Oliver Baiocco, Francesca Giordano, Peter de Groot, Arthur Janas, Andrea Stein (Editors) How to counsel tomorrow? Aspects of future vocational counselling in the media sector Volume – CD IX. 5. Germany Action-Oriented Introduction for the Prototypical Building of a Regional Counselling Network for Media Vocations in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany (short version of VI., English) This project was financed with the support of the European Union. The content of this project does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union and European Union is not legally liable for this at all. 0 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….............…..5 Theoretical background of networks and the relevance for vocational counselling…………………………………………………………………………...8 1.1 Literature analysis and summary..............………................................... ..………................8 1.1.1 Vocational counselling............................................................................…………………....8 1.1.2 Network-oriented counselling.................................................................………………....10 1.1.3 Networking…………… 1.1.4 Theoretical models 2 Depiction of well-chosen examples.......................................................………………......20 2.1 European counselling networks...........................................................………………........20 2.1.1 EURES www.eures.de..............................................................................………………….....20 2.1.2 Further European offers................................................................………………................21 2.2 National associations..........................................................................…………….…...........21 2.2.1 Deutscher Verband für Berufsberatung www.berufsberatung.net...........…………........21 2.2.2 DGF e. V. Deutsches Gründerinnen Forum e. V. www.dgfev.de.........…………..........22 2.3 Counselling offers provided by unions................................................………………........22 2.3.1 mediafon www.mediafon.net...........................................................……………….......…...22 2.3.2 connexx.av www.connexx-av.de...................................................……………….................22 2.4 Economic networks......................................................................………………...................23 2.4.1 Medien Zentrum Duisburg, Germany...................................……………............................23 2.4.2 Synergie www.synergie-gmbh.de und www.synergie-network.de…………..................…24 2.5 Socio-political networks…………………………………………………………… 2.5.1 DNWE: Das Deutsche Netzwerk Wirtschaftsethik als Mittler zwischen ..................................................................................12 .......................................................................................14 25 Praxis und Wissenschaft im deutschsprachigen Raum. www.dnwe.de……………………………………………………………. 25 2.6 Dresden’s network for study help (DNS)……………………………………….. 2.7 Media-specific national counselling networks……………………………..…………...26 2.7.1 26 aim Ausbildung in Medienberufen (Training in media vocations) www.aim-mia.de………………………………………………………………….. 26 2.7.2 DMMV www.dmmv.de……………………………………………………………. 27 2.8 Informational networks in the media industry “groups of regulars“…………… 27 2.8.1 “Groups of regulars in media industry“ www.medienstammtisch.de………… 27 2.9 Networking-support in companies according the example of Ericsson……… 28 3 Counselling networks……………………………………………………………… 29 3.1 Two basic conditions………………………………………………………………. 29 3.1.1 Information…………………………………………………………………………. 29 3.1.2 Balancing of giving and taking…………………………………………………… 29 3.2 Chances and bounds of counselling networks………………………………… 30 3.2.1 Chances……………………………………………………………………………. 30 3.2.2 Bounds……………………………………………………………………………… 31 3.3 Tasks of a network………………………………………………………………… 3.3.1 Targets……………………………………………………………………………… 32 3.4 Building of a counselling network……………………………………………….. 33 3.4.1 Steps (step by step)……………………………………………………………….. 33 3.4.2 The factor time…………………………………………………………………….. 34 3.5 Members of the counselling network (searching for partners)………………... 35 3.5.1 The field of education……………………………………………………………… 36 3.5.2 Institutions………………………………………………………………………….. 36 3.5.3 Economy……………………………………………………………………………. 36 3.5.4 Freelance counsellors…………………………………………………………….. 37 3.6 Communications media in the regional counselling network…………………. 38 3.6.1 Face to face/interpersonnel………………………………………………………. 38 3.6.2 Technological………………………………………………………………………. 38 3.7 Controlling of a counselling network (foundation and management)………… 39 3.7.1 Organization’s laying down………………………………………………………. 39 3.7.1.1 Informational ………………………………………………………………………. 40 3.7.1.2 GmbH; GbR etc……………………………………………………………………. 40 3.7.1.3 Structure of the organization…………………………………………………….. 40 3.7.2 Financing aspects…………………………………………………………………. 41 3.8 Problems when carrying out networks………………………………………….. 43 3.8.1 Experience reports of already existing networks………………………………. 43 3.8.1.1 Absolute network meetings………………………………………………………. 43 3.8.1.2.0 Different expectations of freelance counsellors and those integrated in 32 institutions…………………………………………………………………………. 43 3.8.1.2 Generosity in passing on information…………………………………………… 44 3.8.1.3 Lack of balancing of giving and taking………………………………………….. 45 3.8.1.4 Conflict management……………………………………………………………… 45 4 Acting steps and working papers...................................................................…………… 46 4.1 Climbing the four steps with the help of the step by step method…………………. 46 4.2 Stimulating the workshop (kick off)………………………………………………. 47 4.3 The instruments……………………………………………………………………. 48 4.3.1 Process models……………………………………………………………………. 48 4.3.2 What can my counselling alone provide and what is needed as completion………. 48 4.3.3 Where do I find what I need? (Overview of partners)…………………………. 48 4.3.4 How can I reach this? (choice of partners)……………………………………… 49 4.3.5 Networking support for the individual…………………………………………… 49 4.3.5.1 Twelve important rules for your neworking from “Erfolgsfaktor Networking” 50 are stimulating action to active networking (working sheet 12)………………. 50 4.3.5.2 Baisis of trust construction …………………………………………………….. 51 4.3.5.3 12 rules of theme-centered interaction (tci)…………………………………….. 51 4.3.5.4 2 illustrations as stimulation to network ideas………………………………….. 51 4.3.5.5 The text of the lecture “networking” is a stimualtion for this…………………… 51 5 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… 52 6 Networks and organizations……………………………………………………… 7 Overview of the Working sheets 0-14 53 0 Introduction The aim was the drawing up of an action-oriented introduction for the prototypical building of a regional counselling network for media vocations in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. The introduction was developed within the framework of the Leonardo-project “Media-Coach”. The text we have to hand gives short definitions of the terms, providing two theoretical models for a building of networks, examples of already existing networks and, above all, presenting a series of working sheets helping stimulate the building of a network. Counselling network means a regional network of vocational counsellors in media vocations, who consult their clients network-oriented. Network-oriented counselling transforms knowledge and requires the life of “networking” on at least three levels. These levels are showing themselves in the linking-up of the counsellors in their own working area (level 1 – experiencing), in the sort of counselling (level 2 – entire systemic view) and in the targets of counselling (level 3 – giving impetus to networking). Counsellors must notice existing linking-ups of their clients in their individual, family, social and professional networks and, if necessary, support a new networking on the professional (and regional) basis as well as on the social basis surrounding working life. In order to reach this target, active integration of the human beings into the counselling offers of local, institutional and also freelance counselling is a necessary basis. For this, a series of initiative steps, which are to be started with the creation of this action-oriented introduction are useful. Including the findings of the European case studies of the CEDEFOP1 – study of 1999 – it is aimed for understanding such a network of counselling as life-long professional guidance and not as a single offer. That is what guidance means, especially in the media industry, too, which has always been strong projectoriented working: • from the education and vocational training to workplace • about the job description or change of workplace within the company • into other companies or projects and • in some cases guidance to the step into the self-employment. Chioussie, Sylvie; Werquin, Patrick (CEDEFOP publisher): Lebensbegleitende Berufsbegleitung. Europäische Fallstudien. Thessaloniki 1999, Extract p. 34-35 1 In the regional networking, next to the integration in a group of people with the same experiences, also a significant chance is to be found for constant improvement of counselling quality. The increasing complexity of everyday working life, especially in the media industry, leads to specific problems, which again require specific counselling offers. This need, partly, cannot be met by the individual counsellors any longer. However, as members of the network they can pass on their clients to specialized colleagues or to adequate further education and thus accompany them on their way. With that counselling can become case management by the common engagement of different counsellors to solutions for clients, they know personally (often for a long time) and accompany them on the way of finding solutions. At first, however, of course this question comes up: networking - “Where from” and “how”?. Networking always has been found where people have defined shared targets and searched for cooperation partners and “like-minded persons” for transformation, beyond the close families. Here it is about the becoming aware of networks as