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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation
and Air Conditioning Associations
Address:
Rue Washington 40
1050 Brussels
Belgium
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www.rehva.eu
[email protected]
Tel: +32 2 514 11 71
Fax: +32 2 512 90 62
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Use of REHVA Guidebook
Power Point Presentations
•This Power Point Presentation can be freely
used for training purposes by REHVA members.
•It is prepared by the main author to the REHVA
Guidebook.
•Please refer the original author always when
making the presentation.
•Inform REHVA secretariat each time the
presentation is used: [email protected]
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar Shading
by
Wouter Beck (ed.),
Dick Dolmans,
Gonzague Dutoo
Anders Hall
Olli Seppänen
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Task force Solar Shading
started 2008
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Table of Contents
• Terminology
• Solar radiation
• Effect of windows on indoor environment
• Window systems
• Energy effects of solar shading
• How to choose a shading solution
• Automating and integrating solar shading
• Existing buildings
• Double-skin facades
• Maintenance of solar shading systems
• Cases
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Reviewers
• Prof. Jan Hensen, Eindhoven University of
Technology, The Netherlands
• Prof. Mat Santamouris, University of
Athens, Greece
• Hervé Lamy, SNFPSA, Paris, France
• Prof. Michael G Hutchins, Sonnergy Ltd,
Abingdon, UK
• Dr. Thanos Tzempelikos, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar radiation
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar radiation
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar paths
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar irradiance on a façade
(lat. 50 N, clear sky)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar irradiance on a façade
(lat. 50 N, clear sky)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar irradiance on a façade
(lat. 50 N, clear sky)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Solar irradiance on a façade
(lat. 50 N, clear sky)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Effect of windows on indoor environment
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Effect of windows on indoor
environment
• Thermal comfort
• Visual comfort
• Acoustic comfort
• Indoor air quality
• Daylighting
• Impact of productivity
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Thermal comfort
• Air temperature
• Radiant temperature
• Operative temperature
• Relation to office
worker productivity
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Visual comfort
• Contact with the outdoors
• Absolute brightness
• Luminance ratios
• Color rendition
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Effect of good visual comfort
• 3.75% median productivity increase [CMU]
• 20 to 25% less health complaints
[Hartkopf]
• 15% reduced absenteeism [Thayer]
• 10 to 25% better performance on test of
mental function
• 20 to 26% faster progress of students
[Heshong]
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Predicting visual comfort
Photo: Hunter Douglas
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Predicting visual comfort
Photo: Hunter Douglas
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
The economic impact of
productivity
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Window systems
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Glazing properties
• Thermal transmittance
U
[W/m2K]
• Light transmittance
Tv
[-]
• g-value
[-]
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Energy flows
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Convection loads
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Cooling loads – no shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Cooling load – exterior
shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Surface temperature interior
window pane under peak load
conditions – no shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Surface temperature interior
window pane under peak load
conditions – exterior shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Influence of shading on
lighting needs
• Daylight illuminance in a south oriented office
automatic Venetian blind @ 200 W/m2
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Energy effects
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Energy effects of solar
shading
• Orientation dependent energy balance of an office for
• Stockholm
• Amsterdam
• Madrid
• Three glazing types
• Standard double glazing
(U = 2.9 W/m2K)
• Low-e
(U = 1.2 W/m2K)
• Solar control glazing
(U = 1.1 W/m2K)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Standard office
• dimension
3.6 x 5 x 3 m
• ventilation
1.5 dm3/m2s
• infiltration
0.1 ACH
• daylight dependent lighting
500 lx
• max. internal load art. lighting
12 W/m2
• internal loads people
10 W/m2
• internal loads equipment
15 W/m2
• thermostat cooling
25/30 ºC (8-18/otherwise)
• thermostat heating
21/15 ºC (8-18/otherwise)
• shading set point
200 W/m2
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Conversion to primary energy
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Stockholm – low-e glazing,
no shading
Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Stockholm – low-e glazing,
with shading
Primary
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Stockholm – cooling load, lowe glazing, orientation: south
no shading
exterior shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Stockholm – cooling load
reduction through shading
no shading
std. double
low-e
solar ctrl
dotted: exterior shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Reduction in primary energy
use for heating, cooling and
lighting through shading
std. double
low-e
solar ctrl
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Cost benefit analysis of solar
shading
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
The extra investment in solar
shading as a function of glazing
percentage
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Table of Contents
• Terminology
• Solar radiation
• Effect of windows on indoor environment
• Window systems
• Energy effects of solar shading
• How to choose a shading solution
• Automating and integrating solar shading
• Existing buildings
• Double-skin facades
• Maintenance of solar shading systems
• Cases
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Cases
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Trafalgar House, Croydon
Photo: Hunter Douglas
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Trafalgar House, Croydon
Rain Screen
Cladding
Concrete Walls
Extract Duct
Anti-Glare Blinds Internally
Exposed Concrete Slab
Aerofoils
Automatic
opening
window
Automatic
opening vent
behind
louvres
Radiators
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Supply Duct
Central Plaza Brussels
Photo: Hunter Douglas
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Allianz, Frankfurt am Main
Photo: Warema
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Allianz, Frankfurt am Main
Photo: Warema
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Mediathèque Marguerite
Yourcenar
Photo:Dickson Constant
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Appendices
• EU standards concerning shutters
and blinds
• Specification example
• Matrix of responsibilities
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Acknowledgements
• Ellen Kohl (Warema),
• Maaike Berckmoes (Scheldebouw-Permasteelisa),
• Risto Kosonen (Halton),
• Bernard Gilmont (European Aluminium Association),
• Maija Virta (Halton),
• Prof. Dirk Saelens (Catholic University of Leuven,
Belgium
• Prof. Zoltan Magyar (University of Pécs, Hungary)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Thank you
for your
attention
To order the REHVA guidebooks :
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations