1. food and drink
2. beverages
3. alcoholic beverages
4. wine

PROPAGATIONOF THE VINE.
:OW
VINEYARDS
REGULATE
TO
SEEDLINGS.
OF
SUPERIORITY
THE
ILLUSTRATING
TREATISE
A
BY
USE
OF
THE
i
CONSTITUTIONALLY
ROOTS.
PERFECT
ALSO
.N ESSAY
ON
THE
AND
PHYSICAL
OF
THE
MORAL
INFLUENCE
VINE.
BY
CHARLES
Second
by
the
SAN
FEANCISCO
E
T
M
O
R
E
Appendix.
With
Edition,
SAN
iblished
W
A.
FRANCISCO.
MERCHANT,
1880.
A.
D.
Bell, Proprietor, 323
Front
Street.
PROPAGATION OF THE VINE.
VINEYARDS
REGULATE
TO
HOW
SEEDLINGS.
BY
OF
THE
CONSTITUTIONALLY
OF
SUPERIORITY
USE
ILLUSTRATING
TREATISE
A
THE
ROOTS.
PERFECT
ALSO
AN
ESSAY
ON
THE
PHYSICAL
OF
AND
THE
MORAL
INFLUENCE
VINE.
BY
CHARL-ES
Price
(INCLUDING
SAN
Published
by
the
SAN
FRA*.
WETMORE.
A.
Cisco
LITHOGRAPH)
25
Cents*
FRANCISCO:
MKECHANT,
1880.
A.
D.
Bell, Proprietor, 323
Front
Street,
TO
THE
This
and
of
the
the
rapid
creation
of
pet
of
this
agriculture
own
vine
and
and
the
work
theory, but
to
to
California,
of
industry
and
viticulturists
the
for
our
in
intelligentexertions
to
stimulate
induce
March
people,
ascertaining
of agriculture.
practical possibilities
is not
the
create
controversy,
in
experiment
wanderer
to
the
settle
1st, 1880.
301839
A.
to
good society, and
or
field
The
maintain
to
of
down
fig tree.
GAL.,
desire
all who
homes
CHAS.
OAKLAND,
to
whom
to
-comfortable
and
for continued
demonstrating
object
of
advancement
happy
earnestlyappeal
and
respectfullydedicated
State
CALIFOENIA.
OF
FAEMEES
OTHER
AND
is
pamphlet
farmers
witness
the
VITICULTURISTS
WETMORE.
a
scientific
under
his
PROPAGATIONOF THE VINE.
PRINCIPLESOF VITICULTURERELATING TO DEVELOPMENT
DISCUSSED,
IjOOTS
OF PERFECT
THE
WILD
FOR
A
VINE
GRAFTING
ON
CHAPTER
OR
ORIGIN"
the
During
FROM
period
attracted
view
the
the
restoration
ease
the
opinion
of
exhausted
had
soils
regeneration of the constitutions
in
and
of cultivated
vines.
I found
favor
of
that
the
weight
the
of
evidence
in
was
they
use
of great expense
and
their
failures
might
be restored
favoring
to
must
be
no
would
Some,
roots, being impervious
insect
regeneration
enable
them
however,
ascribed
of
the
that
European
to
with
and
resist
there
vines
the
which
plague.
apparently good
rapid
progress
of
to
could
the
sons,
rea-
dis-
stitutional
con-
would
the seed, which
to
It was
therefore,
disappear.
necessary,
the phylloxera as an
ordinary paraconsider
site
tions
into
an
epidemic by condideveloped
structure
of the
vine
of
degree
better
a
regeneration from
the
cause
plague to
progress
and that
of their
to
These
European
the
that
thought
cause
beout
vigor through
provide radical and permanent
cures.
The
resistance
found
only permanent
was
where
constitutional
were
changes
wrought
in vineyards.
French
viticulturists
scientists
and
Many
to and
adhered
insisted upon
the theory that
the resistance
of the
American
plants was
to
the
solely due
peculiar constitutional
attacks
and
also
the
resisted
vines
stocks, not
worn
pure
cultivation.
vicious
were
by excessive
pean
Euro-
held
soils; these
of
American
the
latter
of
nitrogenous potash manures
and of American
to
the
vines, as near
wild
state
as
possible, for grafting stock.
All specifics, to be
used
cides,
as
simple insectifound
to be impracticable
were
on
count
ac-
the
that
of
by over-production and
vines, increased
impoverishment
remedies
SYLVAN
constitutions
impaired
the
to
OF
MERCHANT.
FRANCISCO
the
concerning
attention
was
ally
especiwhich
VINES
FRANCE.
SAN
THE
and
1878,
to those
IN
OF
observations
of my
France, in
phylloxera plague, my
in
studies
COLUMNS
MAKING.
EUROPEAN
ZIERFAHNLS"
PHYLLOXERA
THE
VALUE
WINE
AND
STOCK
SILVANERS
REPRINTED
CALIFORNIA-ITS
OF
this
that
which
vines
spread
the
true,
were
the
of
be
remembered
from
produced
that
a
few
the
insect
pure
(with
American
original wild
varieties
some
the
completely
vines
improved by simple
reproduction, or hybridization.
that
from
mented
experi-
but it
in name,
all been
they have
either
resist the
soils
destroying vines,
of certain
numerous
remained
retarded
American
The
were
-to
varieties
European
stayed the evil.
with
in
insect
substitution
the
for the
fact
exhausted
been
it had
potash
of
addition
the
er
Wheth-
disease.
of
not, the
or
were
doubt
ties,
varie-
processes
It Was
able
of
served
obto
concerning
the
labruseas),and
failed.
of the
were
No
with
wild
vines
(vitisCalifor
nica
vitis
then
vine
sure
aestivalis
and
been
This
reform
in
would
cause
grape
each
wild
to
in
wild
if the
tings.
cut-
have
constitutionallyperfect in all their parts
undiminished
vigor of an
original
sound
plant, I thought to be based
upon
ture.
principles everywhere recognized in horticulIt occurred
that if cuttings were
to me
good to graft upon,
seedlings, well selected,
would
be better, because
their vitalitywould
be
the
their
and
unimpaired
root
system
first
idea
criticised
hearing it, because
had
seedlings
shown
inferior
were
This
been
has
however
that
the
due
wholly
plete.
com-
was
answered
fact
raising
they
in many
cases
to their
parents.
that
strength
failures
in
at
by
once
probably
were
that
only
the
saying
almost
seeds
of
been
or
hybridized varieties had
varieties
Such
not only
experimented with.
generally fail to reproduce themselves
through
seedlings, but also fail to produce vigorous
offspring. The
experiment of reproducing
improved,
varieties, unaffected
by crossed
and
if ever
high cultivation, had seldom
the aim
had
tried, because
been, in the
simple, pure
saps
been
past, when
raising seedling grapes, to procure
varieties
by hybridization, or
the reproduction of such
as had
already been
hybridized. Seedlings had therefore
ally
genereither
new
shown
I feel
law
seed
constitutional
quite
of
safe
that
nature
produces
in
soil
natural
and
healthful
roadway
a
the
growth,
that
unless
wood
sometimes
as
rapidly
in
most
of this
cases,
yards
vine-
and
of
vines
insect,
disturbed
the
are
obstacle
an
proves
plague
the
of
by
ing:
follow-
to the
vance
ad-
and
generally the vinos
next
to the hard
ground last longest; a vine
of Mr. Attila Harazthy's residence
in the rear
in the Sonoma
Valley, has survived, while the
surrounding vineyard has been
destroyed
the soil about
it is tramped
hard
and
pact
comand
is not
old
disturbed;
vineyards,
after
abandoned,
being attacked severely by
become
with
phylloxera, have
overgrown
"
soil
the
been
in
air
follow
to
is
It
work
the
to
open
hardened,
noted.
cannot
and
resuscitation
probable
soils
that
that
by cultivation,leaving
and
room
respiration. If this be true, the
where
can
only be fairly tested
wild
cultivated
and
to
enter
loosened.
preferable for vineyards ;
does
not
spread in them,
do
they
passage-ways,
there
is
wild
vine
when
not,
such
good
as
the
for
vine
soil
the
is
are
phylloxera
cause
be-
probably
leave
loosened,
soils
clay
do.
to believe
reason
ices
crev-
soils
Sandy
sect
in-
the
thrown
not
are
and
ever
Howthat
our
resist the
will
phylloxera ; if so,
I should
seedlings to graft
prefer to use
They may be produced in nurseries
upon.
old an opporby the million, and at one
year
tunity
will be had
for selecting only those
of
the most
vigorous growth.
the general
each
kind,
produces after its own
simple reproduction has suffered some
violence
rendering seeds unreliable.
There
be some
doubt as to
might however
the vigor or rapidity of the growth of a seedling
wild
with
a cutting :
vine',as compared
but
I found
in
that
France
seedlings produced
and
wild
of
the
from
is not
roots
Instances
SELECTING
from
that
midst
varieties
saved
ara
their
near
weakness.
relying upon
propagation
the
European
places
cultivation.
has
many,upon
experience
in
to the
by
that
infected
weeds,
This
Valley
in
have
been
destroyed by the
be genthat would
proof is one
erally
accepted as sufficient,but it is not by
which
I will explain.
I have
a
reason
for
me
new
roots
with
Sonoma
I do
This
ascertained
culture, which
vine
the
Missouri,
find by
of
Texas.
which
somewhat
attention
to
a
riparia. I called
of
proposition, viz: the use
seedling
vines
for grafting purposes
in place of
of
vines
and
flourishing
are
pest.
the
of
resembles
the
as
Carolinas
examination
viticulturists
our
well
as
the
Ohio,
Arizona
the
if successful
equally
vines
made
or
virtues
once
ally
gener-
Arizonica).
that
try the
of this State, which
at
hybrids
considered
California
of
and
I recommended
should
the
varieties
cordifolM, riparia
had
experiments
types.
the
that
The
Last
which
August
intention
I
not
was
two
in
grow
of
SEEDS.
