1. business and industrial
2. agriculture and forestry
3. crops and seed

INSTRUCTIONS
Before the test:
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the i nvigil at or.
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Use only HB pencil to fill in the Answer sheet.
4.
Enter in your Answer Sheet: (a) in Box 3, t Test Form Number that appears at the b(
ttS his p ge,
s.
6.
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(b) in Box 4, the Test Booklet Serial Numberthat appears atthe top of this page.
Ensure that your personal data have been entered correctly on Side- II of th6
sh
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Ensure that you have entered your 7-digit Test Registration Number in Box 2 fthe nswer sheet
0
correctly.
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Atthe start of the Test:
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1. As soon as the signal to start is given, open the Test Booklet. r
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2. This Test Booklet contains 36 pages, including the blan~
"es~ately after opening the Test
d
· order. If there is a pnoblem with your
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Booklet, verify that all the pages are printed properly
Test Booklet, immediately inform the invigi Iat or. ~ Wi1 e rovid ed with a replacement.
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How to answer:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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n s of the 1nv1g1l at or. Can d1d ates found v1olatmg the 1nstruwon sWill be
2.
You may retain this Test Booklet with you.
Candidares giving assisrance or seeking/receiving from any source in answering quesrions or copying in any
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Tesr Bookler for final examinarion.
Test Form Number:
SECTION I
1. A shop stores x kg of rice. The first customer buys half this amount pi us half a kg of rice. The second
customer buys half the remaining amount plus half a kg of rice. Then the third customer also buys ha If the
remaining amount plus half a kg of rice. Thereafter, no rice is I eft in the shop. Which of the following best
(1)
Hx~6
(2)5~x~8
(3)9~x~12
(4)11~x~14
(5)
1Hx~18
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Directions for Questions 2 and 3:
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describes the value of x?
Let J(x) = a)+ bx + c, where a, b and c are certain constants and a " 0. It is known
that 3 is a root of f(x) = 0.
(1) -7
(2) -4
(3)
(4) 6
2
~
(3)
IS
(2) 19
(3) 20
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(4) 37
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(1) 78
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(2) 14
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3. What 1sthe value of a+ b+ c?
(1) 9
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2. What is the other root of J(x) = 0?
77
(5) 22
determ1ned
The figure below shows the pi an of a town. The streets are at right angles to each other. A rectangular
park (P) is situated inside the town with a diagonal road running through it. There is also a prohibited
region (D) in the town.
"'~ h~
b'"''' from
h~
how• • ' "
h~
'"'" <
~
-
number of poss1 bl e shortest paths that she can choose 1s
(2) 75
(3)
45
(4) 90
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6. Neelam n des her b1cycle from her house at
number of poss1 bl e shortest paths that
(I)Um
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(1) 60
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(>~()(.)
c;
v1a B ta kmg the shortest path. Then the
ub
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0) ' "
Is die value of -
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>, .... "
(<! 1
blookbo.rn Tho
"' ........._
folio~"' "lh~ ~'"""'
'""""'
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In each repetition, any two numbers, say a and b, currently on the blackboard are erased and a new
number a+ b- 1 is written. What wi II be the number left on the board at the end?
(1) 820
(2) 821
(3) 781
(4) 819
(5) 780
= seed(s(n)), otherwise,
wheres(n) indicates the sum of digits of n. For example,
seed(7) = 7, seed(248)= seed(2 + 4 + 8)= seed(14)= seed(1 + 4) = seed(5)= 5 etc.
How many positive integers n, such that n < 500, wi II have seed(n) = 9?
(1) 39
(2) 72
(3) 81
(4) 108
(5) 55
10. In a triangle ABc; the lengths of the sides AB and AC equal17.5 em and 9 em respectively. Le
em) of the circle circum scribing the triangle ABC?
17.05
(2) 27.85
(3) 22.45
(4) 32.25
11. What are the last two digits of 7"SJos?
(1) 21
(2) 61
(3)01
(4)41
(5)81
(5) 26.25
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12. If the roots of the equation x'- a) +bx- c =0 are three consecutiv
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many
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what is the smallest possible value of b?
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point on the line segment BC such that 1>0 is perpendicular to BC If 1>0 = 3 em, then what is th
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5 F and H. Consider points P and Q, on L and inside ABCD, such that the angles APD and
20•. What is the ratio of the area of ABQCDP to the remaining area inside ABCD?
(2)2+1/3
(3} 1fH</3
9
l
(4)1+ 43
(5)243-1
17. Three consecutive positive integers are raised to the first, second and third powers respectively and
then added. The sum so obtained is a perfect square whose square root equals the total of the three
original integers. Which of the foil owing best describes the minimum, say m, of these three integers?
