1. pets
2. dogs

Common
Forest
Trees
Of
i^orth
Carolina
Holmes
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S00427292
Q
RESOURCES
COMMON
FOREST
TREES
OF
NORTH
CAROLINA
HOW
TO
KNOW
THIS
THEM
BOOK
IS
INDICATED
BELOW
TO
POSTED
DESK.
m^2im
A
North
PO
Carolini
Survejl
In
Co-oper*
U.
S.
Dt
DUE
AN
OVERDUE
AT
THE
ON
AND
DATE
THE
IS
FINE
CIRCULATION
JECT
SUBAS
CAROUNA
NORTH
GEOLOGICAL
ECONOMIC
SURVEY
Hyde
Joseph
N.
Hill,
Frank
C.
H.
S.
Dr.
North
Small,
Battle
Ashe^ille
Division
Forestry
S.
FOREST
DEPARTMENT
State
Holmes^
In
THE
Wilkesboro
Washington
Westray
J.
ex-officio.
Asheville
III
Smoot,
John
Chairman
Morrison^
Hewitt
R.
C.
C.
Board
Geological
Cameron
Director,
Pratt^
Chapel
Governor
AND
Co-operation
Forester.
With
UNITED
SERVICE,
OF
AGRICULTURE.
STATES
COMMON
TREES
FOREST
OF"
"
CAROLINA
NORTH
TO
WO\N
MANUAL
POCKET
c^
THEM
KNOW
Prepared
J. S.
NORTH
State
Holmes,
CAROLINA
the
of
help
S.
of
the
SERVICE
of
Department
CHAPEL
Foresters
Mag:yland,
advice
and
FOREST
U.
State
the
and
Virginia
the
AND
SURVEY
Collaboration
Tennessee,
Forester
GEOLOGICAL
ECONOMIC
With
by
HILL,
1923
Agriculture
N
C.
and
of
raiRe^T
"FRIERS
FOREWORD
This
the
handbook
North
of
learn
to
Should
that
people
our
the
of this
use
for further
of
they
to their
lead
State
on
may
locality.
the
to
desire
will
Forester
literature
to
convenient
a
which
common
the
vey
Sur-
Economic
have
may
handbook
knowledge,
inquirers
and
help
the trees
recognize
published by
and
planned
Geological
reference, by
the
direct
been
Carolina
in order
book
has
gladly
phase of
any
forestry.
Bulletin
North
of
6
the
Carolina,"
Ashe,
has
while
the
place, it
in part
does
in
future
keeping
time, it
that
the
is
in
which
hoped
on
The
has
text
been
in collaboration
Virginia
it to
prepared by
with
and
the
his
Until
will have
The
the
each
of
style
and
the
the
several
Hoyle,
are
made
free
plates have
will be
as
hardwoods
the
been
U.
to
figures illustratingthe
are
from
America,"
his
here
special arrangement
conifers
used
with
mont.
Ver-
secured
fruit
foliage and
by
Service.
Professor
"Manual
been
borrowed.
or
uals
man-
hardwood
Mrs.
E.
A.
nished
fur-
publication,and
S. Forest
purchased
is due
this
it
many
and
all of the
and
especially for
and
similar
have
of the
ing
adapt-
publishing
on
original drawings
from
by
noted,
Those
sources.
of the
of many
twigs
cuts,
is
Maine
published by Massachusetts,
The
Forester
of Tennessee,
book
based
been
State
of whom
State
own
descriptions have
of the
North
more
subject.
Foresters
State
Maryland,
in
use
simultaneously
which
sometime
trees
our
come
be-
year
hopes
this manual
that
its
possible circulation.
wddest
from
each
of the
importance
and
for information
has
volume
a
W.
takes
way
Survey
W.
years,
many
no
of
Trees
and
demand
a
The
prepare
with
book
trees
our
to
for
supply
insistent.
more
print
small
present
concerning
in the
of
out
Timber
Pinchot
Gitford
by
been
"The
Survey,
The
other
Special
C. S.
Sargent
knowledgment
ac-
for
(pines,cedars, etc.)
of
Forest
Trees
by permission of
Houghton
and
-Mifflin
of
by
Com-
in
courtesy
loaning
valuable
The
aid
unstinted
and
U.
Specialist,
toon, Extension
of
S.
and
the
have
scientific
order
the
of
not
only
in
of
use
had
confusion
that
these
but
the
with
Trees
is any
know
less
separate
in the
because
the
botanist
tree
the
Hence,
name.
initials
the
who
It
the
the
wise,
seems
of
sake
breviation
ab-
or
gave
and
urged
in
give
accuracy,
his
burden
to
class
the
child
and
will
and
habits
furnish
know
stimulate
so
of
these
the
another
our
and
hardly
anotherJ
our
It is
which
great
of
learn
great heritage
of
it should
the
area
interest
an
to
of
be
of
borne
our
sight,
the
life
that
all
appreciate,
our
that
enable
at
in
of
tell
even
will
forests
our
most
hoped
trees
common
lives
daily
own
can
tures.
crea-
perhaps
living things, yet
of
may
this book
two-thirds
or
way
denizens
Carolinians
of
information
to
living
oldest
with
from
even
nearly
vary
trees
custom
and
associated
friends
will
using
in
name.
not
one
them
book
In
in
about
this
protect
is
largest
other
of these
North
often
botanist
for
names
are
one
and
which
usual
reader
the
are
closely
more
the
them.
They
us
certain
scientific
the
scientific
from
observed
of
of the
follow
to
in
even
been
attaching
name
general
memory
of
advisable
which
but
it the
gave
particular
therefore,
full
he
arisen
of the
plant
or
arise
to
also
names
when
has
practice
than
has
scientific
mind
in
botanical
State.
same
difficultyof knowing
the
time
thought
alone,
States,
the
the
likely
names
within
the
Service,
present
the
of
is
trees
different
similar
tive
initia-
his
Forest
at
book
confusion
the
common
localities
A
of the
avoid
use
this
in
names
to
handbook
is
Service,
Forest
the
of
that
Mat-
R.
W.
well-nigh impossible.
been
inclusion
The
of
of this
production
would
and
guidance
Mr.
Without
hereby gratfully acknowledged.
its
for
illustrations.
of these
number
a
Station
Experiment
the Vermont
; and, to
pany
foster
trees.
in mind
State
that
is
still
land
; that
all of
the
forest
classed
as
greater
part
or
and
it;
from
^"-e^^'"^'e"-M:^
^6"-#^"5^^
-e"-^^"j^.^
"-^^.""".^-H
that
has
of this
most
timber
merchantable
cut
lumbering,
destructive
through
the
had
forest
and
fires,this
turpentining, roving livestock
has
timber
been
replacing itself very slowly or not
all.
at
It should
is
all
and
extended
rapidly
as
interest
is the
now
the
of
towns
in
of
the
nearly
being
Federal
and
thing lacking
co-operation of
as
fully
care-
fires is
chief
The
and
well
as
from
State
County,
as
available.
become
funds
controlled
been
protection
and
happy change
a
cutting more
are
have
hogs
counties;
our
that
Landowners
taking place.
; cattle
remembered
be
also
the
growing
in
country
people
trees
If this little
protecting our trees and forests.
better
will
a
understanding of
bring about
and
a
greater appreciation of their aesthetic
and
economic
and
book
its
value
will
purpose
to
have
Hyde
A
A
A
is
tree
word
of
one
tells of
that
began
A
Ah,
word
And
Who
him
of
word
a
from
strength
to
peace
whence
man
all
;
things
the
all
to
shadeless
restless
our
bleak
and
ways,
clan.
the
path
be,
having
who,
has
so
TREE.
tranquillity
be
must
must
Of
Survey.
;
preach
to
bare
central
Econ.
and
words,
nature's
Director
Pratt,
C. Geol.
N.
after,
come
accomplished.
been
Joseph
who
those
and
us
loves
open
learned
never
tree, he
a
to
loves
has
eyes,
love
the
life
the
learned
never
beauty
that
of
springs
to
a
iu
see,
tree.
stars
and
clod,
He
loves
He
loves
love
the
that
gilds the
clouds, and
greens
the
April
sod;
Beneficence;
Wide
the
"
From
North
"Arhor
and
Carolina,
his
soul
Bird
1915."
takes
Day
hold
Manual
on
Cod.
for
.air
.
.f^"j5i"-^
-e"
TR
-m-^^^t^'
^3"
PINE
WHITE
-^^^X]^-^
strohus
{P'mus
-e" -6^"?:|
L.)
naturally throuuliout the
into the adjacent region.
It grows
on
high, dry, sandy and rocky ridges, but
Its straight
prefers the cooler or nioister situations.
soft
and
gray-green
stem, regular pyramidal shape
it universally appreciated
an
as
mental
ornafoliage make
Its rapid growth and
hardiness, and
tree.
white
THE
pine
the
high quality of
desirable
The
forest,clear
extend
the
wood
it
maho
one
forest planting.
straight, and, when
of the
most
for
trees
is
trunk
occurs
extends
and
mountains
of branches
horizontallyin
for many
whorls
growing
feet. The
in
the
branches
(i.e., arranged
in
a
years
stem), marking the successive
bark
thin
is
and
of upward
The
greenish
growth.
and
red on
trees, but thick, deeply furrowed
young
The
older
tree
trees.
on
commonly
grayish brown
of
diameters
and
of
to
feet
60
50
attains
heights
still
1 to 2 feet,though much
larger specimens are
circle
to
be
The
bluish
on
the
found.
leaves^or needles, are
on
green
and occur
the
upper
in bundles
3 to
5 inches
in
surface
and
whitish
5, which
pines. The
of
length,
neath,
be-
distinguishes
or
fruit,
cone,
is 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical,
with
thin, usually
scales,containing small, winged seeds
very gummy
which
require two years to mature.
is light,soft,not strong, light brown
The wood
in
The
color,often tinged with red, and easily worked.
is in large demand
lumber
for construction
poses,
purbox boards, matches
and many
other products.
it from
all other
eastern
SHORTLEAF
PINE
echinata
{Pinus
shortleaf
pine,
pine and
THE
piue, yellow
distributed
pine
slopes,
in
and
in
it
where
has
the open
fiHORTLEAF
a
known
old-field
South.
and
uplands
The
tain
moun-
hardwoods
tree
young
stout
stem
size,
has
burned
acteristic
char-
PINE.
natural
about
the
lower
somewhat
slightly ascending branches.
and
a
tall, straight stem
100 feet
reaching a height of about
of
is
the
with
with
tree
It
mixed
straight and
rosemary
is widely
as
pine,
stands.
occurs
second-growth
pure
One-half
the
over
Mill.)
also
the
throughout
Pine)
(Rosemary
In
the
maturity
an
oval
and
crown,
diameter
a
The
41/^ feet.
tree, when
young
back, reproduces itself by sprouting
cut
or
from
the
stump.
leaves
The
3
in
are
clusters
of
two
or
three, from
5 inches
long, slender, flexible,and dark
or
burrs, are the smallest
green.
cones,
our
pines, li/^ to 2i^ inches long, oblong, with
sharp prickles, generally clustered, and often
to
The
to
the
mottled
the
twigs
and
than
that
The
of
less
wood
3
a
; it is thinner
plates
of
old
yellow-brown
or
pines.
red,
and
broken
ing
holdare
near
into
lighter-colored
loblolly pine.
of
resinous
is brownish
all
small
The
small
seeds
4 years.
which
is
broadest
wing,
or
bark
The
center.
rectangular
for
have
blueof
than
It
is
trees
is rather
orange
of the
that
used
and
hard,
color, fine-grained and
other
ern
important south-
heavy
and
terior
exlargely for interior
finishing,general construction, veneers, paper
mine props, and other purpulp, excelsior,cooperage,
poses.
LOBLOLLY
PINE
member
fast-growing
A
of
county
As
the
fields
It
Delaware.
shortleaf
as
of
is
loblolly pine
group,
ranging southward
Plain,
last
is
pine,
name
implies,
the
is close to the
clumps
along the
specimens in
bark
The
often
attains
large-sized
long, are
spring, bright
branches
give
on
a
fruit is
a
swamp
swamps
hardwood
color
and
thickness
borne
green
cone,
of
three
in
of
clumps
luxuriant
a
or
and
contrast,
bands
growth
wood
resinous
in
as
of
early
trees
is not
box
pulpwood,
the
other
and
late
has
a
is
a
much
them
2 inches
as
at
appearance
burr, about
3
the
yellow pines,
wood.
wide
The
barrel
pror""!,
of
to
the
to
5
as
staves,
piling
for
the
of
tree.
inches
year,
seeds
many
tributed
dis-
marked
between
of
the
secondbility
dura-
building
basket
and
in
widely
where
9
to
second
wood
uses
6
ends
coarse-grained,with
range
requisite, such
shooks,
lath, mine
furrowed,
needles,
cluster, and,
a
tered
scat-
as
deeply
as
in
forests.
of the
long, which
ripens in the autumn
and, during fall and early winter, sheds
which, by their
inch-long wings, are
by the wind.
The
the
frequent
leaves, or
The
trees.
inches
soils w^here
It is also
of
borders
in
abandoned
up
size.
surface.
is dark
locally
pine.
old-field
PINE
natural
the
pine
Coastal
known
seeds
rapidly, particularly in sandy
water
the
southernmost
variously
pine and
it
L.)
yellow
of
tree
a
LOBLOLLY
The
the
from
fox-tail
One-half
and
factZa
(Pniws
terial,
ma-
veneers,
fuel.
-e"-"t%"-"?^
s"-?^"J2t"-^
^"-#^"?a
LONGLEAF
PINE
THE
striking
longleafpine
young
5 to
10
{Pinus palustriaMiU.)
features
of
years
of the
age,
the
forms
one
southern
of the most
forest.
single upright
When
stem
with
its
long, dark, shiny leaves,forms a handsome
plume
of sparkling green, while in later youth the stalwart,
sparingly branched
sapling, with its heavy twigs
and
attention.
The
bark, attracts immediate
gray
older
have
trees
and
diameter
one-half
the
tall,straight trunks,
irregular crowns,
open,
length
of the
1 to
3 feet in
one-third
to
tree.
the Coastal
to
Longleaf pine is confined
has
been
extensivelylogged, bled
region. It
Plain
for turpentine,
and ranged over
by native
repeatedly burned
in
sections
it
until
has been
hogs
many
other
exterminated
almost
or
replaced by
pines.
leaves are
from
10 to 15 inches
ters
The
long, in clusthe ends
of 3, and gathered toward
of the thick,
scaly twigs. The flowers,appearing in early spring
the new
before
a
leaves, are
deep rose-purple, the
in prominent, short, dense
clusters
the
male
and
"razor-back"
in
female
The
inconspicuous grouj)s
cones,
or
burrs,
are
6
of 2 to 4.
to
10
inches
with
slightlycurved, the thick scales armed
curved
usually fall soon
prickles. The cones
attached
the seeds ripen,leaving their bases
long,
small
after
to the
twigs.
wood
The
As
it has
is heavy, hard, strong, tough and
Georgia pine,pitch pine and southern
been, and
and
other
still
is,used
construction.
for
all kinds
Naval
ble.
dura-
pine,
of building
ing
stores, consist-
of tar, pitch, rosin and
turpentine,are obtained
almost
tive,
exclusively from this tree and its close relathe
raw
slash
pine, by bleeding the
gum.
8
trees
for
their
PITCH
OR
PINE,
pitch pine
in
and
tains
cold
and
diameter
hilly regions up to
occurs
scattered, or
hardwoods
other
or
pines.
50
to
75
a
height commonly
of
1
2
to
feet.