instrument to improving quality for a professional group. After years of declining the “all one thinks about is his club” and the “notorious roped parties”, the term networking coming from the anglo-saxon linguistic and cultural area has become more and more important in German companies and institutions during the past 10 years. Terms from the neuronal networking have stimulated the discussion in the same way like networking of the new technologies and the resulting opportunities, which provide a basis for a fast communication, which is free of movement. The main participants of a networking, however, are still human beings. They have to get to like the two basic findings of an effective networking. These two basic findings are the willingness to cope with information in a liberal way and the establishment of an equal giving and taking. This is easy to reach in friendships , but in professional relations rather less easy, because competing thoughts can quickly become obstacles. But, without these two basic findings a network despite of having the best structural equipment cannot stay alive. Thus, it is also about the changing of behaviour. Looking at it from this aspect, according to the report of the so-called Hartz-Kommission2 the building of competence-centers requires a “cultural change”3 as a “challenge for the change management”. This is about the basic re-positioning of employment exchange as a modern service enterprise. This contains: • a new mission* as facilitator, creator, networker, case manager • a new management and leading system – self-responsibility and independency in cogent responsibility for knowledge (controlling) 2 Hartz: Moderne Dienstleistung am Arbeitsmarkt, Bericht der Kommission, p. 206 -229 3 Hartz: Moderne Dienstleistung am Arbeitsmarkt, Bericht der Kommission, p. 224 underlining and emphasizing by the author • a new definition of the term client – Supporter for job seekers and enterprise • a new definition of the term success - high degree of efficiency of measures, taxes over targets4 The idea of cultural change (level 2 – The sort of counselling, s. a. 1.1.3) and especially the one of networking, however, are phrased not only as a demand on the individual employees in the paper, but is aimed as technological networking as well as on the regional level of the companies5 and between the competence centers6 nationwide (level 3 – The targets of counselling). 4 Hartz, p. 224 5 Hartz, p. 233 6 Hartz, p. 229 1 Theoretical Background of Networks and the Relevance for Counselling 1.1 Literature analysis and summary Networking in counselling is seen as a resource-oriented approach of the individual resources as well as resources of a network focusing on the individual. In a short overview of current publications to this theme, the three relevant terms of counselling, networking and resource-oriented networking are put together. For this, a couple of relevant texts was consulted and it is by no means claimed to be complete. 1.1.1 Vocational counselling In general, counselling is understood as “an interaction between at least two participants, while the counsellors support the help seekers in case of questions and problems to gain more knowledge, orientation or solution competence, with the help of communication tools. The interaction is focused on cognitive, emotional and practical problem solution and coping with problems of the clients or client system (single persons, family, groups, organizations) in both everyday questions and psychosocial conflicts and crises.”7 With reference to the professional context, this means that counselling acts in a supporting way at the development of decision criteria which are proper to persons and objects, the working out of professional preferences, the draft of acceptable action strategies, the improvement of the information stand as well as the carrying out of professional ideas.”8 The question about how wide the spectrum of tasks and the resulting counselling approaches are, is answered by the counselling model of Wojtasik. According him, there are 5 counselling models in the form of a counselling continuum: “The experts, The informant, the consultant, the reliable guardian and the laissez-fairist”9. They differentiated depending on the model the theoretical counselling approaches and conditions, the tasks and responsibilities of the counsellors and the help-seekers and eventually the temporal counselling intensity. Following core topics for counselling are recorded in the “Memorandum about life-long learning”10: • The shift is becoming an integral component of planning and the carrying out of a lifeproject 7 Sickendick/ Engel/ Nestmann: Beratung. München, 1999 p. 13 8 Ertelt, B.-J.; Schulz, W.E.: Beratung in Bildung und Beruf. Leonberg 1997; p. 4 Wojtasik, Bozena; Models of the Vocational Counsellor’s Performance. In: International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 22 (2000) p. 197 - 208 9 10 Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, Arbeitsdokument der Kommissionsstellen "Memorandum über Lebenslanges Lernen", Brüssel 30.10.2000 SEK (2000) 1832 Botschaft 5: Umdenken in Berufsberatung und Berufsorientierung • Counselling is to be a service that is always and for everyone available and does not distinguish between vocational counselling, vocational orientation and personal counselling • Vocational counselling is in future proactive, i. e. counselling goes towards the people before they call on counsellors • Future counselling is focused on “Placing” and make an active use of IKT-/Internet-aided information and analyses instruments • Counselling is geared entirely, i. e. it must meet a wide spectrum of needs, requirements and target groups and be familiar with personal and social surroundings. In the end the memorandum mentions also the necessity that the vocational orientation “must be narrower integrated in the net of relevant, personal, social and educational services.” This network orientation includes explicit “non-formal and informal channels”. What is network orientation based on? In the course of a resource-oriented approach, Nestmann refers to the potential of social supporting systems and the use of social networks for coping with situations of strain11. This means, that through an overcoming of a counselling concept, which is reduced to the individual subject and is individual-centered, its social integration within the counselling process is put in the centre. Through this extention of the counselling perspective, that with the help of the terms “system”, “lifecontexts”, “living-worlds” and “psycho-social” manifested in the counselling research, a new counselling orientation has developed. This social integration of the individual – the resulting potential and risks – are in counselling always taken into account as an elementary component of to be and to act. The general advantage of the network approach in counselling is according to Nestmann to be found in the connection of micro-social (interaction between human beings) and macro-social levels (ecological structures). “Without losing sight of the individual’s integration which is more or less marked, the horizon of the network provides the chance to integrate next to the existing individualism and familism of the psychological and educational point of view additional and more distant social structures into the analysis of action.”12 comp. Nestmann, Frank: Beratung, soziale Netzwerke und soziale Unterstützung. In: Beck, M.; Brückner G.; a. o. (publisher) Psychosoziale Beratung, Tübingen 1991 11 12 Nestmann, Frank: Förderung sozialer Netzwerke – eine Perspektive pädagogischer Handlungskompetenz. In: Neue Praxis 19Jg. issue 2 1989 1.1.2 Network-Oriented Counselling The network-orientation can be considered on different levels. Thus, it is to be developed an awareness of the implication of social networks, on the individual level of the individual human being with the help of reflexive clearing up. On the organizational level, embedded contexts are to be seen with a look at it from the aspect of the networks through e. g. sensitizing institutions for the network orientation and their organizational carrying out with the help of organizational counselling. This topic is also about the question about the networking of the different counselling services and other institutions, which are worth considering for the solution of professional questions and problems. In this context, Nestmann discovers the following when writing: “Out of interest for a coordinated cooperation instead of a parallel or even contrary effect, a networking of psycho-social and other institutions for the emergence of organization networks is a central theme, in order to create synergie and thus new development power opening new activities for every single Organization.”13 It is, on the one hand, about the installing of a network, on the other hand, about the life in a network, the past of a network and the transmitting of the idea of the network, the suggesting of a participation in networks and, should the situation arise, stimulating new network. Network-oriented counselling presupposes this own experience of networking, because otherwise it would hardly be possible to transmit stimulations to active networks as comprehensive and authentic opportunities of professional integration. Thus, Nestmann puts forward a series of demands on changes in the own counselling activities: “network-oriented counselling requires… • a reorientation from predominant expert models of information or psycho-therapeutical work • a reorientation from primarly direct treating of clients and advicing, concentrated on the individual • a reorientation from the treating of clients in deficit and the primacy of disturbing perspective • to the shift of participation chances, but also competences and responsibilities by persons and networks Frank Nestmann: Ressourcenförderung in der Studien- und Studentenberatung – Das Dresdner Netzwerk Studienbegleitender Hilfen p. 303f, in: Nestmann, Frank / Engel, Frank: Die Zukunft der Beratung, Tübingen 2002 13 • and, thus, to the promotion of motivation and competences in persons, to the promotion