite the ongoing evolution of preaching, there is always the lurking danger
that preachers will seek to avoid risk by maintaining the homiletical status quo.
Seeking to ‘play if safe,’ preachers who specialize in survival do not explore the
cutting edge of homiletical forms and are in danger of ignoring the changing times.2
For example, Western cultural and societal norms continue to shift toward an
increasingly postmodern culture.3 Therefore in order for churches to respond
adequately to the surrounding culture and maintain a sense of cultural relevance, the
need exists for preaching to be continually revitalized. This notion is certainly not
new: much like any genre, in response to various factors preaching historically has
evolved and will continue to evolve as its best practitioners modify it.4
More than four decades ago, North American homiletician Fred B. Craddock
made a major contribution to this on-going evolution of homiletics. His response to
the challenges posed to traditional preaching by the sweeping societal and cultural
changes of his day led Craddock to re-envision long established deductive preaching
modes. Ultimately classified as the ‘New Homiletic,’ his efforts resulted in the
formulation of an inductive preaching model that opened to consideration the question
of the form of the sermon itself. Whereas in traditional homiletics the form of the
sermon had merely been assumed, Craddock awakened new interest among
homileticians in the rhetorical techniques and forms of the biblical texts and the
potential impact those forms could have upon the sermon itself.5
This study offers a critical appraisal of Craddock’s New Homiletic, now four
decades since its inception. Beyond examining its potential strengths and weaknesses,
this paper will continue the trajectory of the New Homiletic into the realm of
contemporary and future preaching contexts. The paper begins by first briefly
investigating various trends that led to the shaping of Craddock’s model. Second, the
paper assesses and critically interacts with three critiques levelled by homileticians at
the New Homiletic. In order to extend Craddock’s conception of the New Homiletic
into the future, the paper concludes by suggesting three possibilities for continual
homiletical revitalization. This involves a critical evaluation of liturgical contexts,
multiple point-of-view sermons and finally the concept of ‘doing what the text says
and does’ in sermons.
Trends Shaping the New Homiletic
This article will not seek to reconstruct an exhaustive history of the New
Homiletic as this has been done extensively elsewhere.6 An important observation for
the purposes of this paper, however, is the notion that the New Homiletic arose as a
response to a series of cultural and intellectual shifts within Western society during
the turbulent 1960s era. Contributing factors to this shift include the widespread
questioning of traditional institutional authorities, the increasing influence of the
media, advances in critical biblical studies and contemporary hermeneutics, and the
rapidly shifting nature of public language.7 Although at the time many concerned
Christians viewed preaching as anachronistic, Craddock sought to defend it as an
institution—even though he freely admitted that it might not be entirely innocent of
the charges being levelled against it.8
Seeking to provide a ‘stay of execution’ for preaching, in 1971 Craddock
produced his groundbreaking work As One Without Authority. This timely publication
resonated “widely and deeply among homileticians because it brought together
concerns that were already widely shared.”9 As homiletician H. Grady Davis had
already observed years earlier,10 Craddock similarly recognized that the traditional
deductive three-point sermon “was rapidly losing currency in the early 1970s and thus
a new form was needed.”11 Craddock believed that many of the blows struck against
the pulpit were not necessarily due to its particular faults, but rather because of its
attachment to the organized church, which many viewed as a traditional and
entrenched institution. One legacy of the turbulent 1960s era was to call into question
the status of virtually all traditionally authoritative institutions, whether religious,
educational or political.12 Halvorsen observes that in light of the
…multi-faceted social revolution of the 1960s, preachers could no longer
assume that they were recognized authority figures, and thus could no longer
assume that preaching, which merely articulated dogma, or exacted moral
demands, would be perceived by the average congregation as an authoritative
word.13
Although perhaps deemed guilty by virtue of its association with the church,
nonetheless traditional homiletics was one such institution being called into question.