I
examined
the
Sonoma
having
satisfied
seeds
with
because
wild
the
collected
what
the
I
vines
with
Valley
the
there.
found,
for
berries
appeared
I was
afraid
imperfect,
they might have
been
the
impregnated from
surrounding
follow
to
vineyards. I intended
carefully
the
lings
seedtheory that hybridizatim renders
reasons
;
and
constitutionallyweak,
seeds
from
the
most
and
also
that
prolific vines, bearing
would
germinate,
grapes,
of
cuttings. I was
perfect bunches
termined with
the best results.
vine, and deconduct
I
to
that the wild
some
vines
experiments.
By inquiry I learned
offer
in the vicinity of Harbin's
shall
viticulturists
all that
to our
now
Springs, in Lake
I have
been
able to learn
the subject.
the most
on
County, were
luxuriant,prolificand
bore
the best
of
fruit.
developed bunches
EESISTANCE
THE
PHYLLOXERA.
TO
At that time, I assumed,
others
as
do, that
I can
find
that our
there
onls one
to suppose
no
reason
was
variety of wild vine in the
will
State
the
vitis Californica,first described
resist
not
phylloxera
indigenous vine
hopeful
more
also
of
rapidly than
the
California
"
seeds
procure
found.
I
I
wild
I
needed
best
that
of
the
an
be
to
quite numerous,
though to
observer
alike.
the casual
they all appear
I succeeded
in engaging Mr.
C. Mattier,
who
mit's
lives a heran
intelligentFrenchman,
life in the
valley adjacent to Harbins
I found
Springs, to collect seeds for me.
that he had
to
already commenced
ment
experi-
On
wild
the
the
7th
of
broadcast
he
had
I
as
the
had
he
April, 1879,
in his
full of
oyster-can
which
vine
had
seeds
of
He
saved.
tered
scat-
wild
the
had
in
But
further
of this vine
on
of
for
its value
on
for
seeds
of
The
hundred
three
me
twenty-five pounds
skins.
feature
I
when
noticing the value
its own
merits, independently
grafting stock.
collected
dried
being large
this
of
ing.
mak-
measured
berries
the
length,
wine
for
found
had
matured.
write
He
he
and
including
"
the
according
method,
to my
bunches, to
to select matured
directions, was
the berries,without
injuring the seeds,
to press
out the juice carefully by hand
as
so
crush
mended.
recom-
vegetable garden
well
shall
are
with
bunch
eight inches
and
our
producing fruit
for
One
for
error,
of
varieties
stock, but
.to
was
specimens
convinced
now
sure
vines
all
the
from
am
quite
am
that
and
by Bcntham,
to prevent
vine
expected only
fermentation
in
an
He
shady
a
from
dry
to
the
mainder
re-
'
also conducted
wine
and
place.
experiments
portions
of
the
in
making
which
grapes,
first
that
there
demonstrated
several
soon
ties
variegerminate ; but thousands
were
peared
apof which
he
of these
above
destroyed
wild grapes.
ground, most
in
There
On the
in
noticeable
colors
different
cultivating his garden.
were
2d
June
of
he
these
when
transplanted a few, as he
picked, but this had gengrapes
erally
would
with
have done
tomato
been
attributed
to different degrees of
plants. These
he took
of and
In the
month
watered.
care
maturity. I have, however,
sampled three
of October, at my
made
from
these
different
wines
request, he dug up two of
grapes,
these
which
in general characteristics
months
old
seedlings, less than seven
vary so much
from
them
I am
the seed, and
that
sent
to
convinced
gether that
tothey are the prome,
ducts
few
a
to
with
the
branches
of
kind, which
same
One
of
the
They
The
broken
stem
feet
off in
just
and
the
the
of
of
fruit.
il
and
of them
3
had
The
was
the
oped
devel-
longest
point
where
wood
of the
three-eighths of
growth three feet
high. Subsequently I had a collection of the
had
not been
cultivated and
seedlings, which
had had
to
no
me.
advantage of water, sent
of them
Most
too small
to graft,though
were
some
were
quite well developed. It is probable
that
and
if the
well
seeds
plants.
far
as
2
half
one
Mr.
Mr.
have
been
more
Mattier's
the
natural
to
that
varieties
he
qualities in
Bordeaux
among
had
them
and
that
had
character
he
them
produce
similar
grapes.
the
vines
Springs,which
to
discovered
had
He
When
claret
to
found
growing
those
of
accidentally developed
to such
conceived
a
degree
the
by cultivation,not
the
of
idea
for
in
tion
perfecof
proving
im-
grafting
brilliant
a
claret
color.
it to Mr.
million!"
Mr.
Mattier
distinct
thinks
varieties
he
distinguishfive
can
the
among
vines
in
his
vicinity.
The
seeds
which
I
marked,
notwithstanding a
peculiarities,
type prevails
grayish colored,
dull coffee brown,
common
Some
them.
among
tion,
examina-
have, upon
distinctive
disclose
are
bright reddish, others
these.
with
between
The
varying shades
dark
from
the
dark
seeds, coming
grapes,
Some
predominate.
are
also, no
doubt,
same
and
immature
worthless.
TO
HOW
grafting stock,
no
All
excepting
trees
and
them
are
by
a
as
may
wild
such
the
that
produce
have
a
be
can
of
these
district
happened
vines
of
fifty to
at
value
from
in
which
remarkable
luxuriance
from
the
seedlingsfor
there
un-
possible hybridization,
from
vines
exhibit
gathered
SEEDS.
THE
producing
I
of
among
The
nature.
as
of
presume
difference
in
material
well
USE
the purpose
contarninated
Harbin's
near
a
"
by
seeds.
best
of
was
Arpad Haraszthy
for his
opinion he pronounced
it,without
hesitation, a fine claret wine, and
remarked,
They will plant that vine yet in Bordeaux
wines,
bunches
impart
to
vinous
the
certain
One
varieties.
brown
I submitted
For
remarkable
distinct
reddish
color, another
port like,
another
The
last had
violet purple.
such
an
of
abundance
that a small
coloring matter
addition
of it to a glass of white
wine was
size.
the wild
used
says that he had
mix
with
the
and
Mission
other
cultivated
size
ground, a
produced vigorous
Mattier
grapes
and
favorable
have
would
earlier
sown
experiment,
it shows
the vigor of these seedlings.
in the
accompanying
plate represents
seedling photographed a little less
the
than
been
Nothing [could
satisfactorythan
as
in
cultivated
large percentage
Figure
had
of
light
companying sufficient
ac-
the
on
roots, the
to the
soil.
sc
inch in diameter
an
and
half
a
deep
above
2
seedling
perfect system
three
I make
which
use
figures
are
plate.
a
vine
with
seedlings, together with
age
averwild fruit,I photographed
for the
to preserve
being
wild
loaded
of the
samples
now.
old
an
were
least
the
ally
naturstate
Some
growth.
seventy-five feet
one
of
they were
fecundity as
hundred
and
cover
high,
fifty
when
that
vines
these
seeds
The
light sandy loam,
suitable
for
obtain
best method,
the
germinated
value
order
be to start
would
ary
glass, in Februboxes, or under
that
manner
or
March, in the same
the
tomato
as
plants are raised; then as soon
be
determined,
plants can
vigorous young
which
would
be within
two
plant
months, to transthem
carefully into the vineyards where
the roots
In
this way
remain.
to
they are
the
in
seeds
suffered
be
may
plants
undisturbed
to grow
the
grafted in place
be
may
and
their places
old
seedlings one
year
the
and
the
at
same
grafted
nursery
in the
The
time.
seedling ^fig.2) shown
carefully taken
plate, was
accompanying
and
old.
from
the
a half
ground, six months
of its roots
would
In
ordinary work, most
have
been
shortened, and its perfection when
be impaired, although in
transplant 3d would
be superior to a cutting.
it would
event
any
In
filled with
be
In
failed to grow
have
some
case
may
from
the
most
slow
to
boxes
a
process
their
will
farmers
of
plants
the
growers,
Common
and
to manage
in
seeds
a
rows
indicate
beet
the
If
seeds.
sowing
plants come
the
year,
on
all
if
not
are
alternate
the
leaving ample
At
acre.
one
room
the
required
end
for
seeds
France
have
sick
A
if
great task
taken
I
MANY
It is
the
vines
about
acres
would
In
practice in
one
BE
MAY
SEEDLINGS
this
thousand
taken
require forty
vantage
ad-
rot
car-
up
one
them.
Thousands
of
new
would
of
be
a
cuttings from
they might be easily
while
an
small
and
find
acre
of
three
lots
of
the
seeds.
be needed
for
in
boxes,
or
be
saved
that
they
the
pound,
collected
2,500,000
year
among
for
seeds
average
crushed
and
them.
The
contains
me
about
I should
expect to waste at
least
one-half
the
seeds
in sowing them, because
of them
stick together, glued to
many
the
stances,
skins, and, under
ordinary circumany
fall unequally in sowing.
they would
A great many
plants would
require to be
and
thinned
out
destroyed. The immature
seeds
would
mate,
estiI should
not
germinate.
would
therefore, that
twenty
pounds
seeds
in
an
hot
would
best to
starting
I
a
first under
sow
If started
nursery.
first
beds,
suffice.
when
even
acre
they might nearly
half
transplanting, and
one
think
should
that
be
transplant
as
they are
soon
as
all
the
it might
nursery,
glass and
only the most
vigorous,
developed sufficiently.