The
OR
BLACK
PINE,
Oiie-balf
of
heights
head
made
it is
often
3 to
color
inches
and
stand
fall
during
the
are
1 to 3 inches
for
fuel.
and
has
cut
close
a
ably
notice-
and
and
leaves
larger
less
rougher and
with
which
pine
to
12
the
back.
for
The
years.
rough. On mature
brown,
each,
the
when
base
brittle.
and
to
grow
young,
of the
of
stump
stems
divided
It
and
on
years,
the
it is dark
trees
construction
is able
capacity,
on
irregularly
ridges.
general
tree
several
bark
and
light,soft
for
This
of 3
clusters
yellowish green in
from
the twigs. They
after forming.
The
cones
in color. They
light brown
branches
the
to
is
from
or
and
flat,continuous
lumber
in
found
year
long
is
wood
The
and
long,
out
straight
reddish
broad,
erect,
stiff,dark
10
branches
gray
into
for
or
shortleaf
are
second
cling
sometimes
and
and
found.
5
usually
branches
the
leaves, which
The
are
than
small
feet
into
branches
feet
3,500
in
size.
has
and
burrs,
trunk
mouti-
PINE
large
longer
generally a
foliage. It
or
straight
30
to
is
trunk
natural
rather
of
up
thick
cones,
20
slopes
the
about
PITCH
at
in
It
with
groups
It attains
a
bottoms
and
swamps
and
dry ridges
on
grows
outlying
elevation.
feet
PINE
rigida Mill.)
{Phins
THE
BLACK
very
is sawed
is
poor
sprouting
when
into
used
soil
cessfully
suc-
burned
SPRUCE
PINE
(Scrub Pine)
{Pinus virginiana Mill.)
pine, scrub or southern
spruce
in greatest abundance
over
THE
found
hilly parts
stands
in
of
old
the
State.
fields
broken
and
It
very
The
side
for
twisted
The
in
one
length,
They
fruit is
a
size.
is
which
tree
leaves
from
rary
and
in
almost
prickles.
produced
and, as they persist on the branches
top with
tree
a
of the
and
brown,
age,
give
the
the
a
State.
burr, averaging
often slightly curved,
and
are
species.
into
broken
in
fissures
somewhat
dry,
many
bark
smooth
with
in
small
every
year,
from
3 to 5
is characteristic
is
thin, reddish
with
plates. Even
The
shallow
the
The
2 inches
cones
open
bark
in
shorter
are
about
Cones
two
inches
3
li/^ to
or
cone,
length, narrow,
years,
borne
are
color,
green
other pine native
to the
of any
ble
responsi-
names.
grayish
are
those
than
natural
spreading
and
cluster.
a
the
to
usually
giving
dying, thus
PINE
One-half
appearance
of its common
and
upper
often
in
branches
after
even
SPRUCE
scrubby
the
occurs
pure
is very
persistent in gullying,
It is one
of our
dry soils.
and
slower-growing pines.
persistfor many years,
a
jack pine, is
are
so
shallow
to the
appearance
as
trunk
to
of
tree.
Except
in
the
occasional
wood
large-sized trees, the
the persistence of
able
soft,but fairlydur-
is very
of
knotty because
the side branches.
It is lightand
in contact
to
some
is
extent
with
for
the
easily
used
that
posts, poles and
increasingly used
it warps
It is much
soil,so
with
for
for
it is
piling. The
construction,
rough
alternate
wetting
pulp
paper
10
being
and
and
firewood.
used
ber
lumbut
drying.
p^an"BmT
PINE
POND
and
Coastal
height and
is often
knots
Plain.
2
1 to
and
the
wet
on
and
in
range
persiston
burrs, when
or
from
on
The
closed
the
bark
for
of
5
are
is dark
3,
to
or
for
erally
gen-
occasionally
8 inches.
The
noticeablyglobular
to
for
seasons
several
red-brown
They
cones,
in outline,
2i/2inches long.
1 to 2 years
branches
easilyby
its location
for 3 to 4 years.
pines,they requiretwo
remain
I
open
lob-
lands.
flattened,2
somewhat
all
length
the branches
with
rough
resembles
and
in clusters
occur
trunk
8ize.
cones,
sour
very
70 feet
The
distinguishedmost
be
shorter
or
leaves
The
4,
and
broader
to
PINE
natural
-half
can
swamps
low, peaty
40
somewhat
somewhat
tree
POND
l"bby pine,but
sandy,
or
feet in diameter.
bulges. The
One
in small
It averages
slightly crooked
or
Michx.)
pocosin pine,bay
as
flat,undrained, poor,
on
soils of the
in
known
pine, is found
black-bark
or
serotina
(Pmws
pine,also
pond
THE
pine
Rises
t
Like
ripening, but
afterward,
and
sist
per-
years,
and
vided
irregularlydi-
by shallow furrows.
The wood
is resinous,heavy, often coarse-grained,
orange-colored, wath pale yellowish, wide sapwood.
It is sawed
and
sold without
discrimination
along
with lumber
of other southern
pines. In the earlier
used for
not much
days of lumbering this pine was
of the few species of pine which,
lumber.
It is one
following cutting or killing-back by fire,sprouts
frem
the stumps of young
vigorous saplings.
11
TABLE
MOUNTAIN
{Pinus
table
THE
pine
is
is
name,
mountain
rather
a
Mountains
small
with
drier
bark
is broken
of two,
and
more
The
flowers
male
female
This
heavy
stout
or
in
thin
It
higher
and
ridges
pitch pine.
is
ciated
asso-
size.
lighter-coloredthan
of the small
bark
loose
and
PINK
natural
the
scat
occurs
Appalachian
that
branches
scales.
ters
short, 2 to 4 inches long, in clusbluish
of
stiff,stout
three,
rarely
green,
less twisted, persistingfor 2 to 3 years.
of
are
pine
on
clusters
of 2 to 7
on
readily
can
massive
kinds
two
loose
long
cones,
2
on
the
3
to
around
groups
shed
and
their
the
remain
tree
the
seed
twigs.
the
old
twig,
growth.
new
occur
The
for
same
inches
cones
gradually,
often
the
tree, the
distinguished by
be
prickles, which
curved
wood
the
mountain
appropriate
feet high, with
are
in whorls
on
60
or
trunk
pine, but
leaves
The
to
which
2 feet.
MOUNTAIN
of the
into
more
slopes
the black
black
a
1 to
One-half
The
being
through
TABLE
of the
for
tree, 20
of
the
on
pine,
as
diameter
average
tared
sparingly
Lambert.)
pmigens
suggested
an
PINE
but
many
long, with
usually in
when
open
the empty
the
its
very
close
ripe
cones
years.
strong, resinous and
coarse-grained. Along
species it is
sometimes
for
in
cut
other
rough lumber, and
places
for charcoal, but its chief
is for fuelwosd.
value
The
is
soft,light,not
with
12
associated
-e"-^^"j?^-^
.e" -^--^^?^-^
-e"-*^o3^-s
HEMLOCK
or
spruce
canadensis
{Tsuga
sometimes
hemlock,
THE
00
It is
slopes throughout the mountains
somewhat
into the adjoining regions.
ascending
a
branches
and
most
leaves
The
inch
in
for
trees
surface
shade
dark
length, oblong,
the upper
of
one
one-third
from
are
our
and
to
and
and
on
extends
Its horizontal
handsomest
ornament.
of
two-thirds
and
green
whitish
and
tree,
diameter
drooping twigs, forming
it
make
pyramidal
crown,
desirable
and
a
streams
cool
or
hemlock
timber
feet and
along
common
as
large
a
100
to
-o
Carr.)
known
pine, is
spruce
attaining a height of
of 2 to 4 feet.
-^-^^-^j^-s
lustrous
an
on
beneath, and, although
be 2-ranked
the
to
on
spirally arranged, appear
fall
third
The
the
season.
cones
during
; they
of an inch long, light
are
oblong,about three-fourths
brown
The
scales are
in color.
cone
broadly ovate
stem
about
and
small
and
they are
long. The seed is
in
the
fall and dropping
winged, maturing
during
the
The
wood
wide
as
winter.
is
dark
and
gray
is one
The
gelm.)
not
The
bark
of
hemlock
Carolina
from
the
{Tsuga
above
longer
ridges
than
and
the
scales
cone
they
are
cliffs
along
the
Tennessee.
It
is
ornamental
are
wide.
planting.
14
It
Blue
a
ridges,
caroliniana
En-
its leaves
on
conspicuously 2-ranked
in all directions,giving the
while
and
rounded
narrow,
of tannin.
sources
and
for paper
is cinnamon-red
or
trunks
into
chief
lumber
coarse
old
on
our
differs
for
divided
and
strong, brittle
light,soft, not
splintery.It is used
pulp.
as
by having
the twigs but pointing
tree a rough appearance;
narrow
oval, much
on
dry, rocky
grows
eastern
Ridge and in north-
very
desirable
tree
for
^"!^-
-^"mk=""^^-
o
SOUTHERN
BALSAM
(Southern Balsam
""m=""^-
Fir)
(Ahics frasrrl Poir.)
southern
THE
balsam,
mountain
as
balsam, also known
Fraser
fir,and locally as slie-balsam,is
found
on
our
highest mountains, usually associated
with
from
which
red
it can
tinguished
easily be disspruce,
its
and leaves.
It prefers moist,
cones
by
of 4,000 to 0,700 feet.
cool slopes at elevations
It is
tree of medium
size, 40 to 70 feet high and
a
1 to
SOUTHERN
2 feet in
"ver
BALSAM
One-half
natural
diameter.
The
size.
bark
thin
is
the
on
younger
and
prominently
pale gray, smooth,
resin
marked
filled with
balsam.
or
by "blisters"
in
The
branches
whorls
on
are
produced regularly
retains
its
the young
the
head
pointed
tree, and
pyramidal shape until old age.
trees
The
leaves
are
long,
with
point
green
and
lustrous
the
on
The
flowers
flat,linear, one-half
rounded
and
often
to
one
notched,
inch
dark
above, silverywhite beneath,
twig apparently in two ranks.
of
ranged
ar-
kinds, the male
yellow
the
and
tinged
red,
cone-shaped,
prominent yellow-green bracts are spine-tipped. The
fruit is an
upright purple cone, the long yellowthis
bracts, however, often making it appear
green
latter color.
The
seeds
have
Avide wings, and
very
when
ripe, fall together with the scales and bracts
of the cone, leaving the hard
axis standing
central
the
upright on
twig.
The
wood
It is used
for
paper
are
the
with
is
for
pulp
two
female
light,soft,not
construction
strong, coarse-grained.
lumber
and
with
spruce
CYPRESS
T
HE
bald
or
cypress,
exclusively in deep
flooded
for
banks
and
and
with
in
aud
the
usually
are
wet
on
lower
stream
Atlantic
Its
Mississippi Valley region.
numerous
ascending branches,
conical
narrow
time,
a
found
tree
a
which
swamps
at
Eich.)
is
cypress,
bottomlands
trunk
straight
and
long periods
Plain
Coastal
distichum
{Tawodium
outline
makes
the
tree
of
one
CTPKESS
One-half
considerable
has
fluted
slowly tapering
a
few
In
beauty.
broad
a
natural
old
age,
buttressed
or
trunk
size.
and
a
lets.
to 130
The
bark
divided
feet and
leaves
are
diameters
length, arranged in feather-like
sides of small
branchlets, which
and
the
leaves
much
still attached
shorter, light green,
heights
and
; or
and
finely
fissures.
to three-fourths
one-half
in
with
attained
of 5 to 10 feet.
numerous
about
smooth
a
flat top of
open,
branchsmall
silvery to cinnamon-red
longitudinal
is
b}'
generally
tree
base,
broad,
and
numerous
heavy branches
The
original-growth timber
of 80
the
of
fashion
fall in
they
The
inch
an
along
the
are
two
autumn
scale-like
sometimes
silvery
below.
fruit is
The
inch
in
The
color
wood,
the
a
rounded
cone,
or
"ball," about
one
diameter, consistingof thick irregular scales.
wood
is light,soft, easily worked, varies in
from
a
and
is
soil.
Hence
light sapwood
to
particularly durable
it is in
of
demand
dark-brown
in
for
heart-
contact
with
exterior
trim
and
buildings, greenhouse planking, boat
ship
building, shingles,posts, poles and crossties.
16
WHITE
CEDAR
(Juniper)
(Ghamaccyparis thyoidcs
tree
EXCLUSIVELY
year-round
a
found
in
{southward
with
bald
more
often
cypress
is found
and
the
smooth,
clean
Avhere
give the
to
Florida
to
in
of the
w^hen
grown
conical
The
deep
is
leaves
ends
a
of
of
rather
about
round,
in
swamp
stands
pure
trunks
of
are
"serried
Plain, it is
England
It
occurs
hardwoods,
but
called
so
''glades,"
closely set as
ranks."
The
CEDAR
natural
and
the
size.
horizontal, so that even
tree has a long, narrow,
shape.
ranked,
the
very short
in the open
are
New
swamps
and
Mississippi.
WHITE
branches
P.)
Coastal
from
impression
One-half
S.
B.
one
a
minute, scale-like,overlapping, 4color, and entirely cover
green
fruit
The
the slender, drooping twigs.
nearly
inconspicuous, smooth
cone,
one-fourth
inch in diameter, maturing
four
to
and
eight
containing from
are
bluish
year
seeds.
winged
bark
ashy
quite thin, varies in color from
reddish
to
and
separates
light
brown,
readily
gray
into loose
plate-likescales, Avhich easily peel off in
is light, soft, closelong fibrous strips. The wood
with
slightly
fragrant,
grained,
especially in contact
for
water.
These
in
boat
it
demand
qualities make
and
fence
canoe
building, cooperage,
shingles and
It
is
substituted
for
chestnut
for
phone
teleposts.
being
comes
poles, as the supply of the latter species beBecause
of the limited
able,
availscarcer.
supply
is not
its lumber
well
known
in the general
The
is
markets.
17
RED
CEDAR
{Juniperus virginiana L.)
valuable
AVERY
conditions
ridges
other
trees
the
found.
important
It
The
vigorous shoots,
pointed, spreading and
or
The
is
scattered
The
tree.
the
few
throughout
but
it is
kinds
both
kind
commoner
stems
appear
on
young
the
square.
growth
quite sharp-
awl-shaped,
whitened.
of flowers
kinds
two
is
rocky
clasping
scale-like,
and
that
and
section.
kind, usually appearing
other
classes
leaves^ usually
same
minute
green,
in four ranks, so
all
high mountains,
of
dark
stem
in
to dry
swamp
barren
soils where
middle
kinds
the
on
on
the
in the
two
are
found
being
in
except
There
from
"
thrive
to
are
State
most
is
of soils
seeming
"
found
tree
the
at
are
of minute
end
in
twigs on separate
February or
Blooming
often
trees
assume
a
March, the male
golden color
from
the small
shed
when
shaken,
catkins, which,
clouds
of yellow pollen. The
matures
fruit, which
in one
is
often
with
white
a
bloom,
season,
pale blue,
of
inch
in
ing
enclosan
one-quarter
diameter, berry-like,
trees.
one
winter
is very
shred-like
long,
irregular in
more
food
bark
The
in
or
The
its
less
heart
in
seeds
two
or
favorite
the
for
reddish
thin,
strips.
growth,
flesh.
sweet
It
is
a
birds.
so
The
that
brown,
tree
the
is
trunk
peeling off
extremely
is usually
grooved.
wood
is
distinctlyred, and
the
sapwood
making very striking
effects
when
linished
cedar
as
chests, closets and
interior
woodwork.