In terms of both its exegetical underpinnings and sermonic structure, deductive
preaching had long been established as normative practice.14 Utilizing an
Enlightenment rationalistic hermeneutical paradigm, this homiletical mode attempted
to distil biblical texts into propositions regardless of their original form or genre.15 In
the search for meaning, the goal of this ideational redaction was to grasp ideas that
resided within a biblical passage and then to restate that main idea propositionally in
the sermon. Preachers also utilized historical-critical methodologies to discover
meaning within particular historical events behind the text, which oftentimes led to
speculative reconstruction.16
Once the preacher discovered the meaning residing in the text, those concepts
were conveyed to listeners in a linear fashion through a series of logically-proven
propositions or assertions.17 Such sermons progressed by means of logical
development and clear argumentation, and would oftentimes conclude with specific
applications tailored by the preacher for the particular listening audience. Since these
monologic sermons carried the entire communicative burden, the only choice facing
hearers involved either accepting or rejecting the conclusions drawn by the preacher.18
Such confrontational sermons contracted the hearer’s experience to a decision or act
of the will and ultimately paid little attention to their needs and circumstances.19 In
both verbal and nonverbal fashion such downward-aiming sermons not only
presupposed but also furthered the authoritarian and authoritative status of the church,
the sermon and the preacher.20
In his critique of traditional preaching Craddock highlighted the connection
between cognitive-propositional modes of understanding and communication and
traditional deductive homiletical methods. This presented a major problem: in an
increasingly democratic and dialogical world, Craddock wondered if the preacher
should continue serving up monological sermons.21 As an initial response to the
societal transformation of his day Craddock maintained that “when the mode of
understanding shifts, the homiletical method needs to shift as well.”22 In place of
deductive sermons Craddock suggested an inductive homiletical method, which
transferred the making of meaning from strictly the side of the interpreter or preacher
to that of the listener. This model therefore sought to turn listeners from passive
recipients into active participants and in the process elevated the roles of the listeners
in the preaching event.23
Such a move constituted a unique attempt to build community by lowering the
status of clerical prestige while at the same time elevating the role of the listeners to
new prominence.24 Inductive preaching would ideally allow hearers to participate with
the preacher in the interpretative process of the making of meaning.25 This preaching
form came to be known as the ‘New Homiletic’ which “is new in that it is a turning
away from the old traditional preaching and the kerygmatic preaching of Karl
Barth.”26 The connection with the new hermeneutic allowed the New Homiletic to
introduce new ways of listening to Scripture, new ways of understanding reality, and
provided an entirely new way of understanding preaching itself.27
Reflecting upon the impact of Craddock’s homiletical efforts, Thomas Long
believes that he scored a direct hit with As One Without Authority, which “still stands
as one of the most important and influential books on preaching written in the last
century.”28 Craddock’s New Homiletic has directly contributed to the manifestation of
a wide variety of homiletical forms. The common feature in these various modes of
expression involves the sermon as the creation of an event whereby the preacher and
the listeners are co-creators of the sermonic experience.29 Homiletical forms of
expression variously influenced by the New Homiletic include Lowry’s ‘homiletical
plot’ form,30 Buttrick’s phenomenological sermons,31 Rose’s conversational or ‘round
table’ preaching model32 and narrative or ‘story preaching.’33
A Critical Evaluation of the New Homiletic
Despite the positive influence of Craddock’s New Homiletic on the world of
preaching, since its inception homileticians have noted potential shortcomings also.
This study next turns its attention to the following three critiques levelled at
Craddock’s New Homiletic by a variety of homileticians. The first concerns
Craddock’s claim to divest preaching of points and propositions. Although his model
appeared to block them at the front door he effectively welcomed idea-centred
preaching through the back door.34 Long points out that although truly “in Craddock’s
scheme the preacher engages in an exciting inductive search through the text, but,
when all is said and done, the goal of this adventure, the object of this quest, is an
idea.”35
This charge can be demonstrated with reference to Craddock’s work
Preaching, where he states that in the sermon preparation phase the interpreter should
be able to state the message of the text as simply as possible in a single sentence.36 He
holds that whatever it is termed—theme, statement, governing idea, single affirmative
sentence37—this single-sentence message should ideally flow from the interpretation
of the text. Such a governing idea, he maintains, creates a unified sermon.38 In
Craddock’s scheme, although the preacher may not actually state the proposition
during the sermon, ideally the audience inductively arrives at the same (or a similar)
conclusion. Long observes that “upon closer examination, it turned out after all that
ideas from the text do come across Craddock’s bridge between text and sermon.”39
Therefore Craddock appeared to be bound to the rationalist hermeneutical notion that
a biblical text could be reduced to a single idea, and furthermore that preachers could
convey that idea to an audience by means of an inductive process.
Further complicating the issue, although Craddock’s argument was compelling
and intriguing preachers found his method difficult to apply in actual preaching
situations. This may have been due to the inadequacy of Craddock’s hermeneutic,
which was unclear in terms of the alignment of biblical interpretation with sermonic
formation.40 Since the model was particularly vulnerable on this point, the resulting
confusion led to the formation of “something of a standoff among homileticians
themselves.”41 Despite these issues and potential shortcomings, nonetheless
Craddock’s position was homiletically pivotal. Long maintains that “the homiletical
world turned around him. He stood at the junction between a deductive, idea-centered
approach to preaching and an inductive, process-fueled, aesthetic approach, and he
had one foot planted in each.”42
The second critique of the New Homiletic concerns the notion that the sermon
event should ideally create an experience for the listener. Homileticians argue that
such an aim has opened the door to a host of other problematic issues. On the one
hand, positively the New Homiletic demonstrated both an increased concern for the
listener and gave new attention to the creation of an affective experience for the
hearers.43 Negatively, on the other hand, in the attempt to create an experience for
listeners some preachers have trivialized Scripture by turning sermons into mere
entertainment utilizing homiletical gimmickry. In this regard Radford maintains that
the New Homiletic’s privileging of the listener over the preacher has created a
problematic situation: the status of the listener now takes priority over the authority of
the biblical text. Thus for preachers attempting to employ Craddock’s methods, the
major concern becomes more about the creation of an experience and less about
conveying biblical content.44
Due to this emphasis on experience over biblical content the possibility exists
that New Homiletic sermons do not bring about a deeper understanding of the