of network structures, network qualities and network functions as well as creation of possibilities and space for networking in contexts. • to a promoter of self-help and collective self-help • to a stimulator of everyday-help and supporting sources in everyday life of the system The counsellor becomes • a developer and discoverer of resources, which e. g. may be found in social networks of mutual support as well as • a medium, employments agent, presenter of potential/current help-seeker to potential/current helpresources • an integrator of the many helps and offers, which exist in the higher education system and in its surroundings informal and formal. A promotion of ‘Empowerment’ is the target of all these efforts.14 Empowerment is to be understood as a strenghtening of human beings’ self-help and the ability to assert themselves, which in turn is to lead to a abolition of the feelings of helplessness, and instead of this, a strenghtening of self-confidence and, thus, to a promotion of competences of self-organization of their own living worlds. The term of empowerment shows the way of an open search for existing resources and potential solution opportunities. In this context, it coincides moreover with the possibilities to reach a steady heightening quality of counselling as part of a process of permanent improvement in the networking. Within the networks, the own empowerment can, through the own further education, the experience of empowerments by solutions in the mutual support and also the empowerment by networking in itself as an instrument, be seen for the own professional career. This experience will be the positive basis for the network-oriented counselling for transmitting the networking as an instrument to re-orientation of the viewpoint from problems to ways of solution. 14 Frank Nestmann: Ressourcenförderung in der Studien- und Studentenberatung a.a.O. 1.1.3 Networking The question about what networking is, ranges from the depiction of any kind of social contacts, i. e. general ability for relations and communication to the refreshing short phrase of Prof. Uwe Scheler, in which he emphasizes the active part in networking when saying: “Networking is a systematic form of cultivating relations with friends, acquaintances, business partners and promoters”.15 It is proved as more meaningful to speak of networking or networks and, thus, turning the spotlight on the work, the activity, instead of speaking of the network itself, that automatically changes the direction of the viewpoint from the structure to the participating people. This is, moreover, supported by the thesis 5 of the authors Treichel and Ciesinger, who point out, that the “planning and organizing of KMU-cooperations are not a theme of business management, but a psychological theme”. Both authors give no strict definitions of (the virtual enterprise) networking, but depict the process as “after this, not as final result of a process of planning and carrying out, but an almost unpredictable interim result of dynamic coordination and exchange process.”16 Also, the specific situation in media vocations is to be considered, in the present context, and thus, references of the survey “Media Coach” are added. Their author Oliver Baiocco points to existing network structures within the branch, which however, mainly base on engagement and initiatives of the counsellors and…thus have no institutional and structural basis. Baiocco furthermore explains:”…because of a lack of time or work condensation, cultivation and further development of an existing network is no longer ensured”17. Networking is by him understood as resource-oriented approach, which provides ”the reduction of complexity for the individual and that providing a chance of more likelihood of problem solution”18. The psychologist Uwe Scheler entitles his book “Erfolgsfaktor Networking” and allocates the networking the ability: “…the success factor for reaching your own targets”19. According to his above named definitions, he is giving a series of activities, which characterizes networking: “networking means,… …actively bringing about contacts and meetings …being interested in other people and showing sympathy …talking to other people and enjoying it 15 Uwe Scheler: Erfolgsfaktor Networking, Fkf/NY: Campus: 2000, p. 18 16 Treichel, Ciesinger: Virtuelle Unternehmen in der Medienwirtschaft," work, issue 3 (vol. 99), p. 255-272 Baiocco, Oliver: "MediaCoach" Ausbildung in der Medienbranche "Analyse der Berufsberatung in der Medienbranche" Teil I, p. 40 17 18 Baiocco, loc cit p. 40 19 Scheler: loc cit p. 8 …collecting information about everything and everyone …practising the exchange of help and support …cultivating and organising relations”20 Uwe Scheler stresses again and again the networking approach, which is not accidental and selfdetermined (self-active). His differentiation between networks, associations and professional organizations is to be mentioned here, too. Networks (in Germany in the 1980’s mainly built by women, after the American example) profess particularly and frankly to mutual promotion"21. The authors Kuchmeister and Tiberius present a very short phrase as an essence out of other definitions in the study for the Deutsche Manager-Verband e. V. “Reducing the, at first, very vague and very different definition efforts to a common denominator, networking can be depicted as “tighten contacts in stock”22. The strong business-oriented viewpoint of American authors to the networking is deputizingly for Wayne E. Baker’s definition presented: “networking (…) is the active process of building and managing productive relations – a wide network of personal and organizational relations.”23 Others expressing this more clearly, e. g. “Smart networking, how to turn contacts into cash, clients & career success”24. 1.1.4 Theoretical Models Almost all the authors of German and also American books concerning active building of a network are in their approaches to networking are starting from the single person. They presuppose, that there are existing networks, to which the single person just has to follow and give instructions to the individual sensitive playing a part in these networks. Only a few authors ask, how to manage the building of a network by oneself. Two models are shown, on this spot, and thus being the basis for action-oriented approaches in this instruction. 20 Scheler, loc cit p. 22 21 Scheler, loc cit p. 40 22 Jens-Tobias Kuchmeister, Victor A. Tiberius: Institutionalisiertes Networking als strategisches Managementinstrument, Deutscher Manager-Verband e.V. Januar 2003 Baker, Wayne E. :Networking smart: how to build relationships for personal and organizational success. p. xiii NY; McGrawHill Inc., 1994 23 24 Baber, Anne/Waymon, Lynne: Smart Networking, how to turn contacts into cash, clients & career success. Kendall/Hunt Dubuque 1997 On the one hand, the model out of Dimpfl’s dissertation at the University Regensburg (Germany), which is oriented to setting ups of enterprises aimed at growth, is shortly presented. On the other hand, the theoretical model of the authors Treichel and Ciesinger. Robert Dimpfl25 is, in chapter 3 of his dissertation „Einführung in die Netzwerktheorie“, asking about the motives for the network, at first. Motive Explaining Necessity Laws/rules are commiting to build relations Asymmetry A party gains power/control over a different party/its resources Reciprocalty Asserting shared/mutual useful targets/interests Efficiency Reaching a higher input/output-ratio Stability Better anticipation, predictability or absorption of insecurities Legitimizing Creation und cultivation of reputation, image, prestige or correspondence with existing norms According to this, he is showing six steps for the preparation of networks. Where do What do we Who has Do these What do the How do we we want need from the got this, partners fit partners want want to work to go? partner? to us? from each what we need? 1 2 3 together? other? 4 5 6 7 Self- Profile of Pre- Partner- Determining Process Carrying analysis demand selection analysis the aim modelling out Among other things, he points out to the great importancy of trust, moral integration and the good reputation of network partners as necessary basis of successful networking and considers, in this context, the dimension of a network as an important factor when writing: ”The selection of the sort and the 25 Robert Dimpfl, "Externe Partnerschaften bei wachstumsorientierten Gründungen" Chap. 3 Einführung in die Netzwerktheorie, p. 32-57, Dipl.-Arbeit Universität Regensburg 1999 number of network participants decides already on the level of trust, which can be reached within the network. In a net, that consists of a small number of partners, the process of building trust is normally easier. Building trust is easier to reach by partners who have comparable backgrounds. Four management tasks are named for building and cultivating trust, which people must be aware of for successful building and cultivating networks. These are steps, built on each other to select, regulate, allocate and evaluate partners and the relations to them. Relations of trust between enterprises Trust-oriented Regulation being aware Allocation being aware Trust-sensitive selection of trust of trust evaluation of Networkpartners of realtionsship and Of function and Of the ralationships and activities ressources activities in the network For the task in hand, it is therefore necessary to be and remain aware of the question of trust between the partners. This question manifests itself into networks mostly on the feeling of fair balance of taking and giving. Furthermore, it is more meaningful to consider a regionalizing (in many networks solved in the form of the regional groups) of the networking, from the beginning. The authors Heinz-Reiner Treichel and Kurt-Georg Ciesinger depict in their article “virtuell enterprises in media industry”26 along with case studies of the Medien Zentrum Duisburg, accompanied by them over several years, two theoretical models of building networks (and virtuell enterprises) in the field of small and medium-sized enterprises. The models are