WHAT
BEQUIKED.
to
acre.
thousand
acres
It
that
are
plant
Forty
plants.
to
WILL
BE
DONE
THIS
YEAB.
up,
have
acres
valley six hundred
quire
redestroyed by phylloxera; it would
thousand
six hundred
plants to replace
be
Napa and other counties.
them
To
against the future attacks of
ensure
advise
the dreaded
plague, prudence would
of sound
viticulturists to put a foundation
planted in Sonoma,
in
tops
nursery.
have,
lot
years
100,000
to the
the Sonoma
been
obtain
counted
I
I have
State
to the
in
have
whole
four
or
of
state.
quarter of
a
old vines
and
cuttings,
seedlings, which
wild
vines,
from
which
for three
abundance
an
the
to
wild
the
in
State.
billion destroyed
in
in
great trees
for
found
this
more
than
way
be
from
plants
preference to
profitably obtained
at the
by seeking them
be
seeds
HOW
furnish
required,
could
have
impossible
may
of
cultivated
also
stocked.
over-
replace.
to
nursery
would
no
foresight to plant
for seedlings.
demand
three
now
vines
be
the
market
millions
for
They
had
the
supply
doubt, a
become
experiments
probably
have
to
No
cultivation.
for
who
few
of
is
and
have
we
years,
French
have
discovered
the
will
there
three
or
what
out
already, it
using
ing,
transplant-
be
may
rows
of
two
should
the
as
remaining
be
irregularly a little labor can
profitably
in
used
redistributing them
by removing
the crowded
from
places to the spare
some
If
the
are
rows
eighteen inches
spaces.
four to six inches
apart, and the plants from
may
apart in the rows, about sixtythousand
be raised
progressed
soon
8,000
how
of
manner
nurseries
skins
from
the
lest
It is
of
millions
that
and
required
As
the
vines.
principle
seedlings prevails,
be
will
found
their
this
about
"
after
vine
if
dried
I should
the
sow
nursery.
say,
in loose, deep soil
moist, but
drained,
or
will
sense
wild
plants
danger
under
roots
that
see
too
vigorous
planting.
before
graft them
can
farmers'
to
sidered
con-
prefer
year's
one
in nursery.
They will have
of selecting only the
most
growth
well
Most
hotbeds.
obtain
to
as
seedlings transplanted
the
use
or
it will be
however,
cases,
impracticableand
perfect
plain
the
spring.
next
and
to
perfect roots,
of
doubt,
no
in
be
would
In
purposes.
complete
and
improve.
be
soil which
any
or
nursery
the
will
easily
may
expected
cultivated
are
fruit
the
properly pruned,
is to be
It
each.
fruit
of
pounds
already distributed
collected
Sonoma;
Valley;
to
Mr.
portions
Chas.
of
the
Kohler,
of
G.
Groeziuger, of the Napa
Prof.
sity,
Hilgard, of the State Univerand
Mr.
John
L. Beard, of Centerville,
of the
Regents of the University,and a
one
Mr.
skillful farmer.
About
an
at
and
more
use
next
The
me
of
will
be
cultivated
in
will do
and
my
has
not
as
lings
seedmuch
personal
year.
question
in this
such
acre
Berkeley. Mr. Beard
to provide for his
of
expense
matter, because
vast
importance
I deem
to the
troubled
this reform
future
of
our
to have
vineyards that I am
only anxious
experiments started as extensively as
be a large number
that there
so
may
plants for sale or distribution, as soon
as
farmers
become
have
with
satisfied
the
I have
will
to whomsoever
this
State,
distribute
them
in
appealing
and
farmers
Mr.
and
for
half
which
prietor
pro-
the
qualities to
the
produce
grapes of
famous
most
clarets.
Figure 4. Illustration
a
foreign cutting two
a
French
produce
work.
lateral
only
lack
of
developed
roots
of
systems
copied
cuttings
"
and
roots
by reason
constitutionally perfect
inherent
an
of
old
years
that
It shows
from
the
them
has kindly agreed to
I feel no
hesitation
me.
vinous
tributionexhibits
dis-
Bell, the
A. D.
MERCHANT
of the
demand
in
Medoc,
from
of the
pound
Similar
the
our
theory advanced.
therefore
hundred
one
put up
for
and
fifty pound packages
soundness
in
the
possible,
of
a
weakness
of
root
the
main
trunk
of
The
is a
root
system.
above
portion of wood
ground, which
grown
It
never
partakes of a true root's character.
be liable to disease, and, if affected by
may
intelligent viticulturists
lower
and
in making
the upper
these exme
periments worms,
or
rot, between
lateral roots
ing
the lower
ly
necessarias
general as possible, and in asksystem must
be
The
those
who
the
off from
cut
are
willing to do so to write to
plant above.
Mr. Bell for seeds.
I only ask that the seeds
of any
of the seedling roots,
destruction
one
be
and
that
fall all
not
wasted
next
however, need not affect the others, which
may
will
all tend
them
to strike deep into the soil.
parties having germinated
notify
the
of
the
section
President
State
Yiticultural
Figure 5. Illustration of a short
of a cutting, full
bud,
Society Mr. Arpad Hararzthy, or his successor
size, with only one
in
office
of a
results
intended
to be planted in the
manner
stating what
they
have
of soil in which
This
of propagation has been
seed.
method
obtained, kind
plants
what
sire
are
growing, and
experimented with, but has not obtained any
disposition they deof the
intend to make
or
seedlings they
general use.
the
tion,
have, so that, if offered for sale or distribuFigure 6. Illustrates
development of
those
know
where
a bud
desiring them
cutting, one year old planted after the
ma}7
be obtained.
pellier.
of figure 5, at the
manner
they may
College at MontI shall send
It is copied one-sixth
k) the Viticulto France
tural
natural size
some
of the
and
Union
shows
that the
thrown
where
roots
down
are
Entre-Deux-Mers,
been
The
of a seedling.
French
similar to those
to the
desired, and
they have
some
call it bouture
semis
Agricultural College at Montpellier, in the
(cutting-seedling). In
this
than
thrown
the root
Department of the Herault, where
more
was
particular case,
two
down
the wood
hundred
varieties of American
vines are
made
fifty-four inches and
above
now
growing.
ground was
thirty-seveninches.
The
superiority of the roots of the seedling
to
our
to assist
"
"
DESCRIPTION
In
THE
OF
order
ACCOMPANYING
illustrate
to
PLATE.
the
different
be manifest
must
ciples
prin-
I believe
that
propagating vines, I have prepared
the
plate, lithographed by
accompanying
Edward
Bosqui " Co., the explanation of
pertaining to
which
roots
of
is
Figure
vine
follows:
as
Seed
1.
the
of
Harbin's
from
California
vicious
the
vine
for
7th, 1879,
size; seed
Harbin's
diseases
the
vines
owing
are
propagating the
by cuttings only.
of
constitutionallydefective
WILD
I think
vine
practice
all
of
observer.
casual
a
if not
roots
centuries
are
THE
six
times.
wild
the
even
and
to
same
Their
weak.
wild
Springs, magnified
Figure 2. California
natural
nearly one-half
to
most,
seedling,
April
sown
native
our
for
wild
this purpose
AS
be
can
A
WINE
GRAPE.
doubt
no
of
value
the
vine for grafting stock
and
I' do not hesitate
to recommend
taken
2, and
Mattier, transplanted June
up
in figure,in October, being
finallyas shown
its general use, either
by cuttings,or
for nie
seedlings. But the experiments made
by Mr. Mattier during the past grape season,
then
have
It
less
near
than
shows
seedling,and
Californica.
fail
to
Springs by
months
seven
the
system
the
of
leaf
The
of
attention.
attract
at the
the
the
Lake
may
not
to
of
of
States
any
value
should
not
County
plant
fruit.
wild
of
grapes
from
east
of
similar
the
to
Kocky
wild
grapes
Mountains.
well
as
me,
the
for
making
hesitate, if I
as
I
in
desideratum
in
this
State
it will
believe
the
claret
had
It
famous.
of potash,
sufficientlyneutral
tartrate
taste
to
whatever.
no
and
has
wines.
central
the
the
produces
has
The
make
are
I
vineyard
a
or
who
this vine
of
supply
making
wine
our
future
others
virtue
crowning
in any
of our
northern,
to cultivate this vine for
more
same
flavor
convinced
experts, that
is its
vitis
place, nearly one-half
natural
size.
dark
Perfectly matured;
very
or
shining black; taste agreeable acid; no
trace
a
cannot
the
to
plant
C.
seed.
peculiar
If
what
can
old vines
from
roots
peculiar
vigor
produce this much
favorable
places do?
Figure 3. Bunches
Mr.
of
GRAPE
there
sake
the
to
ties,
coun-
of
its
greatest
and
is destined
clarets
tannin
of
and
is
striking aroma,
no
disagreeable
viticulturist who
plants
fear
not
vines, need
by experimenting, because,
with
the fruit of
finally satisfied
the vines when
cultivated, he can
graft them
be
whenever
that he
has
he pleases and
sure
for his vineyard.
a
superior foundation
of my
I have
ascertained
by examination
vineyard
a
seeds
that
come
from
these
with
serious
any
if he is not
loss
dark
the
darkest
the
light colored,
be
are
of
maturity,
but
so,
different
are
the
for
propagate
ones
and
desire
the
that
fruit and
the
darkest
ones
is
the
for
to
ing
graft-
stock.
SEEDLINGS
I
OF
EUROPEAN
by
the
convinced
am
I have
in
consulted
State, that
the
by
grapes
selection
of seeds
hybridized
European
they could
our
among
I believe
without
this
is
to
me
and
making,
a
study
of
the
table
I
have
wine
known
original
wild
The
stock.
pure
goes
grapes
tradition
and
man
back
the
Roman
so;
them
many
the
vines
of
found
varieties
the
is
country
reproduced themselves
are
things to eat
poor
than
our
wild
that
a
not
of
They
of
that
haps
Perof
that
to
Yet
grapes.
they
Zinfaudel
came
grape,
from
des
which
origin
the
up
Ampelographie
Cepages
les
plus
of
been
have
we
I fell upon
Count
I consulted
Hungary,
information,
work,
Traite
trace
to
some
(Mart's
the
as
he
refuses
vine
with
is
for
these
this
are
the
admit
to
Muskateller,
Gueuche
the
or
The
done.
had
Silvaner,
and
fertile,ripens early enough,
propertieshe
Its vinous
to eat.