The
is aromatic,
wood
soft,
texture, and these qualites make
strong and of even
it most
desirable
for lead pencils. It is very
ble
durawhite,
this
in contact
great demand
color
combination
with
the soil, and
that account
on
for posts,poles and rustic work.
18
is in
."f$^-"e -e" -5'^-^-^
"^"-;^^"2?:|"-
WHITE
OR
WALNUT,
cinerca
{Juglans
white
THE
tlie North,
BUTTERNUT
L.)
walnTit, usually
called
is
than
smaller
a
tree
butternut
the
black
though in the highlands and where
a
development, it reaches
height
its best
and
diameter
a
forked
for
of
timber.
large
the
The
each
flowers
The
the
11
leaves
to
2
leaflets
toothed
may
in
male
feet
of the
one-third
branches
on
also
natural
size
and
darker
on
be
distinguished
collars just above
by the velvet
by last year's leaves.
compound
with
that
trees, becoming
tree
walnut
left
scars
Leaf,
small
This
trees.
black
from
of
trunk
the
on
70
usually
BUTTERNUT
being light gray
in
walnut
black
of
it less desirable
differs from
size.
it attains
is
trunk
makes
OR
WALNUT,
natural
The
this
bark
The
WHITE
one-half
Twig,
feet.
crooked, and
or
saw
3
in
nut,
wal-
are
17
to
of
30
inches long,
sharp-pointed, oblong, finely
3 inches
long.
are
15
kinds
two
to
on
the
tree,
same
yellow-green drooping catkins,
the
female
recognized by the rather
conspicuous
in
red-fringed stigmas. The fruit is a nut enclosed
somewhat
an
pointed, yellowish green husk,
oblong,
about
2 inches
is covered
with
short
long, which
The
nut
has a rough,
rusty, clammy, sticky hairs.
grooved shell and an oily, edible kernel.
The
wood
light brown,
interior
or
orange
nuts.
long
is
light,soft,not strong, coarse-grained,
takes a good polish. It is used
for
of houses and
for furniture.
A yellow
and
finish
dye
can
be made
19
from
the
husks
of
the
-^"^"J5t"-^
"-e" -^-%="o"Jt"-
BLACK
TniS
"^"-^%""^
WALNUT
forest tree
valuable
lauds
moist
and
Slate.
In
stem,
clear
the
occurs
rich
on
hillsides
bottom-
throughout
the
it grows
quently
singly,it freof 100 feet with
a
straight
height
a
of
branches
the
trees
for
half
its
is short
stem
height.
and
the
In
crown
spreading.
BLACK
Leaf,
fertile
forest, where
attains
open-grown
'oroad and
{Juglans nigra L.)
w
onp-fifth
n";
Twig, three-quarters
leaves
The
long,
consisting of from
color.
green
1
alternate, compound,
are
15
23
to
leaflets
The
to
of
leaflets
are
feet
2
lowish
yel-
a
3 inches
about
toothed
long, extremely tapering at the end, and
bark
the
The
is
dark
brown
along
margin.
thick,
in color, and
divided
by rather
deep fissures into
rounded
ridges.
fruit is
The
in
enclosed
even
open,
black
with
a
a
after
a
nut, borne
solid
green
the nut
is
enclosing a rich, oily kernel
The
heartwood
hard
heavy,
color,
which
The
ripe.
pairs, and
does
not
split
itself is
nut
hard, thick, finely ridged shell,
very
It is
in
singly or
husk
is of
edible
and
highly
superior quality and
and
and
its rich
tritious.
nu-
value.
chocolate-
strong,
from
warping and checking,
to a high polish,and
durabilitymake
susceptibility
it highly prized for a great variety of uses, including
furniture
cabinet
and
plane
airwork, gun-stocks, and
trees are
propellers. Small
mostly sapwood,
which
is light colored
and
durable.
not
Walnut
is easily propagated
from
the
and
nuts
grows
it should
be planted
rapidly on good soil, where
brown
and
grown
freedom
for timber
and
20
nuts,
"TRESES
T
^"-^^"Q^
"f^"T"St"-^ -Q"-^^^'^'
THE
of
It
nuts.
00 to 100
is
feet
best
It thrives
along
because
community
the
on
by
large commercial
high and 1 to 2 feet
rich, damp soil and
tree,
a
and
streams
child
every
and
licious
deof its sweet
is known
scaly-barkhickory
aging
aver-
in diameter.
is common
hillsides throughout
moist
on
Koch)
K.
ovata
{Carya
Britton)
{Hicoria ovata
HICKORY
SHELL-BARK
OR
SCALY-BARK
State.
the
Leaf,
one-third
SCALY
Twig,
The
BARK
HICKORY
size.
natural
bark
of the
is
trunk
one-half
rougher
natural
than
size.
other
on
separatinginto thick plates
to the tree.
The
only slightlyattached
the
terminal
winter
budbuds
outer
are
egg-shaped,
scales having narrow
tips.
and
hickories, lightgray
which
The
are
leaves
are
long
and
inches
to
ovate
with
The
alternate,compound, from
composed of 5, rarely 7
leaflets.
The
fruit is borne
The
husk
The
nut
singlyor
is thick
clothed
wood
is
in
pairs,and
is
lar.
globu-
the
deeply grooved
and
the
compressed
pale,
thin, and the kernel
two
kinds, opening after
nearly their full size.
The
obovate
or
and
is much
shell
It is used
smooth
are
hairs.
short
seams.
twigs
8 to 15
at
the
flowers
The
sweet.
leaves
heavy, hard, tough
have
and
largely in the manufacture
of
are
of
attained
strong.
agricultural
very
implements and tool handles, and in the buildingof
For fuel the hickories are the
carriages and wagons.
most
of
satisfactory
our
native trees.
22
ST
-#^"^-^
TR
-m^^i^'
-o
OR
WHITEHEART
Hickory)
Britton)
alba
alba
{Carya
white
hickory, whiteheart,
THE
big-bud hickory
is
common
throughout the State.
averaging 60 feet high
bark
The
is dark
on
It is
and
winter
buds
shaped,
a
1 to
Koch)
mockernut,
well-drained
or
soils
tall,short-limbed
tree
2 feet in diameter.
cross-furrowed
large, round
are
K.
hard, closely and
gray,
furrowed, often apparently
The
-e" -e^"^-
HICKORY
WHITE
(Mockernut
(Hicoria
-#^-05^-^
^"
or
deeply
netted.
broadly
or
egg-
and
covered
with
downy,
hard
WIIITEHEAKT
OK
WHITE
HICKORY
Leaf,
one-fifth
size.
natural
The
scales.
shoots
recent
are
with
less covered
short, stout
growth.
and
more
a downy
large, strong-scentedand hairy,
lets
to oblong, pointed leafcomposed of 7 to 9 obovate
fall.
in
the
beautiful
which
turn
a
yellow
The
flowers,like those of all other hickories,are
or
leaves
The
of
kinds
two
are
the
on
tree
same
; the
male
in
three-
catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5.
fruit is oval, nearly round
The
or
slightlypearshaped with a very thick,strong-scented husk which
splitsnearly to the base when
ripe. The nut is of
4 to 6 ridged, light
various
forms, but is sometimes
has
and
thick
shell
and
a
brown,
small, sweet
very
branched
kernel.
The
white
brown
used
wood
is
heavy, hard, tough
excepting
heart,
hence
for vehicle
the
the
name
furnishes
the
parts, handles
best of fuel.
hickories
are
very
shade
and
comparatively
desirable
trees.
23
white
and
strong; it is
small, dark-
hickory.
It is
picker-sticks.It
This
and
both
for
the
forest
other
and
2".#^"fc?^.^
^"m^"^
-e"
HICKORY
PIGNUT
(Carya glabra Sweet)
{Hicoria glabra Britton)
is
medium
to
pignut hickory
THE
tree, occurring plentifully
a
on
section
middle
and
It has
State.
of the
less
frequently
tapering trunk
a
large upland
soil
poor
in the
in
other
and
a
the
parts
narrow
head.
oval
bark
The
smooth
and
buds
eggouter
are
the
shaped,
reddish
brown
fallingin
scales
the
casionally
grayish, but occlose, ridged and
The
and
are
flaky.
twigs
thin,
rough
The polished brown
ter
winglossy brown.
is
autumn.
11
leaves
The
rather
are
HICKORY
one-third
natural
smooth,
are
of 5 t"
composed
PIGNUT
small
inches
and
long
leaflets
individual
neck
rounded, usually with
thin husks
splitting only
or
half
edible
The
12
size.
natural
narrow.
at the base, very
to the base or not
way
brown
in color,rather
light
a
to
7 leaflets.
and
fruit is pear-shaped
The
8
one-half
Twig,
size.
at all. The
nut
is smooth,
has
thick-shelled,and
an
kernel.
wood
The
Its
is
uses
heavy, hard, strong, tough
and
of
the
the
are
same
as
those
ble.
flexiother
hickories.
The
small-fruited
Nutt.), by
some
hickory,differs
bark
a
which
hickory
considered
a
{Gary a microcarpa
variety of the pignut
having a round
frequently separates into
from
it in
fruit
and
narrow
plates.
The
is found
pale-leaved hickory
scatteringlyin
the
{Gary a
upland
pallida Ashe)
woods.
It has
leaves
are
woolly or
foliage. The
pale, delicate
with
covered
are
hairy underneath, and when
young
than
thicker
those
of
The
husks
scales.
are
(silvery
the
pignut.
m-^"^--
BLACK
WILLOW
black
and
is
ah)ug
is
willow
THE
throughout
It
(Salix nigra Marsh.)
the
rarely
frequently
tlie water
along
common
State
the
in
except
high
feet
comes
to be
50
found
growing singly or
over
the
In winter
courses.
bright reddish-brown
streams
tains.
moun-
height
in
in
chimps
easilyseparable,
twigs
golden, naked
or
quite conspicuous.
are
leaves
The
inches
half
long
the
wide;
both
in the
early
male
the
female
which
them
The
bark
is
into
grade
charcoal,
is
the
chief
used
obtained
wood
brown
light
with
used
in the
not
in the
it
tinged
to
dark
nearly
bhick.
orange
or
strong.
A
high
of gunpowder,
manufacture
willow
from
old trees
shaggy.
very
it varies from
color
brown
of
separate
plate-like
On
becomes
vided
diflat
broad,
thick
scales.
soft, light and
deeply
which
ridges
into
be
to
long distances.
blown
is
seeds
furnished
are
enabling
wood
pod
long silky down,
with
size.
rate
sepaa
minute
bearing numerous
WILLOW
on
fruit is
The
In
catkins,
in
are
and
trees.
The
tips are
autumn.
flowers
The
natural
one-
the entire
tapered
toothed.
margins finely
leaves
are
bright green on
sides,turning pale yellow
The
BLACK
6
and
much
very
Two-thirds
3 to
than
less
and
inch
an
from
are
it is
and
wood,
of artificial
manufacture
limbs.
There
are
many
species,or
easily distinguished.
checking
for
which
grown.
soil erosion
purpose
They
and
they
Avaste
should
kinds, of
are
of
along
be
more
willows
high
stream
value
not
in
banks,
extensively
-"
s" -^^-c^^s-s
-""
-mx^'
COTTONWOOD
SWAMP
{Populus lieterophyllaL.)
THIS
rivers,
of
A'alley regions.
The
is
tree
a
a
germinate
of
height
70
wet
swamps
coastal
Atlantic
in the
of
and
low,
on
wet
to
90
seeds
soils.
sandy
feet
and
a
borders
Mississippi
and
carried
are
the
and
far
The
tree
diameter
winds
by
attains
of
I? feet.
are
usually short, forming a narrow,
resinous.
the buds
and
are
head,
round-topped
branches
The
SWAMP
Twig,
Leaf,
The
and
oue-half
leaves
4 to
COTTONWOOD.
three-quarters
are
7 inches
natural
natural
size.
size.
broadly ovate, 3
long, gradually
to
wide
6 inches
narrowed
at
the
the base, usually
toward
tip and slightly rounded
toothed
the
dark
finely
along
edges,
above,
green
leaf -stems
below
from
rounded
pale and smooth
; on
2 to 3 inches
long.
The
in early spring, are
bloom
in
flowers,which
catkins
few-flowered.
The
catkins, the female
fruit,
the
seeds
is
"cotton,"
containing
tiny
supported by
borne
the male,
on
trees, and
female, or pistillate,
other
or
on
trees.
staminate, flowers occur
separately
The
fruit ripens before
the leaves
are
fully grown.
wood
The
is light and
soft and, as
quires
lumber, reattention
in
its
to
special
drying
prevent
excellent
warping badly. It makes
pulp for
paper
printing half-tone illustrations.
The
white
European
poplar {Populus alba L.)
with
neath,
light-gray bark and leaves, white
woolly beis often
found
old
houses
and
near
along
The
roadsides.
Lombardy
poplar, a tall narrow
form
of the European
black
poplar {Populus nigra
italica Du
is
often
ing
var.
Koi)
planted and is a striktree
for the roadside.
(Cottonwood)
POPLAR
CAROLINA
{Populus
Cottonwood,
THE
v\adely
deltoides
Marsh.)
Carolina
or
poplar,
is scattered
in
occurs
great abundance;
mountains.
The
the
in
naturally
grow
and
is easily propagated
tree
by cuttings
grows
it has
been
widely planted to get
rapidly, hence
shade
quickly. For this purpose,
however, the tree is
nowhere
but
it does
not
it
unsatisfactory,because
begins
size.
natural
one-half
shed
the
leaves
POPLAR
CAROLINA
Leaf,
to
Twig,
one-third
natural
size.
from
the
the
"cotton"
or
female,
by midsummer,
often
is
the
soft
wood
tree
a
nuisance,
seed-bearing,
is easily broken
by winds, and the rank growth of the
in
often
results
roots
stopping drain
pipes and
sidewalks.
and
lifting
cracking
leaves
The
simple, alternate, broadly
are
triangular, pointed, square
the edges,
no
coarsely toothed
at
or
each
with
covered
way,
side, supported by
inches
long. The
before
a
of two
the
long
The
winter
kinds,
leaves.
white
of
cluster
flattened
resinous
chestnut-brown,
catkins
soft
The
3 to
white
hairs
slender
across
the
on
are
covered
scales.
The
flowers
and
female,
and
fruit containing the
silky hairs,
which
under
2
stems,
buds
male
and
base,
5 inches
to
;"
with
in
are
appear
has
seed
carries
it for
distances.
wood
drying,
but
substitute
is
soft,light-weight,warps
is used
for many
for
purposes,
and
the
27
easily
upon
sometimes
linden.
yellow poplar
highest grade of gloss magazine
printing of half-tone illustrations.
a
the
ovate
paper
as
It makes
for
the
'f%."!5^"-^ """-""%"":3^-S
RIVER
BIRCH
(Red Birch) {Betula nigra L.)
is the only native
THIS
in the
along
South.
water
and
swamps
which
It varies from
in
the
inundated
of
means
reddish
for
ing
distinguish-
brown
to cinna-
size.
natural
tough
in
peels back
color,and
These
papery
the
trunk, presenting
layers persist
and
distinctive
ragged
quite
appearance.
very
Unlike
plies,
im-
name
BIRCH
RIVER
a
inhabits
tions
eleva-
deep,
streams, ponds, lakes,
of
ready
a
One-third
layers.
the
as
sometimes
are
provides
this tree.
mon-red
home,
at low
time.
a
bark
The
found
and
courses,
soils along the borders
at
birch
It is at
rich
weeks
^".^^""J:^:^ -e"^^"^
-""-;J^"K^-^
on
the bark
of
other
our
with
layers are usually covered
older
trunks, the bark on
thick, deeply furrowed,
thin
birches,the
the
a
gray
main
of
and
papery
On
powder.
trunk
becomes
reddish-brown
a
color.
leaves
The
long, more
lower
a
surface
is
dark
green
and
the
pale yellowish green.
the
on
simjile,alternate,2 to 3 inches
oval in shape, with double-toothed
upper
flowers
The
about
less
or
The
edges.
are
in
are
catkins,the
tree.
same
two
kinds
ing
grow-
fruit is cone-shaped
The
1 inch
with little
long, and densely crowded
winged nutlets that ripen from May to June.
wood
The
is strong and
fairlyclose-grained.It
has
been
to
of
woodenware,
Since,however,
and
does
but
not
is cut
extent
some
mostly
in
used
turnery
in
and
the
for
this tree is scattered
confined
to the
figure largely in
chieflyfor firewood.
