Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Collaborative Project Role Of Biodiversity In climate change mitigatioN D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings GA number: 283093 FP7-ENV-2011.2.1.4-1 Start date of project: 01 November 2011 Due date of deliverable: 28/02/2013 Duration: 48 months Actual Submission date: 25/09/2013 Lead partner for deliverable: WU/UPM Authors: Consuelo Varela-Ortega, Kasper Kok, Irene Blanco, Ariella Helfgott, Marisol Toledo, Fabiola Clavijo, Elena Lazos, Peter Gerritsen, Lucieta Martorano, Margareth Simoes, Socorro Ferreira, Eduardo Juárez Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the Consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the Consortium (including the Commission Services) Document ID: x ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 1 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 1 Publishable Executive Summary One of the general aims of the ROBIN project is to work with local stakeholders to provide science based information and tools to help them manage sustainable agroecosystems delivering benefits for biodiversity, climate change mitigation, livelihoods and human welfare. This is the first of three reports on the local stakeholder participatory process in ROBIN. It provides a review of the methodology used in the development of stakeholder-driven scenarios for ROBIN. This includes co-design of the participatory process with country partners, through regular negotiations, an inclusive training activity and analysis of the ecological, socio-economic and institutional structure and dynamics in the project's study sites. This document should also form a useful “handbook” for the application of the participatory approach in similar projects. The document is divided in four sections. Section One addresses participatory scenario development and provides a systematic overview of available methods and tools. Scenario development has evolved over time with applications in a large variety of contexts, ranging from political decision-making, business planning and community development to global environmental management and governance. Scenarios aid decision makers by providing a range of plausible futures within which to test strategy and policy. Involving stakeholders improves the efficiency and effectiveness of scenario planning by incorporating topic specific knowledge, generating acceptance of the scenarios and subsequent insights for policy and practice; and capacity development of stakeholders through increased communication amongst themselves and with scientists. There are many activities available for engaging stakeholders in scenario development: brainstorming and clustering; ranking and scoring; diagramming and mapping; narrative techniques; drama, games and role plays, etc. Section One goes deeper into each of these categories. Section Two draws from the previous section and shows the specific case of scenario development in ROBIN. According to the Description of Work (DoW), ROBIN will provide information for policy and resource use options under scenarios of socioeconomic and climate change to quantify interactions between terrestrial biodiversity, land use and climate change mitigation potential in tropical Latin America. It will also develop scenarios for climate change mitigation by evaluating their effectiveness, unintended effects on other ecosystem services and their socio-ecological consequences. Therefore, the qualitative scenarios will be developed locally and resulting storylines will be quantified allowing for linkage with land use models. The specific methodology for scenario development in ROBIN is presented with a particular focus on how to build Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) with stakeholders. FCMs are a defined and central part of the stakeholder workshop methodology. These workshops will be used in ROBIN to (i) define the scope and the system of relevance from the perspective of the stakeholders both now and in a range of plausible future scenarios; (ii) to understand perceptions of interrelationships within the system of interest both currently and in a range of plausible future scenarios; (iii) to explore the impact of perturbation on these systems; (iv) to generate a list of possible strategies and options for both mitigation and for preservation Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 2 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings of biodiversity; (v) to understand how these impacts represent improvements or not, from the perspective of different stakeholder groups; and (vi) to contribute to development of tool-kits for decision-aiding about these actions. Section Three is intended to serve as guidance for the implementation of stakeholder participatory workshops. The main objective of the stakeholder workshops is the development of future scenarios for land use and biodiversity, for which the fuzzy cognitive mapping technique will be used. The case studies in ROBIN will have three meetings each that will accommodate the steps for scenario building. The first meeting will focus on the understanding of the present and an introduction of scenarios and the scenario building process. The second meeting will serve to enrich scenarios, adding the FCMs of the future to the qualitative output from the first workshop. The third and last meeting will focus more on the short and medium term goals and discussion about the potential policy actions to contribute to climate change mitigation. Additionally, section three contains useful information on stakeholder identification, the facilitation of participatory exercises, workshop evaluation and finally a list of do’s and don’ts for participatory workshops and FCMs development. Section Four presents some examples of how results from FCMs can be analysed and presented. These include the results of the FCM training workshop in Madrid and the results of the preparatory stakeholder FCM workshops in Mexico and Bolivia. Extensive discussion with local teams and other ROBIN partners yielded three case studies for developing local scenarios in ROBIN in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil. Details of these case studies and corresponding stakeholder analyses are provided. The results of the training workshop held in Madrid with local partners in September 2012 are discussed. This workshop allowed participants to coordinate further steps in the development of the project, including conceptual and methodological frameworks for participatory processes taking place within the case studies and corresponding logistical considerations. Participants were able to put this methodology into practice during the workshop by simulating stakeholder meetings that lead to the elaboration of countryspecific FCMs. Workshop participants were divided into three groups representing the three case studies in the project: Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico. They incarnated different roles simulating a real stakeholder meeting in each study area. Based on the knowledge of the sites group members had, they identified the main drivers affecting bio-diversity in all three locations. As a result of the discussion, three FCMs were developed that, once analyzed, provided a picture of the most important factors behind the state of biodiversity and their linkages with climate change. This exercise helped the counterparts to become familiar with this participatory methodology and encounter the main challenges that may arise during the process. The meeting highlighted the central role of the facilitator in the development of FCMs. The facilitator plays a key role in harmonizing contrasting visions, resolving issues in discussions, in order to provide a final picture of interrelated drivers that help us solve the question posed to stakeholders. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 3 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Finally, Section Four provides the results of two preparatory workshops held in Bolivia and Mexico with the aim of contacting, informing and engaging the different groups of stakeholders in the participatory initiative of ROBIN. Since participants in stakeholder workshops may have different educational and socioeconomic backgrounds, access to the socio-ecosystems, and identities constructed with their territories, these preparatory workshops are intended to provide a foundation of mutual understanding that can the success of the following meetings aimed to develop FCMs. The main results from the First Round of Stakeholder Workshops in Bolivia, Mexico and Brazil will be presented in a separate report. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 4 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 5 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Contents: 1 2 3 Publishable Executive Summary .............................................................................. 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 9 Participatory scenario making: approach and methodology................................... 11 3.1 Introduction to scenario development .............................................................. 11 3.1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2 When to use scenarios? ................................................................................ 11 3.1.3 Definition ..................................................................................................... 12 3.2 A toolbox of methods (Catalogue of participatory activities) ......................... 12 3.2.1 Brainstorming and clustering exercises........................................................ 13 3.2.2 Ranking and scoring ..................................................................................... 17 3.2.3 Diagramming and mapping .......................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Narrative techniques ..................................................................................... 40 3.2.5 Visualisation ................................................................................................. 42 3.2.6 Drama, games and role plays ....................................................................... 45 3.2.7 Participatory planning and decision-making ................................................ 47 3.2.8 Participatory monitoring and evaluation ...................................................... 48 3.2.9 Icebreakers ................................................................................................... 48 3.2.10 Summary ...................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Triangulation .................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Selection and Handling of Tools ..................................................................... 49 3.5 Considerations for Using Participatory Methods............................................. 50 3.5.1 Critical Perspectives ..................................................................................... 50 3.5.2 Principles for Successful Use of Participatory Techniques ......................... 53 3.6 An example: Participatory activity categorization used in SCENES .............. 54 4 Scenario development in ROBIN ........................................................................... 55 4.1 The participatory scenario-building process in ROBIN .................................. 57 4.2 Stakeholder workshops and case study sites .................................................... 58 4.3 Suggested methods for scenario development ................................................. 61 5 Setting up the participatory process in ROBIN ...................................................... 63 5.1 Training workshop ........................................................................................... 63 5.2 Identification of the stakeholders ..................................................................... 64 5.3 Contacting stakeholders ................................................................................... 65 5.4 Implementing a stakeholder workshop ............................................................ 67 5.5 Facilitating participatory exercises .................................................................. 67 5.6 Evaluation of the workshops............................................................................ 68 5.7 A list of do’s and don’ts of participatory workshops and FCMs ..................... 70 6 Developing local scenarios in ROBIN: Bolivia, Mexico, Brazil ........................... 71 6.1 Selection and overview of Case Study Sites .................................................... 71 6.2 SH Selection .................................................................................................... 85 6.3 FCMs practical exercise with experts from CS ............................................... 89 6.3.1 Development of the exercise ........................................................................ 89 6.3.2 Results: maps in CMaps and dynamic analysis ........................................... 92 6.3.3 Lessons learned ............................................................................................ 99 6.4 Preparatory Workshops .................................................................................. 100 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 6 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 6.4.1 Bolivia ........................................................................................................ 100 6.4.2 Mexico........................................................................................................ 106 7 Annexes ................................................................................................................ 109 Annex 1: Table for stakeholder identification .......................................................... 109 Annex 2: Key messages to communicate to stakeholders ........................................ 110 Annex 3: Practical Guide for implementing the 1st SHW ........................................ 111 Annex 4: Documents for evaluating SH workshops ................................................ 124 Annex 5: List of do's and don'ts ............................................................................... 137 Annex 6: CS template ............................................................................................... 141 Annex 7: Additional documentation from the preparatory workshop in Bolivia ..... 143 Annex 8: Additional documentation from the preparatory workshop in Mexico .... 148 8 References ............................................................................................................ 151 List of figures: Figure 1. Dealing with uncertainties and complexity ..................................................... 12 Figure 2. What's important? Post-it exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin (Spain) ................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3. Clustering exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin (Spain) 16 Figure 4. Clustering exercise in a Training Workshop in Madrid: Analyzing the state of biodiversity for the Guarayos region (Bolivia)............................................................... 17 Figure 5. Ranking main issues in the Guarayos region in Bolivia (center and left) and the Cuitzmala basin in Mexico (on the right) (2013) ..................................................... 18 Figure 6. Example of a matrix ranking ........................................................................... 19 Figure 7. Rich picture of a rural community in the Solomon Islands ............................ 22 Figure 8. Spidergram – Main issues in the Guadiana basin in Spain (agricultural sector oriented group) ............................................................................................................... 23 Figure 9. Example of a Causal Loop Diagram (Simple Restaurant Influence Diagram) 25 Figure 10. Example of general Fuzzy Cognitive Map.................................................... 27 Figure 11. Cognitive map of Brazilian rainforest deforestation ..................................... 28 Figure 12. FCM representing the water system in the Guadiana river basin, in Spain .. 30 Figure 13. Dynamic analysis of the FCM representing the water system in the Guadiana river basin, in Spain ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 14. General framework for executing a Sustainable Livelihood analysis ........... 34 Figure 15. Example of an Organizational and Institutional Map developed during a stakeholder workshop. .................................................................................................... 35 Figure 16. Example of Seasonal Calendar, Ambara Region, Ethiopia........................... 36 Figure 17. Daily calendar mapping Beora, Nepal .......................................................... 37 Figure 18. Current map of the Guarayos region in Bolivia showing physical and natural resources ......................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 19. Map of Kochiel Kenya in 15 years time according to community wide normative visioning ........................................................................................................ 40 Figure 20. Collage based on Knowledge is King scenario in the Guadalentin (Spain) within the SCENES project. ........................................................................................... 43 Figure 22. CCAFS Regional Socio-Economic Scenarios for East Africa ...................... 44 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 7 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 21. Impressions of a participatory collage making exercise. .............................. 44 Figure 23. CCAFS Visualisation Exercise Kochiel, Kenya ........................................... 45 Figure 24. Backcasting exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin ........ 47 Figure 25. Activities to encourage interaction among participants in the Guarayos region (Bolivia) .............................................................................................................. 49 Figure 26. Interaction between the qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative methods........................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 27. A toolbox of methods .................................................................................... 56 Figure 28. Framework of the Stakeholder participation process in ROBIN .................. 58 Figure 29. Framework of the Stakeholder participation process in ROBIN ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 30. Geographical location of the selected case studies ....................................... 72 Figure 31. FCM developed by the Brazilian team......................................................... 93 Figure 32. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Brazilian team ................ 94 Figure 33. FCM developed by the Bolivian team ......................................................... 95 Figure 34. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Bolivian team ................... 96 Figure 35. FCM developed by the Mexican team ......................................................... 97 Figure 36. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Mexican team .................. 98 Figure 37. Participants in the Bolivian workshop ........................................................ 106 Figure 38. Participants in the preparatory workshop in Mexico .................................. 108 List of tables: Table 1. Matrix representing the relationships between variables in the water system in the Guadiana river basin ................................................................................................. 31 Table 2. Strengths and Weaknesses of FCMs ................................................................ 33 Table 3. Comparative overview of the three case studies selected ................................ 60 Table 4. Summary of participatory tools that could be used in ROBIN ........................ 63 Table 5. Mexican case study- Cuitzmala Watershed ...................................................... 72 Table 6. Bolivian case study- The Guarayos region....................................................... 76 Table 7. Brazilian case study- The Tapajós National Forest .......................................... 79 Table 9. SH selection in Bolivian case study ................................................................. 86 Table 10. SH selection in Brazilian case study .............................................................. 87 Table 11. Stakeholders identified in FCM exercise ....................................................... 89 Table 12. Factors identified by the Brazilian team ......................................................... 90 Table 13. Factors identified by the Bolivian team.......................................................... 90 Table 14. Factors identified by the Mexican team ......................................................... 91 Table 15. Final selection of factors for the Brazilian team ............................................ 91 Table 16. Final selection of factors for the Bolivian team ............................................. 92 Table 17. Final selection of factors for the Mexican team ............................................. 92 Table 18. List of participants ....................................................................................... 101 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 8 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 2 Introduction One of the key objectives of ROBIN is to develop scenarios for the interrelated social, economic, political and ecological systems relevant to tropical forest, at multiple scales in Latin America. The general aim is to work with local stakeholders to provide science based information and tools to help them manage sustainable ecosystems delivering benefits for biodiversity, climate change mitigation, livelihoods and human welfare. The work described in this report covers the initial phase of the site-specific socioecological analysis of a sequential process developed with a range of stakeholders that will be carried out throughout the project's duration. It describes the aims, preparation and development of the stakeholder participatory process in selected local-scale case study areas in Bolivia, Mexico and Brazil. This process forms a key part of ROBIN’s aim to develop management and policy options for climate change mitigation in ROBIN to inform local and national decision makers. It will be an iterative process that will inform, and be informed by, the indicators, monitoring methods, models and decision support tools that are being developed in other parts of the project. In this first report on the participatory process, we describe the preparation and organization of the First Stakeholder Workshops in the study sites with particular emphasis on the use of the Fuzzy Cognitive Map method (FCM) for scenario development. These workshops will be repeated at three sites and up to three times at each site through the project. In order to increase the comparability of the results between the study sites and over time, we have gone a very careful preparatory process including a review of methods, lessons learned in previous scenario building exercises such as the SCENES EU project (Kaljonen and Varjopuro, 2007; van Vliet, 2009), document preparation, training workshops with project partners and preparatory workshops in Bolivia and Mexico. Some results from the preparatory process are included in this report but the main results from the First Round of Stakeholder Workshops in Bolivia, Mexico and Brazil will be presented in a separate report. This document is primarily intended to serve as guidance for the implementation of the participatory workshops in ROBIN. We also believe that it will also form a useful “handbook” for the application of the participatory approach in similar projects elsewhere. The overarching purpose of the participatory workshops in ROBIN is to understand the relationship between biodiversity and climate change mitigation in the case study context from the perspective of the stakeholders. This includes the visions that the stakeholders have on the present situation (1st round of stakeholder workshops) and on future climate scenarios (subsequent workshops). The information generated should inform other work packages, and the project as a whole to develop decision-support for management of biodiversity and climate change mitigation. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 9 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings The corresponding objectives of the stakeholder workshops are to: Define the scope of the system of relevance from the perspective of the stakeholders both now and in a range of plausible future scenarios o Generate a list of factors that are relevant to biodiversity and climate change mitigation from the perspective of those people in the room under each of these scenarios current and future. Brainstorming and clustering exercises are appropriate for this objective. Understand perceptions of interrelationships within the system of interest both currently and in a range of plausible future scenarios o Allow stakeholders to represent the causal relationships between the factors in the previous exercise within each scenario, current and future. Causal mapping is appropriate for this objective, as is Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping. Explore the impact of perturbation on these systems o In particular, explore how changes in biodiversity impact on climate change mitigation and vice versa. o FCMs can be very appropriate for this purpose. Generate a list of possible strategies and options for both mitigation and for preservation of biodiversity. Examine benefits and trade-offs of these options within the system models generated for each scenario. o The FCM can be used to examine this. Understand how these impacts represent improvements or not from the perspective of different stakeholder groups. o This involves knowing what is desirable or preferable for each stakeholder group. These preferences are also important for work on the development on decision support tools in other parts of the ROBIN project. Contribute to development of tool-kits for decision-aiding about these actions o Feed into the development of decision support tools – which will take all of the information generated above and particularly requires the list of action options together with the notions of preference and desirability in order to operationalise Social Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA). o Feed into land-use modeling. The order of the objectives listed above provides the basis for an overarching framework that can be used across field sites with appropriate activities used underneath each of the headings above within each case study context. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) are a defined and central part of the stakeholder workshop methodology. As shown in above within the objectives they are extremely useful to achieve a number of the objectives of the project. What remains is to use FCMs within an appropriate participatory framework within each case study context. Ultimately it is the local partners who can best decide which activities to embed FCMs within in order to achieve this. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 10 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3 Participatory scenario making: approach and methodology 3.1 Introduction to scenario development 3.1.1 Background Scenario development traces back to the 1940s, when this methodology was used in a series of strategic studies for military planning purposes (Wack, 1985). In the 1970s, the first scientific scenarios were introduced with the edition of the 1972 book The Limits of Growth (Meadows et al., 1972). Later on, in the 1980s, scenarios were refined by Royal Dutch/Shell, who used scenarios within their approach to business planning. The first global environmental scenarios were produced by the Global Scenario Group, convened in 1995 by the Stockholm Environment Institute to analyze future paths for world development in the face of environmental pressures and crises in the twenty-first century. “Today, scenario development is used in a large variety of different contexts ranging from political decision-making, to business planning, to local community management, and to global environmental understanding” (Kok et al., 2011). 3.1.2 When to use scenarios? “The world is now moving through a period of extraordinary turbulence; the speed and magnitude of global change, the increasing connectedness of social and natural systems at the planetary level, and the growing complexity of societies and their impacts upon the biosphere result in a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability” (Gallopin, 2002). In this context, scenarios become a good tool when: uncertainty is high, and controllability is low, or complexity is high, or causality is high” (Raskin et al., 2002). Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 11 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 1. Dealing with uncertainties and complexity Source: Zurek and Henrichs (2007) For environmental scientists, interested in results, scenarios are a good tool for an integrated analysis of a complex problem since they provide in-depth insight in complex societal problems. For social scientists, focused on processes, scenarios are a good tool for communication, conflict management, and long-term participation. Scenarios provide an excellent tool for communication. 3.1.3 Definition There are many definitions of what scenarios are, with only partial agreement, but all of them coincide in the statement that scenarios are not predictions, but a description of how the future might unfold (Jäger et al. 2006). Scenarios are defined by Van Notten (2006) as ‘consistent and coherent descriptions of alternative hypothetical futures that reflect different perspectives on past, present, and future developments, which can serve as a basis for action’. They can help decision making by providing a range of plausible futures which can be used to challenge assumptions about the future, to test policy and practice and to raise public awareness in the present, all of which are relevant in the framework of ROBIN. 3.2 A toolbox of methods (Catalogue of participatory activities) Scenarios can be developed using a range of different methodologies according to our interests and capacities. Environmental decision-making involves diverse stakeholders operating at multiple scales. Accordingly, scenario development is most effective when participatory approaches are undertaken, engaging various stakeholders across multiple scales (Kok et al., 2007). Involving stakeholders improves the efficiency and effectiveness of scenario planning by incorporating topic specific knowledge, generating acceptance of the scenarios and subsequent insights for policy and practice; Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 12 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings and capacity development of stakeholders through increased communication amongst themselves and with scientists (Kok et al. 2006a). There are an unlimited number of activities that can be undertaken to elicit information, aid sense-making and decision-making, capacity building and so on, when a group of stakeholders are present in a room. These broadly fit into the following categories (Mikkelsen 2005): 1. Brainstorming and clustering activities 2. Ranking and scoring 3. Diagramming and mapping 4. Narrative techniques 5. Visualisation 6. Drama, games and role plays 7. Generation of key indicators 8. Participatory monitoring and evaluation Sets of examples of each of these types activities will be provided below. Activities which fit under these headings can also be further divided as qualitative or quantitative and whether they are appropriate to use in present or future contexts. Both qualitative and quantitative methods exist “out-there” for each of these headings and all can also be applied to both future and present contexts. Such individual exercises can be put together in any formation based on the purpose of the overall workshop, the nature of the participants and the specific types of data to be generated. Some useful existing frameworks to consider drawing lessons from when putting the activities together are: 1. Appreciative Inquiry 2. Critical systems Heuristics 3. Systemic Intervention These frameworks are outside of the scope of this document but any interested reader can very easily find further information on all frameworks online. This section seeks to provide a set of examples of activities that fall under each of the categories described above. None of them are set in stone and all can be adapted and designed for the particular circumstances and set of participants present. Note many exercises make sense to have these in combination and they can each serve multiple purposes. 3.2.1 Brainstorming and clustering exercises “Card technique” otherwise known as “Post-it note technique” Card techniques are used to stimulate, elicit, organize and cluster information. This technique is also known as brainstorming and clustering, or a post-it session. This is one of the most useful and widely used techniques in workshop settings because of the ease Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 13 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings with which many ideas can be quickly collated and organized. They can be used as the basis of ranking, causal mapping, scenario development and a number of other activities. The card-technique consists of two steps: 1. Ask the participants to put their ideas about the topic under discussion on a card or sticky note. Each idea or aspect has to be on a separate card, only one idea per card. Give a limited number of cards in order to prevent from being overloaded with cards. In some cases where influences are strong and independent representation is important participants should not talk to each other, and come up with their own ideas. 