(1) Hm~3
(2) 4~m~6
(3) Hm~9
(4) 10~m~12
(5) 13~m~15
1 1
1 1
1
1
18. Find the sum 1+-+-+ 1+2+1 + ............. + 1 + - - + - 12 22
20072 20012
2 3
:zoo&.~
1
2007
(2) 2007--
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(1)
19. Two circles, both of radii 1 em, intersect such that the circumference of each or~
ugh the
centre of the circle of the other. What is the area (in sq em) of the intersecting regiv
(3) 4n- ./3
32
(4) 411 + ./3
32
20. Rahim plans to drive from city A to station c, at
there from B. He must reach Cat least 15 minutes b
A at 8:0 0 am and travels at a
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between west and northwest of B, with BC at 6
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A w1th AC at 30 • to AB. The latest t1 me by ~
(1)6:15 am
these~m
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ed
m
5 00 km south of
,c
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(2) 2n + ./3
32
34
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(1).!!- ./3
(2) 6:30am
21. Cons1 der a nght c1rcular
(3)
..!,.]
cA~us
per hour, to catch a train arriving
arrival of the train. The train I eaves B, located
km per hour. It is known that C is located
so, Cis located between south and southwest of
must leave A and st1ll catch the tra1n 1s closest to
(4) 7:00am
(5) 7:15am
4 em and he1ght 10 em. A cyh nder 1s to be pi aced 1ns1de the
i~ '" fho "'"of fho oooo ''"' fho '"''" "'"'blo •~•I '""'~
oooo w<h ooo of''"
area (in sq. em) of th cy
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(3)
~
(4) ":"
(S) '':"
Five horses, Red, White, Grey, Black and Spotted participated in a race. 1>s per the rules of the race, the
persons betting on the winning horse get four times the bet am aunt and those betting on the horse that
came in second get thrice the bet am aunt. Moreover, the bet am aunt is returned to those betting on the
horse that came in third, and the rest Iose the bet amount. Raj u bets Rs. 30 00, Rs. 20 00 Rs. 1000 on Red,
White and Black horses respectively and ends up with no profit and no loss.
22. Which of the following cannot be true?
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(1) At least two horses f1n1shed before Spotted
(2) Red f1n1shed last
(3) There were three horses between Black and Spotted
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(S) Grey came In second
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23. Suppose, 1n add1t1on, 1t 1s known that Grey came 1n fourth. Then wh1ch of the f~ cannot be
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true?
(1) Spotted came in first
(2) Red finished last
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((3 )) White came in second
4 Black came in second
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(S) There was one horse between Black and White
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Marks (1) if Q can be answered from A alone but not from B alone.
Marks (2) if Q can be answered from B alone but not from A alone.
Marks (3) if Q can be answered from A alone as well as from B alone.
Marks (4) if Q can be answered from A and B together but not from any of them alone.
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Marks (5) if Q cannot be answered even from A and B together.
In a single elimination tournament, any player is eliminated with a single loss. The tourname
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multiple rounds subject to the foil owing rules:
(a) If the number of players, say n, in any round is even, then the players aree ro Q
The pi ayers in each pair play a match against each other and the winner m ov on t
(b) If the number of pi ayers, say n, in any round is odd, then one of them is
·
bye, that is, he
are.f'ouped into ( n - 1)/2
n rs moves on to the next
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aut om ati cally m aves on to the next round. The remaining ( n - 1) p3
pairs. The pi ayers in each pair play a match against each other and
n/2 pairs.
ext round.
round. No pi ayer gets more than one bye in the entire tourna'1~ :
Thus, if n is even, then n/2 players m ave on to the next
roun~~~d, then (n + 1 )/2 pi ayers mave
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on to the next round. The process is continued till the fittr~~
players. The winner in the final round is the cham pion f ~u
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24. Q: What is the number of matches played '
1ch obviously is played between two
ment.
SECTION II
This section contains 25 questions
Directions for Questions 26 to 28: Answer the following questions based on the inform at ion given bel ow:
Se\:tional Cut-off Marks
176
45
175
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College 6
42
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43
45
St·ction C
42
College 3
College 4
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42
College I
St~ction
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For admission to various affiliated colleges, a university conducts a written test with four different
sections, each with a maximum of 50 marks. The following table gives the aggregate as welle.<::tth
sectional cut-off marks fixed by six different colleges affiliated to the university. A stud..._.......,
171
45
180
44
176
26. Ad1tya d1d not get a call ~
eve a smgle college. What could be the max1mum aggregate marks
obtained by h1 m?
(1)181
~
2)1
fr
(1)180
)18
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27. Bhama got c
(2) 21
3)184
(4)196
(5)190
o! ges. What could be the minimum aggregate marks obtained by her?
(3)196
(4)176
(5)184
(3) 25
(4) 35
(5) 41
The bar chart below shows the revenue received, in mill ion US Dollars (U SD ), from subscribers to a
particular Internet service. The data covers the period 2003 to 2007 for the United States (US) and Europe.
The bar chart also shows the estimate revenues from the subscription to this service for the period 2 008 to
2010.
1000
900
800
700
'i;;"
100
03
04
·r IIi~,! Ii
!
JJ
0
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OS
06
07
.•.•.•.·..·..•.·.
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08
Vear
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·~.l ·k~;,rl: I[11.· · · ·~~[·1~
[i.l[m .
·tli1· · · · · !!
1t~....
300
200
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600
500
400
us
~. Europe
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09
10
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stl!d~s
29. While the subscnpt1on 1n Europe has been grow1ng
that of the US, the growth rate 1n
Europe seems to be dechmng. Wh1 ch of the follow
~~st to the percent change 1n growth rate of
(2) 20
(3) 35
( 4) 60
0 4 )?
(. , . , _
.....
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(1) 17
ver
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2 00 7 (over 20 06) relative to the growth rate of 2
30. The difference between the estf
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ed:
~tion in Europe in 2008 and what it would have been if it
were computed using the percent a
'
rate of 20 07 (over 200 6), is closest to :
(1) 50
(2) 80
(3) 20
0
5) 0
31. In 20 03, sixty percef. of subscribers in Europe were men. Given that woman subscribers increase at
the rate of 10 perc
ibers between 2003 and 2010 in Europe? The subscription prices are volatile
( 4) 84
(5) 50
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annt m and men at the rate of 5 percent per annum, what is the approximate
...-..... the annual percent change in the gap between subscription revenues in the US and Europe.