28
manufacture
wagon
hubs.
in its distribution
banks
commercial
of
streams,
it
lumbering,
BLACK
BIRCH
also
birch,
THE
cherry birch,
black
in
mountain
the
reaches
known
in
It attains
and
coves
height
an
average
of 2 to 3 feet.
The
birch
sweet
as
only
occurs
sections.
mountain
L.)
lenta
{Betula
highlands
the
or
and
its best
development
it
slojjeswhere
rich
on
of 70
feet
and
a
diameter
growing,
moderately
products and protection to the
soil in the high mouatains,
but
is of value
is
tree
slow
its
for
BIRCH
BLACK
natural
one-half
Twig,
bark
The
black,
used
leaves
flowers
The
usually 3
blooming
or
the
scales
is
as
upper
surface.
the
of the
or
It
winter
autumn
of
name
is
"mahogany,"
and
and
The
fall with
and
rise
to
mountain
or
mahogany,
often
being
furniture,
interior
for flooring and
prized
30
compact.
given
for
used
; locallyit is
buds.
"cone."
very strong, hard
has
color of the wood
local
trimming
proaching
ap-
two
heavy,
dark-brown
common
or
catkins,
kinds; the male
in
and
the summer
on
a shoot, forming
the female
kins
catfollowing spring when
of
are
from
open
in late summer
wood
mahogany.
sold
the
on
oval
of
long, finely toothed
4 inches
3 to
"cones"
loosened
The
The
4
the
ripen
seeds
the
to
production
wintergreen flavoring.
as
dull
green,
the
simple, alternate,
are
oblong,
dark
and
dark
for
distilled
and
frequently cut
birch
oil, much
The
lustrous
but
color
small
The
plates.
papery,
in
dark
into
broken
and
dull
size.
brown, almost
large irregular, but not
branches
and
twigs, also
and
aromatic, are
very
is
trunk
the
of
natural
one-third
Leaf,
size.
as
firewood.
IRONWOOD
Hornbeam)
(Hop
{Ostrya virginiana K. Koch)
gets its
from
the
ties
qualiIt is a
hop-like fruit.
tree, from
small, slender, generally round-topped
inches
in
diameter.
to
10
7
20 to 30 feet high and
The
top consists of long slender branches, commonly
the ends.
It" is found
mostly on
drooping toward
rather
tain
dry soils throughout the upland and moun-
THE
tree
common
of its wood
names
the
and
regions.
IRONWOOD
one-half
Twig,
natural
bark
The
and
is
a
leaves
The
with
Leaf, one-third
mostly light brown
into
divided
finely
tree, after
size.
little
are
narrowed
sometimes
thin
or
scales
acquaintance,
natural
reddish
by
be
can
size.
brown,
which
the
easily
ognized.
rec-
simple, alternate, generally oblong
tips,sharply toothed
gin,
along the mardoubly
toothed,
from
2
to
3
inches
long.
The
flowers
of two
kinds
are
the same
on
tree;
which
form
the predrooping catkins
vious
the female, in erect
catkins
the
summer,
on
newly formed
twigs. The
fruit,which
resembles
that
of the common
of a branch
hop vine, consists
1 to 2 inches
of leafy bracts
long containing a number
the
male,
in
of flattened
The
white,
wood
with
is
ribbed
strong, hard, durable, light brown
thick
pale
handles
fence
posts,
small
articles.
nutlets.
of
sapwood.
tools,
31
Often
mallets
used
and
to
for
other
-Q"-ms""^^^'
?^"s5t5"^
HORNBEAM
caroUniana
{Carpinus
horabeam,
THE
occasionally
as
often
known
as
ironwood
is
a
beech,
water
Walt.)
and
slow-
small,
growing, bushy tree with a spreading top of slender,
It is found
along
crooked, or drooping branches.
in low
and
streams
ground throughout the State.
Its
is
height
4 to 8
diameter
from
usually
20
inches,although
feet
30
to
its
and
it sometimes
grows
larger.
The
is fluted with
trunk
and
up
ing
irregularridges extendthe
down
light brownish
extending
bands
is
bluish
gray
with
dark
marked
color, sometimes
in
dark
to
gray
bark
The
tree.
horizontally
the
on
trunk.
leaves
The
simple, alternate, oval,
pointed,
long-
are
toothed
doubly
the
along
gin,
mar-
2
inches
3
or
in
length.
resemble
They
of
those
black
sweet
or
birch,
the
but
are
smaller.
HORNBEAM
one-half
Twig
natural
one-third
Leaf,
size.
natural
are
the
separately on
of
fruit is
nutlet
aiding its
wing
in
The
wood
female
is
distribution
by
in catkins
male
catkin
scales.
green
of
leaf -like scale
borne
three-fourths
about
one-third
about
to the
falls,attached
It
a
a
tree; the
small, leaf -like,3-lobed
inch, with
an
The
long, the
11/2inches
about
same
flowers
The
size.
an
inch
which
the
long.
acts
as
wind.
tough, close-grained,heavy
and
selected
for levers,
for use
strong. It is sometimes
tool handles, wooden
cogs, mallets, wedges, etc. The
tree
is
of
little
in the
occupies
space
by
valuable
more
commercial
woods
kinds.
32
importance
that
should
and
be
often
utilized
fe=^t"BEECH
beech
THE
its best
grandifoUa Ehrh.)
{Fagus
the
throughout
occurs
in
growth, however,
the
State.
It makes
moist
coves
in
with
scattered
It is widely found
mountains.
well-drained
bottoms,
hickories
on
rich,
and
oaks
in unmixed,
sometimes
occurs
in the mountains
and
beautiful of all
of the most
It is one
stands.
dense
the
in
either
trees,
winter.
or
summer
3 to 4
simple, oval leaves are
inches
long, pointed at the tip, and
along the margin.
coarsely toothed
The
BEECH
One-half
When
The
are
natural
size.
leathery in texture.
mature, they are almost
buds
The winter
beech
produces a dense shade.
and
long, slender
pointed.
bark
The
as
is, perhaps, the
it maintains
throughout
expanse
lias been
to
the
an
its life. So
of
OAvner
a
most
distinctive
teristic,
charac-
face
unbroken, light gray sursmooth
is
this
tempting
jackknife that the beech
''initial tree."
designated
beech
three-sided
nuts
are
little,brown,
almost
well
known
chestnuts.
as
as
They form
The
kernel
is
usually in i)airsin a prickly burr.
but
insufficient
offer
sweet
and edible,
small
to
so
as
for the pains of biting open
reward
the thin-shelled
the
well
The
husk.
The
wood
of the
tough, though
Aveather
or
in
the
is used
to
some
not
soil.
importance
as
a
extent
tools,and
is very
hard, strong, and
last long on
to
exposure
The
tree is of no
nomic
great eco-
beech
it will
lumber
for
novelty
33
tree, though the
wood
penters'
furniture, flooring, car-
w^ares.
B"-^#^":5S"-^-e"
s-e"-^^"^
CHESTNUT
the
OVER
to the
of
the
Southern
States
hilly and
mountain
useful
most
our
{Castanea
''farmer's
trees
best
and
dcntata
the
Borkh.)
chestnut
is native
sections.
It is
such, has
as
been
one
called
friend."
The
long-pointed leaves with their coarse
teeth,
bearing a slender spine, are quite distinctive.
They are simple,alternate,average 5 to 10 inches in
each
CHESTNUT
Leaf,
one-third
natural
Twlff, one-half
size.
natural
size.
/
length, and
are
earlier,and
in
which
2
drops
3
or
color.
tree, the
midsummer.
same
opening
prickly burr,
a
in
green
the
on
catkins
whitish
is
dark
are
kinds
of two
flowers
The
long, slender,
fruit
The
at the first frost, or
opens
shiny, brown, sweet, edible
nuts.
The
bark
The
wood
is
very
v.hich make
A
bark
light-gray,broad,
tendency
toward
a
trunk.
Avith the
in contact
valuable
soil
"
qualities
poles,
for posts,
well
disease, known
fatal
to the
United
States.
\'irginiaand
the
as
chestnut, and
exterminated
of
a
particularly
for light building construction.
as
is rich in tannin, and in the southern
palachians
Apit is extensively cut and
used
for the extraction
of this valuable
commercial
product.
wood
proving
the
into
have
it
orossties,as
The
often
light,soft,not strong, coarse-grained,
durable
and
broken
becomes
ridges, which
around
spiral course
flat
the
tree
It has
North
34
over
chestnut
has
blight,is
already
much
of
already reached
Carolina.
tically
pracnortheastern
tions
por-
-#g%^"55:S"-^ -e"-^:je%""^p,^
-e"
OAK
WHITE
range,
which
entire
eastern
half
the
timber
white
feet and
it becomes
much
of
When
soils.
oak
It
trees.
100
to
a
is
one
commonly
diameter
larger.
of the
most
a
in
dense
a
the
tically
pracUnited
important
height
of
(50
a
wide
stand
variety
it has
a
OAK
Leaf, one-quarter
size.
natural
one-half
includes
of
reaches
It is found
in
grown
L.)
of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes
WHITE
Twis,
alba
its natural
WITHIN
States, the
{Qucrciis
natural
size.
for
trunk, free of side branches
straight continuous
half its height. In the open, however, the tree
over
with
crown
far-reaching limbs.
develops a broad
strikinglybeautiful.
Well-grown specimens are
alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches
vided
broad.
as
They are deeply dilong
The
into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-likelobes.
soft silvery gray
leaves
are
a
or
yellow or
young
red
while
unfolding, becoming later bright green
fruit is an acorn
much
The
above
and
paler below.
is three-quarter
The
nut
maturing the first year.
inch long, light brown,
about
to one
closed
one-quarter enIt is relished
in the Avarty cup.
and
by hogs
The
bark is thin, light ashy graj
other live stock.
with
loose scales or broad
and covered
plates.
The
leaves
and
The
are
about
wood
half
is useful
and
It
valuable.
is
heavy,
light
struction,
including con-
strong, hard, tough, close-grained,durable, and
brown
in
color.
The
uses
are
shipbuilding,tight
many,
cooperage,
finish,
imi)lements, interior
wagons,
fuel. Notwithstanding its rather
slow
oak
is valuable
for
forest,highway
planting.
35
furniture,
flooring, and
growth, white
and
ornamental
OAK
POST
stellata
[Qucrctts
post
THE
50
and
considerably
is most
commonly
It
in
abundant
the
of
times
some-
the
throughout
occurs
2,500 feet,but
to
soils
poorer
height
a
feet, but
2
mountains
the
on
1 to
Sarg.)
tree, with
reaching
of
larger.
minor
Q.
medium-sized
a
diameter
a
State, ascending
formerly
usually
crown,
feet
80
to
is
oak
rounded
a
Wang.,
of
the
middle
bark
is
rougher
districts.
The
darker
and
white
oak
into
smaller
The
and
with
^^^
^^^^^
lobes
broadest
somewhat
The
of two
a
the
lighter
flowers,
like
kinds
the
on
catkins,
is
oval
an
rather
the
acorn,
small
ends.
cup
nearly
of
tree,
female
the
the
shiny
the
on
rough
hairy
other
oaks,
male
in
to
neath.
be-
are
drooping,
may
inch
1
or
the
and
The
inconspicuous.
one-half
which
broad,
as
thick
are
and
and
green
are
divisions,
They
green
those
same
away
leaves
rounded
dark
surface,
clustered
in
at
and
long
broad
leathery,
upper
fruit
with
5-lobed
deeply
darker
entirely.
size.
inches
5
which
drops
OAK
to
light-
fuzz
The
4
first
at
becomes
soon
usually
leaves
thick
a
colored
natural
young
coated
are
One-third
scales.
the
and
the
broken
stout
twigs
POST
than
long,
set
be
not
may
stalked.
wood
The
to
It
dark
is used
is very
brown,
for
heavy, hard, close-grained, light
durable
crossties
with
other
oaks
and
other
purposes.
of
the
in
and
white
with
contact
fence
oak
posts,
class
for
the
and
soil.
along
furniture
-e" -^^-=35^-
-e" -#^-e5jp-^
CHESTNUT
{Quercus
Willd., formerly Q. prinus L.)
montana
OAK,
CHESTNUT
oak,
and
rock
from
its
also
has
for
fondness
known
acquired
resembles
leaf,which
its
OAK
that
mountain
as
these
of the
rocky
oak
from
names
chestnut,
mountain
or
and
ridges.
tains
throughout the mounwidely distributed
dry gravelly and rocky slopes, ridges and
banks, and less commonly in the upland
It is found
on
stream
of
part
similar
the
ations.
situ-
dry, rocky
is
It
noticeably
15
20
to
ly
frequent-
trunk
into
divides
a
um
of medi-
spreading tree
height; at
feet,the
in
State
several
limbs,
large, angular
irregumaking an open, lar-shaped
head.
bark
is
The
reddish
dark
vided
brown, thick,deeply diinto
broad,
is
rounded
ridges, and
commercial
high
of
CHESTNUT
OAK
value
One-third
natural
for the
extraction
size.
of tannic
The
leaves
are
one
season,
and, like the
acid.
simple, alternate,oblong, often
rounded
at the point,irregularlyscalloped or wavy
the edge (not sharp-toothedas in chestnut),5 to
on
9 inches
long, and
shiny yellowish green
above,
The fruit is an
lighterand slightlyfuzzy beneath.
about
inch long, oval, shiny brown, and
acorn
an
enclosed
It ripens
up to half its length in a cup.
in
in
sprouts
the
autumn
acorn
soon
of the
after
white
oak,
falling to
the
ground.
wood
The
upland
in
white
contact
crossties
other
and
generallysimilar to that of
oaks, heavy, hard, strong, and
is
with
the
It is
soil.
the
extensively
other
durable
cut
into
heavy timbers for bridge,railroad,and
rough construction,and used for fence posts
and
fuel.
38
OAK
CHESTNUT
SWAMP
(Basket Oak,
Cow
or
Oak)
michauxii
Nutt.)
greatest abundance
in tlie
(Quercus prinus L., formerly Q.
THIS
tree
in its
occurs
the
bottomlands
of
and
is found
sparsely
the
mountains.
In
it
branches
but
oak,
leaf
feet and
100
of its bark
appearance
the
resembles
The
acorn.
other
attains
tree
of
means
heights
of about
diameters
and
white
ordinary
distinguished by
be
may
and
the
closely
part of the State,
sections, outside of
eastern
in
."3" -^6^"?l
-#^"xs:i".^
e"
of
the
about
4 feet.
leaves
The
broader
and
notched
the
edge
the
chestnut
in
from
like
oak.
They
4 to 8 inches
downy
are
and
beneath
on
somewhat
length,
turn
a
rich
in the fall. The
crimson
bark
is
gray,
and
is
the
towards
point
vary
oval,
are
a
old
on
trees
broad
into
broken
flakes
light
very
divided
or
into
strips.
