Chemistry Lectures in English How to download courseware http://teach.xmu.edu.cn/ 化学英文报告讲座单位列表化学化工学院查询教师 R --Presentations 任斌化学英文报告讲座密码 112 Fall Semester 2007 2007 Graduates Outline Those who wish to give oral presentation, please send an email to me [email protected] by Oct. 30, 2007 "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" • Gerhard Ertl • Born 1936 • Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-PlanckGesellschaft (FHI-MPG) Berlin, Germany • Director of the Dept. of Physical Chemistry, 1986 – 2004.11 • • • • Introduction of Nobel Laureate Review How to read mathematics' Expression English presentation • Modern surface chemistry started to emerge in the 1960s thanks to vacuum technologies which were developed in the semiconductor industry. This year’s Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl, was one of the first to understand the potential of the new technology. He is awarded the Nobel Prize for having laid the methodological foundations for an entire field of research. The great reliability of Ertl’s results is due to the meticulous precision in his work combined with an outstanding capacity to refine problems. He has painstakingly and systematically searched for the best experimental techniques to investigate each separate question. • LEED, XPS, UPS, HREELS, AES, PEEM, FTIR, SIMS • Further reading: download from Server. 1 • The approach developed by Ertl is based not least on his studies of the Haber-Bosch process, in which nitrogen is extracted from the air for inclusion in artificial fertilizers. This reaction, which functions using an iron surface as its catalyst, has enormous economic significance because the availability of nitrogen for growing plants is often restricted. Ertl has also studied the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum, a reaction that takes place in the catalyst of cars to clean exhaust emissions. Prof. Ertl and FHI • [AS] .. Committee has emphasized is the fact that you have continually revisited problems; old problems and problems that you yourself have addressed. It makes it sound as if a scientist's work is never done. • [GE] –….a scientist is never, never at the end, and when we solve a problem, five other problems develop anew. So that's why a scientist will always think about his work and what he can do next. • [AS] – But what's the most important lesson they should learn from you, do you think? • [GE] – It's hard to say, but I think you never should give up, you should always try to solve the problem as far as it is possible. And you must be patient. You must be patient. That's very important. • [AS] – .. the field you've helped to develop will contribute greatly to the benefit of mankind, what do you think the main benefit might be in the short term? • [GE] – …. as soon as you understand something better then you can also think of improving it. I think that's the main message you can learn from it. My Stay in FHI 2002.9-2003.12, 2004.6-2004.8, 2005.9 Title: Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of benzenethiol adsorbed on Au and Pt singlecrystal surfaces Author(s): Ren B, Picardi G, Pettinger B, Schuster R, Ertl G Source: ANGEWANDTE CHEMIEINTERNATIONAL EDITION 44 (1): 139-142 2005 References: 24 Times Cited: 21 Title: Nanoscale probing of adsorbed species by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Author(s): Pettinger B, Ren B, Picardi G, Schuster R, Ertl G Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 92 (9): Art. No. 096101 MAR 5 2004 Cited References: 23 Times Cited: 56 Ertl PK Somorjai • 据一般的小道消息，国际上不少人对固体表面化学反应领域是否在这个阶段能够得到诺贝尔奖的肯定有保留意见。而今年的固体表面化学反应的诺贝尔奖只给了Ertl一个人，估计会引起一些异议。 • 美国加州大学Berkeley分校的Gabor Somorjai教授就是固体表面化学反应研究领域中获得诺贝尔奖呼声很高的科学家之一。前不久的北京诺贝尔峰会还专门邀请了Somorjai教授前来演讲和报告，他获得过Wolf奖和美国国家科学奖，他的影响其实早已超过一般诺贝尔奖获得者。1998年的 Wolf化学奖，就是Gerhard Ertl和Gabor A. Somorjai二人合得的。小道消息说，Somorjai教授最近些年每年都在等诺贝尔委员会的电话，可以肯定的是明年他不用等了。 • 诺贝尔委员会的颁奖材料特别提到Ertl的研究相对来讲更彻底和透彻。固体表面研究非常复杂，研究中经常会出错误的结果。研究中经常会出错误的结果。Ertl Ertl的研究更为系的研究更为系统，unforced Somorjai教授要少，应该是教授要少，应该是Ertl Ertl胜出他胜出他统，unforced error更少，肯定比 error更少，肯定比Somorjai 人的一个重要因素。 “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong. ------Arthur C. Clarke The world's best known and bestselling science fiction writer From：王鸿飞博客 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=8699 2 Outline of this lecture • Phonetic and pronunciation review • How to read formulas • How to prepare scientific presentations oral presentation Syllable accent (stress) Review-phonetics Know the rules: BiBi-syllable： syllable： molar, molar, matter, matter, cation cation 第一个重读 TriTri-syllable Element, microscope, microscope, hydrogen hydrogen 倒数第三个 Pentacular, anniver sary Penta-syllable socio sociologist, perpendi perpendicular, anniversary 倒数第三个重读倒数第五个次重读 Review-Chemistry Elements Remember some exceptions: ~ation, sium ation, intera interaction ~ium, ium, magne magnesium ~icient, cient ~tative, icient, coeffi coefficient tative, qualitative qualitative quantitative quantitative ~ique, que,, techni que,, ~ic, fic,, optic, stic ique, obli oblique technique ic, scienti scientific optic, characteri characteristic ~ ism magnetism, gmatism, mechanism magnetism, asti astigmatism, mechanism (前两个音节 (前两个音节)) School, schedule Speak, expand skÆsg spÆsb Student, stick stÆsd Some important compounds and ions Elements Hydrogen Sodium Scandium Germanium Tin Helium Magnesium Titanium Arsenic * Iodine Lithium Aluminum Vanadium Bromine Barium Chromium Krypton Tungsten Beryllium Silicon Boron Phosphorous Manganese Molybdenum Osmium Carbon Sulfur Iron Ruthenium Iridium Nitrogen Chlorine Cobalt Rhodium Platinum Oxygen Argon Nickel Palladium Gold Fluorine Potassium Copper Silver Mercury neon Calcium Zinc Cadmium Lead * CO32- carbonate H2CO3 carbonic acid HCO3- hydrogen carbonate H2SO4 sulfuric acid bibi-carbonate HClO4 perchloric acid SO42- sulfate HClO3 chloric acid HSO4- hydrogen sulfate HCl hydrochloric acid bisulfate HNO3 nitric acid NO3- nitrate H3PO4 phosphoric acid PO43- phosphate NaOH sodium hydroxide OHhydroxide Occasionally we refer to a NH4+ ammonium substance by its formula rather ClO4- perchlor ate perchlorate than by its chemical name. ClO3 chlorate chlorate H2SO4 H two S O four ClO2- chlorite chlorite ClO- hypochlor chlorite ite hypo C8H18 C eight H eighteen, Octane 3 Organic compounds On(upon) heating, calcium carbonate decomposed to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide Alkene Propene 烯 Alkyne ethyne (acetylene ) 炔 Alcohol ethanol propanol 醇 Ether (i) ethyl ether CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 醚 Aldehyde ethanal CH3CHO 醛 Ketone acetone CH3COCH3 酮 Carboxylic acid benzoic acid C6H5COOH 羧酸 Amine (i) Ester (e) Amide Chemical reactions methane, decane 烷 Alkane propyl amine methyl acetate benzamide CH3CH2CH2NH2 胺 CH3CO-OCH3 脂 C6H5CONH2 酰胺 When magnesium is treated with hydrochloric acid, there is an evolution of hydrogen accompanied by the formation of magnesium chloride. The formation of sodium sulfate and water occurs when sulfuric acid is mixed with sodium hydroxide. Reaction of diphosphorus pentoxide with water produces phosphoric acid Iron(III) oxide and hydrogen form iron and water Treated with, mixed with, allowed to react reactant Evolution of, are produced, are formed product How to read numbers and formulas 109 ten to the 9 10-9 ten to the minus 9 23 two to the three; Two to the power of three; A e –t A e to the minus t; or A e to the power of minus t; Mathematic form and formulas 1/10 one tenth 2/5 two fifths 0.5 0.05 point zero five “0.*” K<0 point five a few (several) tenths 4 2 two and four-sevenths 7 *0 several tens k is smaller than 0 5-10 μm 5 to 10 micrometer(micron) 300 ºC three hundred degrees centigrade (or Celsius) Au(110) gold one one o − Au(1 00) gold one bar o o 0.23 M point two three Molar V=k[A]2 V equals k multiplied by the square of the molar concentration of A V equals k A square English Presentation cm-1 wavenumber 0.5 V point five volt (not voltage) 4 Distribution of research results • Publishing papers • Applying for patents • Attending conference give oral or poster presentations Why oral presentation ? Interpersonal discussions, exchange of ideas, and sharing problems and achievements are very important, extremely inspiring and shall never be replaced by any other means of communication. Type of presentations • You may find the following phrases when you dip into the program book of a conference: • Plenary Lectures —Extremely important person • Keynote Lectures • Invited Lectures (Talks) • Oral presentations • Poster presentations What is your opinion on a good English presentation? Clean and clear words, short sentences Large font size and good contrast to the background Before going into the content, do give a concise outline of the content you are going to talk about Talking in as simple sentences as possible Giving some