2. Then, group connected items together and give a name or description to each cluster. Use a different colour card and pen for the cluster names. Exact duplicates of cards may be removed, but keep all ideas on the wall, also those that do not fit in any cluster. The second step can also be done by throwing all cards on the ground and allowing the participants sort the cards into categories. Listen and watch for emerging categories and write them boldly on new cards. Anyone can get down on the ground and start sorting the cards. The nice thing is that on the ground those who are quieter tend to be more empowered. The dominant people may remain standing and be more out of power. If they do get down and sort, it is harder to dominate on all fours and less eye contact. Actually moving cards also reduces talking, making it easier for those less talkative. This is sometimes called the democracy of the ground. Tips / Comments The card technique is generally used in groups although it can be used by an individual trying to analyze information. Make sure that everybody has the same understanding of the items put forward on the cards. Make clear that all ideas, aspects etc are welcome as long as they are somehow related to the topic. If there is a card with an unknown relation, ask for the relation. Use one point on one card. Goals: This method makes it easy to get input from all participants; also the less talkative people can give just as much input. This method can quickly give a good overview of the different issues at stake in the Pilot Area. Clustering makes it easier to see the different overarching aspects and makes the large volume of issues easier to handle. Materials needed: Thick felt-tip pens Pencils Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 14 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Flipcharts Cards / post-its Enough space to cluster the cards Enough space (on the wall) to put the clusters on What’s important/uncertain? Exercise This exercise can be used as an icebreaker, to scope the system of interest, as the basis for a causal map or FCM, as the basis for two-axis scenario development, or a number of different purposes. All participants are given a small stack of post-it notes. A large piece of brown paper is set up somewhere visible to all. Participants are instructed to reflect on what is important to them. It is explained that this exercise is extremely broad and can involve anything from having 10 children to the absence of nose hairs, to improved crop production. One by one the participants come to the “board” and place their post-it notes on it, explaining to the rest what is important to them and why. As each participant comes up, if they raise a point which is “close” to one already mentioned, they place it close to the existing point. The post-it notes are successively clustered into themes that describe what is important to the community as a whole. This exercise creates a graphic visualization of local values, and aspirations. It also helps to set the scope of the system under consideration. Figure 2. What's important? Post-it exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin (Spain) Source Varela-Ortega et al. (2008) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 15 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 3. Clustering exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin (Spain) Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2008) Challenges and responses brainstorming and clustering This exercise is good for identifying the challenges people are facing, barriers to action as well as elucidating a list of exiting strategies and options for response. These two linked clustering activities are usually put together with ranking and scoring, causal mapping and narrative techniques. Set up a large sheet of brown paper with a line down the middle. Give participants two colours of post-it notes. With one colour ask them to reflect on environmental challenges they are facing. With the other colour ask them to reflect on possible responses to these challenges. Begin with the challenge side of the board first focusing on that one. One by one the participants come to the “board” and place their post-it notes on it, explaining to the rest the nature of the challenge they are facing and being prompted to recall an example. As each participant comes up, if they raise a point which is “close” to one already mentioned, they place it close to the existing point. The post-it notes are successively clustered into themes that describe the key environmental challenges to the community as a whole. Following this a cognitive mapping exercise is undertaken creating a map of the participants understanding of the interconnections between challenges. These challenges are then ranked following the causal mapping to obtain an understanding of the relative importance of these challenges and their relative impacts. Ranking and scoring is covered in the following section. It is mentioned here simply because these exercises are often combined. Then a similar clustering exercise is undertaken with the response post-it notes as one by one each participant explains places and clusters their responses. Responses are clustered by response type (i.e. infrastructural such as water infrastructure, social such as the formation of an action group and so forth). These themes are then used as the basis for the following part of the exercise. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 16 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 4. Clustering exercise in a Training Workshop in Madrid: Analyzing the state of biodiversity for the Guarayos region (Bolivia) Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2012b) Following this a narrative story circle is conducted. For each theme the question is asked, “Has anyone tried this?” If yes, we collect the story of what happened then, the motivation for doing it, what worked and what didn’t work and why. If the answer is no we also ask why and collect the story about the conditions that led to inaction. These story circles provide deep contextual information about the barriers and opportunities to adaptation, learning from the past. Narrative story circles are covered lower down. 3.2.2 Ranking and scoring In any ranking or scoring technique the participants are given some system of voting on the relative importance of a listing of items. This listing of items could be anything from challenges as shown above, to “relevant factors” to an issue, preference criteria, values, anything. Preferential “vote-based” ranking and scoring Often participants are given a pool of votes in the form of stickers, small stones, buttons or some such object. They are able to divide the objects between the items on the list in any way they see fit – all of the votes can be dedicated to one single item or the votes can be spread amongst the items. The more votes, the more important the item is to that individual. This can be done publicly or in isolation with votes subsequently tallied. Example: Challenges ranking The challenges and responses exercise described in Section 3.2.1 often involves a ranking of the challenges faced (after brainstorming and clustering and causal mapping). This is done by listing the challenges, giving each participant a larger number of stickers than items and giving them all time to divide up their votes and come up and stick up their stickers next to each item on the list as shown in Figure 5. They are able to put all of their votes on one item or distribute their votes across many items. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 17 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 5. Ranking main issues in the Guarayos region in Bolivia (center and left) and the Cuitzmala basin in Mexico (on the right) (2013) Source: Robin project (2013, work in progress) This exercise gives us an idea of the relative priority of different challenges people are facing. It may be that climate change and biodiversity are less important that immediate issues of food security, livelihoods and child education in some cases. This provides insight into the realities different stakeholders are dealing with and it is important to understand this for interventions to be appropriate, ethical and sustainable. Example: Predicted hazards ranking Variations on this exercise are becoming popular for the development of disaster risk reduction interventions around the world. Participants are asked to identify a list of hazards, which are then designated a specific place within the room or group circle. They are asked to elaborate on the suggestions they have made for the list to try and draw out if the hazards have implications for loss of life, loss of property, loss of future income generating potential, etc. Participants are then each given a certain amount of markers (ex: stones) and asked to mark the ones they feel they are most at risk of. The weighted list generated during this exercise will be used for the subsequent event ecology exercise to discuss further the hazardous events most significant in the community’s recent past and will be reviewed again during the planning process following the exchange portion of the program to ascertain that the plans are reflective of the hazards the community feels it is at most risk of. The exercise may also provide some guidance as to whether the current suite of disaster risk management activities on offer by government agencies and international organizations target perceived risks, and as such may flag some future recommendations. Pair-wise ranking and scoring Pair-wise ranking is very similar to the ranking and scoring described thus far except that participants are asked to choose between items rather than ranking them all at once. The advantage of pair-wise ranking compared with complete preference ranking is that people are forced to make very careful decisions between two items rather than a large number which could in some cases be overwhelming. Matrix scoring and ranking Participants decide on which elements to rank against the criteria they feel are most important. Scoring is done using stickers, stones, seeds or other counters to give value Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 18 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings for the items being ranked. Scoring can be open (value decided by each participant) or can be based on a fixed number. For example, an item that ranks high might receive ten points out of a possible ten given. A low rank would be one or zero points out of ten given as to how each item scores with respect to each criteria in the matrix. Figure 6. Example of a matrix ranking The steps are as follows: 1. Decide which items to rank and score – this can be from a brainstorming and clustering exercise. 2. For each item in turn ask what is good and what is bad about? 3. List negative and positive criteria. 4. Ask informants to rank or score each item. Allow the participants to decide how they want to assess value for each item (e.g. by voting) 5. Ask other questions such as: a. Which criteria are most important? b. If you could only choose one, which would it be? Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 19 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Example: Ranking of factors to be included in FCM A Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping exercise begins with a card or post-it note brainstorming and clustering exercise. This exercise often generates more items then the time frame of the workshop might allow for causal mapping and assignation of strength of interactions. Thus facilitators may choose to ask participants to rank the items allowing the group to choose the main items that are relevant for the mapping. This process is often done using stickers to vote as described in the previous sections. They are able to put all of their votes on one item or distribute their votes across many items. Example: Scoring and ranking of criteria People often make decisions balancing trade-offs between multiple different criteria. For example, when looking for a husband a woman may have a list such as honest, respectful, faithful, funny, intelligent and so forth. Depending on the ranking of each of these criteria for choosing a husband she might reach a different conclusion from a selection of options. Similarly, with decision-making about actions for climate change mitigation and conservation of biodiversity, stakeholders may have a list of different relevant criteria. Ranking and scoring techniques can be used to determine the relative priority of these criteria and therefore aid decision-making. The ranking can be done using the voting system described above, pairwise ranking or matrix ranking. Well-being ranking The well-being ranking is an exploratory exercise to sensitize the research team on participant-held preferences that might otherwise be poorly understood. This is an exercise popular with development organizations for the design of baseline surveys and the follow-up surveys to judge long-term project impact that is reflective of perceptions of improvement. Individuals are asked to describe the conditions of a household/area (note this technique is scalable) that is doing well or improving and conditions of a household that is struggling or waning. These could include structure components of the homestead, such as roofing material, the presence of a fence or items of aesthetic appeal or socio-economic indicators such as the number of school fees paid or the practice of tithing to the church or mosque to name but a few examples. Based on these criteria, individuals can rank their neighbours and explain why the bits of evidence discussed are indicators of households doing well or struggling. The ranking process usually further evaluates the criteria, which are continually re-adjusted and re-evaluated. Defining the criteria is very important for the purposes of baseline surveys, but for the purposes at hand, the discussion during the ranking process is more relevant, as it gives the researcher a better sense of community-held preferences before beginning other components of the data collection process. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 20 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3.2.3 Diagramming and mapping Construction and analysis of maps, models and diagrams can involve: a. Social and resource maps b. Topic and theme maps c. Census maps and models d. GIS based aerial maps e. Transects Diagramming can involve f. Causal, linkage and flow diagrams i. Causal maps ii. Signed causal maps/influence diagrams iii. Fuzzy cognitive maps g. Force field analysis h. Times lines, trend analysis i. Seasonal diagrams j. Activity profiles k. Daily routines l. Venn diagrams Some examples are given below. Rich pictures Rich pictures are a highly visual way of exploring and representing the interactions between different elements of a system and for gaining a deeper understanding of a problem situation. There are no formal rules about how rich pictures must be constructed, there is ample space for creativity. Figure 7 shows an example of a rich picture for a rural community in the Solomon Islands. The image can contain a mixture of text, drawings, charts, arrows and anything at all that expresses a concept. In some cases it might be helpful to use an existing map of an area to draw different items on top of it of stick pictures on it. Rich pictures can be refined as our understanding of the system becomes clearer. The entire research team will sit together on a weekly basis to draw and modify rich pictures that bring together the content of each of the lenses in a systemic manner. These representations can be discussed with community members, local partners and experts to cross-check our understanding of the relationships and drivers in the system. Rich pictures can be constructed of the present, of a normative vision of the future or of exploratory scenarios. In the case of the normative visions and exploratory scenarios the rich picture can be accompanied by a story that is told during the presentation (and written down by the group facilitator). During the presentation the key elements and linkages are described, as part of the story on the future. The facilitators of the subgroups have the important task to write down the stories and the way they are developed Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 21 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings during the scenario making process. The process description should for instance include who had most influence during the participatory exercise. Goals: To construct information rich and nuanced visual representations of a scenario (either present or future). Further to demonstrate systemic interactions and linkages through arrows. Constructing the drawing is more fun than simply talking and discussion is stimulated around the drawing as an intermediary object. One rich picture can say just as much as a couple of pages of written text. Materials needed: Felt-tip pens Pencils Flipcharts / large paper Enough space (on the wall) to put the rich pictures on Group setting, so that all groups can see the presentations as well Figure 7. Rich picture of a rural community in the Solomon Islands Source: Russell (2007) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 22 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Spidergrams Spidergrams can be used to get a quick visual representation of the relative importance of the main issues in each case study. They can be made both for the present and the future. Participants will get an A4 or A5 paper with lines in a star form. Each axis represents one of the main issues. On the outside the value of importance of the issue is very high (10), at the cross none (0) Figure 8. Spidergram – Main issues in the Guadiana basin in Spain (agricultural sector oriented group) Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2009) Make a flipchart that represent an empty spidergram telling which issue is located on which axis, so that all participants place the issue at the same axis. This will make it much easier to compare. The participant places a dot or cross on the value of importance that he thinks the issues has. When the importance of each issue has been decided upon the dots are connected and a spider web appears. Ask the participants to write their name on the paper, so that you can compare the different stakeholder groups with each other. The spidergrams makes is easy to compare the visions with each other and with the present on the importance of the issues. This exercise can be done individually, or in a group. Goals: Spidergrams give a visual representation of the importance of different issues. It will help to compare the present situation with the visions and the compare the different case studies with each other. It can also serve as input for the Fuzzy Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 23 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Cognitive Maps. Materials needed: Empty spidergrams, with as many axes as issues (Excel document) Pencils, different colour for present and the vision One large spidergram, with the issues on the axes. Timelines Timelines are a widely used participatory tool to understand a kind of history of a system. It basically places events along a timeline. In fact, back-casting can be thought of as a type of timeline where the future vision is put at the end of the timeline and the present at the beginning. Participants work backwards from the future to the present we repeatedly ask the question “what would need to happen before that could happen” until we reach the present. Timelines can also be constructed stepping forwards in time from the present to the future asking “what could happen next” in this scenario. This type of exercise can be used to develop and enrich exploratory scenario storylines. In the case of normative visions we repeatedly ask the question “what would we need to do to achieve that” working backwards. This can include policy actions or other types of intervention. Timelines can also be constructed to a particular point in history to give a historical perspective. The Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) that are developed of the present and the future system can be used as the end points for the timeline exercise as can collages or other methods. Within the section on back-casting an exercise is shown using all current mapping and all future visioning and mapping exercises simultaneously. The timeline can be used to explore different barriers and opportunities in different future scenarios. These are also plotted around the timeline. Goals: When used for planning purposes timelines are used to develop a step-by-step ordered plan of which actions would need to be taken when, and how long each action could take, in order to achieve a desired outcome in a particular scenario. When used for scenario development the goal of this exercise is to develop the visions into real storylines, describing the whole time from present to the desired vision, including the actions that can be taken along the way. As before the timeline makes it easier to follow which action has to be taken first and which later. Some actions might also take a lot of time implement, which can be easily visualized on the timeline. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 24 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Materials needed: Felt-tip pens Pencils Flipcharts / large papers Enough space (on the wall) to put the time lines on Group setting, so that all groups can see the presentations as well Influence diagrams / Signed cognitive maps/Causal loop diagrams An influence diagram is a compact graphical and mathematical representation of a system. The “boxes” in influence diagrams are variable quantities such as social stability rather than society. Arrows between boxes represent a causal influence. A positive sign represents that an increase in the originating variable causes an increase in the variable at the end of the arrow; a negative sign indicates that in increase in the originating variable causes a decrease in the variable at the end of the arrow. If numbers between -1 and 1 are placed on the arrows this diagram becomes known as a fuzzy cognitive map or fuzzy influence diagram. The number represents the strength of the causal relationship. The properties of the system can be mathematically explored by examining the properties of the matrix describing the connection weights. These diagrams can be also used as precursors for the use of Bayesian network and decision theory. In a decision-making problem, maximum expected utility can be solved for. A simple influence diagram describing the relationships between some of the key strategic properties of a restaurant is shown in Figure 9. Causal Loop Diagrams focus on the description of balancing (B) and Reinforcing (R) feedback loops. Figure 9. Example of a Causal Loop Diagram (Simple Restaurant Influence Diagram) Source: Nozdryn-Plotnicki (2010) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 25 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings These diagrams are sometimes referred to as Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs). CLDs provide a graphic language that helps us to explore causal patterns that are important to system dynamics but are rarely appreciated or understood in everyday life. Identification of a cause and an effect are for many people the basic strategy for dealing with problems – find a cause of a problem and eliminate it. However circular logic and system structure (feedback loops, delays, and webs) are not sufficiently explored to have a real impact on decision-making. Most people tend to think linearly, as if every action causes a simple chain of reactions with no feedbacks that loop around to change conditions at any point on the chain. CLDs represent the feedback structure of a system. They help to capture hypotheses how the system structure influences the dynamics and consider how these hypotheses relate to one another. The variables, causal relations, overall structure and conversations occurring during model construction all offer insights into what mental models are salient for particular individuals or teams. CLDs can serve for communicating the important system features, especially feedbacks, which are believed to be responsible for the emergence of a particular issue or problem. Time trend (fuzzy graphs) Rather than placing items along a timeline as in the case of the timelines activity, the participants are asked to make (fuzzy) graphs of how they think that an indicator will change. The graphs thus illustrate time behaviours that constitute a problem or issue of concern to stakeholders. They make yet another visual tool with which scenarios can easily be compared with each other. Time trends made for the business as usual development can be “reference modes” against which scenarios can be compared for the way policy actions help us escape from the trap of the reference mode. Goals: The time trends will give another easy to understand visual representation of a scenario. It forces the participants to think not only about the present and the vision, but also about the time in between. How do they think that the actions plotted on the timeline effect those indicators? The time trends (although fuzzy) will also give valuable information. Materials needed: Pens Paper to draw the graphs on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps A cognitive map is a graphical representation of a system, where components are represented as boxes and relationships between components are represented as arrows. Fuzzy cognitive maps are a form of cognitive map or "mind map" useful for showing causal relationships between variable concepts (like social instability, rather than society), together with the strength of interaction between these variables. In general, a fuzzy cognitive map shows the relationships between N concepts {C1, … ,CN} , if there Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 26 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings is no arrow between two concepts there is no causal relationship between those concepts. The strength of the causal relationship of concept Ci on concept Cj is the number aij written above each link where aij [- 1, 1]. Whether the number aij is positive or negative denotes whether Ci has a positive or negative causal relationship with Cj. Figure 10 shows the basic structure of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map. Figure 10. Example of general Fuzzy Cognitive Map Source: Own elaboration To understand this, consider the simpler case of a signed cognitive map. A signed cognitive map is the "non-fuzzy" version of this where the numbers aij are only able to take the values -1, 0 or 1, represented as a positive (+) or negative (-) sign on a link or no link for 0. In this case a positive sign on the link between nodes Ci and Cj indicates Ci causally increases Cj, this means an increase in Ci causes an increase in Cj, whereas a negative sign on the link between nodes Ci and Cj indicates that Ci causally decreases Cj, that is, an increase in Ci causes a decrease Cj. In other words, the diagram tells us how a change in Ci will affect a change in Cj the number aij then tells us to what extent (Kosko, 1986). The matrix A = [aij] is called the adjacency matrix. With Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) the purpose is to achieve a better understanding of the stakeholders’ perception of both the present system and the system state in various future scenarios. The starting points for the development of the present system are the main issues concerning the case study (as derived during the card-techniques session and subsequent ranking). They will form the nodes/boxes. In the second step the feedbacks / relations between the main issues have to be determined. Try to take as many feedbacks into account as possible. Next, the nature of the interaction, positive or negative is assigned and finally the numerical value which represents the strength of the Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 27 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings interaction. Figure 11 illustrates the application of FCMs to the issue of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (see Kok, 2009, for further details). The analysis was limited to factors related to agricultural expansion. Thus, all concepts Ci represent a direct or indirect driver / constraint of agriculturally induced deforestation, while all relationships are the processes by which the drivers influence each other. Figure 11. Cognitive map of Brazilian rainforest deforestation Source: Kok (2009) Fuzzy Cognitive Maps force the participants to be explicit in their description of the system. The visual presentation can be displayed so that it is easy for everyone to comment on it. Stakeholders will learn about variables and feedbacks perceived by others and can take them into account. This can be variables and feedback that they themselves might have forgotten or did not know about. This offers a good learning possibility. See also Cole and Persichitte (2000) for more on FCMs and learning. The adjacency matrix is then used in a simple computer model to calculate the impact of various types of perturbation to the system. The outcomes might inform decisionmaking about actions to effect change in the system and might also lead to a change of perception about the system itself (and subsequent adjustments of the FCM). Goals: Fuzzy Cognitive Maps will be used for multiple goals: To get a clear presentation of the system as perceived by the stakeholders. To make the ideas of stakeholders explicit To create a structured learning method for the stakeholders about the system. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 28 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings As beginning and end points for a back-casting exercise Materials needed: Paper cards or post-it notes (for the boxes, making it easier to change the FCM) Pens Pencils and erasers Excel spreadsheet with empty FCM How to build FCM with stakeholders (steps): 1. Define the context and frame the problem along with stakeholders • What is the question we want to analyze? • What is the problem we are dealing with? • What are the boundaries of time and space? 2. Identify relevant issues involved in the problem • Brainstorming or post-it session to find out all important factors • Identify main clusters 3. Identify important factors (BOXES) • Based on step 2, define important factors 4. Define relationships (ARROWS) • How are factors linked in terms of causality 5. Define the type of relationship (SIGN) • Positive or negative? 6. Define strength (VALUE) • How strong are relationships? The strength of a relationship between two factors can be expressed in numerical or verbal rating scales. After the workshop, verbal strengths can be translated into numbers. Missing values can also be extrapolated according to local knowledge, literature or questionnaires. Next step is to build the adjacency matrix and carry out dynamic analysis. It is important to revise the FCM with the stakeholders once it is finalized and discuss with them the results of the dynamic analysis. It is important to take into account that in workshops where stakeholders are very heterogeneous in terms of educational and cultural backgrounds, interests, and political connections, less powerful groups may find difficulties to express their opinions and make their voice be heard. For this reason, it is extremely important to make all stakeholders speak and therefore prepare them for the discussion running, for example, a brainstorming session before the start of the FCM exercise. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 29 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Example of an empirical FCM application: The following figure shows an example of a FCM representing a water system in Spain, built with stakeholders. C1: Rural developm. policies C0: CAP Subsidies C2: Application SPUG (*) C3: Political will +0,8 +0,5 C4: Coordination of policies +0,9 +0,6 C8: Managemt of demands +0,8 C5: Ef f ective control +0,5 +0,8 +0,5 C6: Rural population C14: Water demand +0,2 +0,5 +0,5 C11: Price of water -1 -0,5 +0,8 +1 C9: Fulf ilment of demands +0,8 -1 +0,8 +0,8 C7: Productivity of water use +0,5 C13: Water scarcity +1 C10: Ecosystems conservation +0,5 C12: Culture of water use -0,7 -0,5 Figure 12. FCM representing the water system in the Guadiana river basin, in Spain Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2008) The numbers assigned to links represent the relative weight of links between a pair of variables, compared to the others. The value will range from -1 to +1, where 1 is the strongest link, 0 is the weakest, and the sign shows whether both variables change in the same sense (when one increases, the other too) or in the opposite sense (when one increases, the other decreases). This ‘semi-quantification’ is the reason why we this type of cognitive maps are called ‘fuzzy’. Every FCM can be assigned a matrix where all the variables are arranged in the vertical and in the horizontal axes (in the example, C0 to C14). For each variable Ci in the horizontal axis, we write a vertical vector showing the strength with which every variable of the system is linked to Ci. If there is no link, the value in the vector is zero. Table 1 shows the example of matrix corresponding to the FCM of the Guadiana river basin. Labels C0 to C14 correspond to the variables in the system. The numbers inside the matrix correspond to the values assigned to the relationships between those variables. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 30 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Table 1. Matrix representing the relationships between variables in the water system in the Guadiana river basin Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2008) We can use FCMs to examine the effect of different policies and interventions. We define a ‘change vector’ that represents the change we are investigating, a perturbation applied to each of the variable concepts in the FCM. Post-multiplying the change vector repeatedly by the adjacency matrix (about 20-30 times) gives successively higher order effects of the initial perturbation. Results will give us an idea of the system stability. We can also see how the weight of the different variables could evolve as a result of current interactions between variables. Following with the example of the Guadiana basin, Figure 2 shows the result of the dynamic analysis. In this case, we can see that the values assigned to each variable stay constant quite early, after the eighth iteration. We can also see which variables have the highest weight in the system. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 31 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings CAP subsidies 3,0 Rural developmt policies Application SPUG 2,0 Political will Coordination of policies 1,0 Effective control Rural population 0,0 Productivity of water use 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Management of demands Fulfilment of demands -1,0 Ecosystem conservation Price of water -2,0 Culture of water use Water scarcity -3,0 Water demand Figure 13. Dynamic analysis of the FCM representing the water system in the Guadiana river basin, in Spain Note: The vertical Y-axis represents the value of each variable while the horizontal X-axis denotes the number of iterations Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2008) The quantitative analysis of the FCMs is a very interesting application when working with scenarios, because it allows us to test the consequences of enhancing or weakening the role of specific variables (policies, management actions, etc.) in the system (Kok, 2009). When developed in a participatory way, stakeholders have come up with variables, links and weights as a result of common discussions, guided by a facilitator. Regarding the weights, it is not necessary that stakeholders provide a number, but they can give qualitative estimations (very strong, strong, medium, weak, very weak) and we can, afterwards, translate those into numbers. FCMs, like other systems’ analysis tools, have the capacity to improve stakeholders’ understanding of the context they are analyzing. When stakeholders are confronted with a cognitive mapping exercise, they are forced to conceptualize and to be explicit in their description of the system (Cole and Persichitte, 2000). If the exercise is carried out in a group, it also helps understanding the others’ views and to learn from discussions. The main advantage of the FCMs compared to just qualitative representations is that we can perform an analysis of the system stability based on the strength of links between variables and even simulate the effect of potential actions taken affecting different variables. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 32 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings The following table provides a summary of the main strengths and weaknesses of the FCM method. Table 2. Strengths and Weaknesses of FCMs FCM Strengths FCM Weaknesses Intuitive, easy to develop and apply No real quantification, outputs cannot be interpreted in absolute terms Incomparable factors are compared and measured with the same semi-quantitative scales Time is not well represented; factors included in the system do not usually all operate at the same temporal scale High level of integration: combines information of different scales and different types Allow for considering social and qualitative aspects not included in hard-modeling techniques and permit integration with quantitative modeling Forces to be explicit and facilitates a concrete discussion Easy insight on effect of impacts Assigning weights can be very effort and time consuming, sometimes hampering the creative process Conceptualizing a system into a FCM requires stakeholders with a high level of understanding Focus on feedbacks, which can uncover previously hidden key characteristics of the system Source: own elaboration Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis (SLA) A sustainable livelihoods analysis involves a survey of available resources within the categories of human, natural, financial, physical and social capital. The levels of each are often plotted on a spidergram with 5 axes: human, natural, financial, physical and social so that the relative strength of each can be assessed. This type of mapping tells us what we have to work with in any kind of planning process. It can be used as part of identification of barriers and opportunities. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 33 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 14. General framework for executing a Sustainable Livelihood analysis Source: Homero-Diniz (2013) Organizational and Institutional Map Together the community lists all groups and organizations present and draws a diagram the relationships between them. A Venn diagram is often appropriate as shown in Figure 13. Circles indicate organizations and institutions while the size of the circles represents the magnitude of membership (number of members). Groups that have members in common are drawn as overlapping. It is important to know what organizational and institutional capacity (or lack of it) is possible to leverage for interventions to support climate change mitigation and conservation of biodiversity. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 34 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 15. Example of an Organizational and Institutional Map developed during a stakeholder workshop. Source: Constructed by stakeholders during CCAFS workshops in Kochiel Kenya, facilitated by Ariella Helfgott Seasonal Calendar A seasonal calendar is a participatory tool to explore seasonal changes. The objective is to learn about changes in environment and livelihoods over the year and to show the seasonality of workload, food availability, human diseases, gender-specific income and expenditure, water, forage, credit etc. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 35 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 16. Example of Seasonal Calendar, Ambara Region, Ethiopia Source: Mikkelssen (2005) Some possible key Questions: 1. What are the busiest months of the year? 2. At what time of the year is food scarce? 3. How does income vary over the year for men and women? 4. How does expenditure vary over the year for men and women? 5. How does rainfall vary over the year? 6. How does water availability for human consumption vary over the year? 7. How does livestock forage availability vary over the year? 8. How does credit availability vary over the year? 9. When are holidays and how many days in which month? 10. Which could be the most appropriate season for additional activities for men and women? What time constraints do exist and for what reason? How to facilitate: 1. Find a large open space for the group. The calendar can be drawn on the ground or on very big sheets of paper. 2. Ask the participants to draw a matrix, indicating each month along one axis by a symbol. 3. It usually easiest to start the calendar by asking about rainfall patterns. Choose a symbol for rain and put/draw it next to the column which participants will now use to illustrate the rainfall. Ask the group to put stones under each month of the Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 36 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings calendar to represent relative amounts of rainfall (more stones meaning more rainfall). 4. Move to the next topic and ask people during which month the food is usually scarce. Discuss the reasons why it is scarce and make sure that the different kind of food donations that people receive are discussed and that this information is shown in the map. 5. Go on like this, meaning topic by topic. After finishing all the columns your matrix should have covered the topics you wish to map out according to season. 6. After the calendar is finished ask the group which linkages they see among the different topics of the calendar. Encourage the group to discuss what they see on the calendar. 7. Make sure that your copy of the seasonal calendar - has a key explaining the different items and symbols used on the map. Material needed: BIG sheet of paper, pencils, markers. Documentation Sheet, white paper for copying the seasonal calendar. Daily Calendar Exercise This exercise should be used in conjunction with a seasonal calendar and the daily calendar must be constructed for each relevant season. Figure 17. Daily calendar mapping Beora, Nepal Source: Bailey et al. (2012) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 37 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings The Daily Calendar is an exploratory exercise to elucidate daily labour and consumption patterns during times of scarcity, abundance and typical years, with the corresponding annual cycles. Participants describe what they do in detail from before sunrise to after sun set in different environmental conditions, making distinctions between different groups within a community and roles within households. Participants are asked a series of questions and encouraged to give anecdotes or stories whenever possible to explain their answers. If participants cannot remember a time of abundance, they are encouraged to refer to folklore or stories from deceased elders. As the participants dictate their days (first for times of scarcity, followed by times of abundance and ending with typical conditions), it is captured on a large poster board with words and drawings by the facilitator. Bright markers and cartoon-like drawings help keep the participants interested and gives them an opportunity to suggest corrections if the calendar does not adequately capture what has been explained, for example, how each daily task correlates with the placement of the sun. The poster board ends up looking a bit like a rainbow when drawn out. There is a different band for each environmental condition (scarcity, abundance and typical years) that is then doubled to look at dry/wet seasons or production and harvesting periods. After the basic calendar is established, labour patterns of different groups of people are added (ex: boys who herd cattle, women without children, elders etc.) to fully capture the diversity of household labour and income contributions. The activities are again placed in relation to the position of the sun from before sunrise to after sunset. The exercise takes several hours to complete but offers a very clear map of production and consumption patterns as well as adaptation mechanisms, by comparing the bands. Using the information provided during the calendar exercise, it is often then possible to produce comprehensive lists of income generating activities used by participants; quantify crop yields and rates of crop failure; identify the sources and extent of livestock losses; determine the extent to which the participants have been reliant on emergency food aid and other services of government agencies and international organisations; develop a better sense of the division of labour; distinguish coping mechanisms that further degrade their environment and asset-base from those that are neutral or beneficial; and identify multiple stressors outside the biophysical drivers of food insecurity. Map of village present and future This could be adapted to mapping out the case study area both in the present and under different future scenarios. Map of current village: Participants draw a map of their current village detailing all physical assets, significant geographical features, rivers, dams, roads, houses (named by occupants if possible), public buildings, boundaries and so forth as they exist now. A well-being ranking can take place around the current map as an intermediary object. This exercise can be supplemented with existing maps and GIS. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 38 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 18. Current map of the Guarayos region in Bolivia showing physical and natural resources Source: Toledo and Clavijo (2013) Map of future village: Participants are given many coloured marker pens and a large sheet of paper and facilitated to draw a map of how they plan/would like for their village to look physically in n years time. Participants can think about the roads, water supply and distribution, farm design, homestead design, energy, market location, industry and so forth. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 39 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 19. Map of Kochiel Kenya in 15 years time according to community wide normative visioning Source: Constructed by stakeholders during CCAFS workshops in Kochiel Kenya, facilitated by Ariella Helfgott 3.2.4 Narrative techniques Across the world, different countries, classes, sectors, and disciplines, whatever – story telling seems to be universal to all people. In some ways there is nothing more natural then telling stories. Interviews and surveys typically come laden with pre-determined thoughts of what the investigators might find, and interviewees and survey respondents seem to fall into a mode of response based on what they think the inquirer wants to hear. Stories and anecdotes reflect the messiness, reveal values and beliefs, and when told in a group, create an informal environment of exploration that invariably reveals insights one could never predict from the outset. Stories contain contextual information that give meaning to statements such as what “a lot” “good” or “bad” mean in a particular context and to a given stakeholder. They make it possible to meaningfully interpret other types of participatory results. It is always good to triangulate other methods with narrative or anecdote collection. Narrative Circles Narrative Circles are how we discover these stories. Each story stimulates other people to share similar stories. Information is obtained in a context through which it can be meaningfully interpreted. For example, if someone says a local education system is bad, what does that mean? If they tell stories about neglect or abuse, or lack of resources at school, we have much more insight into what is going on. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 40 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings A narrative circle consists of people sitting in a circle and sharing their stories around a theme. The facilitator can ask narrative eliciting questions or share stories of their own to get the process going. Once the process is started the only difficulty tends to be ending the session. Talking pictures Each participant is asked to take a picture or an object with him that symbolises a special aspect from the case study. The participant will introduce her/him self and shortly present the picture/object and what it symbolizes. This aspect should be something that the participant think is important for the future of the case study. The facilitator will write down the keywords on a flipchart or whiteboard. After all participants have presented their picture and story behind it, the flipcharts can be the starting point for discussion or card technique exercises. Take a picture or object with you yourself, with which you present yourself and your role in the workshop or the importance of the workshops and ROBIN. Goals: All participants have at least spoken once, making it easier to speak again. The link person – picture also helps to remember names. The humour that is often generated from the unusual objects / pictures gives the meeting a nice start. The other output related goal is to get a first quick idea of the main issues at stake in the case study area. Materials needed: Pens Flipchart Room layout in which everybody can see each other Oral Histories Participants are facilitated to tell the story of their lives or some portion of their lives over a given time frame. Event Ecology Event ecology involves collecting narratives around a particular event such as a significant flood or drought that the community experienced at a particular time. As many narratives as possible are collected regarding before, during and after the event in order to pragmatically understand what was going on (Walters and Vayda 2009). Event ecology is a powerful tool for uncovering the tools available to people for coping during periods of change, disturbance or crisis. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 41 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3.2.5 Visualisation There are many different techniques for visualizing a particular situation, problem context or scenario. Some examples are given below. Collages Collages can be used as a means to visually present the present scenario (showing what is present in the current status quo) or a range of different future scenarios (showing what could be present in particular future scenarios). Collages are always combined with a presentation/written text that explains the meaning of the collage and what it represents. Facilitators collect a huge stack of magazines and newspapers and enough scissors and glue for the entire group. Participants are asked to cut-out and stick on the common paper, anything that they expect to see in the particular scenario under investigation. They could be asked to cut and stick things that are part of their present lifestyle, or they could be asked to cut and stick things that they want to see in their future, in the case of normative visioning. Or in the case of exploratory scenarios the participants will first discuss how they think the future of the area will look like in the particular scenario. How the collages will look like is up to the participants. They can make it as an ad hoc overlapping collage, a sort of flow-diagram, but can also use the pictures on a map of the Pilot Area, or make a story board out of it. Words, symbols and drawings can also be added. During the presentation the key elements and key linkages between them are described, within the story about the scenario under investigation. The facilitators have the important task to write down the stories and the way they are developed during the scenario making process. The process description should for instance include who had most influence in the group. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 42 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 20. Collage based on Knowledge is King scenario in the Guadalentin (Spain) within the SCENES project. Source: Kok et al. (2006b) The collages are easy to refer to and can also be used later in the scenario development process or in a planning process such as back-casting. Visioning and back-casting processes commonly use collages of normative visions of the future. Group discussion is facilitated around this jointly created intermediary object. Goals: To make a visual presentation of the scenario under investigation and possibly also the storyline describing it. Dominant people tend to talk most, less dominant people can put their ideas in the collage by adding their choice of pictures to the collage. The activity of choosing the right pictures and cutting and sticking them makes it more fun to do then only talking and makes people also more creative. One collage can say just as much as a couple of pages of written text. Materials needed: A very large number of magazines and newspapers with pictures Felt-tip Pencils Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 43 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Flipcharts / large paper Glue Enough space (on the wall) to put the collages on Group setting, so that all groups can see the presentations as well Figure 21. Impressions of a participatory collage making exercise. Source: Photographs taken by Kasper Kok during a workshop in the Guadalentin in Spain . Illustrations Participants can make illustrations that help to visualize the scenario under consideration. It is also possible to hire a professional artist to illustrate the visions of participants. Below is an image of four regional socio0economic scenarios for West Africa created by a professional illustrator in CCAFS regional scenario development process. Figure 22. CCAFS Regional Socio-Economic Scenarios for East Africa Source: Vervoort (2013) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 44 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Reflective/Meditative visualization This is a meditative exercise. Participants are arranged in a circle and asked to close their eyes. The exercise begins with watching the breath for a short time. Participants are then guided through a visualization of their village, their homestead, their home, and their daily calendar of activities n years into the future. Figure 23. CCAFS Visualisation Exercise Kochiel, Kenya Source: Photograph taken by Chase Sova during CCAFS workshops in Kochiel Kenya, facilitated by Ariella Helfgott. Following the visualization exercise participants describe the future they visualized for themselves. We progress around the circle as participants share their desired futures. The group then collectively summarizes the visions and aspirations for development of the community. Key themes are chosen by the group for use in the back-casting exercise. 3.2.6 Drama, games and role plays Drama, games and roles plays are a fantastic way of building trust, rapport and shared understanding between participants. The Weather or Not game is provided here purely as an example of this type of activity rather than as a suggestion for ROBIN. It is useful for finding out what types of climate related decisions stakeholders need to make and for ascertaining their ability to understand different forms of climate information. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 45 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Weather or Not Game This is a game on communicating uncertainty developed by the Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Center, which uses playing cards and a dice and is facilitated in a group to help players better understand probabilistic information (see http://petlab.parsons.edu/redCrossSite/) related to climate change and how the odds of more extreme weather events (probably many of the hazards outlined during the preceding predicted hazards exercise) are likely to increase in frequency in future, as a result of climate change. Ascertaining comprehension of probabilistic information is critical for the research because of its importance in interpreting future projections at multiple scales, including the climate analogue tool. The rules of the game are explained to the group by the facilitator. The following is an excerpt from the game development website: GAMEPLAY: 1. Take the first card off the top of the red “forecast” deck and reveal it to the audience. For example, let’s say it’s a “4″. This is equivalent to a 40% probability that there will be a flood. 2. Ask audience members to decide: Do they act, or do they not act? Audience members must visualize their choice by standing to act, or staying seated to not act. (Variation: ask audience members to move to different sides of the room.) 3. Explain to the audience that you will now pull a card from the black “outcome” deck. For example, if the card pulled out of the deck is numbered 4 or less, there will be a flood. If it is higher than 4, there is no flood. 4. There are four possible outcomes to the game: FLOOD a. If they have decided to act and there is a flood, they have made a good decision, saved many lives and they get to stay in the game for the next round. b. If they decided not to act and there is a flood they have failed to act and are out of the game. NO FLOOD c. If they have decided to act and there is no flood they have acted in vain and are out of the game (demoted from their position) d. If they have decided not to act and there is no flood they remain in the game for the next round. 5. Play until there’s one person standing or time http://petlab.parsons.edu/redCrossSite/rulesWONLowTech.html) is up! (source: Following the game, the participants will be asked to make a local comparison other than the example given (flood). Often the exercise is sufficient for at least a handful of participants to understand the subject matter and be able to make comparisons that are more easily understood by the rest of the participants. This game was trialled by Meghan Bailey in Karamoja, Uganda and coastal Kenya. In these instances the examples given were usually weather related such as hale and storms, but other Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 46 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings examples participants drew connections with included the likelihood that a goat will abort its foetus in one time period, how many plagues of locusts to expect in a lifetime, chicken eggs that might break during a journey to town depending on how they are packed, and so forth. 3.2.7 Participatory planning and decision-making Backcasting Having generated a shared vision of the future and mapped the current status quo, backcasting is a process of systematically stepping backwards from the future until we reach the present. These steps can then be implemented from where they are now successively to achieve their desired future. This is a normative planning technique. It is usually implemented using a long sheet of paper and many post-it notes. The representations of the future created are placed at the right end of the sheet, and the representations of the current state place on the left. Certain key features of the present and future are listed on post-it notes. We move successively from the right to the left continuously asking the question, what would we need/need to do to achieve this? Figure 24. Backcasting exercise. Building water scenarios in the Guadiana basin Source: Varela-Ortega et al. (2010) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 47 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3.2.8 Participatory monitoring and evaluation Most Significant Change (MSC) Technique Participants are asked to describe the most significant change which has taken place in their lives/environment/farming practices/etc over the past n years (or through a particular intervention or workshop). After participants tell the story of this change, they are asked to describe why it is the most significant. This technique simultaneously provides information about the nature of change taking place in the community as well as the value system of the community in terms of what is considered most significant. The Most Significant Change Technique can also be used for evaluation of interventions and puts the evaluation criteria in the hands of the community as they choose which changes to focus on. If MSC is conducted in a group, participants can subsequently rank all of the stories in the group to determine the most significant change of all. This ranking process is uncomfortable and the ranking itself is not what is important. It is the discussion of values that takes place around the ranking which is particularly illustrative. 3.2.9 Icebreakers There are an unlimited number of activities which reduce tension, create a relaxed and collegiate atmosphere and build social interactions. Some examples are shown in Figure 23 below. These pictures were taken during the first FCM stakeholder workshop in Bolivia. On the left, we can see several participants spinning around a piece of paper lying on the ground. The purpose of this game for participants is to acquire an understanding of the fragile nature of land as a resource. The piece of paper represents the small fraction of the Earth’s limited land resources that support human life. The participants represent the world’s population, which is very high and now exceeds the natural resources available to sustain it. As populations increase and economies expand, natural resources are depleted and the need for land becomes more and more important. Therefore, as it happens in the real world, the participants/people are forced to compete with each other for a portion of land as it becomes more and more scarce (the piece of paper is divided by two in each round of the game). The participants move round the piece of paper while the music is on. When the music stops, they have to put at least one foot in the paper. Those who left the feet out of the piece of paper are removed from the game. The game is repeated until only one participant can stand up on the piece of paper. He/she will be the winner. The picture on the right shows a group of 10-15 people playing a cooperation game. The same game is running in parallel with a second group of 10-15 people. It is fun for the two teams to be just a short distance away from one another–close enough so that participants can keep an eye on the other team’s game. Within a group, all the participants stand in a circle facing each other. They have to close their eyes and extend their left hand into the circle to grab another participant’s hand. Next, they have to extend their right hand across the circle and grab a different person’s hand. No one can join hands with a person directly next to them in the circle. The group must then communicate and work together to solve the knot and untangle themselves without letting go of any joined hands. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 48 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 25. Activities to encourage interaction among participants in the Guarayos region (Bolivia) Source: Toledo and Clavijo (2013) 3.2.10 Summary The methods included in this catalogue can be seen as the core of participatory methods that have been tried out in practice on many occasions. The list is not exhaustive by any means. New variants are continuously being developed and several methods can be combined in the same study or project. 3.3 Triangulation Triangulation is a method to overcome the problems that stem from studies relying upon a single theory, a single method, a single set of data, and from a single investigator. It implies the use of multiple methods to elicit answers to the same question to eliminate the biases introduced by particular methods. The same is also true for facilitators, particular groups of stakeholders, data sources and so forth. Triangulation involves cross-checking to validate observations and information. 3.4 Selection and Handling of Tools The challenge for the practitioner is to choose methods that are relevant in a particular situation and for a particular group. The ability to select, adapt and combine methods, be they participatory or more conventional methods such as surveys is a primary skill requirement for facilitators of participatory development. There is no a priori correct selection. Practicing and facilitating participatory methods thus require a variety of skills and capabilities, of which attitudes count as much as technical and pedagogic skills. Professional facilitation of participatory methods is mandatory if these methods are to Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 49 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings constitute a serious approach to development research and practice. To retain credibility, it is important that the practitioners possess sufficient capabilities to practice participatory methods, and knowledge of the strengths and pitfalls of participatory tools. Reflexivity by the researcher and practitioner himself over the possible impacts of his preconceived notions and participation in the research or action process has been slow to penetrate the development area. Indeed self-reflexive perspectives should be the foundation of the participatory practitioner’s capabilities. 3.5 Considerations for Using Participatory Methods To avoid “using the label without the substance” we will now look at critical perspectives on participation and principles to ensure appropriate use of participatory methods. 3.5.1 Critical Perspectives Participation is not the panacea many assume because there are limits to what participation alone (even if interactive) can achieve in terms of equity and efficiency, given pre-existing socio-economic inequalities and relations of power. According to this perspective, much of what is hailed as “participation” is a mere technical fix that leaves inequitable global and local relations of power, and with it the root cause of poverty unchallenged (Cornwall 2000). Many critiques claim that participation is eminently prone to co-option by the elite. Participatory initiatives have in several cases been turned on their head and have ensured the promotion of the interest of dominant powers, rather than actually empowering the poor. Green warns that participation, while now part of the standard toolkit “may in practice replicate existing social divisions, be appropriated by the elite and the articulate, and exclude poorer and marginalized groups, including women” (Green 2002). Some go as far as to dub participation the ‘new tyranny’ (Cooke and Kothari 2001). Rahnema characterises participatory methods simply as new and more subtle forms of manipulation (Rahnema 1992). Bina Agarwal (Agarwal 2001) shows how community forestry groups set up as participatory institutions can exclude significant sections such as women. Similarly exclusionary processes have also been observed in other arenas, for example, water usage associations, village councils, and the many new governance structures being promoted today in the name of decentralised institution building. Many studies have shown that women are particularly vulnerable to being excluded from the rapidly expanding attempts at participatory development (Moser 1993; Kabeer 1994). Participatory development programmes, while inclusive of women, may end up silencing them. For example, many programmes value and privilege public debate and communication. Yet some cultures or socio-political environments devalue women’s public roles, moving them to be passive to men. In such circumstances a participatory Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 50 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings technique which requires women to participate in public debate would be inappropriate and would undermine the ability of those women to contribute and to exercise influence over the process. Whether women’s and men’s participation should be joint or separate cannot be determined a priori. Practice shows that the answer can only come from working with people and letting them determine what arrangements will be culturally feasible and socio-economically beneficial (Mikkelsen 2005). Each community is different. Depending on where the research is being done, it may be necessary to form same-sex groups, since in mixed groups women may not participate at all. In other contexts, however, mixed groups may provide an excellent opportunity elicit gender differences and concerns. Even in individual interactions it may be necessary for men to interview and interact only with men and for women to interact only with women. Similar logic applies to selecting appropriate participatory techniques to engage all stakeholder groups, particularly marginalized groups. Practitioners must have a commitment to equity, to empowering those who are marginalized, deprived, regarded as not capable, often especially women, children and those who are poorer. Furthermore, it is important to be aware that the personal consequences for information providers can be serious when those in power are challenged. Techniques need to be employed which take into account existing norms and social structures in an appropriate way. In order to overcome these challenges practitioners need a comprehensive understanding of local norms, social structures and decision making processes. Critiques point to a tendency in participatory approaches to idealize the ‘community’ and a danger of confusing between social and geographical communities. Others warn of the danger of using the term ‘community’ as if it covered a homogeneous, idyllic, unified population with which researchers and developers can interact with no problems. For example, in the past agricultural research focused mainly on male farmers and assumed that all household members shared the same goals, had the same access to resources and outputs and faced similar constraints. Now it is clear that in most cases this view is incorrect. Just as differences between farmers and households may be attributed to differences in access to resources, knowledge and information, differences within households also exist and may be attributed to different factors. Household members may have diverse responsibilities, perform different activities, and have varying workloads and access to resources. They may also have conflicting interests. “A more dynamic vision is needed of ‘institutions’ and of ‘community’, one that incorporates social networks and recognizes dispersed and contingent power relations, the exclusionary as well as the inclusionary nature of participation. We need a much better understanding of local norms of decision-making and representation, of how these change and are negotiated, of how people may indirectly affect outcomes without direct participation … I see the need for a radical reassessment of the desirability, practicality and efficacy of development efforts based on community participation. This involves rethinking not just the Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 51 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings relationship between differently placed individuals and historically and spatially specific social structures, but also the role of individuals, households, communities, development agencies and the state (Cleaver 2001).” All agencies concerned with people’s participation and ‘consultations’ decide who should participate or be consulted. This requires a stakeholder analysis of who are concerned parties with what kind of vested interest, what is their interest and which kind of power do they have to influence the outcome of an intervention, and how can they be motivated to participate. In practice there are many stakeholders who have a different stake in the intervention, different interests in participating and different interests in including or excluding others. Stakeholder analysis of the interests and possibilities of different stakeholder groups to participate helps development planners and project managers to be more precise and specify what kind of participatory approaches they may aim to apply, to bring into action and to effect in cooperation with defined stakeholders. When participation becomes part of the standard toolkit, it is easy to forget to check possible sensitivities involved for the participants. Several research agencies are prone sometimes to propagate and impose the use of participatory approaches against the wishes of people. The high opportunity costs which the use of participatory methods may entail, in particular for the rural poor, tend to be overlooked - some communities that have been subjected to frequent participatory interventions are suffering from participatory fatigue because of these costs. For many communities the expectation of their participation from so many organizations was overwhelming. A more imaginative usage of the tools and a more careful targeting is required. Lessons from specific situations where participatory methods have been applied against people’s will with detrimental consequences have prompted practitioners to adopt the principles which Rasmussen calls the “right not to participate” and the “right to direct representation” (Rasmussen 2004), i.e. the right to represent your own views only and not to speak on behalf of others or have others speak on your behalf. Another lesson from practice is that participation should not concern the prospective users (primary stakeholders) of a project alone. Indeed for people’s participation to be successful, it will in many cases be a pre-condition that ‘officers’ of involved authorities themselves participate as a stakeholder group in activities directed at involving the community, or at least support the idea of people’s participation. There is also substantial evidence that support is required from top officials for participatory development activities to become successful (Cernea 1991). The final critique concerns legitimacy, responsibility and accountability. A widespread concern is that participatory methods allow practitioners to disown responsibility for their own constructs by requiring ‘participants’ to engage in imposed behaviour, the consequences of which the latter will nevertheless be held accountable for (Sellamna 1999). In the guise of support for democratic involvement, responsibility may be transferred onto rural communities for decisions in which they have played only a marginal role. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 52 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3.5.2 Principles for Successful Use of Participatory Techniques Practitioners have long been aware of the many threats to quality and personal integrity in the use of participatory methods. To overcome these challenges practitioners are recommended to respect a set of principles for using participatory methods. Failing to put behaviour and attitudes before methods is a major threat to the quality of participation. This is often highlighted as the most important of the principles (Mikkelsen 2005). Another principle is the principle of reversed learning, namely for practitioners to learn from people, directly, on the site, and face-to-face, gaining from local physical, technical and social knowledge. This also involves changing behaviour and attitudes, from dominating to facilitating, gaining rapport, asking people, often ‘lowers’ to teach us, respecting them, having confidence that they can do it, handing over the stick, empowering and enabling them to conduct their own analysis. This approach goes hand in hand with the principle of sharing. That is, sharing of information, of methods, of food, of field experiences and ideas between rural people, between them and facilitators, and between different facilitators, and sharing camps and shelter, training and experience between different organisations. A particularly important principle is for practitioners of participatory techniques to learn rapidly and progressively, with conscious exploration, flexible use of methods, improvisation, iteration and cross-checking, not following a blue-print programme but adapting in a learning process. Mikkelsen (2005) recommends that practitioners use a method known as triangulation, that is, using different methods, sources and disciplines, and a range of informants in a range of places, and cross-checking to get closer to the truth through successive approximations. Practitioners must have critical self-awareness and take responsibility for their actions and judgments. Facilitators must continuously examine their behavior, and try to improve. This includes embracing error – welcoming error as an opportunity to learn and to do better; and using one’s own best judgment at all times, meaning accepting personal responsibility rather than vesting it in a manual or a rigid set of rules. There is no one a priori strategy for who participates, in what, why they participate, and how, and on which conditions. What is required is a comprehensive understanding of: 1. Participants that incorporate social networks, institutions, households, development and conservation agencies and the state, and recognizes dispersed and contingent power relations, differences in opportunities and interests, local norms of decision-making and representation. 2. A wide range of different participatory methods and a deep understanding of the opportunities and constraints, strengths and pitfalls of various participatory Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 53 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings approaches, some of which are related to how participatory methods are being used This will allow the practitioner to choose methods that are relevant in a particular situation and for a particular group. The challenge for development planners to decide on optimal approaches and the ability to select adapt and combine methods, be they participatory or more conventional methods such as surveys, is a primary skill requirement for facilitators of participatory development. Practicing and facilitating participatory methods thus require a variety of skills and capabilities, of which attitudes count as much as technical and pedagogic skills. The primary messages in this report are: 1. Avoid being dogmatic 2. Be sensitive to the context of field work and adjust your approach accordingly 3. Listen to people’s own knowledge, but don’t think that only the voice of the grassroots counts – that would be another kind of dogmatism. 4. The variety of stakeholders, and the relations between them matters. 5. Attempt to create dialogue with those who will be directly or indirectly affected by your study or intervention, and share decisions and responsibilities where feasible. 6. Respect the will not to participate. 7. Use your imagination but do not impose your views. 8. Reflect on your own role and legitimacy of your encroachment. When practiced sensitively, participation leads to better quality knowledge and information, effective and sustainable interventions and is an end of development in itself. Participation is here to stay. 3.6 An example: Participatory activity categorization used in SCENES Below is a graphic showing a categorization of participatory techniques used in the SCENES project1. In fact most of the above activity categories described above contains qualitative or semi-quantitative or quantitative activities. Quantitative models are an excellent tool, but realize the limitations in flexibility, data availability, and involvement of non-experts. On the other hand, qualitative storylines are also useful and attract a growing interest, but realize limitations in quantitative results. Third, storyline and simulation mixing models and narratives maintain certain level of creativity and diversity without sacrificing structure and exactness. Using any combination of the activities described in Section 3.2 and creative variations of these activities, it is possible to meet our objectives. One such way of combining 1 The SCENES project Water Scenarios for Europe and for Neighboring States (2007e2011), funded by the EC 6th Research Framework Program (contract n_: 036822), aims to develop a set of comprehensive water scenarios up to 2050 (www.environment.fi/syke/scenes). Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 54 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings some of the techniques described above in a scenario development process for the project SCENES is described in the figure below. Figure 26. Interaction between the qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative methods Source: Van Vliet et al. (2007) 4 Scenario development in ROBIN According to the Description of Work (DoW), ROBIN will provide information for policy and resource use options under scenarios of socio-economic and climate change to: (1) quantify interactions between terrestrial biodiversity, land use and climate change mitigation potential in tropical Latin America; and (2) develop scenarios for climate change mitigation options by evaluating their effectiveness, as many unintended effects on other ecosystem services (e.g. disease mitigation) as possible and their socioecological consequences. Therefore, the qualitative scenarios will be developed locally and resulting storylines will be quantified allowing for linkage with the land use model being applied in other parts of the ROBIN project. There will thus be a dynamic and full link between stakeholder-driven stories and patterns of land use change. The number of time-steps and the timeline to be considered will extend to 2100 and will incorporate longer-term outputs from ROBIN’s integrated dynamic vegetation-land-atmosphere modeling. We can therefore identify two kinds of scenarios in ROBIN: exploratory scenarios, which contain climate and socio-economic variables aimed to describe both present and future situations; and normative scenarios, which contain strategies and concrete actions Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 55 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings for climate change mitigation. At the same time, we can classify scenarios into qualitative (narrated in words) and quantitative (narrated in numbers). The first ones can help to construct socio-economic narratives while the second ones can be incorporated in climate and vegetation models as quantified model input / parameters. In turn, model output can also be used to quantify narrative storylines and revise scenarios. In ROBIN we consider the use of “stakeholder-driven scenarios and options” and “participatory scenarios” and although it is not always explicit, these scenarios are to be understood as explorative and qualitative. While these scenarios and linked to higherlevel scenarios (i.e. IPCC), they are meant to guide stakeholder discussions at the local level at every case study site. The result of these participatory dynamics will produce different FCMs that will be upscaled to the regional level. For this reason, case studies need to be sufficiently generic. Even though the bulk of the scenarios used in ROBIN emphasize exploratory elements (e.g. for the application of land use change and vegetation models and the FCMs), there is also space for normative scenarios, particularly in the stakeholder workshops (visioning, backcasting, roadmapping, etc.). These methods are still to be discussed. Figure 27. A toolbox of methods Source: Unpublished, taken from presentation on scenarios and scales in ROBIN by Kasper Kok. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 56 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 4.1 The participatory scenario-building process in ROBIN In ROBIN, the participatory scenario-building process consists of the following steps (see Varela-Ortega et al., 2012a): Step 1. Describing the present Step 2. Long-term future scenarios Step 3. Short-term policy and management options First, scenarios will describe the present. This step is very similar to the development of a “baseline” FCM. In order to understand why they think the future might evolve in a certain way, a thorough understanding of the stakeholders’ view of the present system is needed. The topics of deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity are very complex and multiple perspectives exist that need to be uncovered. For stakeholders, presenting the huge task in little bits usually works best, which argues against mixing world views and views of the future. Therefore the first step is very important, because the present forms the starting point for the scenario development. Second, scenarios will be used for long-term future explorations. The long-term future of climate and of forests is hugely uncertain. Scenarios are the best tool to structure the uncertainty. This is an excellent concept to involve stakeholders, as envisioning the future can be creative, fun, bonding, and useful. These long-term scenarios give the ideas of the stakeholders on how the future might look like, given the external drivers from global scenarios that will be used to contextualize local futures. The method to be used at this step will be Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping combined with an external set of higher level context scenarios such as those developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The new IPCC has recently developed a new set of scenarios, updating those published in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) in 2000. The new scenarios include a wider array of socioeconomic uncertainties and climate forcing variables, following a parallel process when translating stories and climate forcing into policy. The exploratory scenarios in ROBIN will be based on a selection of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) (see Jones and Kok, 2013) that need to be still defined. The exploratory scenarios will be enriched using the input from other work packages and models, which will be used to critically review the scenarios developed previously. It is expected that this will serve to refine and sometimes modify the exploratory scenarios. Third, they will inform short-term policy and management options. In step 3 the focus is moved from the scenarios themselves to potential short term policy options that are needed to reach the desired objectives. Exploratory scenarios are good in making uncertainty visible, but poor in guiding decision making. Combining exploration and visioning/backcasting provides powerful insights in ‘robust decision making in face of uncertainty’. The methods used at this stage will be discussed later in subsequent meetings but should include backcasting, visioning, roadmapping, policy narratives, etc. The results of every step are used in later steps, and together they will form the final scenarios. A story of the future only makes sense if it is complete, it needs a beginning Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 57 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings (present), a middle part in which it is described how things are changing (timeline), and an end (the vision). 4.2 Stakeholder workshops and case study sites MODULE 3 The final aim of the stakeholder workshops is to identify sustainable agro-ecosystems management and policy options for mitigating climate change through the development of participatory scenarios. Three meetings will accommodate the steps for scenario building explained in the previous section 4.1. Figure 17 illustrates the stakeholder participation process in ROBIN. 1st WS: Analysis socio-economic & ecological systems Output 1: • SH perceptions, preliminary scenarios and main drivers • PM of the socioeconomic/ecologic system 2nd WS: Scenario development and model enrichment BD mitigation options and socio-economic interactions Output 2: • SH-driven scenarios and storylines on mitigation options • Enriched PM, new drivers 3rd WS: Consultation of best options for using BD for CC mitigation Output 3: • Best options to use BD mitigation potential • Social acceptance MODULE 2 MODULE 1 feedback Input 2: •BD mitigation potential •Indicator framework, drivers and scenarios feedback Input 3: •Socio-ecological interactions, LUC&CC OUTPUT OF SH ACTIVITIES WP 3.1 Input 1: •Institutional and SH mapping •Socio-economic and institutional contexts feedback Figure 28. Framework of the Stakeholder participation process in ROBIN Source: ROBIN DoW (2011) Meeting 1 - will focus on the understanding of the present and an introduction of scenarios and the scenario building process. The first stakeholder workshop will engage stakeholders in discussions over the issues surrounding biodiversity and climate change and seek direct input concerning appropriate indicators for use in the ROBIN project. This workshop will ideally be a two day workshop, but can also be in one day, depending on the stakeholder experience in participation. The result will be a FCM of the present and some preliminary discussions on the possible future evolution of the system. Meeting 2 - enriches the scenarios, adding the FCMs of the future to the qualitative output from the first workshop. The second stakeholder workshop will be centered on Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 58 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings early outputs from the ROBIN work on measures and indicators of biodiversity and their relationship with climate change mitigation and other ecosystem services to assess the relevance of these outputs for decision making processes. Meeting 3 - focus more on the short and medium term goals and discussion about the potential actions to contribute to climate change mitigation. The third SH workshop will use other model results and outputs from ROBIN on ecosystem service delivery, socioecological interactions and decision support tools. This last workshop will have a strong societal and policy-oriented component and will discuss and identify with stakeholders the best options for managing sustainable agro-ecosystems with climate change mitigation potential as well analyzing the social acceptance, viability and policyrelevance of the selected options. The final scenarios should be representative at the regional level. After the final workshop, the results will be disseminated to all levels. These meetings will be repeated at up to three sites in selected local-scale case study areas in Bolivia, Mexico and Brazil. A full series of three workshops will be held in both Mexico and Bolivia, but a limited number of workshops will take place in Brazil. The sites were selected after several discussions with the local teams and other ROBIN partners. Finally, it was agreed to have one site in Mexico so that it could represent Mesoamerica and then two sites (one in Bolivia and one in Brazil) to cover the large region of the Amazonia in South America. These three countries are experiencing rapid changes over important landscape extensions (agricultural expansion, logging, infrastructure development) with significant implications for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. However, these regions face important ecological, social, economic and political differences that are conditioning the adoption of sustainable strategies such as REDD (e.g., Mexico and Brazil are considered REDD+ leaders while Bolivia is a REDD+ latecomer). A comparative in-deep analysis of the situation in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil is considered key to understand the relationships between biodiversity and climate mitigation options in Mesoamerica and Amazonia to draw policy-relevant conclusions. Each country (Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil) is represented by one tropical forest area: the Cuitzmala River Basin in the south coast of Jalisco (Mexico), the Guarayos region in Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and the National Forest of Tapajos in the Amazon state of Para (Brazil). These areas were selected according a number of criteria, mainly ecological relevance, accessibility, and previous/ongoing experience on SH processes in the area. A comparative overview of the main features of the selected case studies is provided in table 3. A more detailed analysis can be found in Section 6. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 59 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Table 3. Comparative overview of the three case studies selected Cuitzmala River basin (Mexico) - Surface: 108,900 ha - Tropical dry forest, Reserve of Biosphere, Ramsar wetlands - Tropical savanna climate. Dry winters & springs, Ppt: 790 mm, Tmp : 25ºC, Altitude 01500 m GENERAL FEATURES ENVIRONMENT - Biodiversity loss (traditional crop varieties) - Illegal logging - Water pollution (agric. chemical products) Infrastruct.(dams), mines Guarayos (Bolivia) - Surface: 1,047,000 ha - Transitional humid forest - Tropical climate. Rainy season: Sept-March. Ppt: 1600 mm. Tmp: 22.6ºC. Altitude 400-500 m - Uncontrolled fires - Illegal logging & hunting - Deforestation & Degrad. Construction of infrastructures (roads) BRAZIL - Surface: 545,000 ha - Humid tropical forest in the Eastern Amazon (protected area since 1974) - Tropical climate: Rainy season: DecMay. Ppt: 20002500 mm. Tmp: 26.3ºC. Altitude 100-200 m - Deforestation & degradation - Biodiversity loss - Water pollution Soil erosion Common ‘environmental’ factors: Deforestation, degradation, water pollution, landscape impacts (construction of infrastructures) - SOCIAL - Land use& tenure conflicts Poverty & marginalization Large inequalities Loss of cultural identities Corruption - Inequality of land distribution - Land tenure insecurity - Low levels of education - Poverty - Land use conflicts (agric./forestry) - Low levels of education - Poverty Common ‘social’ factors: Poverty, low education level, socio-economic inequalities, land use & land tenure conflicts - Hunting, fishing, livestock, Agriculture and livestock, timber extraction, oil palm, forestry, fishing crafts - Hotel industry and - Subsistence agriculture tourism (rice, banana, manioc, - Mining maize) - ECONOMIC - Competitive agriculture (intensive soybean prod., extensive livestock), fishing, hunting, crafts, tourism Common ‘economic’ factors: Agriculture, forestry, livestock, key socio-economic sectors Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 60 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings - POLICY Liberalization & decentralization - Multiple policies & conflicting agendas - Lack of resources / fiscal authority - Fragmented and changing political system - Lack of governance - Decentralized forest managem. New Law (IFM) - High nº of public policies (1988 onwards) - Difficult implementation, enforcement, & coordination of env. Laws Common ‘policy’ factors: Difficult coordination of policies, lack of governance, problems of policy enforcement In all three cases, the expansion of agriculture, motivated by increasing migration and technical development, is clearly inducing deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. In Mexico and Brazil dominates an export-oriented agriculture (soybean and sugarcane production), whereas in Bolivia traditional small-scale and subsistence farming predominates. Biodiversity seems to be determined by complex relationships in Mexico due to the high diversity of agro-ecosystems. 4.3 Suggested methods for scenario development The general objectives for stakeholder workshops given in the Introduction have been applied in ROBIN. They have been revised here with a list of participatory activities that could be used to achieve each objective under each point. This constitutes a comparative framework across the case studies even if slightly different activities are chosen within each case study. 1. Generate a list of factors that are relevant to biodiversity and climate change mitigation from the perspective of the stakeholders under each of the scenarios being considered (that is, the current status quo and two different future scenarios). This exercise defines the system scope, that is, what is included in the system under consideration. a. Card/post-it note exercise combined with prioritisation of factors to be carried forwards into FCM exercise through ranking. i. Preferential ranking has traditionally been used. b. Collages c. Visualisation d. Spidergram e. Map of case study area 2. Allow stakeholders to represent the causal relationships between the factors in the previous exercise within each scenario, current and future. This maps perceptions of interrelationships within the system and will be repeated both within the current system and in two future scenarios. a. Causal mapping/influence diagrams Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 61 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. b. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping. (Note that the causal arrows will need to be placed in order to complete the FCM so causal mapping is actually contained within the FCM methodology) Explore the impact of perturbation on these systems. In particular, explore how changes in biodiversity impact on climate change mitigation and vice versa. a. Run the FCM calculation for different types of perturbation including multiple stressors. b. Conduct discussion around these results and the FCMs as an intermediary object. Generate a list of possible strategies and options for both mitigation and for preservation of biodiversity. a. Card/post –it note exercise i. This could be conducted in terms of Challenges and Responses exercise as described above or just directly brainstorming actions. b. Event ecology and narratives around what has worked, what hasn’t worked and why. Examine benefits and trade-offs of these options within the system models generated for each scenario. a. The FCM can be used to examine this as in point 3. b. Other work packages can also be used to examine this. Understand how these impacts represent improvements or not from the perspective of different stakeholder groups. a. This involves knowing what is desirable or preferable for each stakeholder group. These preferences are also important for ROBIN’s decision support tools. i. Card/post-it note exercise about desirable outcomes ii. Ranking exercise about these outcomes iii. Note this relates closely to the creation of a normative vision Contribute to development of tool-kits for decision-aiding about these actions a. Take all of the information generated above, particularly the list of action options together with the notions of preference and desirability in order to operationalise Social Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA). b. Feed into land-use modelling The following table summarizes the most relevant participatory tools that could possibly be used in ROBIN by giving an overview of the particular strong and weak points of the tools. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 62 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Table 4. Summary of participatory tools that could be used in ROBIN Tool Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Strong points Structured Weak points Difficult to reach a consensus Difficult to translate Impossible to translate Limits creativity No added value Use in ROBIN? Yes Stories Integrated, creative Yes Collages Highly creative Possible Time trends Concrete Possible Spidergrams Good overview Possible Card technique Useful in other methods Yes Fuzzy Sets Direct quantification Focus on numbers Only if needed Source: Unpublished, taken from presentation on scenarios during FCM training workshop in 2012. As explained in Section 3.2.3, Fuzzy Cognitive Maps will be used in all case studies as they are a core component of the Description of Work. Other tools are used at the discretion of each of the case study leaders; however there must be a common framework which the specific tools fit into in order to guarantee comparability. 5 Setting up the participatory process in ROBIN 5.1 Training workshop Between the 25 and 27 September 2012 took place in Madrid the first training and coordination workshop of the ROBIN project (Role of Biodiversity in Climate Change Mitigation). This event was organized by Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, lead beneficiary of WP31 and allowed participants to coordinate further steps in the development of the project. Moreover, this workshop was aimed to: (1) define the participatory process to be held in case studies within the ROBIN framework; (2) explain and discuss common methodology; (3) focus on scenario development, stakeholder process and fuzzy cognitive mapping; and (4) undertake a practical exercise aimed to elaborate a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM). The workshop was divided in three blocks. The first block provided the conceptual and methodological framework on participatory methods ROBIN participants will apply in the stakeholder meetings that will take place in the sites chosen as case studies. This first session intended to bring together both theory and specific experiences, and included presentations on scenario development and scaling, stakeholder selection, and case study descriptions. The second block focused on the role of the facilitator in the preparation and development of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Facilitators are key figures in stakeholder meetings when using this methodology. They are meant to harmonize contrasting visions of the stakeholders’ environment, main issues in the discussions, problems, Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 63 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings actions, drivers, connections, etc. in order to provide a final picture of interrelated drivers that help us solve the question posed to stakeholders. Finally, the third block allowed participants to put into practice the framework expounded in the previous sessions by simulating country-specific stakeholder meetings that lead to the elaboration of FCMs. The assistants were divided in three groups that represented all three case studies in the project: Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico. The groups then had to choose a number of stakeholders representing different roles, simulating what a real stakeholder meeting in every of those areas would look like given the knowledge of the sites group members had. Once the roles were assigned, every group was asked to identify the main drivers affecting bio-diversity in all three locations. As a result of the discussion, three FCMs were developed that provided a picture of the most important factors behind the state of biodiversity and their linkages with climate change. This exercise helped the counterparts to become familiar with this participative methodology and encounter the main challenges that may arise during the process. Main results are described in more detail in Section 6.3. Following discussion among participants, several questions were raised during the development of the workshop. First, when developing a FCM, it is very important to define the scale of the site under study, the time horizon and the actors involved in the discussion in order to narrow down the factors and drivers operating in our system. This will provide stakeholders a solid ground for discussion. Likewise, the main question to be asked during the workshops needs to be clearly formulated. Will it be the “state of biodiversity in the region”? Will it be “the state of ecosystem services”? In any case, the question should make reference to a term that is easy to define. Second, following the experience of the training session, we can argue that the role of facilitator is key and that workshops are not language-neutral. The quality of the discussion and the information extracted from it will be much richer if stakeholders are given the opportunity to express themselves in a language they feel comfortable with. Third, in the elaboration of a map, it is important to be specific when defining the factors that make part of it. One factor cannot have opposite effects, positive and negative, on another (e.g. agricultural policies). In this case, the factor should be divided into two or more (e.g. price support, subsidies, and environmental requirements). These questions and others are further explained in the 'ROBIN Training and Coordination Workshop' report (Varela-Ortega, 2012b). 5.2 Identification of the stakeholders The scenario panel should consist of a group of stakeholders who represent all the relevant stakeholder groups in each case study area, including main land/resource users and policy sectors (Varela-Ortega et al. 2012a). The panel should make up a coherent group, where all the interests are presented in an equal manner. The stakeholder list should be checked once again that all relevant groups are included, trying to think not only about the current situation in the case study, but also of the future challenges of the Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 64 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings possible stakeholders that may have a crucial role in future, although they may not be so important today. Approximate number of stakeholders that should be involved: Any stakeholder meeting should have 20-25 participants. An absolute minimum is 15; an absolute maximum is 30 (must-list) The expected show-up is maximally 75%. This means that 30-40 stakeholders should be invited (panel-list) A broader list of stakeholders should be made that can be used for potential questionnaires and/or semi-structured interviews, in case you may need it. This list should have 50-60 stakeholders (long-list) Other stakeholder issues: Gender balance: we do not intend to have total equality, but some gender balance should be attained. We suggest a target of at least 20% women (= around 5) as recommendable. Age balance: some younger people should be invited. Especially in the groups like researchers, laymen or NGOs younger people could be found that are representative. Gender and age balance, as well as the overall involvement of others than just the influential stakeholders is particularly important in the first scenario development workshop, where creativity thinking is important. A useful way for identifying who are the most important people for ROBIN to contact is to develop a stakeholder table as shown in Annex 1. 5.3 Contacting stakeholders In this section, we provide some guidelines on approximate times and methods to contact the stakeholders, although the actual deadlines and methods will depend on the specific case study and local organizers will decide the best way to proceed. Some general recommendations already described in Varela-Ortega et al. (2012a) are: When to contact them? • Discuss with other project partners the final list of stakeholders to be invited (-4 months) • Prepare invitation introducing ROBIN + goals of workshops (-3 months) • Update list of stakeholders based on response (-2 months) • Finalise list of stakeholders that accepted invitation (-1 month) • Send reminder to stakeholders (-1 month) • Phone stakeholders to confirm (-1 week; if necessary -1 day) How to contact them? • Respect the customs of your own country • Possible channels: letter, e-mail, telephone (it is sometimes better to talk directly than only send e-mails) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 65 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Ideas to motivate participation? • Provide a clear description of the project, the scenario process and goals (you could make a leaflet in native language). Some ideas on key messages to communicate to stakeholders are provided in Annex 2. • Identify the points/processes in which the stakeholders could have an impact if participating. These may vary between case studies. Possible incentives you could offer: - have a say on the ways in which biodiversity related problems should be handled in future - help in developing your own REDD+ processes, - communicate your problems so you can they can be taken into account in policy making - higher-level policy people will become aware of your needs - your needs have a chance to be included in the planning process of national and regional programs • Organize the meetings in attractive venues (first meeting could be evening dinner, have lunch with key persons) What if the stakeholders say no? • Try another person from the institution • Respect their no as an answer and think of the possible reasons behind the answer. (e.g. was ROBIN the reason or the participating organisation?) • As a general principle try to get the someone from the most important institutions and stakeholder groups and aim for a coherent group Safeguarding the commitment through the whole process: • This is important, since the scenario-making process takes a long time • The institutions (and the persons) should commit to the whole process – Indicate the level of commitment needed • For keeping up with the commitment, it is critical to – Keep the high quality of the meetings and process – Activate people also in between the meeting – Disseminate workshop outcomes and other information produced by ROBIN to the panellists In addition to their involvement in the definition of scenarios, stakeholders cannot be forgotten when organizing dissemination activities. These activities are important, in general, to obtain some research impact, but in the case of the participatory processes, the dissemination entails additional advantages and also become crucial for the success of the process. Complementary to the general ROBIN dissemination framework, some ideas are provided below for dissemination of the participatory scenario building, including actions that would improve stakeholder involvement: • Before the scenario-building: an article in the regional/local newspapers and professional journals telling about the project and its aims; invitations to scenario-panels; targeted dissemination within the involved institutions and Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 66 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings • • societal groups; building up a www-page for each region (in your own native languages) Between the panel meetings: concentrate on the panel members, keep them committed; update the www-pages with scenario-material After the scenario-making process: aim for high media-coverage in local/regional and national scale + professional journals Annex 2 contains a document with key messages that should be delivered to stakeholders prior to the development of the workshop. 5.4 Implementing a stakeholder workshop When implementing a stakeholder workshop nothing should be left to chance. A few days before the workshop, the organizing team should walk through its planning and check if everything is correctly arranged. A practical guide for implementing the first stakeholder workshop was produced by UPM and made available to local teams (see Annex 3). It includes a sample agenda with detail explanations regarding timing, activities, goals, and materials. As explained in the guide, it is recommended to have a two-day workshop, but can also be in one day, depending on stakeholder experience in participation, interest and engagement. A meeting with 20-25 participants, divided in two focus groups, is considered ideal, but it is possible to go through the planned exercise with a single focus group when the number of attendees is fewer than 10. Each case study team can decide if they want to involve an outside facilitator, but it is highly recommended having someone who is skilled in running meetings and promoting interaction between the various stakeholders and the experts. The facilitator should be made familiar with the methods that will be used and it is important that he/she could speak English and Spanish/Portuguese. The whole process will involve a substantial amount of translation work, which should not be underestimated. It is also advisable to engage one or two rapporteurs to keep records of the discussions and one or two external observers in charge of paying special attention to non-verbal nuances that indicate agreement or disagreement, interest or disinterest. In case there is not an observer, the facilitator would take this role. After the meeting, the workshop has to be evaluated with the facilitator, rapporteurs and observers. It is advised that facilitators write a half to one A4 with their ideas about the meeting, and how the methods worked. Observers should also complete a report with their observations on stakeholder discussions and interactions. A practical guide for implementing a stakeholder workshop is available in Annex 3. 