The
Leaf,
OAK
CHESTNUT
SWAMP
one-third
one-half
Twig,
attains
natural
size.
natural
size.
length
a
The
acorn,
in
set
a
common
is
of the
cup,
white
this
oak.
fact
an
is
inch
and
ly^
inches.
brown
and
of
shiny
bright
a
shallow
and
cows
considerably larger
frequently eaten
It is
gives
the
tree
one
of
its
names.
The
an
rather
that
than
by
which
of
diameter
a
than
more
fruit,
or
acorn,
wood
excellent
is
polish.
lumber,
veneer,
for
and
fuel
heavy, hard, tough, strong, and
boards
fence
It
is used
in
manufacturing
(shakes), tight
posts;
baskets.
39
and
takes
cooperage;
extensivelyfor
ing
mak-
^o"-^gfe^-03^-
f^""-?:i3"-^-e""-^^""?:|"LIVE
OAK
live
THE
oak
the
from
its
3
trunk,
southeastern
Coastal
It
is
short,
diameter, dividing in
nearly horizontal branches,
forming a low, dense,
round-topped head. Its
height is commonly
with
from
40
bark
on
low
the
coast
and
one
desirable
and
roadside
planting in
It
Plain.
Coastal
long-livedand
but
growth
slow
moderately
a
the
It is
most
for
trees
the
only
level.
the
size
near
above
feet
ornamental
of
red,
hammocks
ridges
and
water
siae.
is dark
largest
to
rich
the
of
and
tinged with
few
OAK
trunk
the
It grows
on
feet. The
to 50
slightlyfurrowed.
and
is
a
branches
brown
natural
striking
feet in
4
to
large
Two-thirds
of
tree
feet in spread ; with
100
large limbs
LIVE
of North
Plain
a
ginia
Vir-
wide-spreading habit,sometimes
than
reaching more
several
lower
southward.
and
character
from
extends
through
Carolina
stout
{Quercus virginianaMill.)
handsome.
The
leaves
oblong,
smooth
; from
breadth.
in
The
third
it is
inch
in
borne
wide,
oblong, dark
brown
top-shaped, downy
length
about
acorn
an
cup
a
on
and
inch
an
long
stem
a
light
neath
be-
1 to 2 inches
long
and
one-
peduncle;
or
set in
lustrous, and
and
of
white
silvery
and
above, pale
2 to 4 inches
fruit is
thick,leathery,
simple, evergreen,
are
a
reddish-brown
color.
The
wood
light brown
wood.
It
is very
or
was
heavy, hard, strong
yellow,
with
and
nearly white,
largely used, and
formerly
ships' knees
occasionally,for
ships.
40
in
tough,
thin
building
sap-
still is
wooden
"
-^"6p"J3t"-^ -^
-i^^i^'
""S" -f^"XK|?-^
RED
NORTHERN
formerly Q.
THE
State,
is most
but
oak
red
northern
Ashe,
L.)
rubra
throughout the
quality in
occurs
and
common
"^^^"x^
OAK
maxima
hGrcalis
{Qucrcus
-^"
of best
in swamps.
found
higher
feet and
70
of
about
a
attains
It usually
a
height
sometimes
is
diameter
ranging from 2 to 3 feet,but
much
forest-grown tree is tall and
larger. The
It is not
mountains.
tlte
straightwith
a
and
clear trunk
narrow
bark
The
stems
crown.
is
on
young
to
smooth, gray
brown,
older
on
trees
thick
and
broken
by
shallow
sures
fisinto
regular, flat,
smooth
-
faced
sur-
plates.
leaves
The
simple,
alternate, 5
are
to
long
NORTHERN
Leaf,
Twig,
RED
one-third
one-liulf
and
Cinches
OAK
size.
natural
inches
9
wide,
broader
ward
to-
the
size.
natural
4 to
divided
tip,
into
coarsely
lobes, each lobe being somewhat
a
nd
dull
and
bristle-tii3ped,
firm,
green
turning a brilliant red
above, paler below, often
The
after frost.
flowers, as in all the oaks, are of
kinds on the same
two
tree, the male in long, drooping,
clustered
catkins, opening with the leaves, the
fruit is
The
female
solitary or slightly clustered.
The
the
second
nut
a
acorn
maturing
large
year.
three-fourths
inches
to
is from
blunt1%
long,
in
topped, flat at base, with only its base enclosed
7
to
9
tootled
the
very
The
shallow
wood
is
dark-brown
cup.
hard, strong, coarse-grained, with
heartwood
thin lighter-coland
ored
light reddish-brown
ish,
interior finsapv\'ood. It is used for cooperage,
construction, furniture, and crossties. Because
of its average
rapid growth, high-grade wood, and
freedom
from
insect and
general
fungus attack, it is
widely planted in the higher portions of the State
for timber production and
tree.
as
a shade
41
-^^";5t5"-^ ^"-^t%-"?^-
-e"
RED
SOUTHERN
{Que.'cus
Linn., formerly Q. digitataSudw.)
rubra
southern
THE
oak
usually
2
It is
infrequentlyfound.
southern
form
upland
in
to
red
as
Spanish
as
of
one
Its
oaks.
feet and
trees
oak,
not
are
the most
ameter
di-
a
common
large spreading branches
broad, round, open
a
books
a
3
to
known
oak, commonly
height of 70 to 80
feet, though larger
to
grows
of
red
referred
and
OAK
bark
The
top.
is rough,
though
deeply
not
fur-
rowed,
and
varies
from
light
trees
younger
to dark
almost
older
gray
or
black
on
ones.
leaves
The
of
are
on
gray
two
ferent
dif-
types :
(1) irregularlobes,
shaped
SOUTHERN
Leaf,
Twig,
mostly
OAK
BED
size.
natural
natural
one-third
one-half
bristle
size.
the
often
the
lobes
at
green
above
(2)
longest; or
the
and
gray
in
a
flowers appear
in
April
unfolding.
small
rounded
in
set
fruit
The
a
short
acorn,
thin
wind
the
about
half
cup
lustrous
contrast
rain
storm.
the
leaves
while
ripens
-shaped
saucer
or
second
an
which
lobe
3 rounded
dark
They are
downy beneath, the
being strikingly
The
pear-shaped with
seen
tipped,
central
end.
outer
narrow,
-
are
The
year.
inch
long, is
tapers
to
a
stem.
wood
is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained,
other red
subject to defects than most
ture,
for furnioaks.
It is used
for rough lumber
and
timber
desirable
It
is
a
chairs, tables, etc.
soils.
The
drier
the
tree, especially on
poorer,
The
and
bark
is less
is rich
The
in
freedom
growth, large
it very
tannin.
of this
handsome
desirable
for
from
tree
form
shade
42
or
disease, its thrifty
and
long life make
ornamental
use.
:-ei-^$p
-^--";^-
^"
OAK
BLACK
oak
called
north
farther
oak, sometimes
black
THE
yellow
Lam.)
velutina
{Quercus
yellow-barked oak, usually
or
grows
ter.
height and 1 to 3 feet in diamethe
State
found
throughout
is
It
commonly
rich
seldom
on
ground.
on
dry plains and ridges,but
is irregularly shaped and
wide, with a
The
crown
for 20 feet or more
on
large trees. The
clear trunk
80 feet in
to be about
bark
on
the
very
young
trunks
is
t 'h
s m
o
and
dark
o
brown
but
be-
soon
comes
thick
and
black,
with
deep
furrows
and
rough
broken
OAK
BLACK
one-half
Twig
natural
size.
bitter
taste
Leaf,
of
the
ridges.
Thebrightyellow
size.
one-third
natural
inner
bark;
color
due
and
tannic
to
acid,
distinguishing characteristics.
are
leaves
The
alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches
inches
wide, shalloAV or deeply
shape varying greatly. When
mature,
dark
the leaves
and
are
shiny on the upper
green
the
less covered
or
surface, pale on
lower, more
with down, and
with conspicuous rusty brown
hairs
long and
lobed, the
in
the
8
forks
are
to
8
of the
fruit matures
The
brown
is
nut
from
veins.
the
second
one-half
less
to
The
season.
1
inch
light-
long,
more
hemispherical
shape,
in the thin, dark-brown,
three-quarters enclosed
The
kernel
is yellow and
scaly cup.
extremely
or
in
and
from
one-half
to
bitter.
wood
The
and
a
checks
thin
the
outer
same
it is put
is hard, heav^, strong, coarse-grained
easily. It is a bright
edge of paler sapwood.
as
purposes
the market.
on
red
oak,
Its
43
red-brown
under
growth
with
It is used
which
is rather
for
name
slow.
OAK
SCARLET
coccinea
{Qurcus
known
also
OAK,
SCARLET
spotted oak,
Muencli.)
pin, Spanish
as
or
usually on
dry, rocky, or
the
uplands of the lower
occurs
sandy
soils, throughout
mountains, but is nowhere
very
It usually reaches
importance.
of
diameter
feet, with a trunk
sometimes
larger. The branches
abundant
height
a
2
3
or
of GO
at
form
the
a
crown
open
trunk
80
or
is
feet, and
droop
and
of first
or
ends
narrow,
and
the
tapers rapidly.
bark
The
on
young
i
stems
s
smooth
and
light
brown.
On
old
trunks
it
is
vided
diinto
ridges
not
rough
so
those
as
of
the
black
oak
and
not
flat-
so
topped
Leaf,
with
OAK
one-third
natural
oak.
red
ern
SCARLET
The
The
gray.
leaves
The
thirds
a
deeply
brilliant
flowers
of
are
when
often
kinds
two
on
leaves
wood
is
The
uses.
and
is used
spotted
or
2
oblong
wide,
sometimes
before
the
tree
to
is sold
or
usually
as
somewhat
known
as
pin
ornamental
44
oak
and
and
inferior
oak.
a
The
and
pear
apone-half
The
mature.
strong
red
turn
falling.
same
years
heavy, hard,
considerably in
leaves
long, reddish
half -enclosed in the
about
lumber
It is
The
inch
1
to
.
same
nnrfh
inches
4
to
two-thirds
are
fruit takes
one-half
striped,and
The
mottled
long, 2i/2
appearance.
the autumn
in
the
The
is
acorn
,i
lobes
the
"cut"
scarlet
grown.
size.
is reddish.
bark
inches
s
bristle-pointedand separated
openings extending at least tAvodistance
to the midrib, giving the leaves
of the
very
is often
bark
a
thoseof
simple, alternate, somewhat
6
to
oval,
usually 7-lobed,
by rounded
or
natural
size.
inner
are
3
one-half
Twig
brown,
cup.
grained
coarse-
has
in
Scarlet
planting.
the
ity
qualoak
OAK
WATER
water
oak
is found
native
along
of swamiDS
and
streams
and
rich
THE
the
over
States
When
and
on
somewhat
the borders
bottomlands,
farther
considerably planted
in
the
along streets and in parks
this tree reaches
fully grown
as
a
feet and
80
Plain
Coastal
been
has
It
{Qiicrcus nigra L.)
diameter
a
of from
shade
tree.
height of
a
1 to
inland.
Southern
about
3 feet.
over
trunk
is
The
bark
The
shapely.
is
light
smooth,
brown
winged
with
many
has
and
red,
smooth
thin
over
the
scales
The
surface.
oak
water
readily
most
be
can
tinguished
dis-
from
one-half
Twig,
natural
"
associate,
longer-lived
but
"
general shape
in the
by the differences
the
size.
oak
close
a
size.
natural
one-third
Leaf,
willow
the
OAK
WATER
and
size of
leaves.
simple, quite variable in shape,
the point,and
narrower
near
mostly oblong, broader
at the base, giving a wedge-shaped effect.
They are
the
3-lobed
at
outer
end, thin, and
usually slightly
than
above
of a dull bluish-green color,paler below
;
mostly smooth, and usually 2 to 3 inches long and
for some
time
wide ; they remain
1 to 2 inches
green
from
the
the
fall
winter.
tree during
and
gradually
The
leaves
The
flowers
are
unfold.
beginning
to
at the
of the
end
one-half
to
nearly
two-thirds
wood
The
cut
color,
to
and
a
the
of
an
or
the
at
inch
leaves
acorn,
The
season.
broad, light brown
as
saucer-shaped
used
second
striped, enclosed
often
in
April when
The
fruit,or
in
appear
acorn
are
matures
is from
in
length
yellowish brown
base
only in a
and
and
thin
cup.
is
with
heavy, hard, and strong, light brown
It is not
lighter-coloredsapwood.
great extent
utilized
for
as
lumber,
but
piling,crossties
46
the
and
trees
fuel.
are
i^";^OAK
WILLOW
willow
THE
generally
often also
but
roadside,
often
borders
of
and
lawns
higher
in
found
and
rivers
It is
rich sandy uplands.
on
and
desirable
which
it has
long-livedtree,
and
beautiful
occurs
the
on
is most
It
the
oak,
water
State, except
along
and
lowlands
a
the
over
called
often
oak,
mountains.
slopes and
swamps,
{Qucrcus yhellos L.)
for
parks,
for
been
widely planted.
The
of
habit
leaves, on
willow-like
slender
is
growth
manifestly
that
of
the
tree
make
identify in
inches
oak,
an
forest.
2
are
one-
inch
1
to
wide, with
4
to
and
long
half
to
easy
the
leaves
The
whose
tree
a
smooth
slightly Avavy
bristlemargin,
pointed, smooth, light green
or
y
y
"*'"
"
natural
twig
natural
smooth
bark
size.
of
and
borne
and
brown
is
and
slightly roughened
generally
age,
the
divided
by
; with
color
stout
ridges.
The
small
closelyset along
acorns,
the
at
end
of
the
second
light-brown hemisphere,
diameter, its
base
reddish-brown
year.
about
cup.
nuts
species of birds, as
wood
The
species
an
in
the
are
eaten
red,
planks,
barn
inch
food
several
rodents.
red
oak
It
group.
coarse-grained,light
not
is
durable
used
sills,and
when
locally
for
is
brown
exposed
from
heavy,
tinged
to
the
crossties, bridge
general construction.
47
by
other
separated commercially
the
a
in
shallow,
as
in
and
It
by
as
ture
ma-
is
nut
is not
strong, rather
weather.
well
stem,
one-half
scarcely enclosed
The
the
The
bluejays, grackles ("black birds"), and
with
short
a
on
bark
The
stem.
reddish
a
becomes
narrow
other
the
on
size.
Leaf,
one-third
arrangement
in
Twig,
one-half
and
nate
alter-
below;
smooth
usually
OAK
WILLOW
dull
but
shiny above,
and
-e"-^^"K?:""-s
B"i^'C5^'^
WHITE
ELM
amcricana
shade
famous
is
generally
and
to the
bark
lauds.
feet
is dark
and
diameter
divided
gray,
into
thick ridges, and
on
old
alternate
leaves
The
area,
mountains
height
average
of 4 to 5 feet.
The
an
to
into the
layers
off in flakes.
come
inner
of brown
bark
and
will
show
white.
alternate, simple, 4
are
it
vast
high
irregular,flat-topped,
generally firm, though
is
it tends
trees
incision
An
this
the
It reaches
a
England, whose
Rocky Mountains
Within
exceiitin
common
bottom
wet
of 60 to 70
L.)
of New
tree
extends
range, however,
southward
to Texas.
and
"^"smx^
(American Elm)
{Ulmus
THE
-^-e^^i^
^"-#^"5"j^^
to 6
inches
er
long,ratht h ic
k,
somewhat
sided,
doubly
one-
toothed
the
on
gin,
mar-
and
generally
Twig
WHITE
one-half
downy
and
Leaf,
size.
natural
The
below.
in
run
ELM
smooth
natural
one-third
leaf veins
parallel
lines
size.
are
from
the
and
above
pronounced
very
midrib
to leaf-
edge.
flowers
der
small, perfect,greenish,on sleninch long, appearing before
stalks sometimes
an
fruit is a light
the leaves in very early spring. The
oval
shaped samara
(winged fruit) with the
green,
surrounded
seed portion in the center
and
entirely
by a wing. A deep notch in the end of the wing is
distinctive
of the species. The
seed ripens in the
spring and by its wing is widely disseminated
by
The
the
wind.