standing for different development opportunities and are characterized as “normativetheoretical” and “evolutionary”. Both models are characterized through the same four steps. But, they differ from each other in the inner differentiating and the depictions of potential breaking offs. From their case observation, the authors see the evolutionary (informal self-developing) model as the more permanent for the cooperation of small enterprises. The basis for the building of networks is in the context of this introduction, however, a 26 Heinz-Reiner Treichel, Kurt Ciesinger Virtuelle Unternehmen in der Medienwirtschaft, work, issue 3, vol. 8 (1999), p. 55-272 different one, so that the approach of the normative-theoretical model, on this spot, it to be recommended. Following, two models are presented. Both are added by the authors with “marginal notes" to potential breaking offs and structural advantages. This information should flow in the discussion about building a network: The Normative-Theoretical Model Steps Potential Breaking Offs Strategic decisions Analysing the surroundings – selfanalysing Chosing the type of co-operation difficulties in making prognosis restricted field of search because of problems in defining Search for partners Profile of oneself – profile of the demand unclear or utopian criteria Evaluation of the partners just intuitive possible, because no data available Chosing and gaining partners no option in case of high criteria Foundation Defining the target Determining organization targets, not to be operated, because of complexity, only in concrete cases possible legal-formal agreement hardly to be operated, because of extreme efforts for autonomy by the partners Management Management Controlling Problems do not emerge any longer, Guidance Conflict management because breaking off occurred much earlier! The evolutionary model structural advantages Strategic decision Normal free-enterprise co-operation Deficits in coordination are emerging Wishing better coordination No requirements for planning and developing strategies, existing principles of decision are used. Search for partners Closer co-operation circle is determined Recruting periphere partners according particular criteria Self-selection of partners in the cooperation No preliminary step, no problem of selection, because of little commitment for the moment No risk No requirement for selection Foundation Informal carrying out of single projects if successful, repetition establishment of delimited structures for these fields of project learning by doing, professionalized making experience demand for structures are worked out in pilot projects Management Management Project management Outsourcing, Joint Venture Expanding of the fields of co-operation and/or co-operation partners Partial breaking off, in case of falling success flexible co-operation structure through management of single cases high flexibility in case of expanding or breaking off lacking formal rules From their survey of the Medien Zentrum Duisburg, Treichel and Ciesinger prefer clearly the “evolutionary model” as model for the joining together of “virtual enterprises”, because this fits with the extreme efforts of autonomy of the single (independent) partners. However, in this context, neither economic interests of the future partners, as a matter of priority, nor legal-formal enterprise structures are the case, so that the four steps of the “normative-theoretical model” are rather appropriate for a basic structure for the building of a regional counselling network. 2 A presentation of selected models The following examples focus on specific networking aspects, with the purpose of facilitating the decision as to which might serve as an inspiration for the establishment of a counselling network. In addition, they provide an overview of network versatility, as well as of the suitability for co-operation on an internetworking level. The selected models are listed at random and intended as an incentive for locating further networks. 2.1 European counselling networks The following presents some models of various European counselling networks. 2.1.1 EURES www.eures.de EURES was created from the merger of the national European labour administrations. EURES can be regarded as a good example of networking. Regularly, at least once per annum, all counsellors meet to exchange information on a pan European level. The network is denser in the border areas. E.g. some data from the so-called EUREGIO (Belgium, Netherlands, Germany)∗: The German, Dutch and Belgian labour administration associates meet at least bi-monthly in this tripartite spot. Furthermore a so-called “round table” was set up, joining representatives of local employers, social institutions, health- and pension insurances as well as independent lawyers specializing on European labour law. “Trans-border international consultations“ were organized for clients, four times a year in Belgium and eight times a year in the Netherlands, directed at persons looking for employment or moving house. Next to information on labour laws, they also provide information about the respective tax legislation and pension system. A very clearly structured database is available to interested partners in the various European cities, encompassing the coordinates (address, telephone, fax) as well as the languages spoken by the counsellors. Herewith, a very practical tool for direct contacts was developed. 2.1.2 Further models at a European level Many of the further models at a European level predominantly target adolescents and young employees. E.g. ERYICA, which co-operates with NGOs and Governments with the task of supporting adolescents and their rights, is working with a selection of national institutions (two to five per country). euroguidance likewise targets young persons. euroguidance is a Leonardo project, supporting young clients, starting with providing apprenticeships (also for students) up to career counselling by means of a network of national professional counselling institutions in the employment agencies and providing contacts to other national institutions, again heavily networked within the respective country. eurodesk offers, inter alia, within the ∗ technical information by Werner EURES, Aachen framework of co-operation with politically active youth, relevant information in a database with sponsoring programmes, organizations and catalogues. 2.2 National associations 2.2.1 German Association for vocational counselling www.berufsberater.net The Federal association for vocational counselling was founded in 1956 and provides a platform for discussions, available to clients as well as to counsellors. The members total about 1000 and largely consist of professional counsellors from employment agencies (about 700) and a smaller group of free-lance counsellors working in their own offices or as associates to educational institutions co-operating with the Federal Institute for Labour. These organized counsellors consider themselves supporters of horizontal career development. Thus, they are bound by neither particular professional categories nor particular assignments. The award of a quality seal for publications is interesting; the evaluation of the publication takes place within four main categories: 2.2.2 • publication self-portrayal • heeding of ethical principles • specific-content evaluation • comprehensibility DGF e.V. Deutsches Gründerinnen Forum e.V. www.dgfev.de The national network of free-lance and institutionally (municipally or nationally) organized foundation counsellors is, inter alia, working intensively on the quality assurance of foundation counselling. The target is to document quality by the award of a certificate. The State group NRW has been tasked by the federal board to implement a three-stage draft proposal (developed in NRW) as a model project. The evaluation is made in accordance with the specific content and ethical aspects of the basic qualification, the counselling approach (candidacy for a seal for two years, first level), modules for further training (seal and participation, second level) and the proof of experience (third level, specialization). 2.3 Counselling offered by labour unions Both offers mentioned here are offered by ver.di, the service union. Both target employees of the media trade. There is a regular exchange between both counselling facilities which, although on an informal level, is so intensive that specific inquiries are forwarded between the two. 2.3.1 mediafon www.mediafon.net The ver.di-offer mediafon is primarily directed at independent workers within the media professions. It is addressed at the self-employed – independent artists, authors and journalists as well as web designers, programmers and other freelance professions in the IT trade. mediafon offers information on rates, fees, legal and taxation questions down to nationwide information about trade specific dates, seminars and further education. In addition the (scarcely 30) nationwide counsellors refer to local networks (round tables) and, if desired, establish contacts to these. 2.3.2 connexx.av www.connexx-av.de Connex-av is directed at employees and free-lance staff of private broadcasting, motion pictures and television, in AV-production companies and the Internet. Altogether 14 staff members in regional areas (e.g. Hamburg, Hanover and Bremen; Berlin, Brandenburg, Cologne, Düsseldorf and Dortmund), provide information, inter alia, on the topics tariff- and labour law. As a response to the heavy demand for education and further education (third place according to a survey27 of the Hans-Böckler Foundation in 2001) this offer is being established in co-operation with partners from the field of education (e.g. Macromedia, State media institute of Lower Saxony etc.). The Connex-av counsellors utilize networking at a national level, and trade specific round table discussions take place every month for members and interested parties. 