It will be
that
seen
Rhine
the
to
be
the
of
Hungary.
or
Zierfahnl"
Zierfahnl
he
finds
same
as
Next
he
"
Szirifandl
Rouge"
(Red Zinfandl
concerning which he says:
Red
or
"
Silvaner
Silvaner),
It is under
the
received
I
it, and
that
it is a variety
would
to decide
not dare
what
the
of
preceding, notwithstanding
Babo
and
Baron
AmpeloMetzger, German
graphists, say of it. It is always represented
to be a very
as
good grape to eat and
good
first
the
dans
its
cellar,
I
have
according
to
those
that
not
in Vienna
saw
aptitude
it
was
to make
the
renowned
berries
have
enough plants to make
it separately, but the excellent
Mr.
another
German
Ampeiographist,
I
The
Kirchen.
very
I
wine
of
whom
well
that
name
wine
told
tous
names
that
the
Picarneau
some
agreeable
classes
me
then
this
Meslier, the
Universelle, ou
Estimes
and
already
have
' '
Blanche,
says,
to
seems
Odart
Count
then
ebrated
cel-
I
other
several
it
identity of
our
curious
As
Traube.
even
sufficient.
Burger,
fine
Muskateller
Grim
of
name
are
They
palatable
m^.ke
SZIRIFANDL.
"This
"
of its
trying
the
to
enough of that variety, I pass
Silvaners, or Szirifandls.
Griin
(along the
Silvaner, or Salviner
Rhine), Oestricher, Schwabler, Griin Frankisch; Griin Szirifandl or Zierfahnl
(Hungary);
authors.
wine.
In
under
written
grapes
seed.
more
work,
other
for
the
from
and
the
"Roth
part
claret
the
in
chapter entitled,
OK
Manhard
Green
indigenous
were
under
Griin
the
belief
The
Zin-
corrupted
Zierfahnl.
or
Odart's
a
says:
is
to the
gaining ground.
Bordeaux
at
only
might
many
such,
poor.
Silvaner
of
says
Greece.
Orient.
called
the
Tradition
from
signified
we
tribe,if it may
composed, in distinction
from
have, for the
others, of subjects which
most
themselves,
affinity among
part, no
and
have
nothing in common
except their
sylvan origin. For instance, I have received
from
collection one
the Luxembourg
variety
Gleb
the
of the
of great value, under
name
from
Mr.
time
at the same
Szirifandl, and
the
collection
same
variety
Demermety's
be
writer
considers
time
the
at
Count
best
memory
facts.
quote
however,
the
from
the
Medoc
came
perhaps,
came
I
to
conquests.
French
the
cease
in the
cultivated
were
where
Szirifaudl,
Austria,"
"
were
been
has
SILVANER
Bordeaux
the
of
The
is
consequently
of
to
will
the
nearest
and
history
The
these
that
the
are
grapes
condition
in
I found
head
word
from
variety, but
considerable
has
The
fandels.
there
seedlings.
itself upon,
word
while
ing,
dry-
one.
and
in
that
the
As
to
appear
natural
state
the
which
theory
a
to base
raisin
or
however,
that
simply loild vine, and
have
variety, there
only one
produced
re-
wine
for
easy
which
probably respond favorably
evidence
stocks,
and
seed.
an
hybridizing,
or
tell which
the
use,
is
problem
those
are
grapes
least perverted from
cultivation
reproduce
owing to
improved, or
grapes
wine
be the
by
from
this
are
could
failure
in
to
choice
we
those
also
and
are
pure
grapes
be
propagated
for
not
I think
best
of
If
grapes.
of
testimony
general failures
seedlings
varieties of
the
VINES.
France
described
found,
to
object
not
quelque renom,
published in
I expected to find the Zindistinct variety of vine.
a
as
ture
imma-
and
who
I
de
1873.
in
faiidel
the
grayish
valuable, if the
most
that
Paris
California
ones
ceive
resamples- they
may
It may
following this rule.
due only to different
degrees
rieties
opinion is that the vamy
any
do
may
the colors
are
and
grapes
Those
grapes.
separate
colored
yellowish and
light colored
from
come
brown
coffee
Vignobtes
les
are
sweet
advantages,
1839, has
vineyard
bunches
round,
and
in
of
very
I must
boasted
good wine; he told
plant most used in
Gumboldt
large, the
color light red, juice
are
a
of
me
the
not
agreeable. I have
not
keep silent
told
upon
defect,which
its great
is
sensitive
very
diminishes
the
to
it
and
spring
the
them;
winter
and
frosts.
only
Burgunder
(Upper
much
"
the
of Blau
in
Jungholz,
Silva-
Blauer
or
it well, refused
I will
Silvaners.
admit
to
remark
here
the
therefore
woods;
this
and
name
there
which
be
might
be
not
may
If
of
same
family.
The
in
Riesler, is also found
in less degree than
Kiesling, or
vineyards, but
"
these
on
Khine.
the
The
"
called
of
wine
is
Baden,
made
Margrave,
from
Woelsch.
in
or
other
of
the Duchy
or
kinds
three
of
fact I
the
which
Chasselas,
that
they
the
Switzerland,
of La
wine
of
sells
Vaux,
which,
even
of
yard
vine-
500
francs
these
told that they mix
are
Mpsler, which is the Furmint
and
the Verbouschegg,
Hungarian,
giving any descriptionof these two
the
with
without
are
Maerisch
"The
is served
the table in
upon
and
its maturity
is
Baden,
the
is also
Portugieser, which
much
for
cultivated for the table, as well
as
wine
making.
They tell us
nothing about
the
not
Maerisch, and I am
acquainted with
will
it; but I cultivate the Portugieser, which
have
its
the
table.
chapter under
in
head
for
of grapes
Elbling,
Facun
Allemand,
I
"
first editions,
this variety in my
the
of
its
of
consideration
little value
omitted
vinous
qualities; but.
small
by the
Rhine,
I have
as
it is very
tivated
cul-
much
\ineyardists on
to give it a place
decided
the
here.
Its product is abundant,
doubt, but it is
no
its only advantage, and its bunches
of round
and
without
berries, being of a flat sweetness
vinosity,give only
these
are
of
since
them,
a
red
This
that
very
tradition
made
have
a
tribe
several
are
has
means
that
many
I could
left to
varieties,especially
which
I possess."
one
only
imperfect chapter proves
varieties
How
that
sure
experiments
that
of
practicability
the
test
best wine
our
be
the varieties
find
we
seeds.
from
grapes
when
regularly reproduce themselves,
sound
stocks, and that
pure,
the best way
to plant a
vineyard will be to
convinced
I am
This
their seedlings.
use
Zinfandel.
In
with
our
ought to be done
found
have
we
viticulture
way
would
instead
progress
it is doing
as
throughout
now
caused
of the exhaustion
the world
by reason
should
by using cuttings only. If any farmer
be dissatisfied
Zinfandel
with
a vineyard of
be
and
easily graft them
seedlings, he can
his
of good roots
to maintain
vineyard.
sure
searched
have
books
ON
AUTHORITIES
FEENCH
I
the
on
vine
SEEDLINGS.
everywhere
among
the
something
about
lings,
seed-
for
little. There
and
what
I find is very
the
little known
on
subject, and the
very
is full of discovery.
future
the
attached
Burgers
more
to say,
certain
to
well
sylvan origin. It
Zinfandels, Rieslings, Gut-
of vines
there
but
a
wild
are
cultivated.
vines
might
be
probabty
found
the
de la vigne, by B.
interesting chapter. The
the
work
antedates
phylloxera epidemic.
be exceedingly
should
the
writer says
What
the
object
interesting in California, where
In
and
new
Mons.
de la culture
I find
an
from
the
to suit
seed
conditions
Lenoir
to the
vines, native
to obtain
be
should
modified
of
a
new
soil,
climate
growth.
promptest means
We
ties of a vegetable.
proofs of it, and yet we
is the
seed
"The
says:
of
and
obtaining
have
est
sur-
vari-
thousand
a
scarcely tried
the vine.
with
this method
Although I have
this subject, I know
made
on
great researches
only four facts relative to seedlings of the
have
vine.
"The
the
by
first is cited
complete
cours
'M.
"
is impossible
Bordeaux
traite
the
A. Lenoir,
in fine,
be
should
which
there
known
edels and
wine;
mediocre
a
varieties
neighbors, for
our
and
is
"Burger,
had
the
to
of retrograding
of
duchy
early, like
study
pure
to be in this State
prove
therefore
be made
may
that
plants.
the
a
which
believe
at the
to
up
this
indicate
grapes.
recommend
We
our
Fendants
from
gather
them
than
deteriorate
ing
by plantresult
seedlings, and that the average
lings
seedof a vineyard planted with
Zinfandel
be an
corrobwould
In
improvement.
oration
of
this, Mr. G. Groesinger tells me
that he knows
of Zinfandel
seedlings in the
made
wine
he has
Napa Valley from which
the
identical
with
ZinfandeJ. so
commonly
I
We
barrel.
per
grapes
of the
principally the
are
Zinfan-
a
and
Zinfandel,
Eiesling, Gutedel
prove
stock, we
expect to immay
pure
reproducing
are
nia
Califor-
our
as
rather
parts of Germany
author, says that these
but I have
to
good reason
in view,
classed
known.
grapes,
GUTEDEL,
German
vines
the
should
The
might be
important
Burger
in
others
of the
distinction
vine
best wine
our
these
that
this
simple sylvan origin
tribe
Silvaner, Szirifandl, signify found
names
The
is that
under
in the
under
come
del.
near
Wurtumberg
would
grapes
head.
wild
Bodensee
knew
of
the
ing
Traube, accordBabo, although even
he, who
Baron
to
of
Khine),
cultivated
name
be remembered
to
cause
vineyard
"
Guebviller
ner
Burgundy
With
I shall
"
the
same
a
Van
grape
Mons,
d'
by
ot
seedling,
M.
