1 The Dolphin System Clearwater Systems, Inc. Advanced Water Treatment Equipment Clearwater Systems 2 Elihu Harris State Building Clearwater Systems 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Labs Clearwater Systems 4 N. California Dolphin Customers Raley’s - 120 Dolphins LBNL – 7 Dolphins Sun Micro Systems 30 Dolphins HP –12 Dolphins County of Santa Clara – 11 Dolphins Dole – 7 Dolphins UC Davis –35 Dolphins Los Rios College District -13 Dolphins Genentech – 12 Dolphins Clearwater Systems City of Berkeley Clearwater Systems 5 6 Clearwater Systems 1111 Jackson St. Oakland, CA Clearwater Systems 7 8 Pulsed-Power Water Treatment New patented technology unique in the marketplace Technology developed at a University, with biological control originated in the food pasteurization industry Excellent track record Units operating in industrial settings since 1994 Over 3000 units in the United States Over 1000 units in Northern California Clearwater Systems 9 Cooling System Treatment Scaling Control Corrosion Control Microbial Control Clearwater Systems CTI – HVAC System Energy Comparison • Chiller Systems •Air-cooled chiller system •Centrifugal chiller system (water-cooled) 1.49KW/ton 0.94KW/ton • Packaged Systems •Roof-top units (air-cooled) •Self-contained units (water-cooled) Clearwater Systems 1.42KW/ton 1.14KW/ton 10 11 The Dolphin--Faraday’s Law Clearwater Systems The yellow arrows represent a time varying, longitudinal magnetic field that is constantly growing, shrinking and reversing direction. It is induced by a complex configuration of coils and circuitry. The changing magnetic field induces a circumferential electric field represented by the black arrows that constantly grows, shrinks and changes direction in the water inside the pipe. The electric field effects the surface charge and precipitation behavior of charged particles regardless of water velocity, temperature, pH or ion strength. The properties of the electric field are controlled by Dolphin circuitry. Relative Sizes Ions and Suspended Particles The dot on the i represents a calcium ion and is shown compared to a 15 inch diameter sphere which represents a 1μ suspended particle. Ion 10-9 meter i Clearwater Systems Suspended Particle 10-6 meter 12 Conductivity Measurements with the Dolphin Conductivity activated blowdown: • Reliable, Durable Conductivity measures dissolved minerals but not powder Conductivity ratio is not at all useful for measuring cycles of concentration You can save water with substantially lower conductivity settings Clearwater Systems 13 14 Red Bluff Peaker Power Plant 16 Evapco Fluid Coolers Clearwater Systems 16 Dolphin Systems GE Betz – The Cost of Improper Water Treatment Clearwater Systems 15 16 Typical Cooling Tower Clearwater Systems 17 Clearwater Systems Credit Interpretation Request (5/21/03) ID Credit 1.1: WATER TREATMENT Intent: To reduce chemical and/or potentially hazardous discharges from the project site. Rationale: Water used in site or building-related systems, such as wastewater treatment facilities, cooling towers (water-based HVAC systems), steam boilers, decorative fountains, and/or laboratory or other manufacturing systems processes, often use chemical technology to treat characteristics of the water used. Chemical treatment is typically used to prevent mineral scale formation, control biological activity, and inhibit corrosion, as appropriate to each building system. Use of chemically treated waters often results in the chemicals themselves or their toxic byproducts being released to the environment, which is potentially damaging to ecosystems. Water treatment chemicals can be released into the environment via water discharge, air emissions, spills, spray, and drift. For example, in a cooling tower or decorative fountain, chlorine or some other biocide is commonly used to control biological activity and reduce pathogens. Most of the chlorine added to the system is rapidly discharged to the atmosphere as chlorine gas. Corrosion inhibitors such as zinc, molybdenates, and phosphates are discharged in the drift from a tower and spray from a fountain settling to the ground as well as through the sewer system with blowdown. Water softeners are often used to prevent scaling and as part of the water softener process, quantities of salt brine are discharged. Requirements: Use chemical-free water treatment technology in place of chemical treatment in site or building- related systems. 