;m,._...,,t he year in which the absolute value of this change is the highest?
(1) 03-04
(2) 05-06
(3) 06-07
(4) 08-09
(5) 09-10
There are 100 employees in an organization across five departments. The following table gives the
departem ent -wise distribution of average age, average basic pay and allowances. The gross pay of an
employee is the sum of his/her basic pay and allowances.
~:mployees
IIR
Average ,\vcrag{· Basic
Age (Yl~an)
5
!•ay (Rs. )
Allowances
(% of Basic J•a..,
5000
30
Bu~ i ncs~ Deve liJf.}ll'lent
42
Maimcnancc
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6500
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Finance
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lh·pa rtrncnt'
a department w1th h1gher average age to ~em
1th lower average age.
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f e£
33. There was a mutual transfer of
of one em pi oyee from M arke~
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e between Market1ng and F1nance departments and transfer
1>s a result, the average age of F1nance department 1ncreased by
one year and that of m arke~rtm ent remained the same. What is the new average age of HR
department?
transfer
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(2) 35
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(1) 30
a
-
(5) cannot be determined
person with basic pay of Rs. 8000 from the Marketing department?
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(1) ~~)11%
(4) 45
(3)13%
(4)15%
(5)17%
~mployees (each with a basic pay of Rs. 6000) are transferred from Maintenance department to
HR department and one person (with a basic pay of Rs. 80 00) was transferred from Marketing department
to HR department, what will be the percemage change in average basic pay of HR departmem?
(1) 10.5%
(2) 12.5%
(3) 15%
(4) 30%
(5)40%
Abdul, Bikram and Chetan are three professi anal traders who trade in shares of a company XYZ Ltd. Abdul
follows the strategy of buying at the opening of the day at 10 am and selling the whole Iot at the close of
the day at 3 pm. Bikram follows the strategy of buying at hourly intervals: 10 am, 11 am, 12 noon, 1 pm
and 2 pm, and selling the whole lot at the close of the day. Further, he buys an equal number of shares in
each purchase. Chetan follows a similar pattern as Bikram but his strategy is somewhat different. Chetan's
total investment am aunt is divided equally among his purchases. The profit or loss made by each investor
is the difference between the sale value at the close of the day less the investment in purchase. The
"returri' for each investor is defined as the ratio of the profit or loss to the investment am aunt e
day. Which trader got the minimum return on that day?
(2) Chetan
(3) Abdul
(4) Abdul or Chetan
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36. on a "boom" day the price of xvz Ltd. keeps rising throughout the day and peaks
(1) Bikram
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as a percentage.
d
(5) cannot be dG
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37. On a day of fluctuating market prices, the share price of XYZ Ltd. e~a Q in, i.e., it is higher at
(1) Bikram
(2) Chetan
ce
the close of the day com pared to the opening value. Which trader got th~m return on that day?
(3) Abdul
(4) Bikram or Chetan
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ot be determined
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38. Which one of the following statements is always true?
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(1) Abdul will not be the one with the minimum retur
(2) Return for Chetan will be higher than that of Bikr m
(3) Return for Bikram will be higher than that of e
(4) Return for Chetan cannot be higher than tha
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(5) none of the above
One day, two other traders, Dane~
n
11 oi
XYZ Ltd. Dane followed a strategy
·
selling the same numbers at2 1 ,
buying shares using all her m
for all the money at 1 p and
·
qual numbers of shares at 10 am, 11 am and 12 noon, and
and 3 pm. Emily, on the other hand, followed the strategy of
0 am and selling all of them at 12 noon and again buying the shares
selling all of them at the close of the day at 3 pm. At the close of the
ve~
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a
&
tl Abdul, Bikram and Chetan for trading in the shares of
(1) Share price was at its lowest at 2 pm
(2) Share price was at its lowest at 11 am
(3) Share price at 1 pm was higher than the share price at 2 pm
( 4) Share price at 1 pm was higher than the share price at 12 noon
(5) none of the above
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IJI n..~
(2) 11 am
111 ~11~:>1.
en
(3) 12 noon
(4) 1 pm
(5) cannot be determined
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(1) 10 am
VV d :> dl. n :>
There are three houses on each side of the road.
These six houses are labeled as P, Q, R, S, T and U.
(iii)
(i v)
The houses are of different col ours, namely, Red, Blue, Green, Orange, Yellow and White.
The houses are of different heights.
(v)
T, the tall est house, is exact I y opposite to the Red coloured house.
(vi)
(vii)
The shortest house is exact I y opposite to the Green coloured house.
U, the Orange coloured house, is located between P and S.
(viii) R, the Yellow coloured house, is exactly opposite toP.
(ix) Q, the Green coloured house, is exact I y opposite to U.
P, the White coloured house, is taller than R, but shorter than S and Q.
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(x)
41. What is the colour of the tallest house?
(1) Red
(2) Blue
(3) Green
(S) none of these
(4)Yellow
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(3) Green
(4) Red
43. Which is the second tallest house?
(2) s
(3)Q
(4) R
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(1) p
(S) none of these
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(2) Blue
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42. What is the colour of the house diagonally opposite to the Yellow col0
(1) White
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(i)
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In a sports event, six teams (A, B, C, D, E and F) are competing against each other. Matches are scheduled
in two stages. Each team plays three matches in Stage-1 and two matches in Stage-11. No team plays against
the same team more than once in the event. No ties are perm it ted in any of them atches. The observations
after the completion of Stage-I and Stage-II are as given below.