5.5 Facilitating participatory exercises This section underlines the role of facilitators in the design of FCMs and details the characteristics these key figures should have in order to successfully run stakeholder Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 67 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings meetings. As explained in previous sections, it is highly recommended having someone who is skilled in running meetings and promoting interaction between the various stakeholders and the experts (Varela-Ortega et al., 2012b). Duties • • • • • Facilitate participation, decision making and conflict resolution Manage participants expectations Set the rules of the game in the process of deliberation Listen, translate, interrelate ideas and ask questions Manage turns to speak and redirect debate. Abilities • • • • • • • • Capacity to generate confidence and empathy Use and interpretation of non-verbal language Communicate with clarity Sense needs and adapt to the group flow Constructive use of disagreement Translate opinions into common language Integrate points of view so everyone feels represented Give voice to all stakeholders Attitude • • • • • Hope in achieving results Flexibility to change dynamics Good sense, showing respect to all opinions Impartiality and objectivity: facilitators do not give their opinions or judgments The agreement or the quantity of contributions are not the target in this dynamics Preparation and previous knowledge • • • • • • Define the objectives of the workshops Design the methodology and work dynamics Know the space where the workshop will take place Foresee and anticipate problems Knowledge on the topic to be discussed Contribute with previous experiences and practical examples 5.6 Evaluation of the workshops Evaluations are a useful tool to highlight weak points and work on them for the next workshops; assess the achievement of our objectives in ROBIN; discover the Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 68 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings advantages and limitations of our methodology; and learn about the applicability of the methods and tools used in future research. Usually, participatory tools are intended to: • Support communication and learning between stakeholders and stakeholdersscientists-policy makers • Be adaptable for implementation in different contexts • Produce data and information that are useful and can be used to support decisionmaking or used in further analyses We must evaluate workshops according to three criteria: 1. Capabilities of the tools Elicitation of knowledge / values Flexibility Capacity to produce data in a given format Analytic or creative Easy to use, graphical interface Requiring specific skills 2. Success in the implementation Foster communication and learning Improve understanding of the system Promote individual or co-learning Incorporate SH views Be easily transferable to other contexts Serve to structure the participatory process 3. Usefulness of products Representation of uncertainties Accuracy Results readily communicated to target groups Clear for decision makers We can use the following evaluation methods: Facilitator report o Difficulties with the people / with the methods o Relevant conclusions Mood-o-meters o In the break o At the end External observer report o Attendees, absentees o Atmosphere; how does it evolve? o Relationships: who talks with whom? o Comments, reactions to presentations and methods o Does anyone dominate discussion? Someone who does not participate? o Is consensus reached? How? Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 69 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings o Do conflicts arise? How are they solved? o Do unexpected issues come up during the workshop? Annex 4 contains a number of documents used in the evaluation of stakeholder workshops. 5.7 A list of do’s and don’ts of participatory workshops and FCMs Expectations: – Write a list with the expectations stakeholders have with regards to their participation in the workshops and in the project, and then analyze to what extent those expectations were met. Definitions: – Technical language may hamper comprehension. Make an effort when defining concepts in order to provide participants with quality information before the beginning of the workshops. Questions: – Formulate clear questions agreed by the whole research team. The use of the central issue as a factor: – It is against the logic of the FCM exercise to use as a factor the central element of the debate, i.e. the question that is trying to be answered in the FCM should not appear in the FCM as a factor itself. This action would modify the original FCM methodology and confuse participants. Factors: – It is important that factors are outlined in a “neutral” way to facilitate the establishment of relationships with other factors. – It is also recommendable to describe factors in detail in order to facilitate their link with other factors. Scope of discussion: – Clearly delimit the field of discussion. Be clear about the areas we want to work in. Cards: – The number of cards is not fixed and it changes depending on the number of people in a group. In any case, it is recommended that the final map does not have more than 10-15 cards. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 70 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Weights: – Weights might be quantitative (value from 0 to 1) o qualitative (very strong, strong, weak, very weak) translated then to a numerical scale. Participants: – Show clarity in the criteria for the selection of participants. – Make a balanced distribution of participants when designing work groups. Facilitator: – Each group should have a facilitator that is present during the workshop. This facilitator should limit the time of intervention and let all participants be noticed in the discussion. A full list of do’s and don’ts is available in Annex 5. 6 Developing local scenarios in ROBIN: Bolivia, Mexico, Brazil 6.1 Selection and overview of Case Study Sites After several discussions with the local teams and other ROBIN partners, three case studies were selected for developing local scenarios in ROBIN: one in Mesoamerica (Mexico) and two in South America (Bolivia and Brazil). A case study template (see Annex 6) was circulated among local teams to define the boundaries and specific characteristics of the case studies in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil. Figure 29 shows the specific location of the selected case studies in ROBIN: The Cuitzmala River Basin in the south coast of Jalisco (Mexico), the Guarayos region in Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and the National Forest of Tapajos in the Amazon state of Para (Brazil). Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 71 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 29. Geographical location of the selected case studies Source: Own elaboration Tables 4-6 were completed by local teams (UNAM, IBIF and EMBRAPA). They present a thorough description of the selected case studies in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil. Nº ITEMS 1 Case study coverage and location Características físicas THEME General description of the case study Table 5. Mexican case study- Cuitzmala Watershed CLARIFICATIONS, EXAMPLES The Cuitzmala watershed is localized in the north-eastern part of the physiographic province called Sierra Madre del Sur in the southwest of the State of Jalisco. Figure 1: Case study location Source: Lazos and Gerritsen (2012) The geographical bounders are 19º29’ y 19º34’ North and 104º58’ y 105º04’ West. It is an exoreic watershed located in the Hydrologic Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 72 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Region 15 and extends up to 1,089 km2. The Cuitzmala river is 105 km; it descends from an altitude of 1500 m.a.s.l. under the name río Jirosto; further down as río San Miguel, up to unite arroyo Tene and receives the name of río Higuerillas. Down it goes through El Chino, Yampizque and Puerta del Cedro; it crosses Guamuchal, Piedra Parada and El Caimán, until it crosses the Reserve of the Biosphere Chamela-Cuixmala, to finally go into the Pacific Ocean. The Cuitzmala watershed crosses two municipalities: a) The municipality Villa Purificación belongs to the region 8: SouthCoast of Jalisco. At the North and at the West, it borders with Tomatlán municipality; at the South with La Huerta; and to the east with the municipalities of Ayutla, Autlán and Casimiro Castillo. The population of the municipality of Villa Purificación is 10,975 inhabitants. The municipality has 82 villages, and 81 very small villages (less than 3 houses). In total, there are 163 communities with5.66 persons per Km2. The municipality is situated at the southwest of the state between the coordinates 19°34'59" and 20°02'10" latitude North and between 104° 23'30 " and 105°03'30" West, at 458 msnm in average. Its territorial extension is 1,937.61 km2. It is the sixth place statewide, it represents 2.35% of the total surface of the State of Jalisco. With regard to the surface of the South Coast of Jalisco (7,004.39 km2) the municipality of Villa Purificación represents 28% of the total. The head of the municipality is the city of Villa Purificación and it is situated at the southeast of the municipality at 440 m.s.n.m. Less than half of the territory represents the mountain range named Sierra de Cacoma, with heights between 800 and 1,800 msnm. b) The municipality La Huerta belongs also to the region 8 Coast South of Jalisco. It borders to the north: Villa Purificación and Tomatlán, northeast with Casimiro Castillo, East with Casimiro Castillo and Cuautitlán de García Barragán, at the south with Cihuatlán; and at the west, with the Pacific Ocean. The municipality has 128 villages, with a total population of 20,161 inhabitants. Its territorial extension is 1,758.2 has. The head of the municipality is the city of La Huerta and it is situated at the southeast of the municipality at 280 msnm. The municipality is situated at North 10º 15’ and 19º 35’, at South 19º 45’ 50’’; to the East 104º 31’ 50’’ and to the West 104º 20’ and 104º 45’. 2 Document ID: Main features : area, climate, altitude The municipality of La Huerta is the municipality with the highest biodiversity in Jalisco with 5 natural protected areas and 11 sitios de humedales Ramsar en sus litorales. The Biological Station of the UNAM and the Cuitzmala Foundation united to become the Reserve of Biosphere of Cuitzmala The climate of the municipality is humid with dry winters and dry springs. The annual average temperature is 25ºC, and has an average annual precipitation of 790 mm between June and October. There are 10 types of vegetation at the municipality of Villa Purificación and la Huerta, but in Villa, temperate forests dominate it with a presence of 80% of Pinus spp and by dry tropical forests. The ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 73 of 154 Biodiversidad y Mitigación de Cambio Climático Polic y Dimensión ecológica dime nsion Características socio-económicas Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 3 Main types of land cover 4 Main production sectors 5 Agrarian system 6 Economic setting 7 Social setting 8 Type of climate change mitigation problem 9 Main sources of climate change problems 10 Main climate change policies (at federal, at Document ID: most conserved forests are in Pabelo, Alcihuatl, la Eca, where the annual temperature average oscillates between 12 and 18°C, and up to 1200 msnm. The forests are found in patchworks with agricultural plots and pasturelands. Types of soils: Feozem Háplico, Regosol Districo; Vertisol Pélico and Andosol Húmico. There are mainly three rivers: río San Nicolás at the northwest and considered as the borderline with the municipality of Tomatlán; the river Cuizmala that crosses the municipality north-south; and the river Purificación that crosses from east to south. There are small non permanent rivers as: los Guayabos, el Huehuense y la Higuera. There are two small lagoons: El Jabalí y Corte. There are numerous springs: La Fortuna, Chorro, Albufera, Pilas y Huehuense. Tiene esteros: el Verde, Rosario y Perula. It has salt mines in Chamela, Mezcales and Jaibas. It counts with a high variety of woody species such as caoba, primavera, pino, cedro rojo, parota y encino. The local fauna is composed of venado, conejo, liebre, coyote, ardilla, chacal (langostino) y camarón. The municipality of La Huerta is mainly covered by Tropical dry forests that contain trees that vary in altitude from 8 to 12 m. Subcadicous dry forest, artificial pastureland, savanna vegetation, Tular, Halophyte vegetation, river vegetation and coastal dune vegetation. Its mineral resources are: gold, silver, copper, estaño, iron, magnesium, ópalo, mármol, chalk and granite. Agriculture, cattle ranching, forestry, fishery industry, tourism In Villa Purificación, we find: a) irrigated agriculture in very small scale (501.20 has, represents 0.26% of the municipality surface), b) rain fed agriculture, 6.621.6 has (3.46% of the total surface); c) Pasturelands, 100,000 hectares, this is 52.7% of the surface. General income levels are relatively low, unemployment exist but is disguised by informal activities. Migration to the United States is common Education levels are low in general terms, ethnic groups are present in neighbor municipalities. Conflicts over land and resources are very common, mainly due to the tourist industry. Marginalization is regular to high, reflecting in relatively poor living conditions. Gradual onset and tipping points Deforestation and expansion of cattle raising The deforestation annual rate from 1993 to 2000 has been 615.12 hectares; this means a loss of 5,536 hectares of forests. A serious problem is the burning of pasturelands. The construction of new paved roads has been controversial, as there has been an important environmental impact. Special (federal) program for climate change ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 74 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 11 12 13 Dificultade s 14 15 Scientific dimension 16 17 18 Información secundaria 19 20 Viability 21 Field work 22 23 24 Document ID: state, at regional level) Other sectoral policies related to climate change Identification of policy and legal problems Decision making units in relation to BD and CC Key actors/stakeholde rs and institutions involved Short description of specific climate change mitigation – related issues Main research question(s) Opportunity to replicate the research (based on representativenes s of the case study) Dissemination potential Motivation of the researchers/ scientific innovation Availability of information on mitigation and adaptation actions/potential Availability of information on socio-economic issues Availability of tools/methods Is there any previous experience on SH processes in the case study? Key Agricultural (encouragement to transform forest into croplands), water (none), forest (not being well regulated), tourism (encouragement in private big companies) Low governance due to the eternal agrarian conflicts. Local (Forest regulation that it is not respected), regional (Consejo de Cuencas, Conafor Jalisco, Semarnat Jalisco, Sagarpa Jalisco), national (Semarnat/Sagarpa, transnational(touristic entreprises, NAFTA) Local, Regional (State) and national Administrations, big landowners, small farmers, migrants, mining companies, forestry clandestine companies, touristic companies, research organisations, legal and illegal foresters (see our proposal of the preparatory workshops) Poverty and marginalization, high rates of migration (mainly young families), there are no local sources of work, few political efforts for constructing a local governance, tenure problems, enormous gaps between big landowners and small peasants, inefficient school system, drug dealing What are climate change mitigation options from a stakeholder perspective? Results can be extrapolated to the province or region or country level Very limited interest of SH in ROBIN issues and that is why we have to construct it at different levels and with different stakeholders. There is availability of information channels through radio or school system. Contributions expected around the importance of BD and CC in the region. How is local people thinking about these issues Information on mitigation and adaptation actions, based on a multistakeholder approach is very limited There are socio-economic reports from the municipality. Furthermore, a management plan for the biosphere reserve exists. In consortium Participatory process organized by scientists in this region and the neighbouring region. We have the contacts. There will be interest and accessibility from the ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 75 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Other issues actors/stakeholde SH , time accessibility depends of the type of stakeholders rs availability work Main reason why stakeholders Interested in learning about the socio-ecological system, opportunity 25 could be to share views/ to communicate with policy makers interested/have a benefit Opportunities to link ROBIN stakeholder At this moment, the opportunities for linking ROBIN results with 26 workshops to other projects or policy processes are limited. other ongoing project or policy processes With which WP WP2 (Indicator framework for socio-ecological interactions of LUC is this case 27 and CC); WP3 (Stakeholder driven scenarios, selection of mitigation mostly options) associated? Contact person for the case study: Elena Lazos Chavero - [email protected] Peter Gerritsen – [email protected] Table 6. Bolivian case study- The Guarayos region THEME General description of the case study Nº 1 ITEMS Case study coverage and location CLARIFICATIONS, EXAMPLES Administrative boundaries (country, region, province): Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Guarayos province Municipality of Ascensión de Guarayos). Amazonia Cerrado Andes Gran Chaco Document ID: 2 Main features : area, climate, altitude ... 3 Main types of land cover 4 Short description of specific climate change mitigation – related issues Figure 1: Case study location Source: Toledo and Clavijo (2012) Physical description: Ascensión is in the tropical lowlands of Bolivia at 400-500 masl. It has 867,385 has, climate is seasonal, with rainysummer (Sept-March) and dry-winter (April – August) periods. Specify types of crops: Subsistence crops (rice, banana, manioc, corn) Forest type: Transitional humid forest (Amazonia to Chiquitano dry forest) Try to be as specific as possible; think of possible socio-economic, environmental, ecological, policy problems: Like most of the indigenous societies of the Amazonian forest, the Guarayos still maintain a traditional resource management lifestyle based on ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 76 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Socioeconomic dimension Policy dimension Institutional dimension Document ID: 5 Main production sectors 6 Economic setting 7 Social setting 8 Main climate change policies 9 Other sectoral policies related to climate change 10 Identification of policy problems 11 Decision making units in relation to BD and CC 12 Key actors/stakeholders 13 Main reason why stakeholders could be interested/have a benefit shifting agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering. To guarantee land tenure rights and to decrease poverty, the Guarayos are currently participating in various community forestry projects. The Guarayos region is interesting in the sense that land tenure rights, large scale land use change, indigenous traditions, and forest resource extraction collide in this region. Thus, Guarayos is a very diverse site and different stakeholders (forest concessionaires and private owners, indigenous communities, farmers, ranchers, local associations, municipal entities) using these natural resources produce negative impacts (illegal logging, large scale agriculture, fire). These uses increase the deforestation and degradation rate affecting the ecosystem integrity, ecosystem services, and impoverishing local communities. Agriculture, industry, tourism: Agriculture mainly for subsistence. Extraction of timber and nontimber products (oil palm, handicrafts). Medium commercial livestock rearing. Income level/GDP, sources of income, type of production (self-consumption/market oriented, local markets/exports): Guarayos has different natural resources (wildlife, rivers, minerals, forests, palms, etc.) but it is one of the poorest regions in Santa Cruz Department. Not appropriate management strategies (lack of plan and policies) are destroying this biodiversity. Level of education, unemployment ethnic groups, income disparities, conflicts: Low level of education, only primary school. Low income generated by few commercial activities. Insecure land tenure. Main objectives and instruments: Documents from the Programa Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC) Agricultural, water, forest, energy, tourism, other: New Forestry Law considering Integrated Forest Management. Conflicting objectives, integration, implementation , governance: Lack of governance, land use tenure, land use change Local, regional, national, transnational: Local (municipalities, small indigenous organizations), regional (COPNAG indigenous organization, state government), national (ABT and government ministries). Administrations, local groups, companies, NGOs, research organisations, farmers, foresters, unions: Indigenous associations, farmers, foresters, companies, local authorities Interested in learning about the socio-ecological system, opportunity to share views/ to communicate with policy makers: In spite of the ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 77 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Scientific dimension 14 Main research question(s) 15 Type of climate change mitigation problem Main sources of climate change problems Motivation of the researchers/ scientific innovation Availability of information on mitigation and adaptation actions/potential Availability of information on socio-economic issues 16 17 Other issues relevant to the project 18 19 20 Which data/information is likely to be produced by the end of the project? 21 Availability of tools/methods With which WP is this case mostly associated? 22 Document ID: 23 Is there any previous experience on SH processes in the case study? 24 Opportunities to link ROBIN stakeholder workshops to other ongoing project or policy processes 25 Opportunity to replicate the research (based on representativeness of the case study) historical processes that affected the organization, use of the resources and occupation of the space, the Guarayos still maintained a strong relationship with their forests. This study can be the opportunity to share views and try to resolve/prevent potential problems related to climate change. Which? Scope? - How to develop a holistic approach to natural resource management, - The relationship between land use change (subsistence), biodiversity, and water availability - The degree of deforestation and degradation of forests in the region. Sudden/gradual onset, tipping points/thresholds: Question not clear Deforestation, emissions in industry, intensive land use: Deforestation and intensive land use Contributions expected, opportunity for model testing and validating: Opportunity for model testing and validation Anything in addition to the DoW (Table 2.5)? Remarks? Are there socio-economic studies in the area? Data from surveys? Socio-economic assessment reports? Yes Improved knowledge on mitigation measures/ ecologic impacts/ socio-economic impacts… (try to be specific) Better understanding about factors and potential solutions for the actual problems with a high level of local participatory process. In consortium, outside consortium, no tools: No WP1 (Relationship BD-CC mitigation at different scales), WP2 (Indicator framework for socioecological interactions of LUC and CC); WP3 (Stakeholder driven scenarios, selection of mitigation options): All WPs Participatory process organized by scientists, policy makers, local groups: There are several carried for different ONGs, like CIPCA, FAN, SNV, and USAID projects. Which, when, synergies: In the region on-going projects about the financial mechanism for the forest management, CIPCA development project integrating forest management and small-scale agriculture and at country level with the new Forestry Law Unique case study/ replicable methods/ results can be extrapolated to the province or region or country level: Results can be extrapolated to the province, region and country level. There are ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 78 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings differences in the indigenous groups and forest types, but the essence of the problem and the conflicts are the same (land use change, biodiversity, poverty) 26 Dissemination potential Interest of SH in ROBIN issues, availability of information channels, access to media, communication infrastructures... The issues facing the Guarayos region are represented at different levels within what ROBIN hopes to achieve as a project across Latin America. Thus, the interest for ROBIN would be widespread and access to dissemination channels would not be difficult. These could be carried out through local radio communications with the communities, informative pamphlets, presentations at universities, symposiums, conferences, etc. Contact person for the case study: Marisol Toledo ([email protected]) Table 7. Brazilian case study- The Tapajós National Forest THEME General description of the case study Nº ITEMS 1 Case study coverage and location CLARIFICATIONS, EXAMPLES Eastern Amazon Forest – Lat.: 2°.30´0” and 4°28´0”S, Lon.: 54°.30´0” and 55°55´0”W. The Tapajos Flona has 530,622.00 hectare and is located near the cities of Belterra, Ruropolis, Placas and Aveiro. Figure 1. Case study coverage and location. Source: Martorano and Simoes (2012) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 79 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 2 Climate conditions In the Brazilian Amazon, three climatic types are identified according to Köppen climate classification. These are subdivided into 10 typological zones (Figure 2), from the adaptation of Martorano et al (1993). Thus, the type “Af”, has three subzones (Af1, Af2 and Af3). “Am” is divided into (Am1, Am2, Am3 and Am4). “Aw” climate types (Aw3, Aw4 and Aw5) are found in the East-South of the Amazon. The climate in the region under study is tropical, wet and warm, classified as Am3 (Martorano et al. (1993) adaptation from Köppen). The Flona presents an annual precitation of 2,000 to 2,300 mm and during the dry season less than 60 mm. Figure 2. Climate typology using the Köppen classification adapted by Martorano et al (1993) The maximum temperature is in the range between 30.5 to 32°C in the Tapajos Flona and 25.5 to 33.0°C in Legal Amazon (Figure 3). 21a Maximum annual temperature in Tapajos Flona and Legal Amazon in state of Para, Brazil. Figure 3. Maximal temperature in Tapajos Flona and Legal Amazon. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 80 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings The minimum temperature is in range between 21.0 to 22.5°C in the Tapajos Flona and 18.0 to 23.0°C in Legal Amazon (Figure 4). 21b Document ID: Minimum annual temperature in Tapajos Flona and Legal Amazon in state of Para, Brazil. 21c Contributions to the weather information 3 Main soil types 4 Short description of specific climate change mitigation – related issues Figure 4. Minimal temperature in Tapajos Flona and Legal Amazon. The average monthly curve is skewed to the right, the rainy season starts in December and runs to May. The wettest month is March, when about 80% of the precipitation in Santarém takes place. The remaining 20% is distributed between the June and November. Based on research by IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources – Brazil), Flona Tapajos has 9 different types of soil, but with a macro analysis, it has predominantly loam oxisol and red podzolic (Figure 6). EMBRAPA provides more soil information, at (http://www.cnps.embrapa.br/sibcs/index.html and http://mapoteca.cnps.embrapa.br/. Figure 6. Main types of land cover Considering the climate change scenario with temperatures around +3°c or +1°C, it is possible to simulate the consequences, i.e. forest degradation, savannah increase areas and progressively loss of biodiversity in the Amazon Biome, reduction in rainfall, and changes in water supply. ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 81 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings The Tapajos Flona has 16 communities. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the region, but other activities are also relevant (Figure 7), i.e. small factories craft and livestock (http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo201 0/default.shtm). Socioeconomic dimension 5 Main production sectors 6 Economic setting 7 Social setting Figure 7. Main production sectors in the municipal of FlonaBelterra-Para. Based mainly on hunting and fishering, but other activities are developed as a means of subsistence such as cooperatives of artisans, latex extractors and tourism, which are sources of extra profit. Local population are mainly classified as belonging to economic and social low class, the education level is also very low. The Main Brazilian polices focus on climate change are: ABC Programme, PPCDAm, Bolsa Verde, Operação Arco Verde and other (Figure 8) Programa ABC Terra Legal Operação Arco Verde Operação Xingu 8 Main climate change policies Brasil sem Miséria PPCDAm Mais Alimentos Minha Casa, Minha Vida Rotas do Desenvolvimento Brasil Maior Policy dimension 9 10 11 Document ID: Other policies related to climate change Identification of policy problems Decision making level in relation to BD and CC PPCerrado Programa Água Boa Mais Ambiente Territórios da Cidadania Ciência sem Fronteiras Figure 8. Brazilian main government social economic programmes. Agricultural, water, forest, energy, tourism and other... Land conflicts, regional integration, land use management, public policies implementation and financial agricultural support. Local, regional, national, transnational ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 PAC Bolsa Verde Public © ROBIN consortium Page 82 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Institutional dimension 12 13 14 15 Scientific dimension 16 17 18 Other issues relevant to the project 19 20 21 22 23 Document ID: Key actors/stakehold ers Main reason why stakeholders could be interested/have a benefit Main research question(s) Type of climate change mitigation problem Main sources of climate change problems Motivation of the researchers/ scientific innovation Availability of information on mitigation and adaptation actions/potential Availability of information on socio-economic issues Which data/information is likely to be produced by the end of the project? Availability of tools/methods With which WP is this case mostly associated? Is there any previous experience on SH processes in the case study? Brazil Government, Embrapa, INPE, INPA, Museum Emilio Goeldi, Promanejo, state agencies, PNF, IBAMA, National ministry of environment, PPG7, BIRD, GTZ, DFIDm KFW and UNDP. Interesting learning about the socio-ecological system, opportunity to share views/ to communicate with policy makers, understand threatens and see what is being / can be done to save the Amazon rainforests Socio-ecological system of Flona Tapajos. Assess the impact on biodiversity as a result of deforestation in the Amazon forest. Sustainability of Amazon agriculture. Increase in temperatures, lower precipitation and reduction of evapotranspiration rates. Severe dry; fish mortality; endangered flora and fauna species; spread of diseases like dengue and malaria Deforestation; intensive land use; extensive farming and soil degradation. Opportunity for the development of research that informs the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices and its role in CC mitigation, thus maintaining the environmental services of tropical ecosystem. Information on the Flona is widely available as much research has been developed in that region. Public agencies provide socio-economic data. (See http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/) Improved knowledge on mitigation measures in the Flona area, ecologic impacts of the agriculture in the area next to Flona, socio-economic impacts of the Flona communities and the communities around the area, as well as support the decision for further research. There are methods already developed for forest management; biodiversity catalogues at Embrapa herbarium, Museum Goeldi herbarium, database and computational web infrastructure knowledge. Additional methods, tools and knowledge are available from other projects like LBA etc. WP1 (Relationship BD-CC mitigation at different scales), WP2 (Indicator framework for socio-ecological interactions of LUC and CC); WP3 (Stakeholder driven scenarios, selection of mitigation options) Yes ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 83 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 24 Opportunities to link ROBIN stakeholder workshops to other ongoing project or policy processes Opportunity to replicate the research There are other projects that can be linked to ROBIN, i.e: iLPF system - This system shares similar characteristics with ROBIN, serving as a support to PECUS Project. The Tapajos Flona has a big potential to highlight biodiversity indicators under climate change scenarios that can easily be replicated in other Amazon regions. Government regional planning; inform decision-making; new 26 Dissemination government programs; consolidation of an international potential research group; dissemination at the local level (“cartilha”), as well as scientific publications. Contact person for case study: Lucietta Martorano ([email protected] and [email protected]) 25 The template document used in the case study selection is available in Annex 6. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 84 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 6.2 SH Selection Following the template for stakeholder identification specified in Annex 1, the local teams (UNAM, IBIF and EMBRAPA) identified several types of key stakeholders: Table 8. SH selection in Mexican case study Actor Authorities involved at the national level in forest and land use management Relative Relative importance Relevance People to influence on on land use & 1 = must list be invited decisions (1-10) biodiversity 2 = panel list (number) 3 = long list now future now future Identified organizations and people SAGARPA (Ministry Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Develop., Fisheries &Food); SEDER (General Directorate of Forest and Sustainability); SRA (Ministry of Agrarian Reform); SEDESOL (Ministry of Social Dev.); CDI (National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples); SEMARNAT (Ministry of Env. & Natural Resources); CONAFOR (National Forestry Agency); River Basin Councils 9 5 6 8 8 1 Authorities involved at the local level in forest and land use management Municipal presidents Others (‘delegados, cabezales’) Commissioners (‘regidor’) of ecology/ agriculture 15 5 5 5 5 1 Associations/Unions (different sectors. e.g. farmer's unions, foresters) Sugar cane farmers’ unions; Fishermen’s unions; Livestock unions 3 4 4 5 5 1 Business organizations (e.g. Mining companies, hotel managers) Mining companies Hotel managers Sugar cane companies 4 6 6 6 6 1 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 85 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Non Governmental Organizations Alternatura 1 1 1 1 1 3 Media Milenio; El Costeño; La voz de la Costa 3 2 2 1 1 2 Research Centers (fields as natural and social science, ecology) UNAM CUCSUR-UDG (University of Guadalajara) 6 2 3 3 3 1 Other (according to local specifics) Chamela-Cuitxmala Biosphere Reserve DRBSM (Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve) 4 4 5 5 5 1 Table 9. SH selection in Bolivian case study Actor Relative Relative importance Relevance People to influence on on land use & 1 = must list be invited decisions (1-10) biodiversity 2 = panel list (number) 3 = long list now future now future Identified organizations and people Authorities involved at the national level in forest and land use management MMAYA (Ministry of Environment and Water); MDRT (Ministry of Rural Development and Land); Ministry of Developing Planning; INRA (National Institute for Agrarian Reform); SIF (Bolivian Forest Superintendency) Authorities involved at the regional level in forest and land use management ABT (Forestry and Land Authority) Authorities involved at the local level in forest and land use management Associations/Unions (different sectors. e.g. farmer's unions, foresters) Document ID: 2 8 7 9 9 2 10 7 10 8 Municipal Government of Ascensión de Guarayos); Forestry Departments 2 10 8 10 8 Peasant associations; Livestock farmer’s unions; COPNAG (Central Organization of Guarayo Native Peoples);Indigenous Associations 9 5 7 10 10 ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 86 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Business organizations (e.g. Mining companies, hotel managers) Timber companies Forest services providers (truckers, sawyers, manufacturers) 6 7 7 7 8 Media Radio Guaguazuti 1 7 8 8 9 Research Centers (fields as natural and social science, ecology) IBIF (Bolivian Institute of Forest Research) CIPCA (Centre for Research and Training of Peasant Farmers) Other (according to local specifics) Mennonites 3 8 7 10 10 Table 10. SH selection in Brazilian case study Actor Relative Relative importance Relevance People to influence on on land use & 1 = must list be invited decisions (1-10) biodiversity 2 = panel list (number) 3 = long list now future now future Identified organizations and people Authorities involved at the national level in forest and land use management MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply); INCRA (National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform); MMA (Ministry of Environment); IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Env. and Renewable Natural Resources); SFB (Brazilian Forest Service) 5 8 9 8 9 Authorities involved at the regional level in forest and land use management ICMBio (Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation ); SEMA (Secretariat of Environment of the State of Para); IDEFLOR (Forest Development Institute of Para); ITERPA (Para Land Institute) 4 8 7 5 8 Authorities involved at the local level Municipal Secretary of Agriculture Municipal Secretary of Environment 3 5 10 6 10 Associations/Unions (different sectors. e.g. Rural Union STR (Union of rural workers) 3 5 10 5 9 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 87 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings farmer's unions, foresters) Extrativists producers associations Business organizations (e.g. Mining companies, hotel managers) Timber companies Eco-certified tourism businesses Non Governmental Organizations 2 9 8 7 4 Saude &Alegria Greenpeace 3 7 4 7 4 Research Centers (fields as natural and social science, ecology) UFPA (Federal University of Pará); UFOPA (Federal University of Western Pará); IEB (International Institute of Education in Brazil); Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology; LBA (LargeScale Biosphere-Atmosphere Program in Amazonian); EMBRAPA 2 2 7 2 9 Other (according to local specifics) Regional banks (BASA, Banco do BR, BNDS) SUDAM (Superintendency for the Development of Amazonia) 3 4 8 3 8 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 88 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 6.3 FCMs practical exercise with experts from CS 6.3.1 Development of the exercise In the Training Workshop held in Madrid the participants had the opportunity to put into practice the framework expounded in the previous sessions by simulating countryspecific stakeholder meetings that lead to the elaboration of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map from scratch (for further details see Varela-Ortega et al., 2012b). The intention behind this exercise was to help team members become familiar with this participative methodology, foresee the main challenges that may arise during the process and ensure that the methodology was applied consistently across all three areas so that results could be compared. The assistants to the workshop were divided into three groups, every one of them representing a different case study: Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico. As part of the simulation, every group member was assigned a different role representing key actors in the area. The following stakeholders were identified: Table 11. Stakeholders identified in FCM exercise Brazil Amazon Conservation Institute Environmental NGO activist Government representative Soybean producer Small farmer Bolivia Forest and land authority Mexico Government representative Native Farmer Settler Rancher Ministry of water and environment Environmental NGO activist Researcher Representative from the tourist sector Once the roles were assigned, every group was asked to identify the main drivers affecting bio-diversity in the present for their particular case study by asking the following questions: (1) What is the current state of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the region?; (2) What factors or variables have an effect on that state?; (3) How do those variables and factors relate to each other?; and (4) What relationships have more importance in the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services? The intention was to make stakeholders think about the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate change. Some participants in the workshop found this question to be too technical for stakeholders. The terms “ecosystem services”, “biodiversity” and “climate change” are not easy to grasp in all their dimensions and trying to link them might confusing for most stakeholders. For this Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 89 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings reason, it is an important that facilitators are able to translate the question into terms that are easy to understand by the audience. For example, making reference to the effects of climate change (draughts, floods, temperature change, etc.) would help stakeholders to start thinking in terms that are suitable for the discussion and then make the connections that will help us develop our maps. As a result of this exercise, group members identified a number of factors that were then clustered in groups which shared similar features. Every participant wrote up to 3 factors in cards and then explained their choices with the rest of the group. Following discussion, new factors were identified and added to the original selection. These are indicated with a plus sign (+) in the following chart: Table 12. Factors identified by the Brazilian team Brazil Policy Public policy (+) Political will (+) Disconnect between policy and ground (+) Technical Lack of agricultural Use of sustainable extension services (+) production techniques Weeds Plagues and insects Resources Overexploitation of Illegal tree felling resources Water pollution Fishing resources Economy Farm output prices Land pressure Population increase Corruption (+) Lack of knowledge about proper techniques (+) Grazing (+) Deforestation Soybean cultivation Poverty Table 13. Factors identified by the Bolivian team Bolivia Technological factors Technology Farm machinery Social factors Education Environmental education (+) Technical training (+) Policy Agricultural policy (+) Deforestation and Document ID: Forest technology Teledetection Genetic diversity Indiscriminate hunting Population growth Fire provoked by farmers Environmental policy (+) Economic development Infrastructure Agricultural expansion ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Training Land occupation Public © ROBIN consortium Page 90 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings degradation Food security Environmental factors Rain Economic factors Agricultural income Lack of staff at ATB Plagues and diseases Timber demand (+) Timber price Table 14. Factors identified by the Mexican team Mexico Protected areas Insufficient protection of nature Education Lack of education Knowledge of local techniques Public policy Availability of budget Slowness in paying water Conservation policies Lack of support from the government Lack of political instruments at the local level Illegal activities Public safety Economic factors Expansion of agricultural land Sustainable productive strategies (+) Agricultural prices (+) Agricultural marketing (+) Once all factors were identified, group members were then asked to prioritize those using stickers. Every participant was given 3 stickers. Their choices are indicated with a red dot () in the previous chart. By clustering factors and choosing those with a higher relevance in the eyes of the stakeholders. This exercise helped to arrange a final selection of factors which is displayed in the following charts: Table 15. Final selection of factors for the Brazilian team Brazil Plagues Grazing Deforestation Agricultural extension Sustainable production techniques Document ID: Soybean cultivation Public policy Political will Agricultural prices Overexploitation of resources ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Water pollution Land pressure Poverty Population increase © ROBIN consortium Page 91 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Table 16. Final selection of factors for the Bolivian team Bolivia Farm machinery Agricultural income Land occupation Plagues and diseases Rain Population growth Timber price Agricultural expansion Timber demand Fire provoked by farmers Infrastructure Lack of staff at ATB Environmental policy Food security Agricultural policies Genetic diversity Deforestation and degradation Indiscriminate hunting Forest technology Education Table 17. Final selection of factors for the Mexican team Mexico Conservation policies Education Illegal activities Monocrop agricultural land Sustainable productive strategies Agricultural prices Political instruments Environmental consciousness Conventional productive strategies Agricultural policies Availability of budget Coastal tourism Diversified agricultural land Agricultural marketing Agricultural income Biodiversity Productivist mentality After a final selection of factors was chosen, group members were asked to establish casual relationships among them, creating a flowchart. Then, participants identified the sign of these relationships: positive (+) when an increase in one variable causes an increase in the other; and negative (-) when an increase in one variable causes a decrease in the other. Later, they assigned values to these relationships indicating how strong they were using a scale within the range [-1,+1]. In the Mexican case, time restraints did not allow the group to assign values to most of the relationships. These were completed afterwards by the research team based on the comments made by the team members during their presentation. 6.3.2 Results: maps in CMaps and dynamic analysis As it was explained in the previous section, participants were divided in three groups who worked independently in the construction of the cognitive map. As a result of this exercise, three maps were developed that, once refined by the research team, have been presented in the figures shown in the following sections. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 92 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Brazil Case Study The system is composed of 14 variables, which present 15 relationships among them. This number is quite low compared to the maximum possible links (90), which makes it easier for the system to stabilize after a few iterations. The lack of loops in the diagram also helps the stability of the system. 5 variables are identified as external drivers, with no feedback from other variables in the system. Figure 30. FCM developed by the Brazilian team Source: own elaboration The variables “Land pressure” and “Deforestation” are the ones receiving the highest number of incoming arrows (3), followed by the variables “Water pollution” and “overexploitation of resources” with 2 arrows each. This means these variables are the most affected by the state of the other variables in the system. Based on the number of outgoing arrows, we can deduce that there are 2 main drivers in the system: “Soybean cultivation” and “Political will”, both of them external drivers that do not receive feedback from any other variables in the system. The next step in the analysis is the construction of a graph representing the evolution of the variables and their weight in the system over time once it starts functioning. The result is shown in the following graph. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 93 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 31. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Brazilian team Note: The vertical Y-axis represents the value of the variables while the horizontal X-axis denotes the number of iterations Source: own elaboration The first conclusion we can draw from the graph is that the stabilization of the system is rapidly achieved, after 5 iterations. “Water pollution” is the most dominant driver, followed by “Deforestation”. Below this variable, “Population increase” is also driving the system, followed by “Land pressure”, “Plagues” and “The lack of agricultural extension services”. However, all these drivers are not able to offset the strong impact of the variable “Poverty”. Bolivia Case Study The FCM elaborated by the Bolivian team is reported in Figure 2. This flow chart has a higher number of variables and relationships than the one elaborated by the Brazilian team, however, the nature of the factors considered is similar. This graph has a very low density of 0.11 (21 out of 190 possible arrows exist), which makes it easy for the system to stabilize. There are 20 variables, 11 of them acting as external drivers, i.e. they do not receive any incoming arrows: “Farm machinery”; “Agricultural policies”; “Plagues and diseases”; “Rain”; “Infrastructure”; “Environmental policy”; “Education”; “Food security”; “Lack of staff at ABT”; “Forest technology”; and “Timber demand”. The variable “Population growth” is also an important driver but acts as an internal driver since it receives some incoming arrows. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 94 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 32. FCM developed by the Bolivian team Source: own elaboration This cognitive map has four central issues2 (in green boxes). These are: “Agricultural income”; “Genetic diversity”; “Deforestation and degradation”; and “Agricultural expansion”. The first three receive 4 arrows each and the last one receives 3, mainly from the external drivers described before. The dynamic analysis of the system is represented in Figure 40. Figure 39 shows that there are no feedback loops in the system description. This is reflected in the changing values in Figure 40 that quickly stabilize. The large number of external drivers also contributes to stabilize the system after the fifth iteration. The factor “Deforestation and degradation” clearly dominates the rest of the variables, followed by “agricultural expansion”, and “agricultural income”. This variable, along with “Food security”, “Timber demand”, “Land occupation” and “Population growth” remain flat from the first iteration, maintaining the same weight. 2 The “central issue” of the system is defined as the variable with the highest number of incoming arrows. Usually, it does not have any outgoing arrows. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 95 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 33. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Bolivian team Note: The vertical Y-axis represents the value of the variables while the horizontal X-axis denotes the number of iterations Source: own elaboration As we can see in the graph, “Genetic diversity”, one of the central issues in the FCM, is clearly dominated by all other variables and decreases in importance from the first iteration until it becomes stable in the fifth. This means that genetic diversity is conditioned to a large extent by deforestation, agricultural expansion and agricultural income in the Guarayos Province. This picture is similar to the one obtained for the Brazilian case, what leads us to believe that biodiversity in the Amazonian region is highly correlated with deforestation, being the expansion of agriculture and land pressure caused by population growth and economic activities the factors behind the loss in biodiversity. Mexico Case Study The FCM elaborated by the Mexican team in presented in figure 3. Due to time constraints, the team could not assign values to the relationships among the factors. This task was performed later by the research team, based on the arguments given by the Mexican team in their presentation. The group identified 17 variables, with a total number of 28 links. The graph has the highest number of connections, although the density was comparable to the other two cases. The map only contains 3 external drivers, namely “Education”; “Conservation policies”; and “Availability of budget”. There is however one clear central issue in the map: “Biodiversity”. This factor receives 7 arrows, much more than the other central Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 96 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings issues in the system: “Monocrop agricultural land” (receiving 4) and “Diversified agricultural land”, which receives 4. There are also factors such as “Agricultural policies” and “Sustainable productive strategies” that have a strong influence over the system but they are considered internal drivers since they receive arrows from other variables. We must remind that participants were asked to identify the main drivers affecting biodiversity by answering the following questions: (1) What is the current state of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the region?; (2) What factors or variables have an effect on that state?; (3) How do those variables and factors relate to each other?; and (4) What relationships have more importance in the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services? Following the first question that was the core of the brainstorming exercise, the fact that the team in charge of the Mexican FCM identified “Biodiversity” as the main factor to precisely explain the current state of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the region, seemed as a diversion from the proposed methodology and raised and interesting discussion among participants. In general terms, the answer to the proposed questions does not have to coincide with the question itself as the aim of the exercise is to reflect the stakeholders'' perceptions on the structure of the system. In the particular case of the Mexican example, the richness of biodiversity contexts and the multiplicity of interpretations were probably responsible of the error. In order to avoid confusion in future stakeholder meetings and solve other methodological questions raised by participants during the workshop, the UPM research team, upon request by some of the participants, built a list with do’s and don’ts (see section 5.7 of this deliverable) which aimed to help local teams in the development of the FCMs. The full version of the do’s and don’ts list in available in Annex 5. Figure 34. FCM developed by the Mexican team Source: own elaboration Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 97 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Once the values were assigned to the relationships identified in the FCM, it was possible to undertake the dynamic analysis for the system. The result is provided in graph 3. Figure 35. Dynamic analysis of the FCM developed by the Mexican team Note: The vertical Y-axis represents the value of the variables while the horizontal X-axis denotes the number of iterations Source: own elaboration Values of the various factors stabilise after only three iterations, despite the high number of connections among variables. The dynamic analysis shows how “Biodiversity” dominates the rest of the variables despite the influence the rest of the factors have on it, as we saw in the previous FCM. Following “Biodiversity” we find “Political instruments”; “Education”; “Educational consciousness” and “Agricultural policies”. On the other hand, the variables “Illegal activities” and “Coastal tourism” are dominated by the rest of the factors in the system. The results in Mexico show a different picture from the ones obtained in Brazil and Bolivia and cannot be explained in the same terms as the other two given the fact that “Biodiversity” was used as a factor to explain the current state of biodiversity in the region. The rather unconventional use of the methodology in this case does not allow us to compare adequately the results with the other cases, although it shows the complexity of the socio-ecological setting, the variety of production activities and human factors and the multi biodiversity perceptions. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 98 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 6.3.3 Lessons learned The practical exercise undertaken with experts from the three case studies served to raise several questions related to the application of the FCM methodology and envisage possible problems that may arise during the development of future stakeholder workshops. These questions inspired the elaboration of the do’s and don’ts document mentioned above and helped the research team to reach some practical conclusions. We can highlight the following: The more complex a scenario is, the more difficult it becomes to develop a map. For this reason, it is important to be clear in the definition of the factors identified. General terms usually allow multiple interpretations and therefore fall into contradictions. We should explain in detail what factors we are talking about, e.g. the factor “public policy” could be positively or negatively associated with the factor “environmental conservation”. In this case, the term public policy should be defined more precisely so we can understand how it relates to other factors. Moreover, we should use neutral terms when defining them in order to facilitate the linkages among factors and to avoid value judgement. The original FCM method does not specify if a factor can represent the central element of the debate. However, we must advise against this practice, i.e. the question that is trying to be answered in the FCM should not appear in the FCM as a factor itself because it may confuse participants. FCMs are designed to be an analysis of the complex web of drivers. It is important to achieve a good balance in terms of stakeholder representation. If any group of stakeholders is under-represented in the workshops, the results will not be as fruitful as we could expect and vital information of the structure and the dynamics operating in the region under study would not be captured. This ill representation of the stakeholders’ perceptions will in turn hamper the potential selection of policies. The role of the facilitator is a vital one in the development of the stakeholder workshops. The person given that responsibility should be a professional with prior experience in the development of participatory exercises and, ideally, should not have strong links with the scientific teams involved in the study in order to remain neutral at all times. These features will allow the facilitator to apply the methodology correctly and handle the discussion effectively. FCMs should be developed following a two-step sequence. First, they should start with a brainstorming that initiates a wide discussion and helps the participants to express themselves openly and to identify the factors behind the structure and dynamics shaping their territory. Applied to visualize the present reality or the future scenarios in a specific case study, this inclusive exercise permits all participants to communicate their views without any constraints of expression or discourse. Second, once we have identified and clustered those ideas, it is time to establish specific limits to the participants to help them focus on the selection of the most important factors and quantify the relationships among them, giving shape to our maps. The overall success of Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 99 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings the FCM exercise and the quality of the results, relies significantly on a well balanced combination of these two complementary actions 6.4 Preparatory Workshops In order to understand and evaluate the drivers of change behind between biodiversity, land use and climate change, all the teams involved in ROBIN will have to discuss with local, regional and provincial stakeholders. Since participants in the workshops may have different educational and socioeconomic backgrounds, enormous economic gaps, different access to the socio-ecosystems, and different identities constructed with their territories, existing power relations between local and regional actors may obstruct the identification, design and implementation of alternatives. In order to solve this problem and guarantee the success of the workshops Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM), several preparatory workshops where undertaken in Bolivia and Mexico. 6.4.1 Bolivia Date, location and attendance The first preparatory workshop held by the Bolivian team was held on January 23th 2013, at the Cultural center of Ascensión de Guarayos, in Santa Cruz. Invitations to the workshop were mainly issued via letters and by phone calls through the IBIF team (see the letter of invitation in Annex 7). Stakeholders’ representatives received the letter of the IBIF team explaining the main goal of the project and the reason for holding a workshop. The IBIF team collected the stakeholders' cell phone numbers in order to confirm their assistance to the preparatory workshop. One day before, and the same day of the workshop, the representatives were called to confirm and remember their attendance to the event, but also to arrange logistics. Most of the people invited attended, because they were interested in the training aspect of the event and because they also understood that the workshop could be useful for them and for the region. The associations of ranchers and loggers confirmed by phone their participation at the meeting; however, they did not attend due to work reasons. The list of participants can be found in Table 18. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 100 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Table 18. List of participants Position Gender /affiliation Organization Participation in workshop (WS) Authority and Social Control of Forest and Land (ABT) Technician M Entire WS Municipal Government of Ascensión de Guarayos Technician M Entire WS Indigenous Forestry Association Curuvaré Member M Entire WS Indigenous Forestry Association Curuvaré II Member F Entire WS Member M Entire WS Member M Entire WS Member F Entire WS Member M Entire WS Member F Entire WS Member M Entire WS Member M Entire WS Coordinator M Entire WS Technician F Entire WS Member F Entire WS Member M Entire WS Member F Entire WS Technician M Entire WS Technician M Entire WS Technician M Entire WS Technician M Entire WS Member F Entire WS Member F Entire WS Development Area Program Guarayos (PDA) Technician M Entire WS Farmers Federation Director M Entire WS Forestry Services Consultant M Entire WS Indigenous Forestry Association Curuvaré III Indigenous Forestry Association - IRARAI Indigenous Forestry Association (IFA San Juan) Arado Foundation Central Organization of Guarayo Native People (COPNAG) Tropical and Agricultural Research Center (CIAT) Río Blanco y Río Negro (RByRB)Wildlife Reserve Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 101 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Atmosphere in the beginning In the beginning of the workshop all the participants received a brochure in Spanish, explaining details about the ROBIN project; additionally, they received a folder with the agenda, sheets for taking notes, a pen, and an evaluation form about the meeting. Each participant also signed the list of assistance. The atmosphere established was very good from the beginning. The place, Cultural Center, was selected was comfortable and away from the busy activity of the main town. To increase the good atmosphere in the place, a slideshow with images of nature and environmental music (nature sounds) was presented while waiting for the arrival of the participants. Presentations After introducing herself and the other two members of the IBIF team gave words of greetings and welcome to all the participants and the opportunity to introduce themselves, mentioning the name and the institution to which they belonged. A video about the IBIF`s work in Guarayos area, through its monitoring of biodiversity study, was presented. Additionally, a presentation in power point about IBIF and its main objectives and activities, reinforced the idea that it is an institution dedicated to forest research and capacity building. Then, a coffee break was provided, giving the opportunity to exchange experiences with the team and learn more about the local stakeholders present. Following the coffee break, a video about climate change and how it affects our environment was presented to the audience. The video was produced by students of a public school in Bolivia and provided by the Simon I. Patiño Ecology Center Foundation. The objective was to introduce them to terms like global warming, climate change, and contamination.. According to the agenda (see Annex 7), the ROBIN project was presented after the video. For this presentation, the IBIF team previously gave some key definitions about climate change, mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity. She also emphasized the value of biodiversity through four factors: production, scientific, aesthetic and ethical values and she explained the importance and location of tropical forest in the world and Bolivia. The IBIF team also explained the reasons why Guarayos, specifically the Ascensión de Guarayos municipality, was chosen as case study for the ROBIN project, emphasizing the high biodiversity and the different land uses occurring in the area. This was followed by an explanation of the ROBIN project, the length of the project, and the different methods being used to reach project objectives. Special focus was placed on the relationship between modellers and field data, through participatory processes and conducting the cognitive map. The importance of the local stakeholder involvement in the first participatory workshop of stakeholders was emphasized. The Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 102 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings “key question” that they would respond in this participatory workshop was presented, in order to give them ample time to think about it. Additionally, some photos of the Fuzzy Cognitive Map training workshop carried out for the IBIF team, held in Madrid, Spain were also presented to them. It was mentioned that Spanish experts in this method would be visiting in the next workshop. Stakeholder participation Following the presentations about IBIF, the ROBIN project and the videos, the IBIF team asked the participants to list some of the environmental problems in the Guarayos region. This question gave them the chance to talk about these problems in the area; particularly about the changes that have occurred in recent years as a result of the different land use activities. Below are some of the opinions expressed during the meeting. The ABT representative started the discussion mentioning that there were no problems in the region, since he considers that the problems occur more in the city. The Farmers Federation representative recognized that there are many problems related with deforestation and that would be important to find solutions because people even now do not respect anymore the “curichis” (local term for wetlands) and rivers” He also said “it is very difficult to control the illegality of some economical activities as logging and there are "capitalists" in Guarayos that lent themselves to everything”. Representatives of AFI San Juan suggested that maybe the ROBIN project could harder with the other municipalities that have the same problem as Ascension. Representatives of RByRN Wildlife Reserve were very active. They said “there is a high rate of illegal hunting in the area, especially in the protected area, where we work, and there is no economic support for wildlife conservation”. Also, “the Guarayos are almost losing all of nature because everyone is currently working in the forest management plan and there is not control on illegal activities by ABT, people are logging inclusive the seed trees". It was mentioned that their predecessors used to have "chaco" (a small family holding for planting and growing crops, through shifting from forest to agriculture). They further stressed that before the weather was very favourable for crops, since rains and the dry season came to exactly time and that's why they knew exactly the dates and periods of planting and harvesting. But now, due to the changes in the climate, it is not possible to know precisely as before. Now, the days are really hot and this is because many trees have been removed; there is the belief that the big trees attract the rains. They mentioned “the deforestation is partly due to migration of Russians and Mennonites in the region, who use the land for Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 103 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings intensive and commercial agriculture. Now the majority of people are dedicating themselves to forest management and not to the subsistence agriculture, so they have to consume and buy more expensive products cultivated in other regions (i.e Chapare)'. They asked for more coordination with authorities of the protected area because the rate of illegal hunting in high. They don’t have enough vehicles, fuel, and personnel to move through the affected areas and control it. He also indicated that there were more tree species and now they are losing species as mara, ochoó, hoja de yuca, naming some of them. Finally, declared that “there are few people interested in taking care of the reserve and many are seeking only their economic interests, so the community does not benefit at all”. COPNAG members reported that “everyone knows that Guarayos is a very diverse forest area and it has already several management forest plans not only in Ascensión but also in Urubichá, Yaguarú, Salvatierra, and San Pablo”. They also mentioned key problem of the pollution of rivers due to the mining activities and the garbage people throw in the road leading to San Pablo. They affirmed that there is fish and wildlife devastation because of the indiscriminate fishing and hunting activities and there are no enough rangers in the protected areas to control the hunters and fishers. With these comments, the IBIF team mentioned that the main idea in the ROBIN project is to analyze what is happening in the region; probably many people/actors are involved in the problem (farmers, hunters, loggers, authorities, and conservationists) and probably is not just one but several problems in the area. It is very important first to know and understand what is happening in Guarayos, try to identify the main problem or factor that is affecting more the biodiversity loss, and discuss with the local stakeholders how to solve these issues Mapping the present natural resources After the discussions and comments related to the main problems about the environment and land use, the participants were divided into three groups to perform a map of Guarayos. This map was requested in order to first know how natural resources are distributed along the Municipality of Ascensión de Guarayos nowadays. Each group began with a discussion on how to make their drawing and what should be considered in the map. After the maps were drawn, two or more representatives of each group presented them to the participants. The three maps are shown below, with an explanation about their content and the participants from each group. Group 1: This group drew key areas, such as forestry, agricultural (mentioning the main crops: rice, banana, manioc, and pineapple), cattle ranching, palm forest (cusisales), and agricultural fields of the Mennonites. They also considered the main roads connecting Guarayos to other towns (San Pablo, Urubichá) and to departments (Santa Cruz, Beni), Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 104 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings rivers (San Pablo, Negro, and Zapocó), and lakes (Laguna Corazon). Additionally, the wildlife resources (parrots, fish, lizards, snakes, etc.) were also mentioned in this map. Group 2: This map followed the geographic shape of the Municipality. Additionally, the RByRN wildlife reserve was recognized in this map. It includes a long list of mammals, reptiles, and fish showing a high diversity. They emphasized the presence of a large hill, natural water reservoirs, and mining areas. Furthermore, they showed agricultural activities (crops of rice, soybean, and sunflower) taking place near the reserve. Group 3: This group analyzed the question in a different way producing a “risk map”, in order to show how they are being affected by the land use occurring in the region. For example, they drew a large hill, indicating deforestation. Close to the rivers (San Pablo, Zapocó) they recognized the contamination due to the garbage. In the Blanco, Negro, and Zapocó rivers, pollution by mining activities was indicated. They also showed Cerro azul (hill) and several mining areas, where gold and tantalio are exploited, very close to Ascension (approx. 