Bosc, art. vigne of
Ayrwulttire :
a
Brussels, has
variety
as
obtained
large
as
a
8
strong Heine-Claude, which
ripens, at the
latest, in the first half of August, and which
fails to
never
and
situated
'
sweet.
What
the
same
in
means
second
"The
espece, of
'A person
Art.
"
grapes
made
happier climate?
is reported by Kozier,
a
fact
Cours
his
(I
do
of
them
d' Agriculture:
has planted seeds
know
not
of
what
kind)
vineyard, and
a
; he
wine
the
produces is not subjectto the malady
afflicted the preceding vines.'
which
"Rozier
about it. How
says nothing more
it
which
it that
was
fact
a
*
vine?
"The
who
could
all that
care
this
make
method
article vigne,in the
raised
yet produced
not
place
fruit after twelve years of culture.'
fact
in
"However
mentioned
a
that
article,proves
conclusion
from
the
sole
the
obtain
coming
the
by
for
furnished
and
especially
by
the
to which
by
seed,
seasons,
would
owe
they
well
under
the
to
whether
vines.
make, and
let
remark
me
after
emulation
have
and
yet are quite content
Europe, which never
wines
in different
have
the
of
advantage
variety
of culture
subjected.Here
is the
the
we
must
be
consulted
it needs
with
to have
reference
support,
allier du
ground.
fruit of which
a variety the
comes
perfect maturity. Its shoots
push out
extreme
with an
vigor, and cover
already a
The fruit of this
great part of the walls.
knows
variety is excellent; it bears, no one
of the vigne aspirante.'
why, the name
"A
varietywhich, in the climate of Paris,
In. 1867, before
produced
to
a
which
yieldsgrapes
in
the
flavor, has
ripen,or
never
warmest
produced
years
in the
only
same
a
which
quire
acsweetish
climate, by
best, has
bears in itself the
of
however,
germ
will break
revolution, which
out
habituate
or
later in
Further
our
on
an
tire
en-
sooner
vineyards."
I
find
a
passage
com-
pruning.
growth
the
wild
grow
low
phylloxera
will
state,
to the
had
tracted
at-
new
most
life,that which should
longest time superiorqualities.
multiplication by
The
to
the
for the
subjects more
seeds
yields
robust, varieties less rebellious
climates
to
which
one
wishes
to
Again he says, as if in
era,
predictionof the present questionof phylloxthe seedlings are also excellent
to regenerate
of vines exhausted
by a long
a race
"
which
the
to
its
' '
the
preserve
a
try
now
entitled
public attention,in a work
La Vigne, by Romualdo
Dejernon, published
the Pyrenees (Auguste Lafon,
at Pau, near
Henri
No. 3 Rue
IV.), there is an interesting
paragraph he
chapter on seedlings. In one
suggests the increased vigor of the naturally
reproduced plant :
The
plant, issue of the seed, is always
variety the fruit of which attains
complete maturity and is excellent. And in
the vine, where
such
a long article on
a fact
induction
is drawn
is cited,no
! This fact,
the seed,
should
them
indicate it. Some
vines, in
tall trees ; others
climb over
Jansens, at
we
the
of
growth
through seedlings, and
possiblyto regenerate and improve them.
in
The
principal thing to remember
ing
growof the plant
seedlings is that the nature
acclimate
If
(the verjus) planted
garden of the ChevChaillot,near
Paris, has
same
California
In
passage:
'A seed of this grape
several years ago in the
"
the
produce
places.
culture,
varieties
borrow
to
superiorEuropean vines;
stances,
circum-
to vine
everythingfavorable
who
to
the
wild vines,
the
with
progress
spirit
by their examples some
the people of California,
among
to excite
ought
of
States,
Southern
and
cultivating the European
made
repeated efforts, have
wonderful
such
viticulturists
the
that
in
failing
who,
The
vines.
our
all
are
the Eastern, Western
of
nicate,
commu-
graft,their
the
dioiques;it is a question
they would
support the graft of
It is an experiment very easy to
merits being made."
vines
our
of
means
temperament
American
which
to
species would
hemisphere. These
perhaps,by
robust
kinds
the
their origin support very
variable climate of our
most
be
the mode
plant had been
which
plant,
local
the
essays
There
these
wild state.
a
might
counted
ac-
as
several, especially in America, which
vation,
yield fruit sufficiently
good, which, by cultiThese
would
kinds,
yield better.
multipliedby seeds, would produce, perhaps,
it not only on
very interestingvarieties, were
perate
of the property of resisting intemaccount
from
same
It is
vines.
from
still in
are
of the
of
nature
the
any
any
experience of
; the non-fructification
from
the seed with him,
Duhamel
which
cannot
we
the
from
his
at
Bu-
slow.
too
exclude
not
varieties
the seeds; but
of
use
appears
vine
a
that
asserts
had
the
in 1802, says:
latter
seed
of the
idea
the
inventing
American
upon
Alia,
letter to the
a
of
glory
are
Here
also
may
hamel
greatest
Dictionaryof Rozier, printed
at Montardier
"One
the
relate to the culture
of
the
of
do
all the attention
attract
sought with
in
to
the
:
"I
*
*
author
edition
fertile
extraordinary,so
so
did not
in consequences,
of the man
follows
Lyons
near
referred
specieswhich
seedling has produced a variety,of which
maturity is precocious and complete.
might not one
expect, after that, from
The
the
has
*
field.
open
I
claiming
grafting
as
of
cultivate the vine in the
of
sistent
con-
fact is very remarkable.
Brussels is
in a part of Belgium where
they can
"This
not
pletely
Its juice is very
produce.
supersede the Montpelliergentleman
whom
them."
succession
They
multiplicationsby
of
much
furnish, also,
more,
vigorous
those
which
other
way."
But
it
is
for
the
and
of
cuttings.
obtain
possibleto
in
Mr.
eties
varidanger of losing many
counting the
decay, without
effects of phylloxera. Mr. Dejernon
:
says
have
We
no
longer the varieties which
yielded the great wines of antiquity; the/wrttiint of
Tokai, the sirrah of the Hermitage,
have lost their force and
vitality; therefore,
Whether
same.
Leuoir, whose
whether
or
it
I
work
it obtained
"
was
have
its
name
fruit,I do not
know
it is singular that
the
great
; but
writer's
be first verified
predictions should
with a plant bearing his own
name.
(le noir) from
natural
the
to be
after
mentioned,
any
in
are
we
by
considered
named
graft, subjects
longer life than
its dark-colored
THE
PHYLLOXEKA
FRANCE.
IN
"
varieties
Cato
; neither
honor
in
have
lost
than
more
La
by
The
and
cutting.
healthy, vigorous
a
; each
developed, is
bud,
in
of
the invention
which
has
the idea
In
or
that
eye,
Winter,
vine
well
the
Saut
of
Third
dew;
of
season
the
side of
each
on
the
the
these buds
are
planted just as seeds
light soil,about an inch and a half or
result
is claimed
to
The
inches
two
deep
be a vigorous plant,partaking of the
unity
and
between
roots
growth that the
upper
time preat the
same
serving
seedling exhibits, and
the exact type or variety of vine.
the vine, comDr.
mends
on
Duyot, in his work
Spring
in
are,
.
plan of reproduction. He calls it
a
seedling accomplished at the
It is worthy of experiment in
this
a
and
graft
time.
same
California.
Mr.
has
Payen
with
experimented
a
fication
modi-
kind
a
and
Medoc,
this
the
fungus,
it before
year, the
in
and
crop,
the
ernes
of
rots
dew
this
results
The
Hudelot
system
of
comparison
second
Are
to be
a
in
which
of the
work
by
vines
of
*Mr.
and
letter
Trimoulet
on
quotes
M.
Bulletin
Industrial
of the
Society of
of
a
not
at this
Garonne,
on
and
fact
-the
cuttings of
vine
Jacquez
the
remark
of
worthy
"
Lenoir
now
that
the
being obtained
variety of Texas,
is
vorite
fain
cultivated
But
from
seems
now
have
down
to
Gironde,
Department,
of
a
tained
is ob-
crop
side of
west
the
great Medoc,
fected
vineyards, is also afof
the
places,but
here
the progress
rapid.
richness
the
there
the
bottom
soil is very
there
The
and
north
the
this
third
poverty of soil
nor
close connection
any
In the
and
Charente
palus, the
the
vintage.
the
edges
Sauternes
Rhone
poor;
a
numerous
Neither
and
of
than
more
to the
extend
Garonne
soil is
in
what
of
lands
'rich
and
seem
with
we
phylloxera
the
thriftily,
American
France-
the
region
ravages
four-fifths
covering
the
/
of the
the ravages
is
country, which
Cognac
this
These
banks
Angers."
It is
of
northeast.
"The
the
the
subject to the
only another
is
their weakness.
extension
to have
Trimou-
A. H.
still
are
phylloxera
phylloxera in
American
the
experiment with, is cornsulphur, but the results
already described
is not
Vibert, pepinierist,of Angers,
appeared in the thirteenth year, No. 1,
of
The
I have
Graves
Lenoir,
of
Mr.
(Eleventh
Bordeaux
"
of
the
proof
SEEDS
PLANTING
the
pamphlet
Phylloxera)."
method
means
disease.
the
introducing
to
by
in
FOB
found
recent
let,of
show
"
that
batted
year.