2.4 Economic networks Economic networks mostly aim at strengthening the participants’ market position. It goes without saying that here also the principle of a fair balance between give and take rules. Mostly internal accounting modes of the performed services are pursued to assure "fair models" within such networks. This often harbours an important source of smouldering long-term conflicts.28 As examples, a production site and a consulting network for networking within a commercial context are listed here. 2.4.1 Media Centre Duisburg After a printing agency expanded to a combine of four enterprises only by outsourcing type setting and picture processing and adding an advertising publishing house and an agency for direct marketing, various other service providers – from web designer to various counselling offers – were integrated into the co- 27 Rolf Satzer: Nicht nur Traumjobs – vom Arbeiten und Verdienen in den Medien, connex-av, 2001,p. 37 28 H.-R. Treichel, K.-G. Ciesinger: Virtuelle Unternehmen in der Medienwirtschaft, 1999 "....If e.g. rates below the market value are agreed upon, external orders (fetching higher commissions) would always be prioritized, ahead of the cooperative projects. Would on the other hand market rates be charged, the partners would attempt to increase their rates until eventually their services would no longer be in demand. In both cases, the resulting performance is impaired considerably. .“ operation network by the mid 90ies upon the move to new premises. Here the basis for the optimal conditions guiding the evolutionary process was to create the required technical and cultural infrastructure, to be used by the respective partners according to their individual needs. In the course of the years it showed, that the formal authority held by the respective actors did not correspond to their need for independence, and that a normative theoretical model would not have been successful in the end. 2.4.2 Synergy www.synergie-gmbh.de und www.synergie-network.de Founded in the beginning of the 90ies by three managing directors (Wolfgang von Berg, Christian Sandler and Ralf Karabasz) and an originally small circle of a few permanent and several free-lance staff, the network Synergie GmbH from the beginning pursued definite profit-oriented targets. The network concept was implemented by means of a central organization unit predominantly managing order procurement and a part of the indispensable back office (distribution, funding, cost accounting, controlling, entrepreneurial participation modes or taxation- and legal issues). To this end, a percentage of the total turnover from every order was transferred to the network. Free-lance staff was used in accordance with the required resources, whereby successfully completed tasks led to an increase in the utilization frequency. A smaller portion of the turnover from the orders procured directly by the freelance staff was transferred to the network, and successful free-lance staff was able to transfer into the close circle of partners of the Synergie Network business platform. However, the extremely demanding high level of individual responsibility and the taxing personal time input required (in part exceeding 60 hrs per week) is not suitable for everybody. A large part of the communication flow takes place by utilizing new technology, by Internet performances as well as via email. Last year a new management team formally solidified the network. The target was achieved: to attain a strong market position. 2.5 Socio-political networks Next to the multitude of so-called service clubs with ethical objectives like Rotary, Lions and Zonta, founded in the US at the dawn of the last century, which in part practise international networking, there also are science-oriented networks and socio-political networks with ethical objectives. The German association EBEN is one example of this, as it pursues objectives both economic and ethical, and thus could concern issues relating to vocational counselling. 2.5.1 DNWE: Das Deutsche Netzwerk Wirtschaftsethik as mediator between practise and science in the German speaking area. www.dnwe.de DNWE is the national association (founded 1993 in Bad Homburg, approx. 450 members) of the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN, founded 1987 in Brussels) seeking to further intercultural dialogues on questions relating to economic and entrepreneurial ethics. An honorary board of directors manages the association. A board of trustees with distinguished members from economy, science and society renders advice and support. The objective pursued by DNWE is to further the exchange of thoughts and ideas on the ethical aspects of economy and to ethically direct economic actions to contribute towards solving moral dilemmas within economic competition. In the spirit of networking, representatives of • science, e.g. from the fields of economic science and business economics • philosophy, theology, judiciary, psychology • practical experience, e.g. entrepreneurs, managers, politicians specializing in economic and social affairs • associations, churches, interest groups and media meet. To this end, DNWE furthers and supports all attempts by enterprises, associations and institutions directed at the practical implementation of moral principles and demands in economic questions. 2.6 Dresdner Netzwerk Studienbegleitender Hilfen (DNS) The "Dresdner Netzwerk studienbegleitender Hilfen"29 was established in the years 1997 - 2000 for the students of the TU Dresden. With a staff of four and a circle of student assistants as well as honorary staff (incl. interns approx. 20) the DNS was made available by the entire TU Dresden in a co-operation between science- and non-science staff as well as the chair for counselling and rehabilitation at the faculty of educational sciences and the central students’ counselling. With the " help and support offered by this network, the students are able to cope with the everyday (e.g. learning-) as well as the particular (e.g. exam) challenges (...) in a better way"30. After completion of the positive evaluation, a transfer into common university application is under way. 2.7 Media specific national counselling networks The two counselling networks presented have entirely different origins. AIM from the beginning onwards placed emphasis on the trade specific vocational training and further training, whereas DMMV considers itself a professional association for enterprises and self-employed in the media trade. 2.7.1 aim vocational training in media professions www.aim-mia.de The "Koordinationszentrum für Ausbildung in Medienberufen –AIM", located in Cologne since 1995, is a cooperative project by representatives of the media professions and public institutions. The objective is to co-ordinate the vocational training and further training in this permanently changing field. Trade specific counselling was made available and subdivided into four areas: • „First Steps“ focuses on students and school graduates • „Second Level“ advises persons with professional experience for their further professional training • „Professional“ advises persons with comprehensive professional experience in researching and clarifying new professional and personal perspectives • „Advising institutions“ targets enterprises ad public institutions on the topic of „Vocationaland further training in the media trade” Frank Nestmann: Ressourcenförderung in der Studien- und Studentenberatung – Das Dresdner Netzwerk studienbegleitender Hilfen. In: Nestmann, Frank /Engel, Frank: Die Zukunft der Beratung. Tübingen 2002, p 297 -323 29 30 Nestmann,Frank; 2002 a.o.p. p 297 2.7.2 DMMV www.dmmv.de The German multi media association (Deutsche Multimediaverband) exists since 1995 and targets multimedia- and IT-service providers, enterprises and trade management consultants. DMMV is a professional association with specific expertise. It provides directives for fees and salaries, definitions of new media professions as well as excellent knowledge of this labour market. Presently the association is actively involved in creating a „counselling network“. The term network here represents a database in which the enterprises participating in DMMV create (and update) their own service and counselling profiles, thus via the association have a common marketing platform available. 2.8 Informal networks in the media trade „regular round tables“ In the past years the media trade in particular has seen the birth of various meetings, of so-called "round tables". The objectives of these clearly distinguish them from the pub table for regulars. These round tables serve as a meeting venue for individuals from comparative professional fields for exchanging information and experiences. Most of these round tables are association network tools, like e.g. the „Webgrrls", "Last Tuesday" of the Kölner Internetunion e.V., the "free round table" of free-lance journalists organized by in ver.di etc. Primarily, these round tables are only accessible to members of the respective associations. The "Medienstammtisch Köln" on the other hand is available to anybody interested, and exclusively targets the networks of the participants. It is presented here in lieu of others. 2.8.1 "Medienstammtisch Köln" www.medienstammtisch.de The "Medienstammtisch Köln" takes place several times a year and was introduced in 1992. This informal event joins media workers during highly qualified specific lectures about current topics of discussion or for information about pending new developments. The subsequent informal networking has during the years past repeatedly led to restricted co-operations between several enterprises which, in the closer sense of the definition „virtual enterprises“ correspond to a loose merger of enterprises otherwise independently active on the market. It is important to note that the organizers always stressed the desirability of cooperations and networking. This is a free flow of information made available, the "fair balance between giving and taking” can however only occur informally among the participants. The participants do not directly compensate the organizers in any way. Thus, the profit for the organizers must be regarded from a different perspective, e.g. through increased prestige. 