1. Provide a letter from the project engineer that includes a paragraph description of the water treatment system used and a diagram of how the system works. a) Specifically state the environmental benefit of the alternative system over a conventional system. b) State the chemicals and their quantities eliminated through the use of this alternative process. c) State how the treated water is discharged or disposed of and in what quantities. Technologies & Strategies: Electrical Field: Electronics are used to reduce scale build-up of limestone in plumbing systems from calcium or magnesium carbonate in the water. Electronic systems produce a pulsed, timevarying, induced electric field inside a PVC pipe that is fit directly into the cooling tower's recirculating water system. The electric signal changes the way minerals in the water precipitate, totally avoiding hard-lime scale by instead producing a non-sticking mineral powder in the bulk water. This powder is readily filterable and mostly removed during normal blowdown, or it settles loosely in the cooling tower basin for easy annual removal. Bacteria are incorporated into this mineral powder and therefore leave the system by blowdown, filtration, or settling. The encapsulated bacteria (some of which were injured via electroporation on their membrane walls, causing cell lysis) cannot reproduce, thus resulting in an exceedingly low bacteria population. Water softening is not necessary (in fact, it's discouraged) with this type of system treatment, and high cycles of concentration are usually obtainable, leading to significant water conservation. Project Manager's Ruling (6/24/03) It is possible that the project can achieve an innovation point if the certification application clearly documents that the strategy provides a significant environmental benefit. In the least, state the amount of waste water generated, the amount of treated versus non-treated water, and the quantity of each avoided chemical. Express the impact of avoided chemicals in tangible terms so the certification reviewers can readily assess the associated environmental benefits. 19 Typical Pulsed Signal Clearwater Systems 20 Microbial Control Electroporation: Damages Bacteria Membranes Encapsulation: Minerals Remove Bacteria Bacteria Electroporation Growing Mineral Crystals Encapsulating Microbes Clearwater Systems Superior Biological Control (Logarithmic) 10,000,000 Dolphin Control Started 3/22 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 12 /1 1 /0 0 /0 0 /1 2 /0 0 /0 0 8/ 13 10 Clearwater Systems 6/ 14 /0 0 4/ 15 /0 0 2/ 15 12 /1 7 /9 9 /9 9 /1 8 10 8/ 19 /9 9 100 21 22 Legionella Amplification Higher life forms: Amoeba grazing on biofilm The prey becomes the predator If water temperature is about 90oF, the Legionella eat the Amoeba from the inside. Millions of Legionella (Red) in a virulent state are spewed into the water when the host explodes. Clearwater Systems 23 Biological Control Chemical Treatment Dolphin Treatment Typical TBC of 20,000 to 50,000 CFU/ml Typical TBC of 1,000 to 2,000 CFU/ml Biocides are often corrosive Dolphin adds no corrosives Biocides are often species specific Dolphin is not species specific No good biocidal control solution for slime layer avoidance Dolphin wipes out biofilm Requires constant monitoring and adjustment of additions No adjustment required Slime layer presence promotes Legionella amplification Best Legionella control through Amplification prevention Clearwater Systems Environmental and Health & Safety Issues 24 Environment: Oxidizing biocides—particularly chlorine and bromine are targets of many regulations Zinc harms aquatic life—EPA considers zinc a persistent bioaccumulative toxin (PBT) Molybdenum is a heavy metal harmful to grazing livestock Biocides, phosphates and brines effect water treatment plants Federal laws regulate handling and discharge of chemicals (FIFRA, CERCLA, RCRA, CWA, CAA) Health and Safety Disinfection by-products (e.g., chloroform another PBT) OSHA regulations for most treatment chemicals Clearwater Systems Corrosion Performance in Cooling Towers No Localized Attack No pitting or microbial induced corrosion (MIC) Uniform Corrosion Benign alkaline chemistry with high hardness (pH 8.0 to 9.0)--calcium carbonate is a cathodic corrosion inhibitor No attack on copper/galvanized <2 mpy on steel Clearwater Systems 25 County of Sacramento Office Building No. 3 Clearwater Systems 26 Sutter Hospitals Ambulatory Care Energy Labs Crystal Cream & Butter Co. Sacramento, California 29 Clearwater Systems 30 Veterans Affairs Medical Center Complete conversion to Dolphin Water Treatment Payback 1.7 years DOE sponsored for energy saving Clearwater Systems 31 Clearwater Systems 32 Clearwater Systems