The
cut
are
to
wood
is
split.
heavy, hard, strong, tough, and
It is used
trees, boats
and
baskets
crates.
and
Because
for
ships,barrel
hubs
of
hoops,
wheels,
and
dif^saddle
for
veneer
^
of its
spreading fan-shaped form, graceful
pendulous branches, and long life,the white elm
justly holds its place as one of the most desirable
shade
trees.
48
Fa
TR^"S^
(EST
R
-e"
ELM
V^INGED
corky growth,
thin
State
the
over
It
occurs
It
places.
waste
and
the
at
the
time
is
on
soils
the
tions,
situa-
planting along
sides
road-
dry
It
is
though
tions.
loca-
poor
tively
compara-
free from
disease,
not
notably
long-lived. This
medium-sized
40
to
and
2
feet
50
feet
in
is
natural
leaves
thick,
are
dark
in
appear
leaves
the
The
elms
is
of
inch
an
base,
in
and
wood
They
the
covers
the
very
of
to
used
the
cotton
4
inches
with
inner
and
hubs
bark
bales.
with
reddish
with
a
to
was
time
2
the
curved
in-
small
slender
about
stalk
hairs.
that
difficult
and
unfold.
brown,
long
white
those
leaves
the
and
flowers
The
about
tipped
similar
for
the
pale
than
State,
spring
heavy, hard, strong
made
smaller
are
in
long,
covered
is
fissures.
and
above,
beaks, oblong,
or
occasionally
rope
the
"
smooth
it is winged,
awns,
at
and
broad, coarsely double-toothed,
early spring, long before
appear;
one-third
brown,
irregular
to
native
elm
into
simple, alternate, 2
below.
fruit ripens
The
The
red,
and
and
green
other
any
open,
light
ridges
1 to 2 inches
softly downy
of
as
It
head.
size.
flat
and
height
ELM
Two-thirds
long
of
large
with
divided
The
tree
rather
round-topped
tinged
is
diameter.
a
bark
elm
in
rarel}^ as
forms
WINGED
and
trees
in
a
on
best
one
for
found
moist
in
of
the
usually
moist
in
from
generally
mountains,
rapidly
grows
same
scattered
often
but
dry, gravelly uplands,
in
name
"wings," usually
in
except
common
or
branches.
smaller
the
gets its
elm
winged
THE
Michx.)
alata
[Ulmus
mauls.
used
of
the
other
split.
to
It
Formerly,
for
binding
-e" "$^"^^-
HACKBERRY
L.)
(CeZfisoccidentalis
hackberry
THE
State, except
is found
sparsely throughout the
It occurs
high mountains.
in the
greatest size in the rich
alluvial
lands
in the lower
part of the State, but
thrives, however, on various
types of soil,from the
the
to
richest.
It
is
or
poorest
usually a small
abundantly
most
medium-sized
and
of
from
tree
30
to 50
feet
high
and
10
HACKBERRY
to 20 inches
angular and
pendant branches
bark
is
The
scale-like
or
some
to
crown
the
resemble
leaves
are
inches
4
to
natural
are
often
size.
size.
crooked
of
shade
tree.
grayish and generally rough
bark.
warty projections of dead
limbs
The
one-half
head
made
slender,
a
short, bristly,stubby twigs.
is generallyvery symmetrical.
or
excellent
instances
2
natural
Twig,
bear
and
the
one-third
Its limbs
in diameter.
In the open
It makes
an
Leaf,
bark
that
is smooth
of the
enough
on
with
In
the
beech.
simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided,
long,
the
edges
toothed
towards
the
long point.
flowers
inconspicuous, and the two kinds
tree.
They appear in April or
May, and are of a creamy
greenish color. The fruit
is a round, somewhat
oblong drupe, or berry, from
The
borne
are
on
one-quarter
has
a
From
sugarberry.
one-third
to
The
of the
wood
readily
but
same
of
an
inch
in diameter.
It
thin, purplish skin, and sweet, yellowish flesh.
it is sometimes
this
called
characteristic
tree most
The
are
the
when
frequently hang
berries
on
the
winter.
heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays
exposed. It is used chieflyfor fuel,
is
occasionallyfor
lumber.
50
MULBERRY
RED
red
THEprefersmulberry
districts,but
soils
mulberry as there
mulberry and
called
are
white
The
sometimes
in
found
species which
have
two-thirds
to
ized.
The
feet
the
high
red
shade
of
bark
The
otf in
larger
is rather
long
leaves
commonlyspecies.
native
other
extent
and
State.
middle
which
are
introduced
natural-
become
MULBERRY
feet
2
the
It is
mulberry,
places, are
some
Leaf, one-third
is
mulberry
and
no
size.
natural
lower
paper
waste
KED
Twig,
of the
abundant.
is nowhere
L.)
throughout
occurs
rich
the
It
rw6ra
(l/orws
in
a
small
diameter,
natural
size.
tree, rarely 50
often
growing
in
trees.
thin,
narrow
dark
ing
grayish brown, peel-
flakes.
or
what
somealternate, thin, rounded
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches
soft hairy beneath.
and
long, rough hairy above
of
the
Often
trees
some
leaves, especially on young
and
mitten-shaped or variously
thrifty shoots, are
The
are
lobed.
The
flowers
are
trees, in
of two
kinds, on the same
long drooping catkins, the
or
ferent
dif-
female
catkins
The
the
leaves.
shorter, appearing with
red
berry
blackor
a
black, and resembles
through it centrally,
; however, a stalk extends
it is longer and
fruit is sweet
The
narrower.
edible and
relished
birds
and
various
greatly
by
fruit is dark
and
and
animals.
The
wood
is rather
light, soft, not
strong, light
in contact
with
the soil.
orange-yellow, very durable
It is chiefly used
for fence posts.
The
tree might be
for
this
furnish
food
and
for
to
planted
purpose
birds.
51
TREE
CUCUMBER
cucumber
THE
00
to
80
singly
occurs
richer,
the
and
is
This
bark
rough
and
among
cooler
hardwood
slopes
only
and
of
one
small
a
4 feet.
coves
into
the
of
of
It
out
through-
trees
and
tains,
moun-
our
nearby regions.
magnolias
our
L.)
height
average
of 2 to
an
diameter
a
other
somewhat
extends
the
attains
tree
feet
acuminata
{Magnolia
which
has
The
bark
leaf.
is aromatic
and
bitter;
that
of the
young
twigs
is
a
lustrou
s
red-brown,
while
the
of
bark
the
i
s
trunk
rather
thin, dark
brown,
furrowed
and
CUCUMBER
leaves
The
rounded
smooth
4
6
to
Twig,
two-thirds
or
inches
flowers
The
those
of
G
the
scales.
size.
alternate, oblong, short-pointed,
unfolding,
silky hairy when
10
inches
6
to
slightly silky,
long,
dark
wide, often with
edges,
wavy
are
beneath.
single,large
other
The
natural
thin
base,
"
magnolias
upright petals
yellow.
size.
natural
are
above, lighter
green
The
one-third
the
at
later
Leaf,
broken
into
TREE
fruit
are
"
whitish
though
smaller
3
inches
2i/2 to
than
long.
tinged with
dark-red, often
long, somewhat
green,
is
a
smooth,
"cone," 'Zy^ to 3 inches
The
seeds
cucumber.
are
oneresembling a small
half
inch
with
and
covered
scarlet
a
long,
pulpy
the birds, particularly as
attracts
the
coat, which
thin
from
cords
the
seeds
"cones."
hang by
opening
crooked
The
wood
light, soft, close-grained,durable,
used
It is cut and
light yellow-brown color.
cabinet
for
with
yellow poplar
extensively along
sides
Beand
uses.
carriage making, and other similar
is
timber
it
sirable
quite detree,
being a valuable
of
is
a
for
roadside
and
ornamental
52
planting.
MOUNTAIN
MAGNOLIA
mountain
THE
known
high,
9
to
sometimes
magnolia,
is
small
a
walioo,
tree, 30 to
straight, leaning, or divided
as
with
a
inches
IS
in
and
diameter
the
on
cool
has
and
branches.
brittle
rather
coves
{Magnolia frascriWalt.)
It
is
slopes
of
at elevations
Mountains
feet
trunk,
wide-spreading,
found
the
locally
40
in
the
rich
to
Appalachian
4,000
southern
from
2,000
feet.
bark
The
is
usually smooth
and
grayish
brown.
The
terminal
ter
win-
buds
are
smooth, jnirple,
lYo to 2 inches
long.
leaves
The
distinctive,
are
being
oblong
with
the
lower
end
narrowed
and
"auricled"
(i.e., having
lobes like ears)
the
at
base.
They
smooth,
are
10
inches
12
crowded
ends
MOUNTAIN
Leaf,
Twig,
8
to
stamens
The
10
MAGNOLIA
one-third
two-thirds
inches
and
wide,
maturity
the
is
inches
the
and
drop
off
in
the
The
flowersare
size.
and
pistilsin
fruit at
4
natural
the
twigs,
autumn.
size.
natural
at
of
to
long,
white, fragrant,
''perfect" (i. c, having
same
flower.)
red
and
shai)ed like
a
cucumber,
long, bearing many
is a
seeds, each in a carpel, or cell, on which
stiff
long
point.
wood
The
is light, soft, weak
and
easily worked.
It is only occasionally used
for lumber
or
pulpin
where
all
species are
wood,
places
practically
being cut.
The
is occasionally planted for ornamental
tree
it is said
the
but
to be less hardy than
purposes,
other
to
5
let
scar-
magnolias.
54
-^""=.",'^S""
-^
YELLOW
-""-;?^"i:t"-
TREE
TULIP
OR
POPLAR,
{Liriodendron tulipiferaL.)
YELLOW POPLAR,yellow
names
aud
the
United
the
State,
States.
soils
valuable
most
but
of
color
It
occurs
reaches
along
its
It
lower
As
coves.
of 60 to 100
feet and
a
a
straight
clear
central
limbs
of
for
up
trunk
like
30
50
to
which
head
in
pyramidal
spreading. The tree has
is reproducing rapidly and
abundant
and
valuable
growth
forests.
It
and
The
leaves
breadth,
are
heights of
feet, it
been
has
often
more
extensively cut,
in
of the
one
our
as
but
most
second-
young
planted
to
with
narrow
a
becomes
age
remains
trees
150
Growing
pines, and
an
mental
orna-
tree.
simple,4
4-l()bed,dark
to 6 inches
green
in
in
summer,
length and
turning
yellow in the fall.
The
greenish-yellow tulip-shaped flowers appear
in April. The fruit is a narrow
light-brown, upright
en
long, made
cone, 2 to 3 inches
up of seeds, each
closed
in a hard
with
bony coat and
a
provided
which
makes
it
carried
wing
easily
by the wind.
wood
is light, soft, easily worked, light yelThe
low
with
wide
or
cream-colored
brown,
sapwood.
It is extensively cut into lumber
for interior
and
exterior
trim, vehicle bodies, veneers,
turnery and
other
high-grade uses.
to
a
clear
shade
has
the
older
been
height
nal-growth
Origi-
feet.
to 10
diameters
feet and
size.
seen, it has a
of 3 to 4 feet.
diameter
trees, however, attain
190
two-thirds
natural
commonly
more
moun-
POPLAR
Twig,
tain
of
throughout
the deep
in
the
of
one
trees
in
size.
natural
one-third
is
commonly
largest size
and
streams
its
heartwood
hardwood
YELLOW
Leaf,
its
tuiip-likeflowers.
and
largest
moist
the
attractive
its
the
received
tulip tree,
or
from
SASSAFRAS
(Sassafras officinaleN.
is
sassafras
and
E.)
small, aromatic
tree, usually
height or a foot in diameter.
It is common
on
throughout the State
dry soils,
is
of the
one
except in the higher mountains, and
abandoned
trees
to come
tirst broad-leaf
on
lields,
up
birds.
where
the seeds
It
is
are
dropped by
closely
bark of
The
tree of Japan.
related to the camphor
THE
not
feet
40
over
a
in
SASSAFRAS
Twig,
the
trunk
and
that
few
the
and
deeply
thick, red-brown
is
bright green.
twigs
is
trees
are
having
tree,
same
It is
very characteristic.
of widely different
leaves
or
even
entire, 4 to
lobe, resembling the
others
are
divided
The
lobes.
young
flowers
The
with
open
and
the
female
fruit is
are
first
flowers
on
thumb
at
scarlet
cup
end
into
twigs
are
outer
and
leaves
furrowed
of the
one
shape
Some
unfolding
usually
are
end
of the
dark
blue
seed
one
while
still
distinct
3
quite
to
of
a
a
black,
or
small
scarlet
The
different
surrounded
and
be
leaves.
on
on
are
have
clustered, greenish yellow,
an
at the
twig.
long; others
a
mitten;
same
on
the
oblong,
berry, containing one
base
by what
appears
The
the
6 inches
and
oval
size.
natural
of the
leaves
The
one-third
Leaf,
size.
natural
one-half
cilaginous.
mu-
and
male
trees.
lustrous
at
the
orange-red
or
stalk.
light,soft,weak, brittle,and durable
is dull orange-brown.
It
in the soil ; the heartwood
and
is used for posts, rails, boat-building, cooperage
bark
of the roots
for ox -yokes. The
yields the very
for flavoring
much
aromatic
oil of sassafras
used
candies
and
various commercial
products.
The
wood
is
56
^^"J5"^-^
-^^^"^4^-
-e"
-^^"X?:t"^
^"
GUM
SWEET
(Red
^"
-^^"^^
Gum)
(Liquidambar styraciflua L.)
sweet
THE
occurs
is
gum
rich
on
large
a
river
valuable
bottoms
forest
frequent overflow, as well as
throughout the lower and middle parts
in second
It is usually abundant
growth
to
in
and
bark
The
woods.
cut-over
by corky scales,
roughened
often
twigs
of the
State.
old
on
fields
is a light gray,
becoming deeply
later
After
furrowed.
It
tree.
in swamps
ject
subdrier uplands
on
and
the
develop
second
the
year
2 to 4
corky projections
bark, which
give them
a
a p
winged
of the
-
pearance.
The
simple,
al
t
er
star
ate
n
shaped
-
leaf,with
5 to
or
its
7
points
lobes, is
5 to 7 inches
and
across
very
matic.
a
Leaf,
Twig,
one-third
natural
two-thirds
size.
natural
through
pale yellow
coloring
GUM
i
s
brilliant,
ranging from
red
to
a
deep
size.
and
orange
o-
the
its
fall
SWEET
r
In
bronze.
flowers
The
unfolding
reminds
the
of
one
closer
inch
or
stem
with
the
the
wood
of
balls
the
same
tree,
fruit at first glance
on
the
be
proves
in diameter
on
into
late
The
The
to
more
capsules
hangs
kinds
two
leaves.
the
inspection
an
many
of
are
with
a
sycamore,
head.
but
It
is made
and
on
ures
meas-
up of
It frequently
projecting spines.
tree
by its long swinging
winter.
is
heavy, moderately
hard, closereddish
The
grained, and not durable on exposure.
brown
red gum,
heartwood, which suggests the name
is not
in logs
present to any appreciable extent
under
inches
16
and
the
This
in
for
used
for
veneers
heartwood
diameter.
