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Development of advanced tungsten and alternative materials through advanced
manufacturing
L. Garrison1*, S. Babu2, 1, R. Dehoff1, Y. Katoh1, A. Sabau1, R. Lowden1, S. Zinkle2, 1, B. Wirth2, 1, J.
Blanchard3, C. Henager4, R. Kurtz4, R. Nygren5, M. Yoda6
1
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
3
University of Wisconsin, Madison
4
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
5
Sandia National Laboratories
6
Georgia Institute of Technology
*[email protected]
2
1. Background
The plasma-facing components (PFCs) are a linchpin of a fusion reactor because they must
handle the high heat flux (ReNeW Thrust 11), resist the plasma and neutron interactions (ReNeW Thrust
9 and 14), and also interface with the blanket materials (ReNeW Thrust 13). Although tungsten has been
chosen as the main plasma-facing material (PFM) in ITER and is the leading candidate for future fusion
reactors such as FNSF or DEMO, serious doubts remain as to if unalloyed tungsten will be able to
withstand the necessary heat flux while experiencing temperature gradient stresses and property changes
from simultaneous neutron bombardment and ion fluxes. A dedicated effort to design new hybrid
materials1 for PFCs must be undertaken with input from the results of neutron, plasma, and high heat flux
testing while taking advantage of the emerging advanced manufacturing techniques that can produce
near-net components with unique combinations of form, function, and shape.
1.a. Progress since ReNeW
Originally, many possible PFMs vied for selection, but many have been ruled out for different
failings, leaving tungsten as the only choice for ITER’s divertor2. With a lack of alternatives to select
from, future designs such as FNSF and DEMO are depending on tungsten’s success. A large effort is
ongoing to analyze tungsten’s microstructure and mechanical properties after neutron irradiation and is
beginning to identify serious limitations of unalloyed tungsten3, 4. Creative solutions beyond pure tungsten
are essential to the success of future fusion reactors. Fortunately, since the ReNeW report, significant
advances have been made in additive manufacturing and composite technology which can be leveraged to
solve the engineering challenges of PFCs.
1.b. Opportunities, national/international context, scientific urgency
Pure tungsten has several non-ideal properties for use as a PFM. Its high DBTT temperature
(~400-650°C), low recrystallization temperature (~1300°C), low fracture toughness, and brittle behavior
under neutron irradiation could easily cause pure tungsten PFCs to fail when subjected to the extreme heat
flux, temperature gradients, and possible off normal events present in a fusion power plant. In addition,
the PFCs must withstand nanostructure formation induced by helium and hydrogen isotopes ion flux at
least enough to prevent extinguishing the burning plasma, eroding so quickly that replacement is too
frequent to be economical, or causing unacceptable levels of tritium retention.
With the US historical expertise in advanced materials development and recent advances in
manufacturing science and technology, we have the right tools and knowledge to seize the opportunity
and become the world leader in creating PFCs that can meet all the requirements of a fusion power plant.
Because the road to qualifying a new material is long, especially for a nuclear application, the time to act
is now, and the need is urgent. The investment in fusion neutron, high heat flux, and PMI simulation
devices is crucial to understand the processes occurring at the plasma-wall boundary, but equally crucial
is the need to have viable materials developed to test in those devices.
2. Specific proposal
Four interconnected focuses of research are identified to overcome the challenges of the PFCs:
creating advanced tungsten based materials, exploring other high temperature materials besides tungsten,
developing a transitional structure between the PFM and the structural materials, and utilizing advanced
and additive manufacturing techniques to create the necessary complicated structures.
Tungsten-based materials should be developed that raise the recrystallization temperature of
tungsten while also improving the ductility and fracture toughness. Many current approaches to create a
tungsten based material with improved mechanical properties rely on the use of W fibers or foils to
introduce crack deflection interfaces and/or use deformation processing to improve the mechanical
properties5. Although the science basis for W fiber reinforced composites is well established, numerous
practical manufacturing challenges need to be overcome. In addition to research on improved W alloys or
composites, a parallel effort should be maintained to explore non-tungsten materials. For example, ultra
high temperature ceramics with high thermal conductivity, such as ZrB2 are one possibility.
Beyond improving the material properties, the engineering challenge of connecting the PFM to
the underlying structural and cooling components must be accomplished in a way that can survive
temperature gradients and the thermal expansion mismatch of different materials and still ensure minimal
thermal contact resistance. Functionally graded materials are being explored for tungsten to steel
connections both to reduce the stresses induced by thermal expansion differences as well as to add
fracture toughness to the tungsten. Possible routes to creating functionally graded components include
roll-bonding, plasma spray, spark plasma sintering, and additive manufacturing6-9. Other methods for
joining dissimilar materials, such as the Transient Infrared Processing technique, developed for joining
tungsten armor to SiC and steels using a plasma arc lamp10, 11, should be explored for PFCs.