Christian faith. Radford holds that in order to accomplish this goal preachers should
employ other sermonic forms that contribute to knowledge and cognitive
understanding. Moreover, he believes that the content of preaching in general has
suffered with the application of New Homiletic principles; what listeners need, he
maintains, is not an individualistically-oriented, experiential sermon. Radford
maintains that instead of seeking to provide an experience for its own sake the sermon
should supply background information regarding the literary and historical contexts of
the biblical text. In this way he believes that listeners are better equipped to make
informed decisions based upon their own experiences of the text.45
Despite these charges to his model, in all fairness Craddock never intended for
sermons to degenerate into homiletical gimmickry, mere emotionalism or experience
for its own sake. Moreover he did not advocate the entire removal of direct forms of
communication.46 Detractors of the New Homiletic have argued that derivative
sermonic forms have deteriorated either into mere storytelling or efforts to manipulate
the emotions of the audience. Craddock believed, however, that sermons should
establish relevance, hold interest and make an impact upon an audience. This is done
as they identify with various characters and critical events portrayed in Scripture.47
Maintaining that sermons should be presented with genuine insight, Craddock held
that preachers should give primary attention “to the specific and particular rather than
the general,” and that sermon materials should be “realistic, rather than contrived for
homiletical purposes.”48
Additionally he believed that people do not identify with the unreal, the
exaggerated and the artificial, and warned against preachers attempting to manipulate
an audience. Craddock argued that “if a speaker tries to milk all the emotion out of an
event, emotion becomes emotionalism, and listeners sense the exploitation.”49 Rather
than generating an experience for its own sake, crafting dubious trapdoor plots or
engaging in mere storytelling, Craddock states that the preacher should instead ask:
“How can I capture and hold their attention long enough for them to hear and
experience the text?”50 Maintaining that the method of communication itself generates
the listener’s experience, the preacher must give careful consideration to the style of
delivery that best effects an experience and also enlists the listener’s participation.51
Despite the claim to avoid emotionalism, homileticians still take issue with
Craddock’s concept of the ‘sermon as an experience’ even if the listener inductively
experiences the text as he advocated. For example, Rose points out that “homiletical
scholars recognize that to expect a sermon consistently to change people may be
expecting too much. And a number of scholars admit that preaching does a poor job
of changing lives.”52 Experiential sermons cannot realistically be expected to
transform a congregation consistently week after week. Although a single sermon can
certainly transform, not every sermon should seek weekly transformation as its
primary goal.53 In the final analysis, however inductively it may be formatted, the
type of transformative preaching advocated by Craddock still puts the burden upon
the preacher to provide a self-contained experience for the listeners.
The third and final critique of the New Homiletic is an extension of the above
critique and concerns the gap between the pulpit and the pew. Rose points out that
although Craddock took steps to close that gap he was unable to remove it entirely. In
the New Homiletic the gulf still exists precisely because “the preacher remains in the
privileged position of the one who has already experienced the transformation that the
congregation now needs to experience.”54 In Craddock’s conception of preaching the
congregation remains in the subordinate position as “recipients whose options are
rejecting or receiving those images and patterns, sights and sounds capable of
effecting transformation.”55 The preacher, having already experienced exegetical
insight in the sermon preparation phase, now faces the difficult task of figuring out
how to re-create those insights so that the audience can share that experience.
Although induction does indeed elevate the role of the listener somewhat,
homileticians charge that Craddock’s model does not entirely address the problem of
the preacher’s privileged and hierarchical position over the hearers.
Upon closer inspection, however, Craddock’s inductive sermon form does not
advocate that the audience arrive at exactly the same conclusion already reached by
the preacher. Craddock states to the contrary that “it is also true that preaching that recreates the experience of arriving at a conclusion would for the minister differ from
her own study in all the ways that private experiences differ from those shared with
others and in all the ways that people differ from books.”56 Craddock’s notion of
inductive preaching gives hearers not only increased freedom of choice, but also
views them as spiritual people capable of finishing the message on their own with the
aid of the Spirit. The indirect mode of communication he advocates views the
listeners as free to choose; yet by permitting a response, a response is also
demanded.57
Theological conservatives in particular are troubled with this open-ended
element of the New Homiletic, feeling that too much risk is involved when preachers
do not state clear propositions, do not give clear applications and allow listeners to
finish the sermon for themselves.58 Nevertheless certain emerging and postmodern
churches are following in the trajectory of Craddock’s inductive model. Embracing
the notion of lowering clerical prestige and raising audience participation, such
churches are experimenting with contexts whereby “increasingly the congregation is
part of the act of sermon composition and design.”59 Sweet believes, for example, that
in the future of homiletics the shape of sermon forms will be less about the dynamics
of human absorption than the dynamics of human interaction.60 Such congregations
hold that seeking objectivity in biblical interpretation and sermons can both destroy
community and the chance to experience new truth together. Preaching in a pluralistic
context therefore frames preaching in terms of proposals and advocacies but does not
seek to advance closed-off conclusions.61
The New Homiletic: Informing Future Preaching
This study concludes by seeking to build upon three aspects of Craddock’s
New Homiletic that can potentially inform future preaching modes, albeit with
degrees of modification. Despite the potential shortcomings of the New Homiletic
identified above, the possibility exists that certain recovered aspects of the model can
still function as an adequate and faithful response to preaching in an increasingly
postmodern and post-Christendom society.62 Currently preachers face the task of
ministering to the children of those listeners that Craddock’s revitalized sermons
addressed a generation ago.63 However, merely to attempt the uncritical application of
the New Homiletic for contemporary listeners may not necessarily work, as
Thompson cautions: a “homiletic that solved the problems of preaching in the final
days of a Christian culture is not likely to be the solution to the problems of preaching
in a post-Christian culture.”64 Rather than maintaining the status quo or embracing
novelty for its own sake, Quicke believes that preachers must “develop an anticipatory
style of leadership in which they learn, listen, and dare to preach afresh. One aspect of
such leadership is a preacher’s self-awareness of where he or she is in the range of
preaching opportunities in the twenty-first century.”65
For contemporary preachers seeking to revitalize their preaching, the first such
opportunity involves taking a fresh look at current liturgical and homiletical contexts.