•
One team won all the three matches.
•
•
•
Two teams lost all them atches.
D lost to Abut won against C and F.
E lost to B but won against C and F.
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Stage-1:
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B Iost at least one match.
•
F did not play against the top team of Stage-1.
Stage-11:
The leader of Stage-llost the next two matches.
Of the two teams at the bottom after Stage-1, one team wo
the other Iost both matches.
•
One more team lost both matches 1n Stage-11.
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44. The team(s) w1th the most w1ns 1n the event 1s (ar ·
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(l)A
&
(4)E
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(3)F
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(2)A&C
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(3) E & F
(4) D, E & F
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(S) D & F
at
es, wh1le
Telecom operators get revenue from transfer of data and voice. Average revenue received from transfer of
each unit of data is known as ARDT. In the diagram below, the revenue received from data transfer as
percentage of total revenue received and the ARDT in US Dollars (U SD) are given for various countries .
•
••
Ja~n (lD13.10~)
fJ-oi~flii'WI: {~:l,!:;t.~}
$Hi
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UK
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e ' he same in both countries.
vent, _ in India is about 2 times that of Singapore
nue in India is about 4 times that of Singapore
revenue in Singapore is a bout 2 times that of India
(S) Total revenue in Singapore is about 4 times that of India
(3)
Germany
and
USA
I Ul
I I IUIQ
Ql IU UUUUI o; I Ul
.JYY <;U<;I lo ............ UI I I<; 0.1 IQO. II I
~
U.I.U J
0.1 I<; O.UO.Q I
I o; Y<;l IU<; II I
I I IUIQ
I'"' 0. YY 1'-'<; 0.1 IQO. Ul
,J
YY<;U<;I I
and that the volume of data transfer is the same in both the countries. What is the percentage increase of
ARDT in India if there is no change in ARDT in Sweden?
(2) 550%
(3) 800%
(4) 950%
(5) cannot be determined
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(1) 400%
This section contains 40 questions
Directions for questions 51 to 54: In each question, there are five sentences. Each sentence has a pair of
words that are itaI ici zed and highlighted. From the italicized and highlighted words, select the most
appropriate words (A or B) to form correct sentences. The sentences are followed by options that
indicate the words, which may be selected to correctly com pi ete the set of sentences. From the options
51.
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An1ta wore a beaut1ful broach {A}/brooch{B} on the lapel of her Jacket.
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g1ven, choose the most appropriate one.
coundlfol(A}/counsefoi(B}.
I waul d like your advke(A}/advise{B} on which job I should choose.
The last scene provided a climactic(A)/climatic{B) ending to the film.
(1) BABM
(2) BABAB
(1) BBABA
(2) BBAM
(4)ABABA
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(3) BAMB
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Jeans that jiair{A}/ffore{B} at the bottom are in fashion these days.
(5) BABAB
(3) BAABB
(4)ABBM
(5) BBBBA
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ke+Nay as the train eli mbed the hi II.
The hockey team caul d not deal with his unsociable{A}/unsociai{B} tendencies.
(1) BABBA
(2) BBABB
(3)BABM
(4)ABBAB
(5)AABBA
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usage (i ncl udi ng spelling punctuation and logical consistency). Then, choose the most appropriate
option.
55.
A. In 18 49, a poor Bavarian i migrant named Levi Strauss
B. landed in San Francisco, california,
C. at the invitation of his brother-in-law David Stern
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D. owner of dry goods business.
E. Th1s dry goods busmess would later become known as Lev1 Strauss & Company.
(2) Band C
(3)AandB
(4) A only
(S)A, B andD
56.
A. In response to the allegations and condemnation pouring in,
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(1) B only
B. Nike implemented comprehensive changes in their labour policy.
D. from the public waul d become a prominent media issue,
E. Ni ke sought to be a industry leader in employee relations.
(2) D only
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(1) D and E
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C. Perhaps sensing the rising tide of global labour concerns,
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57.
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A. Charges and counter charges mean nothing
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B. to the few m i Ilion who have lost their hom
re
C
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D. is still unable to reach hundreds wh
E. The death count have JUSt be::.t..=__
(1)Aonly
58.
(2)Conly ~~:v~
to ma~
B. Because you'd
(S) D only
r you.
I nett I associate you more with my parents than with me.
·~~
C. And yet yo"'"""'-..,
them.
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(4)A,CandD
my cousins in Calcutta, who seem so innocent and obedient when I visited
urious about me in the lea st.
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u did make effort to meet me.
(2)AandB
(3)AandE
(4) D only
(S)Aand D
Given below each question are five pairs of words. Choose the pair that best com pi etes the sentence.
59.
The genocides in Bosnia and Rwanda, apart from being mis-described in the most sinister and
_ _ _ manner as 'ethnic cleansing', were also blamed, in further hand-washing rhetoric, on
something dark and interior to _ _ _ _ _ and perpetrators alike.
( 4) ex1gent; expl o1ters
(5) trag1c; sufferers
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(1) 1nnovat1ve; commumcator
(2) enchant1ng; leaders
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(3) d1s1ngenuous; v1ct1ms
contrary, anc1ent astronomers were forced to _____ that certa1n bod1es
po1nts, wh1ch 1n turn moved 1n c1 rcles about the earth.