Advances in additive manufacturing offer possible solutions to creating tungsten-based
composites, functionally graded structures, and more complicated PFC structures with internal cooling or
diagnostic channels that would not be possible with subtractive manufacturing. For one example, ORNL
researchers have proven the concept of using ultrasonic additive manufacturing to produce metallic
structures with embedded ceramics. These new flexibilities of advanced manufacturing component shapes
could allow new design space to be explored for future PFCs. In addition, methods are being developed to
locally control the microstructure of a component as it is being manufactured by using electron beam
additive manufacturing processes 12. This is crucial for PFCs where it has been shown that grains with
different microstructures can cause 2-3 times increase in gas retention, for example. 13
Efforts must be coordinated between materials development, materials testing and
characterization, and component design through topology optimization to create new and improved PFCs.
Any new material resulting from the study must be fully characterized and have its performance validated
through testing in high heat flux devices, PMI simulators, and neutron environments while moving
toward progressively more complex testing conditions until the materials can be validated in prototypical
fusion reactor conditions in a device such as FNSF. Results at each stage of testing need to be shared with
the design community so PFC designs can be realistic and take advantage of the unique features of the
materials. For example, any composite will have anisotropic properties that can be beneficial if
anticipated in the design, or a part created through additive manufacturing can have a complicated internal
structure that could influence the design of the cooling manifold system.
3. Anticipated results, impact
Having reliable PFCs that can withstand much harsher conditions than in today’s experimental
fusion devices is absolutely essential for the success of fusion power. Pure tungsten is an important model
system to gain understanding of the degradation mechanisms in the PFM environment, but it may not
survive in future devices. The efforts to design improved, tungsten-based hybrid materials should draw on
recent advances in additive manufacturing in the areas of joining dissimilar materials and creating
complex internal channels. The anticipated results of this would be creation and validation of a new
divertor material and structure that could be deployed in future reactors.
4. References
1
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Magazine, Volume 85, 26-27, 3235-3257.
2
Council Takes Important Technical and Managerial Decisions, 3/3/2014,
http://www.iter.org/newsline/291/1777, (2013)
3
Snead, L. L., Garrison, L. M., Byun, T. S., Kiran Kumar, N. A. P., & Lewis, W. D. (2014).
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Tungsten after Neutron Irradiation. Fusion
Materials Semiannual Progress Report for Period Ending December 31, 2013, DOE/ER0313/55. 40-47.
4
Snead, L. L., Garrison, L. M., Kiran Kumar, N. A. P., Byun, T. S., McAlister, M. R., & Lewis,
W. D. (2014). Mechanical Properties of Neutron Irradiated Tungsten. Fusion Materials
Semiannual Report for Period Ending June 30, 2014, DOE/ER-0313/56. 140-145.
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(2013). Tungsten Foil Laminate for Structural Divertor Applications--Tensile Test
Properties of Tungsten Foil. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volume 434, 357-366.
6
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Laminate. Fusion Materials Semiannual Report for Period Ending Dec. 31, 2014, 108112.
7
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Zhou, Z., Tan, J., Qu, D., Pintsuk, G., Rödig, M., & Linke, J. (2012). Basic Characterization of
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Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Volume
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9
Hulbert, D. M., Jiang, D., Anselmi-Tamburini, A., Unuvar, C., & Mukherjee, A. K. (2008).
Experiments and Modeling of Spark Plasma Sintered, Functionally Graded Boron
Carbide-Aluminum Composites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 488, 12, 15, 333-338.
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Hinoki, T., Snead, L. L., & Blue, C. (2005). Development of Refractory Armored Silicon
Carbide by Infrared Transient Liquid Phase Processing. Journal of Nuclear Materials,
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(2004). Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Utilising High Density Infrared Radiant
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Dehoff, R. R., Kirka, M. M., Sames, W. J., Bilheux, H., Tremsin, A. S., Lowe, L. E., & Babu,
S. S. (2014). Site Specific Control of Crystallographic Grain Orientation through Electron
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13
Rusinov, A., Sakamoto, M., Honda, K., Ohyama, R., Yoshida, N., Zushi, H., Tanabe, T., &
Takagi, I. (2013). Deuterium Retention in Tungsten with Different Grain Elongation
Direction Irradiated by Plasma in Apsedas. Fusion Science and Technology, Volume 63,
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