2.9 Networking support in enterprises based on the example of Ericsson The high importance placed upon the social networking of its staff by certain large enterprises is indicated here as a special case. They either employ staff abroad or staff from abroad, and appreciate the positive effect of „social networking“during the reintegration or initiation of their staff since many years. The support is either rendered through staff of their own personnel departments (e.g.: dept. "International Assignment" in Ericsson Eurolab in Herzogenrath∗) or by engaging so-called external relocation services. The task of both is not only to facilitate the integration of the staff member themselves in the enterprise, but also to support their families in getting accustomed to their new environment, e.g. by offering assistance in finding accommodation, day-care facilities, applications for dependency benefits, registration of bank accounts etc. Ericsson Eurolab furthermore via email provides information about volunteer meetings of the "Ericsson Ladies", and through the relocation services provide hints about club meetings and regional networks. The profit for the enterprise is apparent, as it is proven that staff members able to settle successfully into a social network because of such support are able to take on their task in the company faster and with unburdened minds, are less prone to fall ill or to leave the company. ∗ Telephone discussion with Ms. Merks, International Assignment Ericson Eurolab on 16.01.2003 3 Counselling networks 3.1 Two basic requirements Active and sustaining networking depends upon two fundamental realizations: The network participants must be convinced of the value of generous information conduct, and all partners must pay attention to a fair balance between giving and taking. This is true for networks with the sole purpose of distributing information as well as for networks within an economic context. 3.1.1 Information Generous information conduct is primarily not a matter of mentality but of inner conviction, the belief that what is to the advantage of one will also be advantageous to the other. DNWE (Deutsches Netzwerk für Wirtschaftsethik e.V. Frankfurt) thus uses a slogan after Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: "In truth I do not profit from something to my sole advantage, but from what benefits my fellow man and society ". Recognition of one’s own strengths and weaknesses permits a clear view upon one’s own possibilities relating to performance and counselling. Given this possibility, recognition of one’s own limits can provide clear indications of the huge possibilities of counselling within networks. Entrepreneurial networks preferably utilize this synergetic effect of various competencies, counselling institutions should make better use of this bonus to improve their client support. 3.1.2 Fair balance of give and take Networks can only exist on a long-term basis when they are kept alive by the activities of the individual network partners. To assure that the activities do not come to a sudden end after the euphoric initial phase it is very important to design models assuring a fair balance of giving and taking. Economically oriented networks mostly use financial accounting modes for this, socio-advisory networks must find another kind of balance – for the individuals among themselves (guide for giving and taking) as well as for the network itself and its individual parts. Individual partners profiting disproportionately is easily seen as „exploitation of the cooperative trust“31 and every individual regarding himself part of the network will time and time again ask the same question of the network “what do I get out of it?”. 31 Treichel, Ciesinger: a.o.p. p.321 3.2 3.2.1 Chances and limits of counselling networks Chances Next to the positive results of synergetic effects (synergetic effect acc. to32 Duden: positive effect, derived from the merger or cooperation of two companies or the like) and the coalition of various strengths, the chances in establishing a network of regional vocational counsellors must primarily be considered in the quality assurance. This quality assurance may be documented by additional qualification- and further training possibilities, through codes of action. If counsellors so desire, it may be documented by certification. The certification itself could, as planned for DGF, be a gradual qualification towards a certificate, to enable everybody to attain this certificate in accordance with his own starting point. There is great potential in using the network as a service to collect, monitor, comment and process the flood of new regulations, advice and fast changes (inter alia of the labour market) precisely in the media trade, and make this available to its members. Another chance for internal but also for external information lies in the establishment of a common data base providing the coordinates of colleagues as well as external contact data of contact persons to the members. Chances for a regional counselling network lie in the establishment of the required technical and cultural infrastructure, it should "provide the fertile soil for cooperation; the cooperation must however grow on its own."33 3.2.2 Limits The network should define quality standards of counselling as well as establish a „code of honour“, a network can however not be made responsible for counselling errors. Furthermore, the network can in the proposed form not be responsible for order acquisitions. The network can offer networking possibilities and a platform for networking, but not “weave the net”. This is still the active task of the individual partners. The network can provide information on how to network (s. checklists), but not “carry to the network”. It can monitor, structure and process information, but not be responsible for each communication flow; i.e. there are distinct agreements of who is responsible for providing and collecting the information. 32 Duden, 22. edition, 2001 33 Mr Grahl, Initiator Medien Zentrum Duisburg, lecture DIHT congress Feb. 1997 Düsseldorf in: Treichel und Ciesinger a.o.p. 3.3 Network tasks 3.3.1 Objectives To define the objectives of a counselling network is a task of prime importance for the future network partners. The herein contained ideas and proposals are merely intended as basis for the corresponding definitions of objectives. Baiocco34 lists the subsequent items under the aspects of transparency, development and representation of interests. How and by whom these objectives are to be represented must be decided as a third step of the establishment schedule under the “foundation” criterion. Transparency: Exchange of experiences • Current questions • Working methods • Results and trends • Colleague advise in special cases • Review of self image Dialogue and development • Discussion fora for specialized questions • Coordination of tasks • Counselling quality • Knowledge management Representation of interests: Lobbying (political) decision-makers 34 Oliver Baiocco: "MediaCoach" Ausbildung in der Medienbranche "Analyse der Berufsberatung in der Medienbranche"Part I, p. 42 3.4 Establishment of a network 3.4.1 Step by step The steps suggested for the establishment of a regional counselling network are oriented to the „normative theoretical“ model by the authors Treichel / Ciesinger and are supplemented by portions from the Dimpfl model. Hence, a need for clarification at four levels occurs • strategic decision • quest for and choice of partner • foundation • management The attached checklists and worksheets support the realization of these four steps. Based on experience, substantial questions will arise on the subsequent topics, hence in this place some additional advice. 3.4.2 The time factor Nearly 50% replied „biannually“ to the question35, as to how often the exchange should occur. This clearly demonstrates that those asked were not willing to invest much time. However, experience shows that, especially during the period of network establishment, intervals so far apart do not produce sustaining relations. Thus, at least in the phase of commencement meetings should be foreseen every two to maximum three months ∗. As soon as, next to the formal structure, informal contacts start thriving (presumably after 2-3 years), the intervals between the meetings may be extended. In addition, experience shows that the willingness to visit meetings frequently is more pronounced the more the individual requires information or support. The question of motivation (s. model Dimpfl, worksheet 1) must also be put in this place. Seen from the view of the network provider, the time factor may inter alia be measured by the desired growth pace of the network. This means that the reply to this question is governed by the amount and intensity of work invested in the network growth. The level of technologically supported information and communication (s. chapter 3.6.) decides, among other things, the personal, i.e. time input of the network provider. 35 Baiocco, Oliver: Survey of the participants to the first regional expert’s conference: „Anforderung an die Berufsberatung im Wandel“ 5.11.2002; item 4 ∗ This is supported by the experience made during the establishment of the "Medienstammtisch Köln", which originally took place every two months, and today is sufficiently firmly established so that two to three events per year suffice to keep the network webbing intact. 3.5 Members of the counselling network (quest for partners) Oliver Baiocco, in his analysis "Analyse der Berufsberatung in der Medienbranche"36, based on a survey among counsellors, refers to the „attention to be placed upon the diversity and multi-disciplinarity of the network participants“. A widely distributed range of participants in the sense of multidisciplinarity has, in many existing networks, already proven a successful base for the improved quality by lively and (hardly) competitive information exchange. Baiocco lists the subsequent counsellors and institutions as potential members: • Labour administration vocational- and educational counsellors • Vocational- and educational counsellors from other non-commercial institutions • Coaches, supervisors, career counsellors • Personnel counsellors • Counselling teachers (various school models) • Vocational counsellors at Universities • Entrepreneurial personnel managers • Entrepreneurial trainers • Entrepreneurial managements • Entrepreneurial associations • Labour union and chamber counsellors • Cities and municipalities The evaluation of the survey made at the First Regional Experts’ Conference also displayed this wish for the exchange of individual counselling experiences. Thereby representatives from educational institutions ranged first before representatives of economy and in third place representatives of sciences among the professional groups with whom an increased information exchange is desired. The subsequent is an attempt to rearrange possible cooperation partners under organizational and interest-guided aspects. 