(4) observers; concede
(2) observers; agree
(5) students;
(3) scrut1n1zers; suggest
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£:U'two
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(1) const1tut1onal; weather
ere 1s the effect of env1 ronm ent, 1ncl ud1ng
~~~nom1c; learn1ng
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62.
Exhaustion of natural resou
factors; on the one hand, there
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-=--=--.___endowment; and on the~
(2) congenital; educat1on
(3) personal; climate
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61.
Every human be1ng, after the fwst few days of h1s hfe, 1
:::' s
~
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ce
(1) scrut1n1zers; believe
ml~=~ 1n c1rcles about
,d
genet1c; pedagogy
ruct1 on of 1nd1v1dual 1n1t1 at1ve by governments, control overmen's
"'"""
'"'I"
mmd> by'"'"~
ood propogoodo •~ ~'"""h•
~"' wh'oh •PP~' <o
ul~f the 1mpact of sc1ence upon m 1nds su1ted by _ _ _ _ to an earh er kmd
be on the 1ncreas
of world.
n
h1 1t1ons
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(1) tenet
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(2) a
s·
( 4) organs; trad1t1on
(5) departments; repul s1 on
incorrect or inappropriate.
63. Run
(1) I must run fast to catch up with him.
(2) Our team scored a goal against the run of play.
(3) You can't run over him like that.
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( 4) The newly released book is enjoying a popular run.
(5) This film is a run-of-the-mill production.
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64. Round
(1) The police fired a round of tear gas shells.
(2) The shop is located round the corner.
(3) We took a ride on the merry-go-round.
( 4) The doctor is on a hospital round.
(5) I shall proceed further only after you come around to admitting it.
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(2) The horse suddenly broke into a buckle.
buckle. ~
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(1) .after the long hike our knees were beginning to
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(3) The accused did not buckle under police interr
·~
( 4) Sam eti mes, an earthquake can make a brid ,..... ckl .
(5) People should I earn to buckle up as soon
ey
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66.File
the~
~rV
(1) You will find the paper in
(2) I need to file an insuran~
· .
(3)The cadets were marchi i
s gl file.
(4) File your na i~~:~
~~u
ail polish.
(5) When the p~~n-+ soldier broke the file.
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65.Buckle
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in the most appropriate way.
67.
Most people at their first consultation take a furtive look at the surgeon's hands in the hope of
reassurance. Prospective patients look for delicacy, sensitivity, steadiness, perhaps unblemished pallor.
On this basis, Henry Perowne loses a number of cases each year. Generally, he knows it's about to
happen before the patient does: the downward glance repeated, the prepared questions beginning to
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falter, the overemphat1c thanks dun ng the retreat to the door.
(1) Other people do not commumcate due to thew poor observation.
(2)
( 4) But others will take the1r place, he thought.
(5) These hands are steady enough, but they are large.
Trade protectionism, disguised as concern for the eli mate, is raisi nl!l..liliw ·~
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concerns, powerful industrialized countries are holding out threat of a I
other.
(3) Jews in India were always tolerant.
( 4) Rei igious tolerance has always been only a fa9ade and nothing more.
(5) The pretty pastel streets are, thus, very popular with the tourists.
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68.
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(3) But Perowne h1mself 1s not concerned.
ng competitiveness
n imports of energy·
70.
Given the cultural and intellectual interconnections, the question of what is 'Western' and what is
'Eastern' (or Indian) is often hard to decide, and the issue can be discussed only in more dialectical
terms. The diagnosis of a thought as 'purely Western' or 'purely Indian' can be very illusory.
(1) Thoughts are not the kind of things that can be easily categorized.
(2) Though 'accidentalism' and 'orientalism' as dichotomous concepts have found many adherents.
(3) 'East is East and West is West' has been a discredited notion for a longtime now.
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( 4) Compartm entali zing thoughts is often desirable.
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(5) The origin of a thought is not the kind of thing to which 'purity' happens easily.
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Language is not a cultural artifact that we learn the way we learn to tell time or how the federal
government works. Instead, it is a distinct piece of the biological makeup of our brains. Language is a
complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal
instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying I ogi c, is qualitatively the same in every
individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently. For
these reasons same cognitive scientists have described language as a psychological faculty, a mental
organ, a neural system, and a computational module. But I prefer the admittedly quaint term "instinct."
It conveys the idea that people know how to talk in more or I ess the sense that spiders know ho
webs. Web-spinning was not invented by same unsung spider genius and does not depend onlr:w~!l
the right education or on having an aptitude for architecture or the construction trades. Ra
r, s
rs
spin spider webs because they have spider brains, which give them the urge to spin a
etence
to succeed. Although there are differences between webs and words, I will enc
age
u to see
I anguage in this way, for it helps to make sense of the phenomena we wi II explorr r ~
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Thinking of language as an instinct inverts the popular wisdom, especially as it
passed down in
the canon of the humanities and social sciences. Language is no more as
i 'Vntion than is upright
ear old, we shall see, is a
posture. It is not a manifestation of a general capacity to use -symbols: t
graphy, traffic signs, and
grammatical genius, but is quite incompetent at the visual arts,
the other staples of the semiotics curriculum. Though language i
m a ificent ability unique to Homo
sapiens among living species, it does not call for sequester~ ' of humans from the domain of
biology, for a magnificent ability unique to a particular i'
· _s is far from unique in the animal
kingdom. Same kinds of bats home in on flying inse
usi
pier sonar. Some kinds of migratory
birds navigate thousands of miles by calibrating t
o · ons of the constellations against the time of
day and year. In nature's talent show we are si
y a e s of prim ate with our own act, a knack for
ho by modulating the sounds we make when we
communicating information about who did w. t t
exhale
Once you begin to I oak at language
adaption to communicate inforllloll~\J!~
of thought, and, we shall se~a
· · ot
oreover, seeing I anguage as one of nature's engineering marvels
- an organ with "that perf ·
ructure and co-a daption which justly excites our admiration, "in
Darwin's words(or any language).