emphasis during your talk by increasing the volume or repeating very briefly some sentences Giving summaries whenever necessary Making Scientific Presentations Nervous?! I could somehow see nothing all around me but the paper, and I felt as if my body was gone, and only my head was left. Charles Darwin Yesterday I gave a colloquium.... I spoke loudly and looked at the audience and not the blackboard, although under the circumstances the blackboard seemed far more appealing than some of the people. Lise Meitner Physicist Courtesy of the Archives, Cal-Tech Linus Pauling an excellent technical presenter 5 Presentations have several advantages over documents Work can come alive for audience Presentations also have several disadvantages C A Presenter can read audience and react Audience cannot reread text B C ! Presenter receives instant reaction ? ! audience has one chance to hear Audience cannot look up background material ? In a scientific presentation, you have to juggle four aspects of style Visual Aids Supply plenums for each liner panel allow for independent flow control Structure time limits done alone or in a group questions during or end audience Delivery occasion Speech As with documents, the structure of presentations should have clear beginnings, middles, and ends B e g i n n i n g ? D You begin preparing a scientific presentation by analyzing your constraints purpose ? ? Speaker has limited chance to catch errors Work Generally, at the beginning and ending of a technical presentation, you give comments that address everyone in the room Middle The middle is a discussion and analysis of that work, you may very well try to help those not interested in definitions and background information Archives, Fermi Lab Beginnings prepare the audience Introduction for the work to be presented Defines Defineswork work E n d i n g Shows Showsimportance importance why is that topic important? Work = A + B what topic are we going to learn about? Gives Givesbackground background Maps Mapspresentation presentation what information do I A need to know to understand this subject? B C D How long will this trip take? 6 The middle presents the work in a logical order In the middle, you make smooth transitions between major points The most important points for organizing the middle are: those divisions should be logical there should not be too many divisions pre-combustion methods combustion methods combustion methods post-combustion methods Often good speakers use more than one of these clues that the talk has moved from one section to another. When an audience knows that the ending of the presentation is approaching, they often sit up and concentrate (even if they have gotten lost in the technical details of the middle). The ending summarizes main points and places them in the big picture big picture point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4 In a formal presentation, the slides reflect the structure point 5 point 6 point 7 point 8 overall perspective summary ending summary point 1 point 7 people remember only about 10% of what they hear. At the end of a presentation, the speaker should repeat the most important points so that the audience is more likely to walk out the door with those points. a discussion of the work that needs to be done or a list of recommendations or a look at the technical work from the vantage point of the big picture In a scientific presentation, you have to play with four aspects of style Structure middle provide a future perspective Visual Aids beginning logical order transitions scope importance background mapping Audiences remember more when you use well-designed slides Supply plenums for each liner panel allow for independent flow control Hear See Delivery Hear & See 10 20 30 40 50 60 Recall (%) Speech Archives, Fermi Lab 7 No matter what type of projection you use, you must make certain decisions Choose a format that is professional Choose legible type What format to choose? Arial Use easy-reading fonts BOOK ANTIQUA Avoid capital letters Avoid clutter What information to include? Included Excluded Font size can also make sense Font size 44 Font size 36 Font size 32 Font size 28 Font size 24 Font size 20 Arial 36 Font size 44 bold Font size 36 bold Font size 32 bold Font size 28 bold words words words words words words words words Avoid too many words or too many images in one slide Trust your computer monitor or real time projection? • Do