The
flooring,interior
are
as
imitation
tree
should
baskets
of
all
wood
is extensively
finish,paper
kinds.
Veneers
pulp
of
largely used in furniture, sometimes
Circassian
or
walnut.
mahogany
be more
widely planted for ornamental
use.
57
'^"i^.^
-"--^^-o^-
SYCAMORE
{Platanus
THE
sycamore,
the
America.
It
streams
and
and
rich
on
called
its
the
rapid-growing
a height of
attains
140
In
It is
maturity
to 170
sidered
con-
North
State
largest
bottomlands.
trees.
more
is
in
tree
throughout
reaches
L.)
buttonwood,
largest hardwood
occurs
abundant
most
also
occidentalis
but
size
is
along
of the
one
it occasionally
feet and
a
diame-
STCAMORE
Leaf,
one-third
size.
natural
Twig
one-half
size.
natural
ter
of 10
to
11
feet.
large secondary trunks,
limbs
form
It often
and
the
forks
into
massive
several
spreading
head
sometimes
100 feet across.
open
bark of the sycamore
is a characteristic
ture.
feathe younger
it
On
and
limbs
is
trunk
large
The
an
in color.
The
outer
smooth, greenish gray
yearly flakes off in large patches and exposes
Near
the base
the nearly white
bark.
of
younger
brown
old trees the bark
becomes
dark
and
thick,
divided
by deep furrows.
leaves are
The
simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches
and
about
and
smooth
as
long
broad, light green
The
of
leafstalk
is
base
the
above, and paler below.
hollow
in falling oflf exposes
the winter
and
bud.
fruit is a ball about
The
in diameter, con1 inch
spicuous
winter
the
it
as
throughout
hangs on its
flexible stem, which
is 3 to 5 inches
long. During
early spring the fruit ball breaks up, and the smaU
seeds
are
widely scattered
by the wind.
The
wood
is hard
and
moderately strong, biit
for
It is used
decays rapidly in the ground.
butchers'
tobacco
furniture
and
terior
inblocks,
boxes,
very
bark
finish.
The
European
to disease
or
ject
planetree, is less subsycamore,
than
our
species and has been Avidely
planted in this country
for
58
ornament
and
shade.
-e"-^^"
canadensis
(Amelanchier
G
rounded
top,
The
bark
and
upper
tree, 20
small
a
thin, ashy
is
part
little
is often
but
mountain
50
feet
high
rather
a
branches
breaking
into
low
shal-
fissures
on
the
trunk.
ghort
leaves
The
-
stalked,
finely
pointed,
ovate,
2
toothed,
inches
4
to
long,
purplish
until
nearly
brown
mature,
becoming
then
nate,
alter-
are
slender
and
green,
early
scattered
flowers
white
The
OR
in
erect
spring,
the
leaves, making
the
leafless
ripe, one-third
in
June.
are
very
have
men
known
to
the
been
to
trees
The
forest
the
wood
close-grained
used
tree
to
for
gather
encourage
one
is
heavy,
and
dark
This
handles.
and
one-half
to
ripening early
of
should
the
or
with
in
quite conspicuous
fruit is sweet, edible, rounded,
The
when
tree
before
early
the
forest.
budding
or
in
clusters
size.
pear
ap-
ing
droop-
or
SERVICE-TREE
natural
ered
cov-
hairs.
silky
One-half
light
a
with
SERVICE-BERRY,
shrub.
a
the
on
and
narrow,
than
more
stem, and
the
of
the
smooth
gray,
State
on
to
diameter, with
in
inches
18
to
is
It
slopes.
the
throughout
development
its best
attains
and
service-berry
as
is found
as
Medic.)
known
also
service-tree,
THE
"sarvis,"
locally
but
SERVICE-TREE
OR
SERVICE-BERRY,
be
Birds
inch
and
of
fond
crop
is
a
It
is
desirable
for
this
zens
deni-
fruit,
and
destroy
fruit.
exceedingly hard,
brown.
ter,
diame-
other
and
of
purple
in
the
down
cut
good
planted
birds.
an
dark
strong,
occasionally
ornamental
purpose
and
"
^"-^-^"^
.#^"j3^j"-^ '-^-mf-^^'
serotina
{Prunus
and
in the
is at its best
tree
open
have
trees
grown
long
with
trunks
clear
The
mountains.
short
and
with
trunks
many
bark
The
is smooth
trunks
young
forest-
little taper ;
irregularspreading crowns.
and
branches
high
have
trees
grown
branches
on
3
1 to
Erh.)
tree, up to about 70 feet high
feet iu diameter, black
cherry as a
medium-sized
A
Cherry)
(WUd
CHERRY
BLACK
bright
and
reddish
brown,
conspicuby ous,
white,
marked
narrow,
horizontal
CHERRY
BLACK
oval
Twig,
two-thirds
Leaf,
one-third
by
edges broken
shiny above,
and
teeth, thick
incurved
fine
many
size.
shape, with
in
lance-like
to
Blze.
natural
natural
paler beneath.
and
purplish black, about
in long hanging
borne
fruit is dull
The
and
as
a
It
ripens
pea,
it has
a
summer,
and
slightlybitter
taste.
in
wood
The
is
late
large
clusters.
is edible, although
yellowishsap-
wdth
brown
is reddish
as
wood, moderately heavy, hard, strong, fine-grained,
and
does
valuable
not
for
or
warp
and
its lustre
seasoning.
split in
color
furniture, interior finish,tool^, and
With
cherry
other
lumber
hardwood
exception
the
has
of
a
of
greater
the
eastern
60
is
is used
for
implement
dles.
han-
and
black
unit
It
walnut,
value
United
than
States.
the
any
LOCUST
HONEY
under
wide
a
in
fields.
and
a
height
of
variety
It sometimes
commonly
throughout
scattered
occurs
L.)
except high in the mountains.
State
the
soil
and
It reaches
feet.
a
and
It grows
tions.
condi-
moisture
forest,but
places beside
in the
occurs
corners
of 75
-e^
{Gleditsiatriacanthos
locust
honey
THE
-^-$^-c5:"^^
^"-^?#="'55^^-^
"-^^"j5:|}"-^ -e"-^s%""!"?^-s
waste
diameter
bark
The
on
inches
of 30
old
more
roads
and
is dark
trees
is
and
gray
into
divided
thin
tight
scales.
The
strong
thorns"
straight,
brown,
b
hed,
c
an
r
sharp
and
shiny
which
the
on
grow
1
year
-
wood
m
and
ai
old
re-
for
n
years
cient
suffi-
many
"
-
are
tify
to identhe
honey
locust.
LOCUST
HONEY
The
Twig,
three-quarters
Leaf,
one-quarter
natural
size.
natural
size.
leaf is
pinnate,
o
r
feather
like,
sisting
leaflets;or it is twice-pinnate,con7 pairs of pinnate or secondary leaflets,
8 inches
bling
resemlong and somewhat
-
with
18
28
to
of 4 to
each
the
6 to
of the black
leaf
fruit is
The
twisted,
1 to
when
black
a
pod,
locust.
10
to
18
inches
long,
11/2 inches wide, flat,dark
ripe and
containing yellow
brown
often
or
sweetish
The
seeds are
and
each
pulp and seeds.
very hard
is separated from
the
others
by the pulp. The
pods are eaten by many
animals, and as the seeds
hard
to digest, many
thus
are
are
widely scattered
from
the
The
parent
wood
is
It is used
black
be
coarse-grained, hard, strong and
in contact
with
the
ground.
durable
moderately
not
tree.
for
confused
fence
with
posts and
the
very
locust.
62
crossties.
durable
It should
wood
of the
5"-m=^"i^'
(Yellow Locust)
LOCUST
BLACK
{Rohinia pscudacacia L.)
black
THE
State
locust
in all soils and
and
mountains,
100
feet
the
other
and
diameter
a
sections
in thickets
of
clay
on
as
the
banks
forest
a
entire
of moisture
conditions
only
tree
of 80
to
height
of 30 inches.
Throughout
it occurs
State
generally
waste
or
places, or singly
fence
rows.
along
and
The
twigs
it attains
where
the
throughout
It is found
except in swamps.
in the
occurs
a
branchlets
armed
are
i t h
straight o r
sharp,
slightlycurved
times
strong spines, somew
much
as
inch
in
the
attached
to
bark
for
outer
many
bark
which
length
remain
is
The
years.
dark
brown
into
divides
and
strips
1
as
the
as
tree
older.
grows
leaves
The
pinnate,
feather-like,
or
from
6
are
10
to
inches
iu
length, consisting
of
from
7
thin
long
ob-
19
to
leaflets.
flowers
The
a jo
white
fragrant,
cream-colored,
BLACK
Leaf,
Twig,
LOCUST
appear
one-third
natural
sizf.
two-thirds
natural
sizo.
spring
3 to
5 inches
in
pendant
The
from
i
long containing
fruit
u
or
and
early
graceful
racemes.
is
4 to 8 small
a
pod
hard
which
ripen late in the fall. The pod splits
during
winter, discharging the seeds. Some
open
attached
seeds
to each
half of the
usually remain
this
and
acts
which
the seeds
as
a
wing upon
pod,
seeds
the
are
borne
The
to considerable
distances
before
the
strong
winds.
spring
wood
is
yellow in color, coarse-grained, very
in conheavy, very hard, strong, and very durable
tact
with
the soil.
It is used
extensively for fence
ally
posts, poles, tree nails, insulator
pins and occasionfor
lumber
and
fuel.
'i^-"^HOLLY
hollj occurs
THE
State.
the
found
also
is much
the
large
for
Christmas
It is a
and
throughout
soil,but is
situations.
due
formerly,
to
cities
to the
shipped
It
decorations.
small
in
than
now
gathered
amount
drier
and
higher
abundant
less
Ait.)
sparingly scattered
prefers a rich moist
It
on
the
feet
(7ica?opaca
tree, seldom
evergreen
12
and
height
inches
in
bark
exceeding
diameter.
is
light
roughened by
growths. The
short, slender
form
numerous
branches
of
especiallywhen
the
narrow
ing
strik-
color
dark-green
with
and
wart-like
head
pyramidal
The
gray
dense,
a
30
efifect,
well
laden
conspicuous
red
berries.
leaves
The
simple,
are
alternate, oval, thick
and
leathery, 2 to 4 inches
with
armed
long, and
spiny teeth; they persist
HOLLY
Two-thirds
size.
three
for
branches
the
on
natural
about
then
they drop
the spring.
whitish
and inconspicuous;
are
small,
female
flowers
are
usually borne on
years,
off in
The
the
flowers
male
and
trees.
separate
The
fruit,which
red
or
sometimes
one-quarter
to 6 ribbed
The
white.
work
of
the
branches
the
on
wood
It
and
ripens
of
late
the
over
yellow, nearly
an
in
inch
fall and
in the
winter,
round
is
a
berry,
diameter
sists
perdull
about
containing
4
nutlets.
is
is
light,tough,
valued
and
wood-turning.
larger,
finer
trees
84
not
much
strong,
used
For
this
have
been
and
for
nearly
cabinet
purpose
cut
and
many
keted.
mar-
"e"
-#^"j?:|?"-^ -e"
MAPLE
SUGAR
THE
sugar
common
mountains.
faster
it grows
open
crown,
symmetrical, dense
very
shade.
Marsh.)
saccharum
tree, is
maple, often called sugar
higher
only on the cool slopes of our
It is generally a rather
sloAv-growiug
the
in
tree, but
a
{Acer
has
and
a
affording heavy
quite extensively planted as
is light gray
bark on young
trees
It is therefore
shade
The
tree.
to
brown
and
rather
smooth,
but
as
tree
grows
it
older
the
breaks
up
into
long,
irregular
plates o r
scales,
MAPLB
SUGAR
Leaf,
one-third
natural
ouf-half
natural
Twig,
size.
which
vary
from
light
gray
almost
to
black.
The
twigs
are
smooth
size.
dish
red-
and
and
brown,
The
a
tree
attains
and
sugar
with
the
maple
leaves
The
are
5
of
than
more
The
more.
flowers
100
feet and
yields maple
sap
5 inches
pointed
green
the
on
simple, opposite,
across,
lobes,
sparsely toothed
The
lobes being rounded.
the upper
surface, lighter
and
beneath, turning in autumn
green
of dark
and
red, scarlet, orange
The
sharp-pointed.
buds
syrup.
between
dark
or
3 to
are
3 to
divisions
leaves
height
a
of 3 feet
diameter
winter
the
shades
to brilliant
clear
yellowish green, on
stalks,appearing with the leaves,
are
yellow.
long
the
like
thread-
two
kinds
in
The
separate clusters.
fruit,which ripens in the
or
fall,consists of a two-winged "samara,"
"key,"
the two wings nearly parallel,about
1 inch in length
and
It is easily carried
containing a seed.
by the
wind.
The
and
wood
light brown
is
hard, heavy, strong, close-grained
in color.
It is known
hard
maple, and is used
flooring,furniture, shoe-lasts
as
novelties.
65
in
the
and
a
cuniiiuirciully
manufacture
of
great variety of
RED
red
THE
MAPLE
maple,
short-lived.
inferior
the
this
on
old
maple,
the
State.
as
shade
a
maple.
limbs
and
bark
and
dark
3
when
surface
down.
In
of
orange
red,
The
spring
sometime
are
small, red
ripens
of
consists
inch
1
to
reddish
The
maple,
a
in
wood,
for
furniture,
fuel.
they
The
the
with
to brilliant
turn
pale
shades
late
spring
of
winged
is
or
in
turning
The
color.
for
deep
a
winter
early
buds
The
It
summer.
keys,
or
drooping
one-half
stems,
red,
color.
commercially
It
early
blunt-pointed.
seeds,
long
on
yellow
which
or
in
appear
buds
open.
round
length,
and
rated
sepa-
and
green
covered
clusters
and
or
are
openings.
known
heavy, close-grained,rather
light-brown
of
leaves
from
have
and
light
partly
leaves, the
pairs
brown
is
in
rough
size.
which
or
is
dense
before
red
fruit
in
the
before
and
yellow.
and
flowers
red
and
size.
long
sinuses
and
the
autumn
much
cially
espe-
gray
lobes,
mature
whitish
surface
lower
relatively
smooth
is
natural
5 inches
to
by sharp angular
upper
usually
maples,
natural
one-half
saw-toothed
pointed,
5
to
2
and
MAPLE
one-third
Twig,
are
is
tributed
dis-
trunk.
Leaf,
leaves
widely
It
other
The
stems,
young
is
tree, though
the
to
purpose
RED
The
L.)
tree, quick-growing
sugar
light gray
ruhrum
swamp
It is used
for
the
on
or
throughout
medium-sized
a
{Acer
is used
in
the
weak
as
soft
of
and
manufacture
turnery, woodenware,
and
also
BUCKEYE
YELLOW
Marsh.)
octandra
(Aesculus
buckeye, generally
yellow buckeye, or sweet
flourishes
in the rich
as
known
buckeye,
simply
THE
mountain
it attains
It
feet.
rich
chiefly,however,
one-third
Nut,
bark
breaks
up
moist
BUCKEYE
Twig,
uplands,
natural
three-quarters
natural
oue-Quarter
size.
size.
smooth
somewhat
is gray -brown
and
thin
irregular scales.
the
divided
of any
member
those
other
of
other
of
attacks
of
a
but
which
causes
tree
buckeye
sometimes
into
disease
our
the
usually 5, but
{y or
7 oblong, pointed, sharply toothed
1o () inches
long, all set on the end of the
which
about
are
as
long as the leaflet.
fall
early in the autumn
usually
very
are
of the
-i
the
into
species except
group,
of
from
shrub.
sizp.
leaves^ unlike
The
where
diameter
a
westward
and
YELLOW
natural
and
and
bottoms
a
as
Leaf,
The
feet
90
eastward
in
mountains
of
height
a
extends
Appalachians,
southern
of the
coves
leaflets
4
leaf
stems,
The
leaves
on
account
large
brown
spots.
flowers
yellowish (sometimes purplish),
about
the leaves
are
opening when
fruit is smooth, roundish,
lialf grown.