INSTRUCTIONS
in
in
fruit
produced
has
of
into France
vines
where
larger
stronger
other
produces more
insures
gion
re-
much
I have
occasion
the
and
pivotal roots, while the
numerous
rootlets,and
the
the
that
are
oidrum
the
done
has
tacks
at-
turity.
ma-
to-day learned that the product
is only
this year
Yquem
fiftv-five tonneaus
13,200 gallons instead
of the average
yield of 28,800 gallons; this
is caused
decrease
by dew
principally. The
of years
most
aloidium, which, for a number
wine
interest,
destroyed the French
was
completely destroyed the Madeira, and
the
plan by taking the bud, or
and
the adjacent bark
a portion of
eye, with
in bud
used
than
ing.
graftwood, scarcely more
of
der
ten-
flowers
of Chateau
of
In
eye.
"
loxera.
phyl-
the
and
"
inch
an
season
kills
warm
sun-rays,
of the berries and
reduces
oidium,
the
damage.
stem
eighth
an
In
year,
the
"
fallingupon
greatlyreduced
has
each
the
germs
the
the
affects buds
dew,
fruit,shrivels
the
lected
se-
are
appears
about
section
a
a
of
season
time
by
of the
seedling
a
or
the
of
canes
of
Fall
the
the
First
are:
the
"
succeeded
the crop;
proved
which
frost
The
many
as
several
have
through
pass
all the
and
oidium,
leaves;
separated by cutting
leaving
across,
those
and
I wrote
in 1878
Gironde
the
to
among
frost; Second
varieties
the
describes
It combines
success.
notably
SEEDLING.
BUD
peasant, Hudelot,
a
of
of
periods
of
ourselves
we
in Bordeaux
was
vines
The
critical
no
Quintinie."
author
same
half
the
Serres
de
I
:
time
the
; and
Pliny
of
THE
of
Olivier
could
time
the
described
in
plants cultivated
the
longer
find
could
Pliny
disappear.
While
follows
should
In
revels.
this
the
this tion.
questhe valley of
call
the
legion,where
vines
grow
parently
aprevels.
phylloxera also
vines
produce the finest wines,
slowly and
phylloxera advances
The
checked.
regions of poor wines
where
the
the
been
devastated.
No
great
vineyards
10
have
yet been
such
the
ruined, unless we count
in
of Frontignan,
vineyards
Midi, where
I know
when
in
have
virts de
as
great deal
a
than
I
fact
and
theories
I wrote
at first I should
first
of
The
of
reason
natural
some
Much
that
principle,which
intact
"
I
all the
in
I at
the
condition, which has
The
plague surrounds
Vins Blancs, except
escaped
yet been
the
so
special
or
explained.
Medoc, Graves and
and
west
south,
It has been
for several
vines grow.
no
but does not
in spots in these districts,
to spread seriously. It is not a
tion
ques-
where
years
seem
variety of vines, because the same
in other parts. The
varieties have succumbed
of the
it
success,
,
It
to
jumped
district into
Burgundy
first demonstrated
continues
pest has
The
ground.
the vine
that where
fact remains
hold
the
over
Switzerland
the
fine
many.
Ger-
and
gundy
BurIt is working only slowly into
vineyards.
is impossible to draw
clusions
satisfactoryconfrom
committees
various
France,
the official reports of the
in different
parts of
even
of which
each
friend
especiallythe
is
fail in
All remedies
of some
singleremedy.
general,and all succeed in particular. Such
I reach after reading
is the general conclusion
of pamphlets.
scores
of opinclasses
There
two prominent
are
ions.
in solvingthe problem,
Those
eng'aged
such as scientists and men
speciallyengaged
by official relations
connected
or
with
advocate
practicalvine-growers, wine merchants
and
common
people generally,unite in one
refrain, "Iln 'y a rien afaire," ("There is
of
successful
Scores
nothing to do.")
The
remedies, well
few, except the
attested,
announced;
are
but
experimenters, practice any
This
of
who
is chiefly due to the want
conduct
the
those
who
confusion
harmony
between
experiments.
the
Government
have
offer of
The
the
and
nostrums
spiritof rivalry and
for the prizemore
to
a
cupidity of many
begotten a
sell,have
contention
for the
; some
of
honor
tend
con-
covery,
dis-
in part for the
apathy
of the
people,
in
succeed
manures
can
best attested
soil is treated
all insecticides
said that
the
Only
exceptional
plague.
in
and
nitrogeniousmanures;
but
Good
of
results
fail
these
and
the
been
have
obtained
of
result
obtained
was
the
Department
by
chiffon, the fine debris
cuttings and trimmings
and
nitrogenous manure.
it be
by
to
the
potash, wood
potash. The
of
in this
Let
enough
of potash and
presence
vine to resist the
disease.
sulfo-carbonate
remarkable
where
irresistible.
the
carbonate
simple
and
potash
of
plague is worst, and appears
often
They
succeed, however,
nitrogen assist
the
where
are
compounds
the
that
rich
cultivation.
successes
with
demonstrate
either
accompanied by
are
improved
or
The
be
checking
in part
places which
use
from
remembered
of
simple
factory,
animal
vines
extract
"
that
Keole
an
wool
of
most
near
hat
a
use
ashes,
is not returned,
soil, which
and
that vinyards are
well
seldom
manured,
and
soils. For a long
are
generally in poor
time there existed a law in France, prohibiting
the manuring
of vineyards.
Lands
able
suit-
potash
from
the
for vines
resting,for
suited
such
to
been
have
centuries;
"
The
culture.
be
vital
is the
at
study of
Every ordinary
manures
themical
in
violated
known
all
to
of
rule
of
crops
another.
the
vine.
What
is
is
vines,
is the
true
of
law
for its end
the
face
of
has
evil
as
of
of
the
the
to
no
for.
been
It is
"f
also
not
it is
trict
dis-
one
been
done
over-crowding.
is
true
communities
men,
the
nature,
but
breed
may
violation
of
which
seems
of
of
tagious
consome
to have
preservationof equilibrium
earth.
a
preserve
from
kind,
human
diseases, by
hidden
vine.
the
necessary
Over-crowded
well
as
has
nature
of
This
there
vegetation.
which
account
can
that, not only
agriculturists
to
Again,
that
principle,which
and
health,
vegetable fertility
seed
desirable to change the
with
What
will, and
culture
the
un-
sequence
con-
easily determined,
all
speculations of
renewed
cannot
soils.
of
underneath
chemistry,there
lands
natural
be
is,cannot
because
cultivated, without
also have
so
exhaustion
is
exhaustion
great prize by
to maintain
still more
hastily-formed
early in the strife, and
opinions uttered
in
methods
which
to advertise
more
many
This
may
they have a speculative interest.
account
those
rotation
them.
of
disagree how
doctors
vine.
fail
cultural
agri-
believe in
committees,
this,that, or the other remedy.
societies and
and
of the
far,
the
on
the
it may
Practically,
immunity,
not
all
they believe in medicine?
The
first cause
of apathy
the
on
part of
all provine-growers is,probably, because
posed
remedies
penses
contemplate either great exradical
or
changes in their vineyards.
The
remedies
all be
grouped under
may
two
heads
directed
:
are
First, those which
simply against the phylloxera ; second, those
which
to the support of, or
come
tion
regenera-
tion
ques-
especialprecautions,but by
of
reason
of
modify; but,
now
vitalityof the vine.
finest
vineyards have
by
not
this question
rounds"
remains
pointed out,
duced,
pro-
study it.
to
experiments.
essential
the main, the
about
began
the
various
were
liqueurs.
more
first
"gone
.
wines
muscat
sweet
famous
for when
as
the
on
12
advocates
ous
advance,
all
Nearly
who
but
have
the
not
in
profit
only
its
advocates
of
making large profitsby
are
theory
a
to
American
the
sale
plants
astonish my
readers
cuttings. I could
if I should
of the passages
reproduce some
in
the
books
numerous
pamphlets and
on
American
the merits
vines, extolling even
of the wines
produced from them.
Many of
them
assert
positively that the wines, for
the
instance, from
Mustang grape of Texas
are
superior to the finest French
wines, and
the
at
time
same
such
of sugar
and
describe
wines
alcohol
witty opponent
of
the
method
American
vines
But
nevertheless
in
the
American
more
in
than
each
America.
has
that
to
the
cultivated
In
this
reasonable
so
men
I
I
could
I
find authorities
European
cuttings, through
sound
a
vines, the original
planted centuries
ago.
were
doctrine
exhausted
become
may
of
be
may
in
that
these
vines
the
some
of
termed
satisfaction
what
the
theory
it does
of
than
disease, rather
phylloxera, as
theory
true,
true
think
I
natural
the
this holds
If
establish
to
the
the
as
found
of disease.
Having
original cause
of
the
that
support, through amelioration
soil,aids the plant to resist,if amelioration
of the
fconstitution of the plant by natural
also adds
to the resistance,the probmeans
lem
solved.
practically
is
But
there
of
method
went, asking where
found
consideration
properly
propagation.
much
in
perpetuated forever.
however,
be
are
know
for
reasons
seed, which
vine-growers
the
The
considered.
by seedlings the
that
the
oppositionto
from
regeneration
first be
must
inquired everywhere
same.
the
centuries, from
have,
here
force.
some
of
conditions
the
that
old,
of
roots
The
been
not
product
which
of
not
I
it with
upon
the
are
vine
France
effort,however,
I dwelt
have
still remains
Prof.
that
microscope
with
vines.