Craddock’s understanding of preaching reflects the context of his day, which still
largely fits within contemporary traditional church paradigms. He states that
worldwide there is a weekly gathered assembly of believers who engage in worship.
This act of worship involves narrating “in word, act and song the community’s
memories and hopes, glorifying the God who redeems, enables, and sanctifies…And
in this time and place of prayer and praise we will preach.”66 In terms of sermon
delivery Craddock maintains that the preacher must keep two factors in mind, the first
of which concerns the physical context of a church building with a pulpit, a lectern
and a choir. The second factor is the liturgical context of assembled believers.67 Thus
in Craddock’s ecclesiology the normative activity of preaching takes place on a
weekly basis within a physical church building and is but a part of the overall worship
service itself.
Although Craddock’s views may still comfortably fit within the majority of
Western traditional churches, due to its historical particularity it could not take into
account the changing nature of church due to the encroachment of postmodern
values68 or the impact of globalization on local congregations.69 For example, house
church movements see little need for traditional church buildings; such informal
gatherings will likely not see the need for a choir, an order of service or possibly even
a sermon. Such models focus upon open and participatory mutual exhortation as a
primary purpose for church gatherings rather than listening to traditional sermon
forms delivered from a pulpit.70
Allen observes that in this continuing evolution of preaching the very notion
of homiletics may need to be deconstructed. This move requires preachers and
congregations alike to face the weaknesses in the act of preaching and may ultimately
call into question the continuing efficacy of preaching itself. Preaching as
deconstruction, Allen maintains, may in face lead “the Christian community to
consider whether the act of preaching is worth continuing.”71 If preaching is deemed
irrelevant perhaps the church should cease that activity and put its energy into other
more fruitful witnesses to the gospel. Conversely, if churches still deem traditional
forms of sermons as still relevant, this may serve to reinforce the church's confidence
in preaching. In this scenario sermons will continue not out of habit alone but rather
because the community has a fresh sense of their importance.72
Although at the time of his writing Craddock could not have anticipated these
types of changes, the New Homiletic concept that the audience should be active
participants in the sermonic process—whatever form that participation takes—
remains a worthwhile value to explore for the future. Postmodern and emerging
congregations desire active participation rather than passivity, embracing
collaborative preaching styles that do not close down interpretative options but rather
open up the Word so that listeners can interactively participate in the making of
meaning.73
The second aspect on which one can build upon the New Homiletic concerns
the issue of multiple point-of-view sermon formats. Buttrick observes that traditional
homiletical models typically utilize third-person speech that over time shapes the
consciousness of the congregation. He argues that the “grave difficulty with a thirdperson observational language in preaching is that it usurps God’s position and, in so
doing, turns God into an ‘object,’ and God’s Word into a rational truth.”74 Craddock
was clearly aware of this issue, pointing out that the sermon form itself gains and
holds interest, shapes the listener’s experience of the material as well as the listener’s
faith, and determines the degree of participation demanded of the hearers.75
In order to combat the tendency to utilize God-objectifying, third-person
language week in and week out, Craddock advocated that preachers should represent
at least one point of view from the text. Although he does not employ that specific
terminology, he maintained that the exegetical goal of the sermon should be
“identification with the text.”76 This in turn raises the question the interpreter should
ask of the text: “At what point did I identify with the text?”77 By this Craddock
referred to “the relation to the text which has developed in the process of the
exegetical work.”78 This statement refers to the point at which the preacher distances
herself from the text, always keeping in mind that she must share that message with
an audience. Craddock’s point is that the interpreter, usually quite unconsciously, may
identify with or against certain characters or their actions within the text.79 When
constructing the sermon the preacher must consciously turn away from the tendency
to identify with what Craddock identified as “the best seats in the text”80 and instead
make the effort to articulate alternate points of view.
While providing a helpful point in advocating exegetical and homiletical
balance, Craddock’s view does not extend to that of multiple points-of-view sermons.