not trust what is on the monitor of your laptop or desktop computer • Always check your slides on the full size screen to Font size 24 bold ensure that the audience can read and understand Font size 20 bold your slides. Arial 36 bold Verdana 36 Verdana 36 bold Comic Sans MS 36 Bold 36 Color can make great sense Color can make great sense Color can distinguish a presentation Color can make great sense Color can make great sense 8 Color affects how fast the audience can read The color combination that is read most quickly is black on yellow rather than black on white. Color affects how fast the audience can read What is important is that the combination has strong contrast—the one on this slide does not. Color affects how fast the audience can read Color affects the emotions of the audience Combinations of red, green, and brown are difficult for many people to read Avoid having a hot color such as red or orange as your background color. Include slides that accent important details Headline/body formats orient the audience Use a headline that concisely states the idea of the slide Body supports with words Body supports with images Headline Neptune has three moons Images words words words Body The reason to use short sentence ( or in the note area) when the original speaker is not available for your boss the audience looks back at the slides to remember what occurred The world is warming Results Six warmest years of century 1988 1987 1983 1981 1980 1986 9 Include slides that show organization Beginning Introduction 1. Topic A Topic B A 2. Topic Topic B Title Topic A Middle Topic B A B Exclude details that the audience does not need or cannot remember Avoid filler information Avoid complex math Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube produced fluorescence in a distant platinum-barium-cyanide screen. 2 (x +2) ln x 2 (x + 1) (x-1) 2 Conclusion Avoid long lists Ending Summary of A and B A common mistake that students often make is that they place and remove slides so quickly (particularly the title and conclusion slides) that the audience has no chance to take in the information. Avoid complex images DEARATOR B A HOT WELL RGF Audience, purpose, and occasion determine the appropriate speech to give In a scientific presentation, you have to juggle four aspects of style Structure • Corrosion • Acid rain • Toxic materials • Pulsed combustion • Energetic materials • Pyrogenic materials • Smog Supply plenums for each liner panel allow for independent flow control Visual Aids General technical audience Technical specialists Non-technical audience Delivery Speech Archives, Fermi Lab You have several choices for how you deliver your speech Memorizing the Speech Reading From a Text + allows eye contact - difficult for long speeches - room for precision errors -no room for improvising （临时准备） + ensures precision - does not sound natural - no room for improvising - hinders eye contact Winging It ( 即兴表演) Speaking From slides + sounds natural - has much room for error + insures organization + allows eye contact + allows improvising - some room for error In a scientific presentation, you have to juggle four aspects of style Structure Supply plenums for each liner panel allow for independent flow control Visual Aids Delivery Speech Archives, Fermi Lab 10 Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience Voice Movements Making Scientific Presentations Stage Presence Yesterday I gave a colloquium.... [I] spoke loudly and looked at the audience and not the blackboard, although under the circumstances the blackboard seemed far more appealing than some of the people. Lise Meitner Physicist Courtesy of the Archives, Cal-Tech Linus Pauling Time estimation: average 1.5-2.0 minutes per slide Manner in giving the oral presentations 1. Keep the length of the talk strictly, leave some time for questions 2. Good practice before presentation: avoid walking too much or staying static 3. Interact with the audience Next lecture How to give a presentation How to chair a session How to prepare posters See you on Oct. 30! • direct personal contact in the conduct of science. • feel inspiring to hear the lectures given by wellrecognized scientists, • meet and discuss science with those with known “names” seen only in literatures. • establish new contacts or further collaborations. • provide a perfect opportunity to get a broad overview of new activities and avenues of research. 11