80 km). Besides, they showed deforestation related to agricultural areas of rice, corn, soybean, cassava, banana, and other fruits. On the other hand, they drew as a red zone of sawmills around Ascension and highlighted pineapple and cattle ranching areas. In one part of the map they also drew the wildlife reserve and the forestry concession La Chonta as part of the forestry reserve. Workshop evaluation Almost at the end of the event, all participants received an evaluation sheet in order to know their opinions, to improve the organization and content of the event, and their feelings (through faces) about the workshop. Each face was classified in very good, good, bad, and too bad (see Annex 7). The results indicate that 72% of the participants felt that the course was good and 28% that was very good. People requested more training events, more research in urban and rural areas, and more women participation. At the end of the event, people defined the date for the 1st participatory workshop. All people agreed to participate again in a week (January 30th). IBIF assistants took a picture (see Annex 7) including all the participants and promised to bring this picture, a CD with publications of IBIF to give everyone at the next meeting. Some CDs, with 100 publications from IBIF, and ecological cards were given to the participants in this opportunity in order to increase the knowledge about scientific names of plants and ecological studies carried out in Bolivia. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 105 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Figure 36. Participants in the Bolivian workshop Source: Toledo and Clavijo (2013) 6.4.2 Mexico A key aspect of ROBIN’s work is to work with local stakeholders in Latin America to better understand the factors, which affect peoples’ responses to climate change and related mitigation options. A series of stakeholder workshops is being developed, and in Mexico, two preparatory workshops have been held in January. As the Mexican ROBIN team wants to engage with a broad range of groups, and thus it was felt that holding preparatory workshops to begin with was the most sensible approach. One of the project’s focus areas in Mexico is the Cuitzmala watershed, which irrigates two municipalities: Villa Purificación (upstream) and La Huerta, south of Jalisco (downstream). The first preparatory workshop was held on 26 January in the town of Villa Purificación. The workshop was held in a local hotel that is located in the centre of the town. Presidents of both the municipalities were among the 52 participants, mainly farmers (including cattle farmers and sugar cane, avocado and maize growers). One fisherman also attended, as did some community leaders and a representative from an iron mine. Invitations were made by letter, by email and by phone calls. Key message in the invitations was the possibility to discuss local problems and solutions, emphasizing the importance of local stakeholders views. The ROBIN team introduced the main objectives of the project and presented some ideas concerning climate change and biodiversity. The main objectives refer to the overall ROBIN project objectives. The importance of the local actors' participation was Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 106 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings discussed. The group was divided into two, mixing people from the two municipalities. As such, a great diversity of actors and opinions was assured. The groups, using mainly the group discussion technique, then addressed four main questions: 1. What have been the most important changes in the region in the last 50 years? 2. What have been the causes of these changes? 3. What have been the advantages and the disadvantages of these changes? 4. Who has won and who has lost from these changes? Among the issues identified by the participants, deforestation and an increase in pasture for cattle raising was identified as a major change. These changes were identified for the whole watershed. The participants felt large landowners, external people and government schemes, promoted it as they have more power and influence in the region. Concern was expressed over the loss of river fauna, depletion of natural resources, increased use of agrochemicals and a switch from communal land to privately owned land. However, some identified that these changes had increased opportunities for employment in the area. Interestingly, the farmers identified themselves and other people from the region as losers, while all the external agents were considered as winners. The second preparatory workshop took place on 28 January in the research station of Chamela at the Coastal area, and involved representatives of several government institutions along with local officials responsible for ecology, agriculture and tourism, the municipalities' presidents, tourism entrepreneurs, social and natural scientists, a local conservation group (directors of ecological reserves) and a few local farmers. Due to a large farmer meeting the day before, many of the invited farmers were not able to assist Participants split randomly into four groups and, using the group discussion technique, addressed these questions: 1. What have been the government programs/policies that have had most impact on biodiversity loss and climate change in the region on the last 50 years? 2. What have been the advantages and disadvantages for the region? 3. Who have been the winners and the losers? 4. Proposals/alternatives. In this workshop, tension clearly existed between the tourism entrepreneurs, farmers and conservationists. Concern was also expressed about the lack of integration between different government initiatives. However, the following general conclusions were drawn: There is great many programs and policies that make the institutional context very complex. Institutional contradictions exist There are both winners and losers, both within and outside the regional Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 107 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Proposals for improvement exist at different levels. Participants in the preparatory workshop in Mexico Figure 37. Participants in the preparatory workshop in Mexico Additional documentation from the preparatory workshop in Mexico is available in annex 8. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 108 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 7 Annexes Annex 1: Table for stakeholder identification Actor Identified People to Relative Relative organizations be invited influence on importance on and people (number) decisions (1-10) land use & biodiversity now future Now Gender Age Relevance balance balance 1 = must list 2 = panel list 3 = long list future Authorities involved at the national level in forest and land use management Authorities involved at the regional level in forest and land use management Authorities involved at the local level in forest and land use management Associations/Uni ons (different sectors. e.g. farmer's unions, foresters) Business organizations (e.g. Mining companies, hotel managers) Non Governmental Organisations Media Research Centers (fields as natural and social science, ecology) Other (according to local specifics) Source: based on Kaljonen and Varjopuro (2007) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 109 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Annex 2: Key messages to communicate to stakeholders What is ROBIN? ROBIN is a 4-year research project, running from November 2011 to November 2015 and funded by the European Commission. ROBIN is supporting REDD+ Programme, focusing our research on the role of tropical forest ecosystems in climate change mitigation in Latin America. Tropical forests provide different types of services: food, fibres and medicines, they filter water and control its flow and they ‘soak up’ carbon dioxide from the air, mitigating climate change. However, they are threatened by unsustainable use, partly because of a poor understanding of the interactions between the socio-ecological processes that are taking place. We intend to improve our understanding of relationships between biodiversity and socioecological process through which we respond to climate change, in order to optimise carbon and non carbon ecosystem services from tropical forests and contribute to the design of robust polices. To do so, we will co-create knowledge by highly participatory methods and stakeholder involvement is crucial for that. The key question for Robin is: how can we manage biodiversity and land use in Latin America to mitigate climate change without unintended consequences for other ecosystem services and people? What will ROBIN provide? ROBIN will provide information for policy making, together with resource use options, under scenarios of socio-economic and climate change. ROBIN will deliver improved understanding of the role of biodiversity in climate change mitigation, and also strategies and tools for climate change mitigation, and the assessments of the risks and uncertainties associated with climate change mitigation options. What methods will be used? ROBIN will combine new techniques, including remote sensing, for biodiversity assessment in complex multi-functional landscapes, data base analyses, integrated modelling and participatory-driven approaches at local and regional scales. The integration of models into the participatory process will allow the selection of significant and robust mitigation options. Participatory methods will be applied in three representative case studies in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil. Future scenarios and management strategies will be developed with the participation of stakeholders. Stakeholder will participate, as well in the selection of indicators and drivers for the analysis of the potential of biodiversity in mitigating climate change. Why is it important to participate? ROBIN will provide a platform for stakeholder dialogue, where the different interest groups can discuss together and work on a common understanding of their problems. ROBIN will provide a link between local knowledge, science and policy making. It will be an opportunity for stakeholders to incorporate their knowledge and views in the policy making process. This can lead to better informed and socially accepted decisions. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 110 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Stakeholder participation can help us carry out stakeholder relevant research and create a shared understanding of ecological-human system. It encourages social acceptance of measures and provides guidance for local decision making. ROBIN Consortium Robin involves 12 partner organisations, six in Meso and South America and six in Europe: 1. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, NERC, UK (coordinators) 2. Alterra, Netherlands 3. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, CONABIO, Mexico 4. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, EMBRAPA, Brazil 5. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal Asociacion, IBIF, Bolivia 6. Universitaet Klagenfurt, UNI-KLU, Austria 7. Instituto de Ecología, INECOL, Mexico 8. Potsdam Institut fuer Klimafolgenforschun, PIK, Germany 9. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM,Mexico 10. Wageningen Universiteit, WU, Netherlands 11. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, Spain Guyana Forestry Commission, GFC, Guyana Annex 3: Practical Guide for implementing the 1st SHW Reader guide: This practical guide shows the implementation process of the first stakeholder workshop in ROBIN that will be devoted to understand the present situation as the starting point for the development of future scenarios on land use and biodiversity. It includes a sample agenda to use as a guideline when planning the stakeholder workshop. Make sure that your planning for your workshop will have at least a similar level of detail as this sample agenda; it will make your workshop run smoother. If you have already made a program, then use this guide to see how detailed you should be and of what kind of issues you should think. The present guide provides an overview and a detailed outline of the workshop with explanations regarding timing, activities, goals, and materials. The first stakeholder workshop in ROBIN will ideally be a two-day workshop, but can also be in one day, depending on stakeholder experience in participation, interest and engagement. A meeting with 20-25 participants, divided in two focus groups, is considered ideal, but it is possible to go through the planned exercise with a single focus group when the number of attendees is fewer than 10. The expected result of this workshop is a FCM of the present in which the stakeholder views on the current state of the land use, including the natural environment, will be presented. If you have decided to use only a part of the methods presented in this guide, think about how you will overcome the gaps. Which goals do you now miss and how will you reach those goals in a different way. If you have changed the time planning within the workshop think about how you can make sure that you can reach your goals in that time frame. Each case study team can decide if they want to involve an outside facilitator, but it is highly recommended having someone who is skilled in running meetings and promoting interaction. It is also advisable to engage one or two rapporteurs to keep records of the discussions and Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 111 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings one or two external observers in charge of paying special attention to non-verbal nuances that indicate agreement or disagreement, interest or disinterest. In case there is not an observer, the facilitator would take this role. Days before workshop: Walk through your planning a last time; Is everything arranged? Call the stakeholders. Do they still plan on coming? Is every body’s role clear? Observers are there to observe, rapporteurs take notes, and both have no input. Facilitators facilitate, but do not steer the project. Make sure you'll be able to deal with unexpected issues quickly and effectively. Think ahead and anticipate issues before they become problems. Have you thought about back up options? E.g. how to rearrange groups if key stakeholders do not show up? The day after the workshop: Evaluate the workshop with the facilitator, rapporteurs and observers. Write down/elaborate all your ideas and thoughts on the workshop, and start analyzing the results. It is advised that facilitators write a half to one A4 with their ideas about the meeting, and how the methods worked. Observers should also complete a report with their observations on stakeholder discussions and interactions. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 112 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Day 1- Story of the present TIME 9:00 10.00 ACTIVITY Check room Check catering Check beamer Check laptop Check if you have all necessary materials Arrival 10:30 Welcome Introduce yourself and other members of the team Introduce the ROBIN project Explain the program Establish the ‘rules of the game’ 11:00 Introduction of stakeholders Understand what stakeholders expect from the workshop Check if coffee is ready Document ID: DESCRIPTION Is the lay-out as you wanted, or do you have to change it? Does the catering have the same program as you? Is the beamer working with your laptop, or do you need assistance? Registration Check list of participants Start introducing yourself/members of the team (rapporteurs?) /facilitator/observer Short introduction about ROBIN: goals, main concepts, expected results, utility for them Describe the schedule. What will be done in this workshop and what can they expect for the remaining workshops Define clearly the ‘rules of the game’ Start first with someone you think does not have problems with speaking in public Make sure people don’t talk too long (max. 5 each) Ask what people expect from this workshop and write the main issues down ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public GOALS Making sure that everything will go as smoothly as possible MATERIAL NEEDED Meeting logistics checklist Beamer Laptop Presentations Welcoming the participants Registration materials Informing stakeholders Setting clear goals, preventing confusion Engaging stakeholders in the whole process Name tags Presentations Program Breaking the ice. Getting to know each other Creating a comfortable “atmosphere” Getting everyone to talk Encouraging communication with the stakeholders to ensure their aims and objectives are taken into Flipchart Felt tip pen © ROBIN consortium Page 113 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 11:30 Coffee break 12:00 Highlight the importance of the case study in terms of ecosystems and biodiversity to mitigate climate change Discuss the present condition of land use and the current state of the environment, including the pressures upon it, with the different stakeholders (Brainstorming) Evaluate morning Check if lunch is on schedule 13:00 Lunch Document ID: Check every now and then if you are on schedule Talk with SHs to see how the project and the workshop is being perceived Describe the case study. Use visual maps to support your explanations. Make sure everyone knows what the case study boundaries are and what you are talking about. Use simple easy-to-understand language (e.g. avoid using the term ‘climate change’ or ‘biodiversity’, use instead ‘changes in temperature, droughts, number of species’) State the goal of the brainstorming session: Identify the current state of the land use and the environment (forest, rivers, crops, animals, rain…)? Set and announce a firm time limit at the beginning of the session Write every idea, good or bad, expressed by the stakeholders on a flip-chart as they go through their talk. Try not to use abbreviations Use mood-o-meters to evaluate feelings Talk with SHs to see how they think the workshop is going Think about afternoon program Are there any changes needed? ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public account Developing informal contacts among stakeholders Relax Put stakeholder thoughts into the case study context Make stakeholders feel comfortable throwing out ideas and not afraid say something unconventional Developing informal contacts among stakeholders Relax © ROBIN consortium Page 114 of 154 Coffee/thee Flipchart Felt tip pen Maps of the case study Cards with mood faces ( ) Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 14:00 Describe the purpose of the study and the main aspects of the research methodology Introduction to FCMs Show a simple FCM Show possible output Explain how FCMs will be used Allow time for questions 14:30 Split them in smaller groups to develop the map of the present Identify important aspects related to the state of biodiversity in the specific case study using the cardtechnique Write factors on post-its and paste them on the flipchart Think about missing factors that can be added Make clusters Prioritize factors Check if coffee is ready Document ID: Explain the purpose of the study, the importance of exploring the present to be able to shape the future Explanation of system thinking and FCMs Examples from different fields and areas in Latin America, and in other parts of the world (Spain, Turkey, Italy, Baltic countries) Don’t go too much in depth Explain exercise Divide SHs in groups which are diverse and well-balanced Have a ready-made list with the names of the participants distributed in the groups and hang them in the wall so they can see the group they belong to Avoid interferences between the groups (use different rooms, different spaces within a room) Every group will have an observer and a rapporteur. The facilitator will have to take care of the two groups at the same time (you should take the role of the facilitator when he/she is busy helping the other group) Pose a clear question: Which are the factors that have influenced the current state of the land use, including the natural environment, in the ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Making sure that the participants know what to do and why it is relevant Presentations Getting input from all participants Mapping main issues Getting an impression importance of the different issues for each stakeholder (can later be use for developing spidergrams and for finalizing FCMs) Getting clusters that are understood and supported by the whole group Coloured cards Wall paper/Whiteboard Adhesive tape Flipchart Felt tip pen Erasers Gomets Printed questions and definitions of difficult concepts Map of the region under discussion © ROBIN consortium Page 115 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings region? Having a map of the region under discussion could help to identify the factors by SHs Hand out 2-3 cards per person SHs will fill in the cards with their answers individually (approx. 5 min), if someone needs more cards, allow them have more Once the cards are filled out, the facilitator should collect them one by one, sticking the cards on the wall while allowing participants to explain them individually Every time a new card is collected and explained, the facilitator will ask the other participants if they have also identified a similar factor. If so, this card should be collected and explained before continuing with the exercise Someone from the group/rapporteur should take notes of the explanations so it is easier to reformulate the idea on the card Identify missing factors following discussion. Any new factor identified should be added on a card with a different colour Facilitator then will try to cluster the cards in groups that share the same characteristics, but in the end Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 116 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings stakeholders will decide on grouping issues. Don’t throw away any card. Put duplicates hidden behind normal cards. Give each cluster a name. In order to facilitate the construction of the map, the different factors identified in the discussion are prioritized. Participants will identify those factors which they believe are more important in the system by sticking a gomet on their chosen cards up to a maximum of three. This will help us identify the central issues (factors with a highest number of gomets). 16:00 16:30 Coffee break Continue with the development of the FCM for the present Discuss about relations among cards Draw links between factors Assign values to links Ask and note down the reasoning behind links, polarity and strengths Document ID: The second part of the dynamic will try to answer the question: What are the relationships we can draw among the factors we identified before? Those cards identified as central issues will be placed in the central part of our whiteboard SHs will first explain the relationships they want to establish among factors. The facilitator will move the cards on the whiteboard to place related factors next to each other. Once the relationships between factors are more or less clear, the SHs will link the different factors by drawing unidirectional arrows. Next, ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Getting a better understanding of relationships between the main factors and drivers of the system © ROBIN consortium Page 117 of 154 Coffee Wall paper/Whiteboard Adhesive tape Felt tip pen Erasers Flipchart Printed questions and definitions of difficult concepts Map of the region under discussion Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 17:30 Compare the FCMs (plenary session) What are the main similarities and differences? Any new factor added? Any factor removed? Make sure that discussion is possible 18.30 End of day 1 Find out how SHs like the first day Thank everybody! Introduce the schedule for tomorrow Document ID: SHs will identify the sign of these relationships: it is positive (+) when an increase in one variable causes an increase in the other; and negative (-) when an increase in one variable causes a decrease in the other Finally, SHs will assign values to these relationships indicating how strong they are with a number within the range (-1,+1) It is not necessary to quantify the relationships using numbers, SHs can make use of scales of + and - (up to 6), or words (strong, normal, weak that later will be translated into numbers by the research team Let each group present their FCM Choose a group leader to explain the results to the rest of the audience. Someone should take notes on a flipchart Allow a maximum of 5 minutes per group Save some time for questions and comments Go over the day: what has been done, how will it be used? Give them an idea of what you can do with a FCM and tell them that you will send them the results. Use mood-o-meters to evaluate ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Integrating different views Further discussion Flipchart Felt tip pen Getting feedback and recommendations to improve tomorrow’s session Keeping SHs involved and interested in attending the following workshops Cards with mood faces ( ) © ROBIN consortium Page 118 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings feelings. Make clear that any feedback is welcome Give some ideas about the session of tomorrow Evening* Dinner and social events * At some point during the evening, you shall analyse the results obtained and start making the dynamic analysis in Excel. You shall work also in the development of a common FCM of the present to inform discussions in Day 2. Look for common factors within the different FCMs and try to select the most important ones using the clusters and rankings made by the stakeholders in early afternoon. Give relative importance of each common factor (0-10) and create a spidergram with common factors on axis. Think about the relationships among factors and draw links to connect the different factors. Finally, identify the polarity and strength of the relationships. Once you have created your common FCM of the present, reproduce it in two flipcharts. You will need to present it to the stakeholders in Day 2. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 119 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Day 2- Common vision of the present TIME 8.30 9.00 9.45 ACTIVITY Check if room layout is still OK Check catering and materials Start up beamer Start up computer Welcome everybody Show the program for today Remember the 'rules of the game' Recap the previous session Present first results calculation. Discuss them, is it what they expected Show a common FCM of the present Highlight common factors and illustrate the relative importance of each common factor (spidergram) Check if coffee is ready Document ID: DESCRIPTION Go over all the materials and check the meeting space and all the logistics GOALS Being ready when the first stakeholders arrive Go through today's program and remember the 'rules of the game' as new SHs may have joined the session today Explain quickly what was done the day before Describe the current state of the system as seen by the different SHs groups Show them a first draft of the dynamic analysis. Give them an idea of what you can do with a FCM and what the results look like Give the option to make clarifying questions Propose a common FCM, based on the results of the workgroups of the previous day Explain the most important common factors and its relative importance using a spidergram (describe what a spidergram is using simple words) Establish a dialogue about key factors Give the option to make clarifying questions SHs knowing what is expected from them Informing new stakeholders about the work done the day before (if needed), reminding others of what was done Showing analysis and possibilities to use the FCMs Showing the potential of FMCs Checking if everything was understood correctly ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Trying to emphasize similarities between FCMs to help the SHs create a common vision of the present (in the end, they decide!) © ROBIN consortium Page 120 of 154 MATERIAL NEEDED Meeting logistics checklist Beamer Laptop Presentations Program FCMs from previous session Excel graphs Map of the region under discussion Presentation Unified FCM (in wall paper) Spidergram Flipchart Felt tip pen Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 10:30 11:00 Coffee Break Split SHs in groups for discussion Review and enrich the proposed FCM for the present Plenary presentation of enhanced FCM Evaluate morning Check if lunch is on schedule Document ID: Give the SHs the opportunity to discuss and enrich the unified FCM of the present, preferably in different groups leaded by a facilitator Make a group composition different than last time. It will help building an integrated vision Have a ready-made list with the names of the participants distributed in the groups and hang them in the wall so they can see the group they belong to Avoid interferences between the groups (use different rooms, different spaces within a room) Every group will have an observer and a rapporteur. The facilitator will have to take care of the two groups at the same time (you should take the role of the facilitator when he/she is busy helping the other group) Give three cards to each group so they can add new factors to the conceptual map, if needed Handout papers with empty spidergrams (each axis should divided into 5-10 sections to give a 5-10-point scale). Ask the stakeholders to label each of the axis according to the factors previously identified and to note the relative importance of each factor. Once ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Getting input from all participants Getting an impression of importance of the different issues for each stakeholder Integrating different views for the selection of a unified FCM for the present Further discussion © ROBIN consortium Page 121 of 154 Coffee Unified FCM (in wall paper) Coloured cards Adhesive tape Felt tip pen Erasers Empty spidergrams for the participants Flipchart Cards with mood faces ( ) Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 13.00 Lunch 14.00 Reunite groups to reach a consensus on the present FCM Any new factor added/removed? Any new relationship added/removed? Make sure that discussion is possible Document ID: they have marked their score on each axis they will have to join the dots together. Everyone should use the same axis on the same place, to make comparison easy Ask them to check and complete links, and to measure the strengths of the relationships Ask/listen for reasoning behind feedbacks, polarity and strength (and note them down) Choose a group leader to explain the results to the rest of the audience. Someone should take notes on a flipchart Allow a maximum of 5 minutes per group Save some time for questions and comments Use mood-o-meters to evaluate the morning session Talk with SHs to see how they think it is going Think about afternoon program Are there any changes needed? Outcomes from each discussion group will be discussed (changes in factors, relationships). Leave enough time for discussions, a consensus have to be reach! Once each of the new elements have ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Informal contacts among stakeholders Time to take a deep breath Getting a common representation of the current situation that could serve as basis for developing future scenarios © ROBIN consortium Page 122 of 154 Flipchart Wall paper/Whiteboard Coloured cards Adhesive tape Felt tip pen Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Approve the final FCM of the present 15.30 Wrap-up Brief what they did during the workshop, and explain what you will do with it. Thank them, invite them for next WS 15.45 Short survey for all SHs, including mood-o-meters ( ) 16.00 End of the workshop Farewell Refreshments Document ID: been discussed and agreed, give the SH a short break and develop rapidly with your team the unified FCM of the present enriched by the SHs. Then, ask them for final approval Explain what they accomplished Give thanks for attending, tell them you hope to see them next time How did they like it? Was it understandable? Where their ideas included? ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Making SHs feel that they really contributed something worth much Making SHs fell that they are important and very valuable to the process Making SHs feel like going to the next WS Evaluating methods and process © ROBIN consortium Page 123 of 154 Mood-o-meters ( ) Questionnaires Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Annex 4: Documents for evaluating SH workshops Example of a facilitator report Project SCENES List of expected output from IA2 to other WPs First Stakeholder Meeting Madrid, May 6th, 2008 Facilitator report Nuria Hernández-Mora The first stakeholder meeting of the Guadiana Case study of the SCENES project was held in Madrid, on May 6th 2008, at the Ortega y Gasset Foundation. Participants included representatives from irrigator associations of the upper and middle Guadiana basin; representatives from local and national environmental groups active in the basin; representatives from the agricultural agencies of the Castilla La Mancha (Upper Basin) and the Extremadura (Middle Basin) autonomous regions; and members of the Guadiana River Basin Authority. Researchers from the SCENES and NeWater projects were also present. This first stakeholder meeting takes place in the midst of a public participation process that is being led by the Guadiana River Basin Authority for the elaboration of the Basin Management Plan in compliance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Initial meetings have been limited to discussion groups where members of the same interest groups and part of the basin have met to identify key challenges to be addressed by the plan (Esquema de Temas Importantes). Additionally, stakeholders from the Upper Guadiana Basin have met frequently over the past 4 years both in the context of the NeWater European research project as well as to discuss the Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana Basin, launched by the Guadiana River Basin Authority in 2006 with the goal of mitigating the effects of intensive groundwater use and recuperate groundwater levels in the area. The meeting started with presentation on the goals and structure of SCENES, the socio-political context in which it is taking place and the expectations from stakeholders both in this first meeting as well as throughout the project. The scenario building methodology was explained by SCENES team members Gema Carmona and Irene Blanco. After the introductory session, participants were divided into two working groups, each made up of a mix of representatives from different stakeholder groups and different parts of the basin. A member of the SCENES team worked with each group during the scenario building process. The issues that characterize the Upper and Middle Guadiana basin are significantly different and both parts of the basin have been hydrologically disconnected for decades as a result of groundwater overdraft in the Upper basin. However, the mix of participants from different parts of the basin was thought necessary and useful in order to introduce new concepts and ideas particularly among stakeholders of the Upper basin who, as was stated above, have been meeting regularly for some time. The Guadiana Basin Authority also was interested in encouraging stakeholders from different parts of the basin to sit together in anticipation of later work to be done in the basin planning process. The scenario building exercise was divided into two working sessions, each 90 minutes long. In the first session, participants were asked to map the situation as they saw it today. In the second session, they were encouraged to choose a plausible scenario among the four possibilities considered by the IPCC, and then identify future issues that will determine water resources Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 124 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings availability and management in the next 25-50 years. In both sessions an initial ice-breaking question was posed that participants were asked to discuss. After that, they were given two cards in which they each had to write down the two key issues that determined water management in the basin. These cards were placed on a board by the SCENES team member, and participants were encouraged to conceptually organize the issues and to start identifying relationships between them. The meeting format and scenario building process proved useful to help identify key issues and priorities for different interest groups; facilitate constructive discussion; elicit new ideas; and build a common understanding of the situation. However, the methodology is not entirely intuitive. More time would have been needed, particularly in the first session, for participants to experiment with the potential of the scenario building methodology and effectively work together to build the network. This would have been particularly important in identifying the strengths of the connections between the different issues. The experience gathered during the first session made it possible for the second visioning exercise to work more smoothly. A final session served for both groups to present the results of their discussions and, interestingly, resulted in remarkably similar scenarios being built by each group independently. Evaluations indicated a high degree of satisfaction among meeting participants, particularly due the collaborative nature of the exercise which allowed for agreements to be reached among stakeholder groups that a priori hold different views on significant water management issues. Feedback questionnaire What expectations do you have for the scenario-making process as a whole? Main problems in the region In your opinion what are the main problems regarding biodiversity in the XXX area? Were there diverging views on the main problems discussed in this workshop? Please choose one of the following assertions that in your opinion describes the degree of divergence on views of the main problems. Please read all options before choosing Tick here one. There wasn't any divergence at all. There was very little divergence. There was some divergence and we needed to lengthen discussions because of them. There were very divergent views on the main problems and discussing about them required a lot of time. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 125 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings None of the above. Better description is: What were the main divergences about? Are you satisfied with the way how divergences about main problems were handled in the workshop? Yes No Comments on that? Future Are you satisfied with the scenarios that were produced? Yes No Comments on the scenarios? Are you satisfied with the process by which the scenarios were made? Tick in the box Yes No Were the fast-track scenarios presented in the workshop useful for creating scenarios for the region? Tick in the box Yes No Comments on the way scenarios were made and on the fast-track scenarios? Were there diverging views on future visions of the region? Please choose one of the following assertions that in your opinion describes the degree of Tick here divergence on views of the future visions. Please read all options before choosing one. There wasn't any divergence at all. There was very little divergence. There was some divergence and we needed to lengthen discussions because of them. There were very divergent views on the main problems and discussing about them required a lot of time. None of the above. Better description is: What were the main divergences regarding future visions about? Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 126 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Are you satisfied with the way how divergences about future visions were handled in the workshop? Yes No Comments on that? The following two questions focus on the contents of the discussions during the whole workshop In your opinion, was there something essential missing from the discussions? If so, what? How can you use/apply the issues discussed/learned at the workshop in your own work? Working tools and methods How would you grade (from 1-5) this workshop as a whole? Grade:________ Rating: 1= poor; 2= needs improvement; 3= satisfactory; 4= good; 5= excellent How would you grade (from 1-5) the following working tools and methods used in this workshop? Rating: 1= poor; 2= needs improvement; 3= satisfactory; 4= good; 5= excellent - Post-its (i.e. cards put on the walls to display participants' views), grade: _____ Comments on the method:___________________________________________________________ - Spidergram, grade: _____ Comments on the method:___________________________________________________________ - Fuzzy cognitive mapping, grade: _____ Comments on the method:___________________________________________________________ - Collages of futures, grade: _____ Comments on the method:___________________________________________________________ Your background Which of the following organisations/sectors do you represent? Organisation Tick in a box Document ID: Sector Tick in a box ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 127 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Local public administration Regional public administration National administration Research and education Private sector Association Other____________________________ Water Agriculture Fishing Forestry Nature protection Other___________________________ Participatory methods and the scenario work I disagree completely I disagree to some extent I cannot say Agree to some extent I agree completely How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following assertions? Please choose a number in the column on the right hand side of the table. The workshop increased understanding between different views and interests 1 2 3 4 5 The participatory process succeeded in taking advantage of the different types of knowledge and expertise of the participants 1 2 3 4 5 During the workshop I learned new things about interests and perceptions of other participants 1 2 3 4 5 Participating in the workshop helped me to build a more comprehensive understanding of the area 1 2 3 4 5 Other participants brought into discussions fresh ideas 1 2 3 4 5 The fact that we worked together with different participants raised fresh ideas that were new to all participants 1 2 3 4 5 Working with different scenarios helped me in envisioning futures 1 2 3 4 5 My ideas were included in the scenario outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 The scenario-making process is useful for river basin management planning 1 2 3 4 5 The produced scenarios are usable for river basin management planning 1 2 3 4 5 Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 128 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings What should be done otherwise to increase the usefulness/usability of the scenarios? MANY THANKS! Mood-o-meters ¿Qué le está pareciendo la reunión? ¿Qué le ha parecido la reunión? Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 129 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Observation template Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. OBSERVATION Observation of discussions and interactions Arrival THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Writing of synthesis afterwards List of participants List of absentees Representation of different stakeholders Synthesize: - Amount of different stakeholder groups represented - Gender balance - Age balance Welcome Welcoming the participants Introduction of stakeholders with “talking pictures/objects”. Transcribe discussion; Identify speaker Reasoning for selecting the objects and its importance for the pilot area (which arguments are used by which stakeholder?) Reactions from others: opposition/support by whom, on which arguments → note also non-verbal reactions, including expressions of Getting to know each other, ice breaking, creating nice ‘atmosphere’, mapping biggest issues, getting everyone to talk Understand what stakeholders expect from the workshop Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Collect and list the issues raised (The person who is facilitating the meeting will probably collect them, so the observer needs to list the issues later. Below the same is meant when the observer is asked to 'collect' outputs) © ROBIN consortium Page 130 of 154 Problem framing What issues different stakeholders bring up and how they see the problem in context What are the differences/ similarities in the ways in which different stakeholders see the issue at hand Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. Explain the program Establish the ‘rules of the game’ OBSERVATION Observation of discussions and interactions disinterest THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Writing of synthesis afterwards How many refused to present an object? Identify the ones who refused to present an object Observe and assess atmosphere in the beginning (enthusiastic/neutral/reluctant) What are the important aspects in the Pilot Area? (Cardtechnique) Highlight the importance of the case study in terms of ecosystems and biodiversity to mitigate climate change Discuss the present condition of land use and the current state of the environment, including the pressures upon it, with the different stakeholders (Brainstorming) Evaluate morning Document ID: Observe discussions/comments while issues are written on the cards Presentation: Observe and write down the problems identified by different stakeholders Clustering: observe and transcribe how the clustering process proceeds - transcribe discussions, identify who influenced the final outcome (= whose ideas were adopted, based on which arguments, non-verbal incl. disinterest) - Who did not take part to discussion? ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Write down the final clusters of main problems & collect all the post-its What expected problems were not presented at all? How many cards were included/left out? © ROBIN consortium Page 131 of 154 Problem framing What issues different stakeholders identify as problematic What are the differences/similarities in the ways in which different stakeholders see the main problems How are the identified problems linked/clustered together Did any unexpected linkages between different stakeholders' problems occur? Methodological aspects Was it easy to name the problems by each participant? Was it easy/hard to find clusters of common problems? Did new problems arise while clustering? Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. Describe the case study. Use visual maps to support your explanations. Make sure everyone knows what the case study boundaries are and what you are talking about. Use simple easy-to-understand language (e.g. avoid using the term ‘climate change’ or ‘biodiversity’, use instead ‘changes in temperature, droughts, number of species’) LUNCH Talk with SHs to see how they think the workshop is going OBSERVATION Observation of discussions and interactions THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting - Cards left alone: Whose & what cards? Observe who eat with whom? Any patterns observable? Develop informal contacts Introduction of FCM Show a simple FCM Show possible output Explain how FCMs will be used Document ID: Observe & transcribe discussion and comments Who? Which arguments? nonverbal incl. disinterest ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 132 of 154 Writing of synthesis afterwards Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. OBSERVATION THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Observation of discussions and interactions Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Observe how people reacted to mix of groups? List the composition of the groups Writing of synthesis afterwards Allow time for questions Split up in smaller groups Get input from different fields in the different groups Identify important aspects related to the state of biodiversity in the specific case study using the card-technique Write factors on post-its and paste them on the flipchart Think about missing factors that can be added Make clusters Prioritize factors Break Observe the break: who's talking with whom? Are they talking about FCM? Creating a FCM; assign feedbacks Observe & transcribe discussion in each group (at least as many groups as you have observers) System thinking, getting a better understanding of relations Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public Collect all the possible drawings (also the drafts) © ROBIN consortium Page 133 of 154 From individual problem frame to common problem How people start to work out with the common problem? Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal OBSERVATION Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. Observation of discussions and interactions between main aspects. Transcribe discussion, arguments, by whom Observe co-operation & social intercourse - Who is most aloud, who has most convincing arguments ('convincing' means that s/he can convince others, not necessary convincing in your opinion), based on what knowledge, based on which arguments? - Who gets to decide the linkages? - How much 'experts' intervene, are asked help from? (experts like SCENES people or other recognised as experts) - Who is not influencing? - Was consensus possible? why yes/no - pay special attention to the use of knowledge & interests Continue with the development of the FCM for the present Discuss about relations among cards Draw links between factors Assign values to links Ask and note down the reasoning behind links, polarity and strengths Creating a FCM; Assign values to feedbacks Document ID: Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Public Writing of synthesis afterwards ... continues ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED What kind of knowledge people are bringing to exercise? Can any signs in cognitive or social learning be detected? ... continues © ROBIN consortium Page 134 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. OBSERVATION THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Observation of discussions and interactions Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Writing of synthesis afterwards Observe and transcribe discussion & person Collect the FCM's of each group System thinking, getting a better understanding of relations between main aspects. Compare the FCMs (plenary) Further discussion, integrate different views Transcribe: discussion, arguments, by whom Reasoning for linkages and their values (which arguments?) Reactions from others (opposition/support by whom, on which arguments, non-verbal incl. disinterest) What kind of learning processes (cognitive & social) FCM exercise stimulated? Problem framing How do the different FCM's relate to one another; is there any common understanding of the problem detectable? If not, what are the main conflicting issues? If consensus seems to be close to formation, how does it reflect to views presented at the start of the workshop - how are different interests reflected in the problem formulation? - which interests/issues are omitted? Methodological aspects Was the use of FCM easy/hard for the participants Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 135 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Activity & goal Possible activities and methods used in your meetings. OBSERVATION Observation of discussions and interactions THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED Quantitative information and materials produced during the meeting Writing of synthesis afterwards Feed back mood-o-meter Gather information from Mood-o-meter facilitator methods used better facilitation, methods that better suit stakeholders end social events Document ID: Observe the atmosphere and group formations ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 136 of 154 Was the FCM helpful in stimulating system thinking (cognitive) and social learning (between different interests) How different knowledge was handled during the process? Direct feed back to the process Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Annex 5: List of do's and don'ts Reflexiones post-simulación 01/10/2012-Alba Ballester Ciuró Expectativas: – Realizar una lista con las expectativas de los stakeholders respecto a su participación en los talleres y en proyecto ROBIN. – Analizar hasta qué punto se pueden cumplir esas expectativas teniendo en cuenta los objetivos y limitaciones del proyecto y actuar en consecuencia modificando las expectativas o proponiendo estrategias y acciones para su consecución. Definiciones: – El lenguaje excesivamente técnico dificulta la comprensión, hagan un esfuerzo en definir conceptos y dotar a los participantes de información de calidad antes de empezar las dinámicas de trabajo en los talleres – .Es importante clarificar cuál es la definición que se utiliza en el proyecto (p.e. qué es biodiversidad, o servicios ecosistémicos), para que los participantes sepan “de qué estamos hablando concretamente”. La falta de concreción suele conllevar confusión en las dinámicas y lo que se pretende de ellas. – Seleccionen nombres para los conceptos que puedan ser pensados en términos medibles Preguntas: – Re-formular las preguntas de los talleres en función de los objetivos del proyecto y de los propios talleres. – Es importante dedicar un tiempo a formular preguntas claras en las que todo el equipo de investigación esté de acuerdo. – Tener claro qué se quiere obtener de los talleres y qué preguntas formulamos en cada momento. – Por otro lado, es importante ver en qué lugar queda el debate de servicios ecosistémicos dentro del proyecto, si se incorpora o no en los talleres, con qué objetivo y cómo. Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 137 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings El objeto como factor: – Carece de lógica utilizar como factor el elemento central del debate (p.e. no tiene mucho sentido que la biodiversidad aparezca en el mapa como un factor de la biodiversidad), a menos que se introduzca como una variable metodológica de los FCM y no como factor en sí mismo. Sea cual sea la decisión, debería ser implementada la misma metodología en todos los estudios de caso. – De ser incorporado el tema como parte del mapa modificaría en parte la metodología original de los FCM (y considero que debería ser justificada esa modificación), además de conllevar confusión entre los participantes. Parece por tanto desaconsejable utilizarlo. Factores: – Es importante que los factores sean “neutros” para facilitar el establecimiento de relaciones posteriores con otros factores. Es decir, que se evite un juicio de valor (p.e. falta o insuficiencia de educación ambiental, o excesiva deforestación). – De cara a facilitar las relaciones entre factores es aconsejable su detalle y concreción. Los factores generales pueden dar lugar a muchas interpretaciones y contradicciones, por eso es importante detallar exactamente a qué factor nos estamos refiriendo (p.e. el factor “política pública” puede relacionarse positivamente o negativamente con el factor “conservación ambiental”, por lo que parece adecuado definir con mayor precisión el factor “política pública” de forma que se comprenda el signo de su relación con otros factores). – A veces no encontraremos una definición de factor completamente convincente; en ese caso podemos optar por preguntarnos cuál es la relación que se da en más ocasiones y atribuirle el signo a partir de esa generalización (p.e. siguiendo con el ejemplo “políticas públicas” y “conservación ambiental”, podríamos decir o bien que a mayor número de políticas públicas mayor conservación, o menor conservación. En ese caso optaríamos por la relación que consideremos más representativa). Ámbito de estudio: – Delimitar claramente y dimensionar el ámbito objeto de debate. Ser claros sobre qué zona queremos trabajar. – Los factores cambiarán en función de la zona que se escoja. Una escala mayor previsiblemente nos llevará a identificar factores más generales. – Los factores generales son útiles a la hora de generar conclusiones generales, pero quizás sea preferible partir de casos concretos, compararlos, y de ahí sacar unas conclusiones generales. – La dimensión de análisis debe ser asequible Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 138 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Tarjetas: – El número de tarjetas no es fijo, se pueden dar 2, 3, 4…en función del número de personas que tengamos en cada grupo y del tiempo que dispongamos para el debate.Se aconseja dar un número inicialmente limitado y decir que si alguien necesita más puede coger más, tal y como se hizo en la simulación. – En cualquier caso, es recomendable que el mapa final no contenga más de 10-15 tarjetas. – Es importante utilizar tarjetones grandes para que su contenido sea visible a cierta distancia. Se desaconsejan post-it. – Las tarjetas que se rellenen a lo largo del debate serán de un color diferente a las producidas en un momento inicial para poder diferenciar las tarjetas creadas por los participantes de las producidas en común por todo el grupo. Priorización: – La priorización de los factores principales (p.e. con pegatinas) no es un paso imprescindible en el desarrollo de la dinámica, pero puede ayudar a la construcción del mapa (p.e. previsiblemente los factores más importantes serán los que tengan más relaciones con otros factores. – Para empezar a elaborar el mapa estratégicamente, los factores principales pueden ser colocados en el centro del mapa. – Este procedimiento puede ser útil para análisis posterior (p.e. ver qué papel juegan los factores considerados más importantes en las relaciones finales del mapa, etc). Pesos: – Los pesos pueden ser cuantitativos (valor de 0 a 1) o cualitativos, pero deberían fijarse de igual modo en los distintos estudios de caso. – Si asignar un valor numérico a las relaciones entre dos factores es complicado para los participantes, empleen una escala verbal (muy fuerte, fuerte, débil muy débil) que luego pueda ser traducida a número. – Si una vez acabado el debate encontramos que existen relaciones que no tienen atribuido ningún peso, debemos revisar la información actual o análisis que se hayan llevado a cabo con anterioridad sobre el caso de estudio que nos ocupa y atribuir los valores que estimemos razonable. Visualización de resultados: – Es importante que los participantes puedan irse a casa con una imagen fruto de su trabajo durante toda la jornada, y que esa imagen sea parecida a la que se les Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 139 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings presentará en el segundo taller; eso ayudará a que se sientan más identificados con el mapa y los resultados de los talleres, y en consecuencia del proyecto. – Todos los participantes tienen que sentirse identificados con el mapa resultante. – Disponer de pizarras blancas en las que poder dibujar y borrar relaciones y cambiar tarjetas de un lado a otro ayudará a obtener resultados más claros. Representatividad: – Muestren claridad en los criterios de selección de participantes. – Hagan una distribución equilibrada de los participantes a la hora de elaborar los grupos de trabajo. – Lo que muestran los mapas es la opinión de un grupo de partes interesadas. Para que el resultado sea lo más representativo posible es importante seleccionar a partes interesadas que actúen como representantes de la opinión de su colectivo, y no a título personal. Si tomáis la decisión de que actúen a título personal obtendréis un resultado más subjetivo, y no por ello querrá decir que esté mal, sino que será menos representativo. – El trabajo en grupos pequeños requiere concentración, si es posible lleven a cabo las discusiones en salas distintas o manténganse separados. – La continuidad es importante en este tipo de metodologías, es necesario que los participantes asistan a todas las reuniones del taller. Objetividad: – Tiene que estar presente la voluntad e intención de objetividad en el planteamiento, diseño y resultados de los talleres y del proyecto, pero es importante hacer una gestión de expectativas en ese sentido para no concluir con frustración. ¿Qué es objetivo? ¿Qué es perfecto? – Cuando la técnica no convenza o le encontremos limitaciones no la desechemos, busquemos antes vías para mejorarla. Todas las técnicas tienen límites, explotemos su potencial y mejorémosla. – Los talleres no son el lugar donde buscar soluciones. – Muestren una buena disponibilidad para escuchar y aprender de las opiniones de los demás, consideren que todos los participantes son expertos por su experiencia y conocimiento. Facilitación y relatoría: – Cada grupo debe tener un facilitador que esté presente durante todo el tiempo de trabajo en grupo. Ese facilitador puede actuar como relator (con papelógrafo), o Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 140 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings si es posible disponer de un relator del debate (ese papel puede hacerlo un miembro del equipo de investigación). – En plenario habrá un solo facilitador que guíe la sesión y un relator que anote las aportaciones del debate plenario. – Las particularidades de cada caso marcan la forma de abordar el trabajo con las personas y su implicación en los talleres. – Limiten el tiempo de las intervenciones y faciliten que todos los participantes tomen la palabra en la discusión. – Visualicen el debate y tomen nota de los resultados de la sesión. – No hagan votaciones, lleven a cabo una prospección cualitativa de los nuevos argumentos. Annex 6: CS template TEMPLATE CASE STUDY DESCRIPTIONS FOR SITE SELECTION This template has been prepared to be filled by the case study teams for every potential site. Information contained in this template will be used to select the sites where the ROBIN participatory process will be held. Please make sure to send it back to WP1.3 ([email protected]) by 15th March 2012. NAME OF THE CASE STUDY: ___________________________________________ THEME General description of the case study Nº 1 ITEMS Case study coverage and location 2 3 4 Main features : area, climate, altitude ... Main types of land cover Short description of specific climate change mitigation – related issues 5 6 Main production sectors Economic setting 7 Social setting Policy 8 Main climate change policies Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Socioeconomic dimension Date: 25/09/2013 Public CLARIFICATIONS, EXAMPLES Administrative boundaries (country, region, province...) Physical boundaries Physical description Specify types of crops, forest type Try to be as specific as possible; think of possible socio-economic, environmental, ecological, policy problems Agriculture, industry, tourism Income level/GDP, sources of income, type of production (selfconsumption/market oriented, local markets/exports) Level of education, unemployment ethnic groups, income disparities, conflicts Main objectives and instruments © ROBIN consortium Page 141 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings dimension 9 10 Institutional dimension 11 12 Scientific dimension 13 Main reason why stakeholders could be interested/have a benefit 14 15 Main research question(s) Type of climate change mitigation problem Main sources of climate change problems 16 17 Other issues relevant to the project 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Document ID: Other sectoral policies related to climate change Identification of policy problems Decision making units in relation to BD and CC Key actors/stakeholders Motivation of the researchers/ scientific innovation Availability of information on mitigation and adaptation actions/potential Availability of information on socio-economic issues Which data/information is likely to be produced by the end of the project? Availability of tools/methods With which WP is this case mostly associated? Is there any previous experience on SH processes in the case study? Opportunities to link ROBIN stakeholder workshops to other ongoing project or policy processes Opportunity to replicate the research (based on Agricultural, water, forest, energy, tourism, other Conflicting objectives, integration, implementation , governance Local, regional, national, transnational Administrations, local groups, companies, NGOs, research organisations, farmers, foresters, unions... Interested in learning about the socioecological system, opportunity to share views/ to communicate with policy makers… Which? Scope? Sudden/gradual onset, tipping points/thresholds Deforestation, emissions in industry, intensive land use Contributions expected, opportunity for model testing and validating… Anything in addition to the DoW (Table 2.5)? Remarks? Are there socio-economic studies in the area? Data from surveys? Socioeconomic assessment reports? Improved knowledge on mitigation measures/ ecologic impacts/ socioeconomic impacts… (try to be specific) In consortium, outside consortium, no tools WP1 (Relationship BD-CC mitigation at different scales), WP2 (Indicator framework for socio-ecological interactions of LUC and CC); WP3 (Stakeholder driven scenarios, selection of mitigation options) Participatory process organized by scientists, policy makers, local groups Which, when, synergies Unique case study/ replicable methods/ results can be extrapolated to the ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 142 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 26 representativeness of the case study) Dissemination potential province or region or country level Interest of SH in ROBIN issues, availability of information channels, access to media, communication infrastructures... CONTACT PERSON FOR THE CASE STUDY: Annex 7: Additional documentation from the preparatory workshop in Bolivia Invitation letter (example) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 143 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Agenda Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 144 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Feedback results (example) Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 145 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN (283093) D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Document ID: ROBIN D3.1.2 Handbook for the participatory process Date: 25/09/2013 Public © ROBIN consortium Page 146 of 154 Project name (GA number): ROBIN 283093 D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Pictures of the workshop (selection) M. Toledo explaining to the participants the ROBIN project. Participants working on their map of Guarayos. Participants of the Group 3 drawing the map of resources of Ascensión de Guarayos. Members of the Group 2 presenting their map to the others participants. Claudia Moirenda from the Group 1 drawing the Guarayos map. Presentation of the video about climate change 147 Project name (GA number): ROBIN 283093 D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings Annex 8: Additional documentation from the preparatory workshop in Mexico Workshop agenda: Preparatory meeting #1 Programa “REFLEXIONES SOBRE LA INTERRELACIÓN ENTRE BIODIVERSIDAD, CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y DESARROLLO SOCIAL: PROPUESTAS PARA LA COSTA SUR DE JALISCO” Sábado 26 de enero 2013, UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA-CUCSUR / Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM Hora 11:00 11:0511:15 11:1511:20 11:2012:05 12:0512:25 12:2512:40 12:4015:30 13:0013:15 13:1515:30 Actividad Bienvenida Presentación del equipo Mencionar objetivos generales del taller Financiamiento internacional – preocupación internacional Involucramiento de actores locales Resultados a largo plazo Presentación de los participantes (nombre y de dónde vienen) 30 min Presentación Proyecto Responsable Elena Lazos/Peter Gerritsen/Manuel Maass Elena Lazos Elena Lazos Adriana Peter Gerritsen Receso (refrigerio) Trabajo en equipo: Modera: Elena y Peter, Relator: Jazmin y Natalia Explicar reglas del juego/Recordar Objetivos Trabajo en dos equipos. Facilitadores: Elena y Peter 148 Project name (GA number): ROBIN 283093 D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 13:1513:45 13:4514:15 14:1514:45 14:4515:15 15:3016:00 16:0016:15 16:1516:30 16:30 Transformaciones de la región en los últimos 4050 años: ambiental, social, económico, político. ¿Cómo se ha transformado la región en los últimos 50 años? Factores que han provocado estas transformaciones ¿Qué ha provocado esto? ¿por qué? Ventajas y desventajas de estas transformaciones generales y locales ¿Quiénes han ganado y quiénes han perdido? ¿Qué han ganado y perdido? ¿Quiénes se han visto favorecidos por estos cambios y quiénes se han visto perjudicados? Plenaria Conclusión general y acuerdos para el siguiente taller Clausura Elena Peter Pdte Mpal Villa Purif. Comida Workshop agenda: Preparatory meeting #2 PROGRAMA TALLER: BIODIVERSIDAD, CAMBIO CLIMATICO Y DESARROLLO SOCIAL 28 DE ENERO 2013, UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA-CUCSUR / Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM Hora 10:30 10:3010:35 10:3510:50 Actividad Bienvenida/Inauguración Presentación del equipo Mencionar objetivos generales del taller Financiamiento internacional – preocupación internacional Involucramiento de actores locales/Biodiversidad-Cambio Climatico/Taller en Villa Purificación Resultados a largo plazo 149 Project name (GA number): ROBIN 283093 D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 10:5011:50 11:5012:10 12:1012:30 12:3014:00 12:3012:35 12:3512:55 Presentación de los participantes (nombre, institución, conocimiento de la zona) Presentación Proyecto 12:5513:15 Formas de implementación (diseño, mecanismos e instrumentos) e impactos de los programas y politicas en la biodiversidad, el cambio climatico y el bienestar social. ¿Cuáles han sido las formas de implementación (diseño, mecanismos e instrumentos) y los impactos de los programas y politicas en la biodiversidad, el cambio climático y le bienestar social? 13:1513:35 Actores y (sub)regiones/zonas beneficiados y relegados Receso (refrigerio) – incluye traslado a salones Trabajo en equipo: Reglas del juego/moderador/preguntas Progamas y politicas del Estado y de la Federación (y su interelación) en los últimos 40-50 años. Relación con la biodiversidad, cambio climatico y el desarrollo social. ¿Cuáles son los programas y politicas del Estado y de la Federación (y su interrelación) en los últimos 40-50 años en relación con la biodiversidad, el cambio climatico y el desarrollo social? ¿Quienes son los actores y (sub)regiones/zonas beneficiados y/o relagados con estos programas y politicas? 13:3513:55 14:0015:15 15:1515:30 15:30 Nuevas propuestas relacionadas con la biodiversidad, el cambio climatico, y el bienestar para la región. ¿Qué nuevas propuestas relacionadas con la biodiversidad, el cambio climatico y el bienestar plantea para la región? Plenaria Conclusión general y acuerdos para el siguiente taller Clausura Comida 150 Project name (GA number): ROBIN 283093 D3.1.2: A handbook for the participatory process in ROBIN: Development of methods for local stakeholder meetings 8 References Agarwal, B. (2001). 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