He held that this is true mainly because listeners typically cannot track with more than
one shift in point of view. Ideally events should be viewed from a single perspective
unless the preacher specifically warns the audience of a shift to a second or third angle
of vision. If the shifts are not signalled clearly, he warns that
… confusion destroys identification and the hearers feel the
disadvantage…The choice of perspective is determined by the desire to hear
and receive the story, but once the choice is made, looking at the parable from
other angles should be reserved for other sermons…[one cannot] experience a
sermon and identify with anyone or anything if the perspective is altered
frequently.81
In terms of sermon delivery Craddock’s point is well taken. If a preacher
decides to present multiple angles of vision in terms of characters’ perspectives, he
should inform the audience that they will be hearing a variety of points of view in the
sermon and those shifts should be clear.82 As pointed out earlier, Buttrick provides the
helpful insight that point-of-view in sermons shape congregational consciousness.
Therefore he recommends that the preacher should regularly give “voice to different
perspectives as a rhetorical device” when preaching and not as an occasional
rhetorical device. 83 Since all language is perspectival, Buttrick states that “we must
understand that point-of-view is always in language and, therefore, must be integral to
sermon design and development.”84 This is the case because “language actually
shapes perspectives in congregational consciousness…Every shift in point-of-view
will act on congregational consciousness, however—whether we know it or not.”85
Preachers can therefore attempt to find a healthy balance between both
Craddock and Buttrick’s points. Regular shifts in point-of-view combat the tendency
to turn the text into rational truths that objectify God. Skilfully delivered multiple
point-of-view sermons can have tremendous value in bringing out the previouslyunheard perspectives of a wide variety of biblical characters. From a narratological
standpoint, for example, the preacher can decide whose point of view with which he
or she will identify: for example, various characters on the narrative discourse level or
that of the biblical narrator.86
Moreover, multiple point-of-view sermons can fit well within a postmodern
context by giving previously-unheard voices a say in the conversation. The preacher
could present several characters’ focalizations without interpretative comment. This
allows the audience the possibility to engage and to wrestle with their interpretations
of a passage and potentially view the text from new frames of reference. A sermon
presented as a narrative with multiple points-of-view can offer a potentially “heuristic
form that allows the worshipers to overhear multivalent proposals, interpretations, or
wagers and, by the aid of the Spirit, decide their own conclusions.”87 While on the one
hand some may view this approach as risky or ‘unsatisfactory’ due to an apparent lack
of interpretative closure, on the other hand it is equally risky for the audience not to
participate. Sweet observes in this regard that despite the risks of participatory
homiletical strategies, nonparticipation carries with it a greater risk.88
Finally, the third aspect on which to build from the New Homiletic concerns
the issue of “the sermon saying and doing what the text says and does.” One primary
value of the New Homiletic is that the content and rhetorical function of the text
should be mirrored in the content and rhetorical function of the sermon. Craddock
argued that because “a text is a communication from one person to another or to
others, the text is doing as well as saying…Here, then, one is simply asking what the
text is doing.”89 For Craddock, the answer to the ‘what’ is found in the form of the
text: “Whether a text is correcting, instructing, celebrating, or probing will often be
revealed by its form.”90 He held that if the sermon attempts to do what the text does,
then the preacher should appropriate the form since it captures and conveys function,
not only during the interpretation of the text but also during the designing of the
sermon. The sermon form may not be the same as that of the text; that is, while “a
sermon on a psalm may not itself be a psalm, still one does not want to move too far
from the form of the text.”91 The major consideration for the preacher becomes
ascertaining the rhetorical dynamics at work in the text and seeking to recreate those
dynamics in the sermon.92
As observed earlier, the primary goal of traditional homiletics involved the
mining of Scripture in order to distil it into propositions, themes and assertions
regardless of the original biblical genre. Textual form had little if any impact upon the
final form of the sermon itself. Until the time of homileticians such as Davis and
Craddock, the view that the genres and forms of the text should inform the type of
sermon form chosen had rarely been a homiletical consideration. Proponents of the
New Homiletic, however, “insist that the what and the how of biblical texts cannot be
separated.” 93 As a potential model for preaching forms, Scripture itself “comprises a
fertile diversity of genres that should stimulate preachers to explore a range of
preaching options.”94
One possible way to explore this range of preaching options is to utilize
various critical methodologies such as rhetorical criticism and narratology.95
Rhetorical criticism can serve as an access point into the alternative world of the text
and enables the preacher to re-create elements of the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of a
biblical text to an audience.96 Such an approach helps to “ensure a fundamental
integrity to preaching by deriving both the message and design of the sermon from the
same biblical source.”97 These exegetical and homiletical tools can function equally
well to produce either propositional or narrative-styled sermons, depending upon the
genre and rhetorical strategies of the text and those of the preacher. Additionally, by
introducing dialogical elements into the process of sermon preparation, delivery and
post-sermon discussion, the preacher’s aim becomes less about seeking interpretative
closure and more about seeking the elusive meaning that may be well in front of the
interpretative community of a local congregation.98
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Howell, Mark Anthony. “Hermeneutical Bridges and Homiletical Methods: A
Comparative Analysis of the New Homiletic and Expository Preaching Theory
1970-1995.” PhD Dissertation, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary,
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Kimnach, Wilson H., Kenneth P. Minkema, and Douglas A. Sweeney, eds. “Editor’s
Introduction.” In The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1999: ix-xlvii.
Koptak, Paul E. “Rhetorical Criticism of the Bible: A Resource for Preaching.” TCQ
Vol. LIV, No. 3 (August 1996): 26-37.