3.5.1 Education Potential participants: staff of State educational institutions, vocational- and educational counsellors from the labour administration, counselling teachers (various school models), vocational counsellors at Universities. 36 Oliver Baiocco"MediaCoach" Ausbildung in der Medienbranche "Analyse der Berufsberatung in der Medienbranche", part I p. 40 The participation of the professional groups mentioned is integrated into individual fix formal institutions. Their contribution will further the desired connection of science and practise. The field of education is characterized by that, due to the professional closeness to the various actors within the trade, teachers and trainers possess a high level of sensibility and knowledge of contemporary problems. Teachers and trainers are often the first persons with whom students and trainees discuss professional and even personal distress. Close relationships between the participants may develop in the course of a three-year training, on the one hand associated with students’ and trainees’ high expectations for support from the teaching staff, and on the other hand with the teaching staff’s self-expectation to not abandon the trainees and students when they are faced with problems. Furthermore, staff from educational institutions due to their professional activities maintains close contacts to enterprises, labour unions, chambers and other educational institutions and in themselves constitute a small personal network. Due to the multitude of various contacts, they possess distinctive knowledge of trade specific problems and solutions and are thus invaluable for a counselling network. 3.5.2 Institutions Staff from institutions like e.g. employment agencies, labour unions and professional associations will participate in the development and elaboration of a network for a variety of reasons. Next to economic self-interest, it is meanwhile of decisive importance for institutions as well to be involved in up-to-date discussion- and development processes with other actors, to actively implement changes and thus be able to influence decisions at an early stage. Exclusive concentration upon individual resources and potentials do no longer suffice for satisfactory responses to current problems and questions. Thus, missing information and solutions must be achieved through organized cooperation. Networks thereby to institutions offer the possibility to “circumvent” individual, often rigid internal decision processes – with reference to external developments and necessities of decision-making. Representatives of institutions are of particular importance for networks, as they one the one hand are supported by a certain potential (organizational and financial resources, knowledge, their own networks), which may eventually prove indispensable for operative problem solving. On the other hand, institutions, as organized group representatives, adopt an intermediary function, i.e. they organize – within their structures and through their connections also beyond these – the exchange between the level of development and concrete action and thus guarantee the connection to practical activity on a broad level. 3.5.3 Economy Entrepreneurial managements- and associations will consider their network participation under the aspect of possible influence upon qualification standards of staff and thus be in a position to provide important input about changing expectations. Naturally, such a network can also be an aid for the acquisition of qualified staff. 3.5.4 Freelance counsellors The professional groups listed by Oliver Baiocco - coaches, supervisors, career- and personnel counsellors – were here supplemented by the relocation agencies as possible freelance cooperation partners with highly pronounced knowledge of networking. It is however a matter of consideration in respect to the participation of these professional groups that free counsellors pursue other targets than institutionally employed. Furthermore experience shows, that time management often is interpreted differently, as every hour, similar to entrepreneurial representatives, represents a noticeable cost factor. 3.6 Communication media in the regional counselling network Special attention must be placed upon the communication between the communication partners among themselves and with the network. The essence of a network is the availability of communication facilities. The interpersonal or „face-to-face“ communication as the basic precondition for networking is inalterable. “Focus on man” is a well-known motto in personnel development, which can also be applied to the objectives of the counselling network introduced here. As a matter of priority within the context of establishing a regional network this indicates the availability of venues and media for „face-to-face“ communication. 3.6.1 Face-to-face / Interpersonal 37 “Face-to-face” was the response by the survey of participants to the first regional experts’ conference with the least deviation from the mean value to the question “which media should be used for the exchange”? This corresponds to the experiences made in other networks. The venues for this are normally seminars, regular round tables and courses for further education. 3.6.2 Technology The second place in the responses to the question above referred to email as desired communication media, immediately thereafter to be followed by the desire for information by means of newsletters, newsgroups or mailing lists. The technological user prerequisites should be present and familiar to counsellors in the media trade. This is also bound to have influenced the high number of responses. This communication facility on an individual level (emails between partners) is easily supplemented by general information via newsletters and mailing lists. The asynchronous facilities (mailing lists, newsgroups and for a) can be supplemented by synchronous communication facilities (chats and even virtual conferences). However, the fact that an editor – voluntary or paid – is required for these facilities must be taken into account. Setting up newsgroups and in particular a community for neighbourhood specialized discussions (“with friends and contacts“) can be a successful step towards the creation of an individual identity. “A genuine onlineCommunity is more (than certain companies setting up discussion fora ∗). It is characterized by specific topics and members’ interests.“38 37 ∗ Baiocco, Oliver : Survey of participants to 1. Regional Experts’ Conference: item 5 a.o.p. remark added by the authors 38 Pawlowitz, Nina Kundengewinnen und binden mit Online-Communities; Campus FkF/NY 2001, p.59 Such facilities should be separated into internal and external parts. The internal facilities (e.g. accessible via password) should only be available to members and support the information flow and communication among these. External facilities are available to clients and their contents thus structured differently. If a network website is being set up anyway, it is a simple matter to include these facilities. However, it is important to note the need for editorial supervision. A rational supplement of the communication media is a database providing information about the network and contact data to interested parties, internal as well as external. The external marketing aspect also bears consideration in this context. The prestige of a network (also internally) rises with the level of popularity. 3.7 3.7.1 Counselling network control (foundation and management) Deciding organization One of the fundamental decisions in implementing the third step of the “normative-theoretical” model by Treichel / Ciesinger is to decide the organization. In contrast to the model, however, it must be stipulated here that the extreme striving for autonomy by the partners established by the authors of the study is not applicable in this context, and that the question of organization thus will rather amount to a pragmatic decision. Thereto, in the following a brief look at three possibilities. 3.7.1.1 Informally Informal and thus noncommittal admittance to the networks appears unsuitable, as personal commitment is strongly related to personal objectives. The network objectives however overstretch individual goals for improvement of individual performances and information status by far. The individual must commit himself to these objectives. In addition, the commitment may be documented beyond an informal membership. Furthermore, informal networks make it impossible to attain a fair balance, at least hardly a recoverable one. As there is not binding formal framework or time limit, these networks disintegrate all too easily. 