a
·spect for your ordinary Joe and the much-maligned English language
of language, from the scientist's point of view, is part of our biological
.,."-iru> that parents teach their chi I dren or sam ethi ng that must be elaborated in
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~~e
said, "Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to
is worth knowing can be taught." A preschooler's tacit knowledge of grammar is
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more'.ff't:q ~c:~!d than the thickest style manual or the most state-of-the-art computer language
same applies to all healthy hum an beings, even the notorious syntax-fracturing
athlete and the, you know, Iike, inarticulate teenage skateboarder. Finally, since I anguage is
~~duct of a well-engineered bi ol ogi cal instinct, we shall see that it is not nutty barrel of monkeys
that entertainer-columnists make it out to be.
71. According to the passage, which of the following does not stem from popular wisdom on language?
(1) Language is a cultural artifact.
(2) Language is a cultural invention.
(3) Language is learnt as we grow.
( 4) Language is unique to Homo sapiens
72. Which of the following can be used to rep I ace the "spiders know how to spin webs" analogy as used
by the author?
(1) A kitten learning to jump over a wall
(2) Bees collecting nectar
(3) A donkey carrying a load
( 4) A horse running a Derby
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(5) A pet dog protecting its owner's property
73. Accordmgto the passage, wh1ch of the follow1ng 1s umque to human bemgs?
(1) Ability to use symbols while communicating with one another.
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(2) Ability to communicate with each other through voice modulation.
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(3) Ability to communicate information to other members of the species.
(4) Ability to use sound as means of communication.
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(5) All of the above.
74. According to the passage, complexity of language cannot
ch1l dren because
(1) children 1nSt1nct1vely know language.
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(2) children learn the language on the1r own.
(3) language 1s not amenable to teachmg.
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( 4) ch1l dren know language better than the1 r tea c
cs.
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(5) ch1l dren are born w1th the knowledge of s
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ents.
or at school to
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When I was little, children were bought two kinds of ice cream, sold from those white wagons with the
canopies made of silvery metal: either the two-cent cone or the four-cent ice cream pie. The two-cent
cone was very sma II, in fact it caul d fit comfortably into a child's hand, and it was made by taking the ice
cream from its container with a special scoop and pi Iing it on the cone. Granny always suggested I eat
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only a part of the cone, then throw away the pointed end, because it had been touched by the vendor's
thing, the biscuit surfaces softening as they became soaked in creamy nectar.
give here: in theory the pies had been touched only by the machine; in practi
them against his hand while giving them to us, but it was impossible to i~
e the.
ce
of
aminated area.
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1was fascinated, however, by same my peers, whose parents ba
two-cent cones. These privileged children advanced proudly with ne c
their left; and expertly moving their head from side to sid
r&
t a four -cent pie but two
their right hand and one in
first one, then the other. This
ed to be allowed to eel ebrate it. In
- nt ones, absolutely no.
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Iiturgy seemed to me so sumptuously en viable, that man
vain. My elders were inflexible: a four-cent ice, yes; bu
ot
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assuming that in due course the tips of
mendacious, justification was that a boy~
- e
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es ere discarded. The pathetic, and obviously
h turning his eyes from one cone to the other was
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more in eli ned to stumble over stones, e ,
acks in the pavement. I dimly sensed that there was
another secret justification, cruelly p ag · , but I was unable to grasp it.
of! a
Today, citizen and victim
the thirties was not), I reali
t
r society, a civilization of excess and waste (which the society of
se dear and now departed elders were right. Two two-cent cones
instead of one at fou cents
t signify squandering, economically speaking, but symbolically they
surely did. It was
· s pr. ise reason, that I yearned for them: because two ice creams suggested
·sel y why they were denied me: because they I ooked indecent, an insult to
poverty, a di
;;,llllo;.'l....,.itious privilege, a boast of wealth. Only spoiled chi I dren ate two cones at once,
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those chil9il,._m!o in fairy tales were rightly punished, as Pinocchio was when he rejected the skin and
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parents who encouraged this weakness, appropriate to Iittle parvenus, were bringing up
re 1n the fool ish theater of "I'd like to but I can't." They were preparing them to turn up at
s cheek-in with a fake Gucci bag bought from a street peddler on the beach at Rim ini
Nowadays the mora list risks seeming at odds with morality, in a world where the consumer ci vi li zati on
now wants even adults to be spoiled, and promises them always something more, from the wristwatch
in the box of detergent to the bonus bangle sheathed, with the magazine it ace om panies, in a plastic
envelope. Like the parents of those ambidextrous gluttons I so envied, the consumer ci viii zati on
pretends to give more, but actually gives, for four cents, what is worth four cents. You wi II throw away
the old transi star radio to purchase the new one, that boasts an alarm clock as well, but same
not I ast nearly so long as the glorious old Fiat 500, which, even when it broke down, could be started
again with a kick.
The morality of the old days made Spartans of us all, while today's morality wants all of us to be
Sybarites.
(1) Today's society is more extravagant than the society of the 1930s.