European
fact
of
resistance
vitalityby such
methods
k follows
of
multipiication, then
that the primal law of nature
has exceptions,
and
that, without
regeneration by seed, the
the wildest
are
purpose,
It will,therefore,become
that
American
young
If it is
do
the
The
here
sagely remarks
the
compared under
successive
original varieties.
a question of supplying grafting stock.
soon
here
But
we
reach a new
question which I
have already touched
in Paris,
When
upon.
before studying the question in the vineyards,
I happened
to fall upon
the mere
suggestion
of the idea of regeneratingthe vineyards by
of
means
seedlings. It appeared to me to
be
roots
observation
germs
advocating the varietythat
sell, while the experiments prove
the
of
vines
is
best,for
roots
The
will be
in
has
of
of
vine
there
soon
Foex
interestingtheory
of
tution
physical constiaffording protection on
But
a
distinguished
viz:
structure.
exhausted
suggests
American
very
vines
merchant
he
the
lead, and
the
of
naturalist
that equal results can
be obtained
by taking
barrel of river water, adding sugar and alcohol.
are
of
an
cause
vines,
account
requiring the addition
to give them
body. A
as
the
American
and
making
advanced
concerning
vines
of
Foex
Prof.
advancement.
character
of
the
be
less
more
or
subject. It
yield of the vines may
He
he
He
fears changes.
thinks
surprised me that I was everywhere repulsed.
changed.
vine
of the American
knows
that
the roots
People, interested nominally in the problem
of fightiug the
he
vancing will resist and will support grafts; hence
phylloxera, but really in adthe remedy.
is satisfied with
some
pet notion, which promised, if
Every one can
vantage
adto
popular, to become
profitable, seemed
plant seeds; hence there is not so much
consider the idea as heretical in the extreme.
in that method
to the promoters, who
At
of seedlings of
Montpellier,I saw rows
try to monopolize the field in selling new
well
French
American
I could
vines.
as
as
cuttings and
plants. Phylloxera is, in all
see
difference
no
in
the
on
results, but
the
told
curtly, without
explanation
that the European seedlings would
It was
true, no
doubt, tha: many
would
succumb
equally
of
five
true
the
to
of
offending
the American
quack
not
resist.
of
them
vines;
plants
was
vines, for out
the
latter,only
attack
severe
inquiries,at
most
savans,
to Mr.
Bouschet, the noted
propagates by seeds
so
positivelythat
that I lost
the
nearly
Since then I have
trader in American
of
vines, I
American
risk
the
whom
was
referred
He
seedlings were
all
learned
vines.
one
told
ures
fail-
he, also, is
million
a
afford
We
of
old
afford
well
ifornia
Caldead
of
million
can
create, instead
to
vineyards
we
subject.
the
on
is full of
In
acres
thousand
three
or
country
dead
to
have
be
new
ones
to
begin
principlesof multiplication and
hence
sound
reproduction.
wines
to
we
can
We
have
no
traditional
hence
preserve;
to
we
need
vines
not
indeed, hope for
changes. We
may,
improved
improvements, for the vine has
ern
during past ages; the viticulturists of EastStates have improved the wild vines, and
the superdo something, also, with
we
ior
may
fear
faith in the idea.
that
not
replace; hence
less excitable
and
were
as
pepirderlst,
is called.
two
the
patent medicine.
and
have
to
restore;
of
disease, and
a
doctors
we
with
my
the
speculatorsin
me
events,
pest.
Persistingin
who
was
proof,
plylloxera; it
of varieties of
hundreds
six are proof against the
or
of the
I
or
a
vines
But
I
that
am
are
happy
suited
to
to
say
our
that
climate.
the
question
13
is not
It was, at first,
entirely theoretical.
accidental growths of seedlings in infected
places that attracted attention to their
standing
Since then, notwithsuperior constitutions.
the
opposition of quacks in phylloxera
have
medicines, the real scientists
been
making progress
by beginning with
natural
reproduction.
There
have
learu, several
been, I now
experimental vineyards of seedlings commenced.
certain
But
exceptionsdo
no
of
its kind, it throws
root.
This, alone, is a
continue
central
tap
weakness, without
of
vitalityby
with
two
me
such
I
methods.
of
seedlings
a
Each
has
two
old.
old; another
years
strong tap root, heavier, longer and thicker
than
the
root,
even
wood
made
if the
above
phylloxera
Such
ground.
is not
to be
a
sidered
con-
of exhausted
a consequence
vines,
easily be attacked
by the insect.
be the best stock to
Hence, seedlings may
to
replenish a vineyard, without
recourse
cuttings,just as fine fruit trees are grafted
as
cannot
on
seedlings.
have
led
the
vines, and
methods
to protect old
of
the
Union
of
of
from
Such
vines
vine.
experiment analagous to
vine.
Cuttings were
wild vines growing in this district.
American
the
made
considered
were
The
unfruitful
in the
vines
young
Medoc.
conclusions
drawn
are
First,that
is an
grape
be true in
Montpellierhas
operationsseriously outside
this.
But
this
may
ferent
dif-
greater or less degree with
ties
varieties,in proportion as such varieare
more
or less true to their parent plants
Seedlings, also, do not grow with equal
others.
delicate than
vigor; some
are
more
The
child
This is true of all reproduction.
is generally, but not always, destined to outlive
the parent, and the hybrids of races
are
friend
A
that
writes me
generally weak.
that seedling theory won't
hold," because
the Catawba
and Isabella
yield to the disease,
and
varieties, and, consequently,
yet are new
In answer
those varieties
to this, first,
young.
of
be
said
to
are
hybrids
American
witfc
vines, and,
European
that
weak
account;
on
perhaps,
proved
second, it is not to be expected that all imvarieties shall be
vigorous, healthy
in
the
instances
are
plants; third, there
a
"
Bordeaux
vicinityof
succeeded
but
no
in
wine
the
where
midst
of
has
merchant
these
infected
them
varieties
districts,
for
sale;
all,the superiority of
in the original
a
plant, and
seedling consists
in the after-reproductions
not
by cuttings,
fourth, perhaps, after
such
and
as
all the recent
Isabellas
are.
plantationsof
Catawbas
and
plants succeed, resist
the
phylloxera equally with the American
vines, and this year, -the third of their growth,
have
yielded abundantly not wild grapes, but
fine bunches, similar to the
product of the
useless.
the
Experience is doubtful
on
subjectof
It is,
reproduction of varieties by seeds.
no
doubt, true that there are varieties which
be
seldom
Delaware
can
reproduced. The
of
which
among
soil,overproduction,and
of
the
the
result of
Is the
First, there
that
chief
combined,
causes
vines,
that
of seedlings, and
to declare
epidemic, is the
phylloxera, as an
favor
exhaustion
failures
positivelyin
decide
to
lings
seed-
of
results
wild
generally
Two
instance
Eutre-deux-
the
The
varieties.
exhaustion
have
year
a
all
and
are
one
"
of
is experimenting
Department
remedies.
all
the
with
proposed
The
annual
results of
report gives the
insecticides,potash, and all kinds of manure,
cuttings and also seedlings. There
are, side
by side, cuttings of the wild vines of France,
lings
seedwell as of the vines of America, and
as
several
source
tion
exhaus-
consideringthe
samples
down
only
they
this
of
rather, to
make,
Union
Viticultural
in
mers
To
of the
begin with, I will explain some
fundamental
principles. A cane, cut from
a
to be hollow
within.
vine, is well known
When
planted, to reproduce its kind, or,
not
rules.
prove
The
the
the
partake of
in recent
College
this fact:
vital
same
vines, which
made
from
vines, being seedlings,
wild
can
vigor as the Ameriseedlings, or cuttings
from
seedlings. The
are
years
at
extended
not
the
its
of the
range
of
vine
is no
speculators. There
sample of the wild vine of California (vitis
standing
Californica) in the collection there, notwith-
stocks
it is the
climate
California
from
the
have
promised
The
from
sometimes,
of
The
wild
have
vines
If
the
this
cuttings
is that
wild
good
vines, when
at least.
The
demonstrated
I
fruit
tivated,
cul-
American
the
improving;the product of
only accidental
vines.
procuring
to forward.
obtained
vine-growers
the
of the Entre-
Union
of
of
vine, seeds, etc., which
conclusion
second
be
The
is desirous
deux-mers
whose
of a country
constitution
the
varieties.
European
may
vine
with
agrees
wild
bility
possivines.
this region are, perhaps,
seedlings of the cultivated
of
be
true, the
possibilityof
result
strates
demon-
reproduction by
For
I have
this reason,
seed.
arranged to
procure seeds of the principal varieties grown
After all,it may
be that these Medoc
here.
vines are
native
Their history goes
grapes.
back to the
days of the Romans, and they
in the patois of the country.
bear local names
reproduced by cuttings so
They have been
long that longevity is certain, and it is a rule
to select seeds of vines from
plants, the vari-
14
eties of which
the
this
the
one
of
have
been
demonstrated
Having
the
thus
longest known.
the
ority
superi-
far
of cuttings of different vines
to
near
original seedling, the next question in
direction is that of simple seedlings. At
experimental vineyard of the Union
tioned,
menthere are
of seedlings,from
thousands
to three years
old, the products of seeds
all the
well-known
well
as
of
as
vines.
These
condition.
varieties
American
of
and
seedlings
wild
nourishing
a
had
several
long consultations with
of the
Triinoulet, the Vice President
and
Union
the especial advocate
of the seedling
theory. He has given me
copies of his
He
pamphlets and
reports of the Union.
thinks
that generally, when
seeds
taken
are
from
the varieties are not mixed,
vines, where
the new
plants will reproduce the original.
But
here he stops, and, as it appears
to me,
suggests a plan very much
superior to that of
American
the
planting
from
fruit
has
easilyas
seeds
carrot
the
same
suggested
seed-gardener.
light and
well
select
only
The
soil
At
the
and
and
to
can
then
select
the
sake
of
one
first
in
the
set
the
second
is that
American
roots, or
time
the
fourth
those
he
he
them
leave
can
of
fruiting, which
or
fifth
wishes
retain for
fruit, and
graft the rest. From
vigorous productive vines he can
have
Or he may
superiorgrafting material.
graft the young
plants in the second
year,
from
the
immediately upon
removing them
and
fruit
obtain
in the third or
nursery,
fourth
year.