Lessing, Reed. “Preaching Like the Prophets: Using Rhetorical Criticism in the
Appropriation of Old Testament Prophetic Literature.” Concordia Journal 28
Number 4 (October 2002): 391-408.
Long, Thomas G. Preaching and the Literary Forms of the Bible. Philadelphia:
Fortress Press, 1989.
________. The Witness of Preaching: Second Edition. Louisville Westminster
John Knox Press, 2005.
________. “What Happened to Narrative Preaching?” JP 28 No. 4 (Pentecost 2005):
9-14.
Lovejoy, Grant. “A Critical Evaluation of the Nature and Role of Authority in the
Homiletical Thought of Fred B. Craddock, Edmund A. Steimle, and David G.
Buttrick.” PhD Dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary,
1990.
Lowry, Eugene. The Homiletical Plot: The Sermon as Narrative Art Form. Atlanta:
John Knox, 1980.
McClure, John S. The Roundtable Pulpit: Where Leadership and Preaching Meet.
Nashville: Abingdon, 1999.
Miller, Perry. The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1939.
Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics
Worldwide. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.
Ong, Walter J. Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of
Discourse to the Art of Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
Quicke, Michael J. 360-Degree Preaching: Hearing, Speaking, and Living the Word.
Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2003.
Radford, Shawn D. “The Impact of Fred B. Craddock’s Understanding of the Roles of
the Listeners.” PhD Dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary,
2003.
________.“The New Homiletic Within Non-Christendom.” JEHS Vol. 5 No. 2
(September 2005): 4-18.
Reader, John. Reconstructing Practical Theology: The Impact of Globalization.
Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008.
Reid, Robert Stephen. “Postmodernism and the Function of the New Homiletic in
Post-Christendom Congregations.” Homiletic Volume 20 Number 2 (Winter
1995): 1-13.
Rollins, Peter. How (Not) to Speak of God: Marks of the Emerging Church. London:
Paraclete Press, 2006.
Rose, Lucy Atkinson. Sharing the Word: Preaching in the Roundtable Church.
Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
Spears, Aubrey. “The Theological Hermeneutics of Homiletical Application and
Ecclesiastes 7:23-29.” PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006.
Sweet, Leonard. The Gospel According to Starbucks: Living with a Grande Passion.
Colorado Springs: WaterBrook Press, 2007.
Thompson, James W. Preaching Like Paul: Homiletical Wisdom for Today.
Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
Viola, Frank. Reimagining Church: Pursuing the Dream of Organic Christianity.
Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2008.
Wilder, Amos N. Early Christian Rhetoric: The Language of the Gospel. London:
SCM Press, 1964.
Wilson, Paul Scott. Preaching and Homiletical Theory. St Louis: Chalice Press, 2004.
1
Eslinger, Web of Preaching, 11.
Quicke, 360-Degree Preaching, 38.
3
While acknowledging the increasing rise of postmodern thought within Western society, this
statement is not intended to uphold the ‘secularization thesis’ which held that the encroachment of
secularism would result in the inevitable decline of churches and levels of religious activities. This
thesis has come under increasing amounts of criticism. See for example Berger, “The Desecularization
of the World”; Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular Chapter 1; Davie, Religion in Britain, 190193; and Brown, The Death of Christian Britain, 28-29.
4
Kimnach, Minkema and Sweeney, “Editor’s Introduction,” xi. Factors influencing this evolution of
homiletics include: advancements in critical biblical studies, various theological and hermeneutical
shifts, and the degree of influence of classical rhetoric both within the church and society. Thompson
points out that “As historians of preaching have observed, at strategic moments preaching has
responded to changed cultural situations, and new sermon strategies have replaced older forms,
revitalizing the preaching ministry” (Preaching like Paul, 1).
5
Long, Preaching and the Literary Forms, 12; Farris, “Limping Away,” 363. Farris observes that a
second contribution to this shift in homiletics was James Muilenburg’s 1968 SBL presidential address
on biblical rhetorical criticism, which brought a new attention to the literary structures and patterns in
the final form of the biblical text.
6
On this history see: Howell, “Hermeneutical Bridges and Homiletical Methods,” Chapters 1-2;
Spears, “The Theological Hermeneutics,” Chapters 2-3; Radford, “The Impact of Fred B. Craddock’s
Understanding”; Lovejoy, “A Critical Evaluation”; Rose, Sharing the Word, Chapter 3; Eslinger, Web
of Preaching, Chapter 1; and Gibson, “Defining the New Homiletic.”
7
Eslinger, Web of Preaching, 17, 19.
8
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 4.
9
Cosgrove and Edgerton, In Other Words, 7.
10
Davis’s 1958 work Design for Preaching criticized traditional homiletics and called instead for an
organic union of homiletical form and content. Davis argued that “the right form derives from the
substance of the message itself, is inseparable from the content, becomes one with the content, and
gives a feeling of finality to the sermon” (Design for Preaching, 9).
11
Cosgrove and Edgerton, In Other Words, 92.
12
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 5-6.
13
Halvorsen, “The New Homiletic,” 91-92.
14
Eslinger, The Web of Preaching, 16.