(2) The act of eating two ice cream cones is akin to a ceremonial process.
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76. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?
(3) Elders rightly suggested that a boy turning eyes from one cone to the other was more li
( 4) Despite seeming to promise more, the consumer civilization gives away exactlyO
(5) The consumer civi li zati on attempts to spoil chi I dren and adults alike.
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77. In the passage, the phrase "I ittle parvenus" refers to
(1) naughty midgets.
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worth.
(2) old hags.
(3) arrogant people.
( 4) young upstarts.
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(1) it made dietetic sense.
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(2) it suggested intemperance.
(3) it was more fun.
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(5) foolish kids.
( 4) it had a visual appeal.
(5) he was a glutton.
bl "r'iclW<Idays the moralist risks seeming at odds with morality"?
79. What does the author
(1) The moralist of ves>ter·dav,_lllllll~·eccrme immoral today.
1+s changed over the years.
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~,jO'Ci~~ with immorality have gone up.
of morality is fast becoming popular.
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to the author, the justification for refusal to let him eat two cones was pi ausibly
(3) dialectic.
( 4) diatonic.
(5) diastolic.
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A remarkable aspect of art of the present century is the range of concepts and ideologies which it
embodies. It is aim ost tempting to see a pattern emerging within the art field - or alternative! y imposed
upon it a posteriori - similar to that which exists under the umbrella of science where the general term
covers a whole range of separate, though interconnecting activities. Any par allelism is however- in this
instance at least - misleading. A scientific disci pi ine develops system ati call y once its bare tenets have
been established, named and categorized as conventions. Many of the concepts of modern art, by
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contrast, have resulted from the aim ost accidental meetings of groups of talented individuals
times and certain places. The ideas generated by these chance meetings had twofold conc."""''"
Firstly, a corpus of work waul d be produced which, in great part, rem ains as a concrete r
rd
he
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events. Secondly, the ideas waul d them selves be disseminated through many di~
el s of
communication - seeds that often bore fruit in contexts far removed from ta ·
ra · n. Not all
movements were exclusively concerned with innovation. Surrealism, for instan
clai
o embody a
ally accepted so
kind of insight which can be present in the art of any period. This claim has bee "
that a sixteenth century painting by Spranger or a mysterious photogri ! t ~ can I egitim at ely be
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re f many different (often
""rs, sculptors and thinkers
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discussed in surrealist terms. Briefly, then, the concepts of modern
fundamentally different) kinds and resulted from the exposures
o ever increasing knowledge of
a sts would collaborate in trying to
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to the more complex phenomena of the twentieth century, i I
the thought and products of earlier centuries. Different gr p
make sense of rapidly changing world of visual and spi~
· I e er. nee. We should hardly be surprised if
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no one group succeeded completely, but achiev e < through relative, have been considerable.
Landmarks have been established - concrete st me '
osition which give a pattern to a situation
which could easily have degenerated into
al
os. Beyond this, new language tools have been
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created for those who follow - seml ] i ems wh1 ch can prov1de a spn ngboard for further
explorations.
The cod1fy1ng of art 1s often
cnt1~
y one can understand that art1 sts are wary of be1ng pigeon-
holed smce they are apt tar at mselves as 1nd1 v1 duals- somet1m es w1th good reason. The not1on
of self-express1on, howeve
o e carnes qu1te the we1ght 1t once d1d; obJectiVIty has 1ts defenders.
There 1s good reason
st
acce
1de as cod1f1ed by art1sts and cnt1 cs, over the past s1 xty years or so, as
s ~ndependent existence - an independence which is not without its own
portant here. As an art movement slips into temporal perspective, it ceases
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- becoming, rather, a fossil. This is not to say it becomes useless or uninteresting
>'\ili'"ollacan reconstruct the life of a prehistoric en vi ronm ent from the messages codified into
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the sttl~~~~f fossil, so can an artist decipher whole webs of intellectual and creative possibility from
tructure of a 'dead' art movement. The artist can match the creative patterns crystallized
ructure against the potentials and possibilities of his own tim e. AS T.S Eliot observed, no one
nythi ng from scratch; however consciously you may try to Iive in the present, you are still
involved with a nexus of behaviour patterns bequeathed from the past. The original and creative person
is not sam eone who ignores these patterns, but someone who is able to translate and develop them so
that they confirm more exactly to his- and our- present needs.
(2)the dissemination of ideas through the state and its organizations.
(3)accidental interactions among people blessed with creative muse.
( 4) patronage by the rich and powerful that supported art.
(5) systematic investigation, codification and conventions.
82. In the passage, the word 'fossil' can be interpreted as
(1) an art movement that has ceased to remain interesting or useful.
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(2)an analogy from the physical world to indicate a historic art movement.
(3)an analogy from the physical world to indicate the barrenness of artistic creations in th
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( 4) an embedded codification of pre-historic life.
(5) an analogy from the physical world to indicate the passing of an era associated wit an a
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movement.
~ad to erroneous
83. In the passage, which of the following similarities between science and art
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conclusions?
(l)Both, in general, include a gamut of distinct but interconnect~
n
~
(2)Both have movements not necessarily concerned with innov
n.