The
rusty
chestnuttwo
or
rounded,
brown, enclosing one
kernel
The
called
buckeyes.
brown, shiny seeds
is "sweet"
enough to be eaten readily by hogs and
The
in
large
are
clusters
cattle.
The
used
wood
is
cays
cream-white, light and soft and deIt is
rapidlj' when
exposed to the weather.
for
and
for wooden
artificial
limbs,
paper
ware,
pulp.
67
^"^^='"^^'
OR
LINDEN,
forest
that
they
the
mountains,
feet
diameters
and
as
a
a
of
grouii
lar
simi-
so
group
together. They
where
they
mon
com-
are
trees, attaining heights
bark is
of i feet. The
timber
valuable
lins,are
considered
being
are
chieflyin
80
or
distinctive,yet
trees
and
of
{Tiliaspecies)
lindens, basswoods
THE
grow
BASSWOOD
is often
light brown, deeply furrowed, and
for making rough camp
buildings.
furnishes
bast for making mats.
peeled
inner
The
bark
leaves
The
less heart-
or
more
are
shaped, 3 to 6
inches
long, thin,
saw
-toothed,
smooth
both
on
in
sides
some
but woolly
species,
the
on
under
face
sur-
of others.
flowers
The
OK
LINDEN,
natural
size.
united
bract.
the
them
from
They
make
bees
are
very
dle
mid-
to the
of
leaf-like
is
flower-stem
the
size.
natural
one-half
Twig,
yellowish white,
ters
in drooping clusopening in
and
early summer,
BASSWOOD
one-third
Leaf,
are
long,
row,
nar-
fragrant
and
a
choice-
of
large amounts
grade honey.
The
fruit is
dry,
berry-like,
a
1
or
2
seeded
pod, one-quarter to one-half an
with
short, thick and
diameter, covered
rounded
wool.
bract, which
the
in
attached
It remains
later
acts
as
a
clusters
wing
to bear
and
in
inch
brownish
to the
leafy
it away
on
wind.
The
brown
wood
in
is
light,soft,tough, not durable, light
color.
pulp,
wooden
manv
other
ware,
It is used
in
the
manufacture
furniture,trunks, excelsior
articles.
68
of
and
^"-m=""^'
SOURWOOD
sourwood
THE
State
in the
bark
The
arhorcum
scattered
and
alluvial
DC.)
throughout
soil, but
poor
parts of the
dimensions, 8
30 to 40 feet
and
the
is least
State.
to 12 inches
It
in diameter
high, rarely larger.
is
thin, lightgray and divided into narrow
ridges. On the strong, straight,firstit is often a bright red.
shallow
shoots
year
rich
low
of small
tree
a
is found
both
on
abundant
is
{Oxydcndrum
SOURWOOD
Leaf,
one-lmlf
naturni
two-thirds
Twig,
size.
natural
size.
from
2 to 5 inches
The leaves are
long, simple,
alternate, decidedly acid to the taste, often rough
with
They are a lustrous green
solitary stiff hairs.
son
the upper
on
surface, generally turning a deep crimin the
flowers
The
borne
ends
fall.
are
small, white
5 to 10
panicles from
the twigs, and appear
in
in
of
provide
storehouses
excellent
honey.
fruit is
The
one-half
small
of nectar
or
inches
cream-colored,
long on the
late summer.
from
bees
which
They
make
conical, dry capsule, one-third to
in length, containing numerous
These
ters
capsules hang in drooping clusa
inch
an
seeds.
sometimes
a
foot in
length,often
late
into
the
fall.
The
wood
brown
is used
some
to
other
is
in
some
heavy, hard,
very
color,sometimes
extent
for
uses.
70
compact,
close-grained,
with
red.
It
tinged
turnery, handles,
and
for
(EST
BLACK
THE
GUM
black
finds
in
sour
in
been
it
Weed-like,
of
conditions
and
In the lowlands
year-round
in the hills and
and
has
gum,
forest.
the
many
occasionally found
oaks
called
types of soil
throughout the State.
footing in
cypress,
with
often
weed
a
soil moisture
it is
{Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.)
gum,
considered
TTRSC^S
with
swamps
mountains
dry slopes
on
hickories.
and
leaves
The
long, entire,
shiny,
and
simple,
are
often
dark
broader
green
2
the apex,
near
in
inches
3
to
the
In
color.
the
fall
leaves
turn
a
liant
bril-
most
red.
The
bark
on
y ounger
is
trees
furrowed
b etwee
BLACK
One-half
greenish flowers
The
in
early spring
They
grown.
one-third
in two
inch
and
and
ually
gradvelops
de-
blocks
that
are
dense, hard
long
on
when
the
are
many-flowered
dark
a
slender
leaves
are
of
two
usually
heads
clusters
stems
and
on
the
pear
apabout
kinds,
female
different trees.
blue, fleshyberry, two-thirds
of
long, containing a singlehard-shelled
seed,
borne
on
long stems, 2 to 3 in a cluster.
is
The
ridges,
size.
to several-flowered
fruit is
The
an
in
male
flat
black.
nearly
the
natural
quadrangular
into
and
GUM
n
wood
in
is very
contact
with
tough, cross-grained,not
the
soil,hard
to
work,
able
durand
for
crate
and
basket
easily. It is used
box
shooks, rollers,mallets, rough floors,
veneers,
mine
trams, pulpwood, and fuel. In the old days,
warps
the hollow
trunks
were
used
71
for "bee
gums."
TUPELO
(Cotton Gum)
GUM
Marsh.)
{Nyssa aqiiatica
inhabits
only
which
coastal
or
swamps
deep
are
during a part of the year.
usually inundated
The
enlarged base, large-sizedfruit, or
commonly
"plum," hanging on a long stem, together with the
of the
to
brittleness
distinguish it
twigs, serves
the black
It forms
from
a
tall,often slowly
gum.
crooked
somewhat
tapering,
trunk, 50 to 75 feet in height
cotton
tupelo
THE
or
gum,
river swamps
the
gum,
feet
3
and
2
The
spreading,
to
branches
long
The
a
small
ob-
narrow,
head.
pyramidal
branches
smooth
generally
are
and
light
bark
The
is thin, dark
trunk
and
brown,
up
in
brown
of the
and
rowed
furthe
down
trunk.
leaves
The
ovate
in
long
When
mature,
TUPELO
GUM
two-thirds
and
long
shaped
somewhat
flowers,
are
the
male
in
enlarged
round
March
3
to
The
4
inches
wood
separate
on
the
for
trees,
female
stems.
borue
stone,
on
a
so-called
inch
an
skin
slender
closing
en-
stalk
hmg.
is
light,soft, and
used
for
woodenware,
As
vegetable packages.
tupelo or bay poplar.
light in weight
floats
April,
or
fruit, ripening in early fall, is a
in shape, about
"plum," oblong or obovate
long, dark purple, and has a thick, tough
flattened
or
at the base.
The
a
on
is stout, 1 to
clusters, and
slender
and
slightlynotched
leaf-stem
in
appear
l)oi*ne
usually
dense
long
solitary on
and
green
the
side, 5 to 7
top, wedge-
the
at
on
downy
lower
which
kinds,
two
The
margin.
long, grooved
of
inches
4
base, irregular and
the
on
2 inches
The
the
at
toothed
to
2
they
side, pale
size.
the
inches
pointed.
-
lustrous
upper
size.
natural
natural
and
thick, dark
and
one-third
oblong
acute
often
are
Leaf,
Twig,
ple,
sim-
are
or
shape,
brooiu
lumber
The
and
fish nets.
72
not
strong.
handles, fruit
it is marketed
root-wood
is sometimes
r
diameter.
rather
form
or
color.
in
is
often
used
It
ia
and
as
tremely
ex-
for
^
'\
'
^":^'
PERSIMMON
{Diospyros virginiana L.)
persimmon, often called "simmon," is well
It is a small
known
tree,
throughout its range.
in
feet
in
and
18
inches
50
rarely exceeding
height
diameter, occurring throughout the State, except
in the high mountains.
It seems
to prefer dry, open
is
in
and
abundant
most
old
situations,
fields,
rich bottomlands.
bark of
The
on
though it occurs
THE
is almost
old trees
black
and
rated
sepathick
into
nearly
blocks,
square
much
like
the black
gum.
leaves
The
are
alternate, oval,
6
to
entire, 4
dark
inches
long,
and
green
above,
shining
The
appear
white,
PERSIMMON
Twig,
natural
three-quarters
two
size.
kinds
on
trees
of
clusters
visited
by
2
berry,
the
female
; the
the
ring
occur-
separate
male
in
solitary. They
are
insects.
many
fruit is
The
brown
3,
or
cream-
somewhat
bell-shaped,
size.
natural
lowish
yel-
are
or
one-half
flow-
small
erS;, which
in May,
Leaf,
neath.
be-
paler
pulpy, round,
a
inch
an
or
more
several
orange-colored
in diameter
and
or
taining
con-
It is
flattened,hard,
often
but
strongly astringent while
quite
green,
delicious
and
when
sweet
thoroughly ripe. It is
much
relished
by children, and by dogs, 'possums
and
other
The
wood
smooth
seeds.
animals.
is
hard, dense, heavy, strong, the heartbrown
wood
or
black, the wide sapwood white or yellowish.
It is particularlyvalued
for shuttles,golfstick heads, and
similar
special uses, but is not ot
sufficient commercial
to warrant
its general enuse
couragement
as
a
timber
tree.
73
^-m""i^'
.^-^^^sft^.^
SILVERBELL
tree
THIS
or
but
more,
in favorable
for
commercial
found
along
the
it makes
planted,as
a
localities
does
It is
a
inches
it grow
commonly
It is occasionally
desirable
leaves
The
attains
of 30
use.
the
out
through-
It
watercourses.
upper
in
diameter
a
only
large enough
extends
region.
feet and
L.)
development
but
Mountains,
100
of about
height
its best
mountainous
whole
the
in
occurs
Smoky
Great
Carolina
{Halesia
ornamental
tree.
simple,opposite,
arc
oval, pointed,thin, finelytoothed,
and
6
to
bark
from
U
i
I \\\ \Xf^
tt
\^7 /^U^
^)l\^^fev
R
trees
It
scales
and
one-third
Twig,
natural
size.
from
1 to
with
a
seed
The
with
2
is a
bony
wood
white
for
a
flowers
white
are
tinged
with
the
snowdrop
long
and
inch
long,
early spring
an
in
appear
unfolding
an
the
fruit is
The
tree.
nearly
of the
suggest
corky, four-winged covering.
inch
wide,
solitary
The
stone.
is
; the
large enough,
The
and
inches
the
older.
bell-like flowers
pendent,
silverbell
names
strips as
pink, nearly
with
The
old
size.
and
leaves.
in
sometimes
or
natural
one-half
dark
very
a
separates into
grows
The
to
in
gray
brown
trees.
tree
Leaf,
light
reddish
SILVERBELL
4
in color
ranges
very
young
( \i^'
length from
inches.
The
\ -Wy/
in
vary
soft, light cherry-coloredstreaked
sapwood
it is cut
is white
for lumber
or
Where
creamy.
and
used
as
a
stitute
sub-
cherry.
large commercial
tree
separate species,Halesia
is
by
some
ino)iticola
74
considered
Sarg.
ASH
WHITE
white
THE
throughout the State, but
soils
advantage in the rich moist
is found
ash
best
to
grows
of mountain
height
average
2 to 3 feet, though
an
virgin
gray
to
Twig,
one-half
a
river
and
coves
much
rather
WHITE
leaves
The
and
of the
have
white
from
beneath.
in
trees
Itself
provides
trees, the
the
female
ash
is
the
and
are
The
on
in
a
handle
5
or
more
The
distributed
preferred
handles, such
to
reddish
This
fact
in
the
identifying
kinds
different
on
purple
bunches.
its
all
fruits
white
clusters
and
fruit of the
The
toughness
other
native
in
mature
ash
the
late
is extremely
and
oars,
extensivelyfor furniture
valuable
elasticity. It
woods
75
and
at
summer
for
small
implements
as
rackets,
agricultural implements.
It is
used
the
winds.
athletic
and
and
of
two
effectively
by
of the
of
leaflets.
11/2 inches
long, resembling
paddle in outline, with the seed
end.
account
8 to 12 inches
1 to
canoe
wood
diamond-
plainly stalked, sharpsmooth
above, pale
form
the only group
of
that
have
pound
opposite, com-
of
open
size.
natural
and
means
are
dense
from
are
more
ready
a
in
male
winged,
of
green
ashes
flowers
The
group.
blade
with
a
9
to
America
tern
ea
ash
5
The
leaves
light
ridges are
narrow
regularity by deep,
long
pointed leaflets,dark
green
from
Leaf, one-third
separated with marked
shaped fissures.
in
found
are
color
of
ASH
size.
natural
diameter
a
trees
in
varies
The
-brown.
gray
feet and
larger
bark
It reaches
bottomlands.
to 80
of 50
The
forest.
L.)
americana
{Fraxinus
interior
is
tool
bats
also
finish.
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
IS
Abies
Acer
Page
Aeeculus
67
Amelanchier
59
Fagus
Ash,
White
75
Fir.
Bald
Cypress...
Balsam,
48
White
48
Winged
49
33
Fraser
15
16
Fraxinus
75
Mountain
15
Gleditsia
62
She
15
Gum,
Black
71
Southern
15
Cotton
72
68
Red
57
Basswood
Bay,
American.
Elm,
65-66
Pine
11
Sweet
57
Sweet
53
Tupelo
72
White
53
Hackberry
50
33
Halesia
74
28-30
Hemlock
14
Beech
Betula
Black
30
Hemlock,
Cherry
30
Hemlock
Red
28
Bitternut
21
River
28
Mockernut
23
Sweet
30
Pale-leaved
24
i"
Pignut
24
21
Scaly-bark
22
Birch,
Yellow
Bitternut
Hickory
.
Carolina
14
Spruce
Hickory,
14
Sweet
67
Shagbark
22
Yellow
67
Shellbark
22
10
Small-fruited
Buckeye,
*"
Butternut
Buttonball
24
...
58
White
23
58
Whiteheart
23
.^.
f7.
Buttonwood
Carpiuus
32
Carya
21-24
Castanea
Cedar,
34
Holly
64
Locust
Honey
Hop
Hornbeam
62
31
Red
18
Hornbeam
32
White
17
Ilex
64
31, 32
Celtls
50
Ironwood
Cercis
61
Judas-tre0
61
19-20
Chamaecyparis
17
Juglans
Cherry,
60
Juniper
17
18
Black
60
Juniperus
Chestnut
34
Linden
68
Comus
69
Linn
68
Cottonwood
27
Liquidambar
57
Wild
Cottonwood,
Cucumber
Cypress,
Swamp
Tree
Bald
Diospyros
Dogwood
26
Liriodendron
52
Locust,
63
16
Honey
62
73
YeUow
69
""
55
Black
Magnolia,
76
Mountain
63
53,54