15
Ibid., 77. Craddock observes that the development of historical-critical biblical studies contributed
directly to the separation of form and content. ‘Content’ became essential and form became incidental,
accessory and not substantive, and oftentimes merely decorative (Overhearing the Gospel, 72).
16
Farris, “Limping Away,” 362. He states that “the role of careful historical-critical exegesis was to
provide a tested and defensible proposition from the particular text for the particular sermon” (361).
17
Cosgrove and Edgerton, In Other Words, 12. Allen points out that the “modern preacher attempted to
offer an understanding of Christian faith that was consistent with Enlightenment presuppositions
concerning truth” (Allen, “Preaching and Postmodernism,” 35). This mode can be traced in part to the
work of 16th-century rhetorician Peter Ramus, who divided classical rhetoric into two categories of
logic and rhetoric. As a result preaching—particularly in the Puritan tradition—became associated with
first proving one’s point logically from the Scriptures and then secondarily utilizing rhetoric to appeal
to the emotions. For more on this see Ong, Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue; Corbett,
Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 556; and Miller, New England Mind, 328-329.
18
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 26.
19
Craddock, Overhearing the Gospel, 113, 120.
20
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 17.
21
Ibid., 15. Craddock pointed out that the preacher’s own seminary education militated against the
traditional model of homiletics. Most classes are democratic and dialogical in nature: “The seminary
experience has increasingly become one of seminars, discussion, and participation groups where all
speak and all listen…The minister may feel the appearance of the preacher in the pulpit is a
contradiction of seminary experience and of the other aspects of ministry” (15).
22
Ibid., 13.
23
Radford, “The New Homiletic,” 4.
24
Craddock commented that “If, however, the minister laments the loss of former clerical prestige due
to the processes of dialogue, he has reason to celebrate the recovery of the sense of the church as a
2
community. The words community and communication must not lose sight of each other” (As One
Without Authority, 26-27; italics his).
25
Ibid., 27.
26
Gibson, “Defining the New Homiletic,” 19. Craddock’s conception of the inductive sermon was not
entirely new; both H. Grady Davis and W.E. Sangster had proposed induction as a viable homiletical
method years earlier (see Radford, “The Impact,” 82).
27
Ibid., 20.
28
Long, The Witness of Preaching, 102.
29
Gibson, “Defining the New Homiletic,” 22-23. Gibson states that “Craddock’s emphasis on
induction, plot, and movement in the sermon has inspired preachers in their conception and practice of
sermon structure” (23).
30
See Lowry, The Homiletical Plot.
31
See Buttrick, Homiletic: Moves and Structures.
32
See Rose’s, Sharing the Word. In fairness she goes beyond many of Craddock’s conceptions but
builds upon the elements of democratic and dialogic preaching he initially advocated.
33
Long, “What Happened to Narrative Preaching?” 10. Although Craddock did not call for narrative
preaching, his inductive method can certainly use stories but does not demand them. Long maintains
that “It was, rather, Craddock’s practice more than his theory that put him in the forefront of the
renaissance of narrative preaching” (10, italics his). Although initially welcomed as a respite from
traditional sermon forms, during the 1970s and 80s many preachers uncritically jumped on the
narrative preaching bandwagon without a true understanding of its theoretical basis. Reduced to
homiletical novelty, narrative preaching came under fire by conservatives, moderates and liberals alike
and has largely been abandoned in North American preaching. However, narrative preaching that takes
its shape from the forms of the biblical genres still remains a distinct homiletical possibility of
exploration.
34
Long, The Witness of Preaching, 104.
35
Ibid., 104.
36
Craddock, Preaching, 122.
37
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 85.
38
Craddock, Preaching, 155.
39
Long, The Witness of Preaching, 104.
40
Eslinger, The Web of Preaching, 49-50.
41
Long, The Witness of Preaching,105.
42
Ibid., 105.
43
Gibson, “Defining the New Homiletic,” 26.
44
Radford, “The Impact,” 167-168.
45
Ibid., 168. While this may be a valid point, at the same time Radford’s scheme would seem to
contribute to the gap between pulpit and pew by casting the preacher as the expert who alone can
provide this vital information for the listeners. But by leaving the final decision up to the listeners, it is
unclear in the final analysis what role the preacher as a congregational leader plays.
46
Craddock, Overhearing the Gospel, 88. He observes that “Which to employ [direct or indirect forms
of communication] more noticeably in a given situation would depend heavily on the condition and
expectation of the hearers” (88).
47
Craddock, Preaching, 162. He also notes in Overhearing the Gospel that “In the church we are doing
more than telling anecdotes and sharing illustrations” (135).
48
Ibid., 163.
49
Ibid., 164.
50
Ibid., 167. This issue of the use of emotionalism for its own sake has been a criticism of rhetoric
since classical times. Aristotle in his Rhetoric Part 2 states that speakers should not avoid appeals to
emotion as a rhetorical strategy for persuading an audience. Aristotle, however, carefully links such a
strategy to the ethos of the speaker as well as the logical soundness of the case presented. Mere
emotional manipulation of an audience, he states in Part 1, such as “the arousing of prejudice, pity,
anger and other similar emotions” in reality has little to do with the actual facts of the case being
presented.