3.7.1.2 GmbH; GbR etc. (limited liability companies etc.) Judicial agreements pertaining to the legal structure of companies are not applicable to networks, as the objectives are clearly non-commercial and hence do not require adherence to the regulations of trade exchange. To chose economic structures for a network would directly influence the objectives and organization of the same. 3.7.1.3 Association structure Probably the (in Germany) legally secure form of a registered association will be the simplest for the establishment of a counselling network. The commitment is more pronounced in this form than in an informal network. The association structure provides various models for the establishment of a fair balance. The association membership fee can be considered a balance payment for the information and services received. It is easier to set up and handle the information between the members under the considerations of data protection. Furthermore, there is an already pre-set and simple democratic format for management structures, making time consuming and energy wasting discussions in the establishment phase superfluous. These are also the motivations for most networks in Germany choosing the format of a registered association. The decisive question requiring settlement is whether to set up an individual association with its own objectives or join existing associations. Depending upon the problems faced, the points of interest of potential network actors and the possible size of the network it is realistic to utilize the structure of an already existing infrastructure. As not every possible resp. essential participant feels equally responsible for the network establishment resp. is able or willing to actively participate in the establishment, it will always be mandatory for the initiators to make initial organizational, staff and also financial investments in the first phases (strategic decision, quest for partners, foundation) in order to lay the necessary foundation for the network establishment. 3.7.2 Funding aspects Membership fees alone cannot cover the funding of the establishment and facilities of a counselling network with the pursued objectives. The establishment itself can still be managed with rather small means from voluntary contributions from the future cooperation partners. This primarily concerns expenses for kick-off meetings and membership drives through personal approach and information material. The operating expenses will be considerably much higher than those of a simple association, as a network, especially in its initial phase (the first years), requires intensive supervision due to the necessity of a continuous and intensive information flow. The establishment of synchronous and asynchronous communication methods requires a supervising team or at least competent persons taking on the tasks of development, moderation, editing and possibly member service. The non-commercial context of an association permits a wider range of possibilities than some other structures. The taxation aspect of non-profitability has but marginal influence in this respect. The association can apply for subventions as a so-called „carrier association“, thereby facilitating the access to further financial resources for the network. A further possibility could be project sponsoring by foundations. The objectives, even is still to be determined by the future members, will concern labour market policies and thus be of interest for the approach to foundations with social, economic and also purely political objectives. Possibilities for EU funding also exist within the context mentioned above. Furthermore, economy could be interested in supporting the pursued network objectives not only by participation, but also by means of financial support. 3.7.3 3.7.3.1 Reports from established networks Simple network meetings Meetings conducted exclusively under the heading “network meeting” have shown to be “networking killers” in established networks. Meeting participants expect a gain, within a professional context in particular defined by a gain of clearly structured information∗. Experience has shown that if this part is omitted, the numbers of participants dwindle rapidly, even in long established networks. BFBM39 had to make this experience in a number of regional groups. Each regional group is alone responsible for the respective annual programme. Some had temporarily foreseen a number of simple ∗ e.g. one lecture per night, one information part networking evenings next to the information events and lectures. These were however soon abolished, as the nation-wide response was mostly negative – many participants felt simple networking evenings to be a waste of time. Other networks shared this experience. Better results were obtained with a programme mixture – starting with a lecture, subsequently networking possibilities (e.g.: Medienstammtisch Köln, BVMW40 ; B.F.B.M .). 3.7.3.1.0 Various expectations of free-lance and institutionalized counsellors In contrast to institutionalized counsellors, free-lance counsellors will naturally subject the objectives to a sober cost-benefit analysis. The effort for network participation (at least the time factor) is thus soon judged in a different light. As free-lance counsellors lack a superior institution to reimburse their time, travelling expenses or overnight stay, the gain derived from network participation is frequently determined less by the gain for a possible client than by the gain for the individual counsellor. This results in a further distinguishing factor in respect to different time management. Experiences from established networks show that free-lance counsellors frequently prefer fast decisions and implementations – and rather put these to the test than engage in drawn out discussions. Here the network organizers would need to, on the one hand, identify the varied legitimate points of interest of the individual actors and, on the other hand, to provide a balance of interests. The objective is not to satisfy individual subgroups within a network, but the centre of the networking activity must be the establishment of a win-win situation. 3.7.3.2 Generosity in information transmission Knowledge is power Still today, the undisputed phrase that knowledge is power is interpreted by many as only applicable if this knowledge is kept to oneself. This is certainly true in parts for professional groups who make a living by selling their knowledge. However, it does not apply to a network with the primary target of conveying quality counselling as information mediators in the form of case management to the client. The key is here to convey as much information as possible, in a well-structured and comprehensible format. Due to the abundance of information available today it is often no longer feasible to manage on one’s own. In a network, it is also not necessary. If I am conscious of my strengths and my weaknesses, I am fully aware of where I need to obtain information from others or forward to the client, and how I in turn can support others with information. Knowledge is power, in particular when I can apply this knowledge in a comprehensive context and by competent methods together with others. 39 B.F.B.M. e.V. Bundesverband der Frau im freien Beruf und Management 40 BVMW, Bundesverband mittelständige Wirtschaft, Unternehmerverband Deutschland e.V. Holding back knowledge The interpretation that ‘holding back knowledge makes me strong’ unfortunately still exists in networks. Such conduct, just as one-sided profiting from the information flow, is quickly detected in an economic networking context. Experience shows that such imbalances in giving and taking lead to members being excluded from the general communication flow. Such cases might call for conflict management methods. In a social network like the one attempted this is more difficult. Here must be relied upon the insight of the individual members that the sum of information is more valuable than the addition of the individual parts. 3.7.3.3 When giving and taking are off balance Many references are made to a basic awareness of a fair balance of giving and taking as a necessity for the functioning of networks. This balance must be attempted from the very beginning to establish a basis of trust between the partners. Furthermore, the initial awareness must include the lack of this balance as potential destructive factor. Economically oriented networks make an often difficult attempt at attaining a financial balance, networks predominantly oriented towards social counselling must attain this balance exclusively on a topic-oriented and emotional level. Nevertheless, a counselling network will require the commencement of a financial balance (also refer to 3.7.2). Particularly in social networks, difficulties in emotional balance on a personal level often exist, noted in statements like „you never call" or “you never think of me!" (often caused by the concern „you don’t love me!“). A counselling network can avoid this feeling by planning structured codes of conduct from the beginning. This can take place in the form of personalized communication, forwarding information and resources on an individual basis, and sometimes by a simple "Thinking of you". For instance, birthday greeting to the members (a birthday card or letter has more of a personal impact than an email). 3.7.3.4 Conflict management The consequence of the above is that the aspect of conflict management must be taken into account during the establishment of a counselling network. The authors Treichel / Ciesinger list this as a level four management task, Dimpfl expresses confidence building and –maintenance as a management task41. The attachments once again include the well-established TZI rules by Ruth Cohn as supplements. The establishment of clear structures (regular meetings, settling responsibilities, simple association statutes etc.) during level three of the foundation process will facilitate an easier start. 41 Robert Dimpfl a.o.p. , p. 32-57 4 4.1 Step by step – actions and working papers Step by step through the four levels In their normative-theoretical model, Treichel /Ciesinger introduce four decision levels which, based on experience, will be traversed during the network establishment. The manual provides working papers to support the decisions based on these levels. The four levels mentioned are filled with the subsequently listed clarifications. • strategic decision environment analysis – self analysis choice of cooperation mode • Quest for (and –choice of) partners self-profile – requirement profile partner evaluation choosing and winning partners • Foundation definition of objectives establishing organization mode judicial-formal agreement • Management controlling management conflict management
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