(3)Both depend on collaborations between talented indivil l j
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( 4) Both involve abstract thought and di ssem inati on o~f.·
(5) Both reflect com pi ex priorities of them odern worl ~
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84. The range of concepts and ideologies emb
(l)the existence of movements such as surr
art of the twentieth century is explained by
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(2)1andmarks which give a pattern tot
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only thrive in a 'greenhouse' insulated from the past biases.
s' and 'original thinking' interpret and develop on past thoughts to suit contemporary
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To summarize the Classic Maya collapse, we can tentatively identify five strands. I acknowledge,
however, that Maya archaeologists still disagree vigorously among themselves-in part, because the
different strands evidently varied in importance among different parts of the Maya realm; because
detailed archaeological studies are available for only same Maya sites; and because it remains puzzling
why most of the Maya heartI and remained nearly empty of population and failed to recover after the
collapse and after re-growth of forests.
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With those caveats, it appears to me that one strand consisted of population growth o
available resources: a dilemma similar to the one foreseen by Thomas Malthus in 1798 and
out today in Rwanda (Chapter 10), Haiti (Chapter 11), and elsewhere. 1>s the arch o
Webster succinctly puts it, "Too many farmers grew too many crops on too much
Compounding that mismatch between population and resources was the second
deforestation and hill side erosion, which caused a decrease in the amount of us
when more rather than less farm I and was needed, and possibly exacerbate by
drought resulting from deforestation, by soil nutrient depletion and other soi I p
struggle to prevent bracken ferns from overrunning the fields.
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The third strand consisted of increased fighting, as more and mo pea
ght over fewer resources.
. 1 tis
t surprising when one reflects
Maya warfare, already endemic, peaked just before the coli~
o an area smaller than the state
that at I east 5, 00 0, 00 0 people, perhaps many more, were
of Colorado (1 04,0 00 square miles). That warfare w~
eased further the amount of I and
available for agriculture, by creating no-m an's lands
ee
ncipalities where it was now unsafe to
farm. Bringing matters to a head was the strand of
t
ange. The drought at the time of the Classic
collapse was not the first drought that the M a
ad
' through, but it was the most severe. tit the
time of previous droughts, there were still u
a b1
parts of the Maya Ia ndscape, and people at a site
affected by drought could save them s~ oving to another site. However, by the time of the
Classic collapse the landscape was now II
as no useful unoccupied land in the vicinity on which
to begin anew, and the who I e po5
ul ion: u not be accommodated in the few areas that continued to
have reliable water supplies.
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1>s our fifth strand, we ha. . Q f ln er why the kings and nobles failed to recognize and solve these
seemingly obvious problem~ ining their society. Their attention was evidently focused on their
short -term concerns
enricbi ng them selves, waging wars, erecting monuments, competing with each
other, and extra
1 ugfrfood from the peasants to support all those activities. Like most leaders
throughout h r
, , the Maya kings and nobles did not heed long-term problems, insofar as they
II return to this theme in Chapter 14.
perceived he
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w sti II have same other past societies to consider in this book before we switch our
to e modern world, we must already be struck by some parallels between the Maya and the
ies discussed in Chapters 2-4. As on Easter Island, Mangareva, and among the Anasazi, Maya
• <it:tnm ental and population problems led to increasing warfare and civil strife. As on Easter Island and
co Canyon, Maya peak population numbers were followed swift I y by political and social coli apse.
Para II eli ng the eventual extension of agriculture from Easter Island's coastal I owlands to its uplands, and
from the Mimbres floodplain to the hills, COpan's inhabitants also expanded from the floodplain to the
more fragile hill slopes, leaving them with a larger population to feed when the agricultural boom in the
hills went bust. Like Easter Island chiefs erecting ever larger statues, eventually crowned by pukao, and
Iike Anasazi elite treating them selves to necklaces of 2, 00 0 turquoise beads, Maya kings sought to outdo
each other with more and more impressive tempi es, covered with thicker and thicker pi asterreminiscent in turn of the extravagant conspicuous
consumption by modern American CEOs. The passivity of Easter chiefs and Maya kings in the face of the
real big threats to their societies completes our list of disquieting parallels.
86. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the factor that has been cited by
the author in the context of Rwanda and Haiti?
(1) Various ethnic groups competing for land and other resources
87. By an anthropogenic drought, the author means
(1) A drought caused by lack of rains.
(2) A drought caused due to deforestation
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( 4) Various ethnic groups competing for political power
(5) Various ethnic groups fighting for their identity
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(2) Various ethnic groups competing for limited land resources
(3) Various ethnic groups fighting wit each other
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(3) A drought caused by failure to prevent bracken ferns from
( 4) A drought caused by actions of hum an beings.
oveu~lields.
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(5) A drought caused by eli mate changes.
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88. According to the passage, the drought at the time
had a different impact compared
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to the droughts earlier because
(1)The Maya kings continue to be extravagant
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com on people were suffering.
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<hip • ong Mayas.
(2) It happened at the time of collapse ol
upied all available land suited for agriculture.
(3) It happened when the Maya popula n
w ar: m g M ayans.
( 4) It was foil owed by interneci na
(5) Irreversi bl e environmental d
·
d to this drought.
89. According to the autho. a #t ifficult to explain the reasons for Maya collapse?
(1) COpan inhabitan
de~~ records of that period.
(2)
tat• n and hillside erosion have wiped out all traces of the Maya kingdom.
(3)
( 4)
Mayas do not provide any consistent evidence.
si ble to ascertain which of the factors best explains as to why theM aya
llapsed.
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1"\':~~ factor has not been cited as one of the factors causing the collapse of Maya society?
vi ronm ental degradation due to excess population
5oci al collapse due to excess population
Increased warfare among Maya people
dim ate change
Obsession of Maya population with their own short -term concerns.