51
Craddock, Overhearing the Gospel, 113, 123, 125.
52
Rose, Sharing the Word, 84.
53
Ibid., 85.
54
Ibid., 78.
55
Ibid., 78. In her conception of round table preaching, Rose completely rejects the gap metaphor
believing it is largely a result of male-dominated theological and hermeneutical systems in the Western
tradition. These systems value separateness and cast the preacher as a separate knower with knowledge
to impart to the congregation (78).
56
Craddock, As One Without Authority, 100.
57
Craddock, Overhearing the Gospel, 124.
58
Conservatives argue for example that open-ended narrative-styled sermons are too soft and too
doctrinally unclear, are ethically ambiguous and not evangelistic enough (Long, “What Happened to
Narrative Preaching?” 12).
59
Sweet, The Gospel According to Starbucks, 84. Rose’s ‘round-table’ preaching model seeks a
“understanding of preaching that is communal, heuristic, and non-hierarchical” (Preaching the Word,
1). See also McClure, The Roundtable Pulpit, and Brown, Preaching from the Round Table.
60
Sweet, The Gospel According to Starbucks, 84.
61
Brueggemann, The Word Militant, 22.
62
Despite the criticisms levelled at it, Reid argues that the New Homiletic may be in the best position
to inform postmodern audiences because of its emphasis on the Isocratean sophistic form of rhetoric
that seeks to create an experience for the audience. He argues: “Regardless what people may say, what
they appear to want is an experience that moves them. Thus, regardless of theological stripe, this is the
rhetorical strategy of preaching that is increasingly commensurate with the emerging postmodern
sensibility” (“Postmodernism and the Function of the New Homiletic,” 10-11, italics his).
63
Thompson, Preaching Like Paul, 1.
64
Ibid., 1-2.
65
Quicke, 360-Degree Preaching, 110.
66
Craddock, Preaching, 42.
67
Ibid., 211.
68
Reid observes one effect of postmodernism: “The Christendom paradigm that has defined the
mission of the church to all these centuries is giving way to something else; something different. And it
leaves behind structures of denominations, theologies, hierarchies, priorities, roles and commitments
that all need to be reconfigured for a new age where Christianity can no longer be assumed as part of
the cultural ethos or interests, in a world in which Christian congregations may increasingly be viewed
with suspicion, incredulity, even hostility. Skepticism concerning the relevancy of Christianity and the
church is no longer a prerogative of the privileged few” (“Postmodernism and the Function,” 2).
69
For example, Reader argues that in this era of globalization traditional boundaries have blurred, such
as the distinction between ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ and those formerly between nations. Thus no longer can
churches appeal to a ‘sense of place’ as defined by a specific locale. In the traditional view still held by
many churches, “the underlying supposition is still that this relationship between people and a specific
building is the ideal configuration” (Reconstructing Practical Theology, 19).
70
Viola, Reimagining Church, 59.
71
Allen, “Preaching and Postmodernism,” 39.
72
Ibid., 39.
73
Craddock, Preaching, 195. See also Rollins, How (Not) to Speak of God, 36; Wilson, Preaching and
Homiletical Theory, 31; and Sweet, The Gospel According to Starbucks, 84.
74
Buttrick, Homiletic, 56.
75
Craddock, Preaching, 172-174.
76
Ibid., 119.
77
Ibid., 119.
78
Ibid., 119.
79
Ibid., 119-120.
80
Ibid., 120.
81
Ibid., 164-165.
82
The multiple point-of-view sermon should signal that possible interpretive meanings are multiple as
well, and that there are more ways to understand a particular text than there are characters in the text.
83
Buttrick, Homiletic, 57.
84
Ibid., 57 (italics his).
85
Ibid., 65.
86
Narratologically the characters on the level of the narrative discourse exist on a lower diegetic level
than that of the third-person narrator. One example of multiple points of view from a biblical narrative
would be the variety of characters within the book of Jonah: the sailors on the ship, the Ninevites,
Jonah himself, Yahweh, or the narrator’s point of view.
87
Rose, Sharing the Word, 7.
Sweet, The Gospel According to Starbucks, 84.
89
Craddock, Preaching, 122-123.
90
Ibid., 123.
91
Ibid., 123.
92
Craddock, Overhearing the Gospel, 104.
93
Thompson, Preaching Like Paul, 4, italics his.
94
Quicke, 360-Degree Preaching, 105.
95
See for example the articles by Koptak, “Rhetorical Criticism of the Bible: A Resource for
Preaching”; Lessing, “Preaching like the Prophets”; and Eslinger, “Narratorial Situations in the Bible.”
96
Brueggemann, Cadences of Home, 61-62. Wilder indicates that to separate out the ‘what’ from the
‘how’ in reality “is a false distinction. The two really cannot be separated, but they can be looked at
separately” (Early Christian Rhetoric, 10). The larger and more difficult issue is to understand how the
‘what’ and the ‘how’ of biblical texts function together to achieve various rhetorical functions, and how
to replicate those various rhetorical textual dynamics homiletically.
97
Eslinger, Web of Preaching, 15.
98
Brueggemann, The Word Militant, 22.
88