This
a
method, if pursued, would
in
ation
generthe complete regeneration of vineyards.
cause
The
as
reader
best
^for
grapes
is accustomed
he
stalls.
to
Hence,
The
judged by
In
the
to
best wine
the
the
should
remember
wine-making
see
are
in California
grapes
are
not
seldom
to
palate, and
product of a seedlingmust
the
that
not
first appearance
of
of the
French
may
be obtained
he
the
used
to
cheaper than
the
in the
vine, two years
English graft,
"a
says,
seed, may,
grafted upon
the
by
bear
will
Spring, and
tings.
just as vines from cutIndeed, this operation of grafting in
next
year,
Spring, which
the
the
to
be
seedlings
may
to
necessary
answer
vines.
from
fruit
follows
plantationin
the
is
place of young
seedlings of one
year,
practiced by Mons.
Duclaux, pepiuieristat
constant
success.
Draguignan, with almost
As to the resistance of the seedlings to phylloxera,
is the
here
interesting experiment,
is due to Doctor
which
Dugat, of Orange:
"His
field of experiments, surrounded
by
attacked
divided
vines
by phylloxera, was
into four parts in 1872.
".The first,
planted in vines of the district
(cuttings),perfectlyhealthy.
"The
second, with
cuttings of wild vines
collected
on
banks
tue
"The
third with
"The
fourth
of
the
Khone.
seedlings.
with
(cuttingsrooted
sarments
before
the
vine) from the
separation from
hillsides of the Hermitage.
"In 1877, the first portion had a mortalityof
1 plant in 8; the second, lini; the third, 1 in
50; the fourth, 1 in 10.
He
year.
to
be
fected.
disin-
spring,
the
and
seedlings have
is
The
strongest.
"However,"
old
all
it
vigor, and
same
select
"The
to the
only
strong and
the
the
first is that
the
to
answer
fected
in-
graft these seedlings,
red
preserved on kind-
year,
the
on
of
varieties
healthy
develop
takes place
to
be
vine-grower can,
old
be
to
end
the vigorous plants and
vineyard, which, if once
second
have
so
to
done
needs
the
by phylloxera,should
The
be
be planted, and
Improved methods
careful
and
enced
experi-
drained.
in the
out
after
exposed
can
can
way.
for the
be
year,
them
been
not
advises
to select
care
hybridization. This
in about
may
He
seeds, taking
which
accidental
as
vine .advocates.
of
sections.
different
"
Mr.
the,
the
reporter in this instance refers to two
classes of objectors first,
those who
say that
resist
vines do
not
seedlings of European
phylloxera better than the vines from which
the seeds come;
second, those who
complain
that seedlings are
slow in fructification. The
graft upon,
I have
all
The
not
try,
coun-
French
in
are
this
from
statements
after
victoryremains, then,
show
seedlings,which
two
cent."
per
It is
perhaps true that by
from
European vines we
obtain
plants thoroughly
to
California.
What
we
may
the seed
propagating from
cuttings bear in our
I have
suggested
seed
to
to Mr.
cannot
tings
cut-
expect
acclimated
not
in
by
European
expect
which
idea
the
who
seeds
with
California.
of
means
climate?
Trimoulet,
experiment
in
six years,
of
mortality
a
Our
of
is
of
a
now
change
European
climate
of
anxious
has
vines
had
such
grown
fruit
the eggs
of silk worms;
good effects upon
juvenation
reperhaps it may produce a constitutional
of the vine through the seeds.
tive
attracthe
eye.
not be
IN
its fruit.
CONCLUSION.
opinions expressed in the foregoing
Department
of Agriculture for July of this year, on
the
paragraphs relatingtothe phylloxera I have
others,
although I might
to change now,
subject of phylloxera, I find, among
no
reason
which
in part of seedlings, as extreats
one
perimented easily modify
them, as I have done in the
with
in another
them
this article. I submit
first part of
district. These
vitireports of the Department contain epitomized
altogetherfor the careful study of our
reports
The
,
15
culturists,
hoping only
of
the
argument
that
the
in
be
may
general line
the
of vines
HOW
TO
SEPARATE
DEFECTIVE
found
that
about
one-half
the
which
have
been
collected
for
These
be
dead.
or
sound
in
seeds
may
thrown
the
bottom.
that
acre
is
seeds
for
a
an
of
seeds,
need
nursery
be
not
seedlings
the
together
one
added.
of
seeds
off
sink
thousand
careful
to the
changed.
The
the
"lights" include
coffee-brown, reddish
and
yellowish seeds, having less distinctive
seeds
the sound
to judge
peculiaritiesamong
varieties by.
CHAS.
A. WETMORE.
woody
involves
Hilgard
Propagation
on
Wild
of
in
Feb.
EDITOR
MERCHANT:
interest,in
article
your
Mr.
by
CALIFORNIA,
or
the
behavior
under
consider
23, 1880.
I have
issue of
of
native
the
shall
consider
with
are
C. A.
with
as
the
on
of the
able
propagation
of rendering
vine, and the question
vineyards proof against the attacks
of the
phylloxera. Mr. Wetmore
grapples
with the problem from
a
point of view which
has been
too much
neglected in the eager
of the
search
for a remedy
allopathic sort,
would
French
the
secure
possible causes
kinds, has been
of
prize
while
Government;
the
offered
the
I
and
urated
inaugexperiments, now
kindly supplied by Mr. Wetthe most
important on our
seed
Unfortunately,
we
to fruit any
vine
at Berkeley in
air; hence the question of the quality
unable
fruit
produced
careful
be
must
and
reliable
where,
else-
tested
viticulturists
tributed.
seedlings will ultimately be dis-
the
I have
heretofore
repeatedly urged
of the Sonoma
the afflicted wine
growers
by
the
of
the
study
exemption
of
upon
ley,
Val-
importance of using the native vine
ture.
graftingstock for the vineyards of the fuI can
tion
but emphasize that recommendathe
as
our
that
California
of
obvious,
these
among
to whom
great
inst., the
Wetmore,
vine
J
read
20th
bility
possi-
the
cultivated
cultivation, becomes
by
i
possible
seedlings of the
cover
are
we
quite as likely to dischoice wine grafts as among
those
from
the Norton, Taylor and
which
Isabella were
selected, th*eimportance of testingthoroughly
of
UNIVERSITY
to every
propagation
several
the
by
addition, we
that among
California vine,
the open
Vine.
principle
a
of
the business
experimental grounds.
the
stronger
reasonable
seem
plants
When,
more,
Professor
have
will
cuttings, and
offer greater resistance
kinds,
will
with
by Mr.
modes.
to
count, found
familiar
rule
a
other
on
than
alone
of all
priori
a
as
roots
that account
that
pound; hence
by
of twenty pounds
estimate
healthier
from
taken
four
that
and
on
grafted
point made
additional
W.,
to attacks
been
be
can
average
to the
the
sowing
and
have
"lights,"
all
them
sound
The
away.
I have, by careful
there
sound
vine
are
salt has
some
"lights" will float
and
wild
me
separated
by immersing
water, to which
The
SEEDS.
writing the foregoing article,I
in the propagation
use
to be
intended
The
roots.
Since
for their
recommendation
tion.
right direc-
at this
will aid
time, with the hope that all who
in carrying out
several
in the
sections of the State, the
important experiments
suggested by Mr. Wetmore.
can
E.
HILGARD.
W.
certain
attempted only by the least
the microscope.
promising line of approach
Of
Mr.
the
main
which
two
points upon
Wetmore
bases
his recommendations,
one,
viz: the resistance
of vaof wild vines, and
rieties
Arpad
Haraszthy
on
Wild
the
Vine,
"
not
far removed
and
for the
from
is the cornerstone
regeneration
of
the
them,
of
is
the
devastated
testable,
incon-
plan
yards
vine-
now
being rapidly put into
country. His identification
of the "Zinfandels"
as
essentially "sylvan"
varieties,is most interesting and
important.
by that
Although the grape
variety known
name^ in California
is not proof against the
it is certainly not
attacks
of the parasite,
as
over,
susceptible as the Mission and Muscat; moreitself be not
it may
altogether a pure,
uiihybridized stock.
dency
tenHowever
this may
be, the well-known
of seedlings to revert
the origtoward
inal
alone serve
wild stock, would
as
a strong
of
France,
practice in
that
SAN
CHAS.
FRANCISCO, March
A.
ESQ.
WETMORE,
have read with
great interest
the vine emanating from
you,
in the
of
San
which
office.
for
The
the
so
of
matter
seedlings
phyollxera, is
viticulture.
And
or
even
would
as
of
one
our
the unhappy
neighbors in their
restrict
seem
that
the
I
and
on
published
20th
the
on
executed
plate
growth between
showing
also
wild
up
a
vine
in
my
seedlings, and
pecially
es-
vines, in view
of the greatest importance
wild
interest to all interested
from
upon
Sir:
article
an
seedling of a
long a time hung
well
French
in
of the
as
based
well
cuttings,and
of
of
very
differences
the
illustrating
seedlings and
splendid cut
a
3, 1880.
Dear
MERCHANT
Francisco
February, with
"
in
present knowledge,
experiences
of
our
effort to exterminate
of this insect,it
ravages
in view
of the high cost
of
16
remedies
there
preventatives,
and
is but
lastingsensation
one
left
to
feasible, practicalmethod
secure
of the phylloxourselves
against the ravages
era,
and
that is by the planting of seedlings
from
the
of
utmost
the
wild
be made
throughout
Sonoma
It
grape.
interest that
in this
the
is
therefore,
ments
experipossible
more
especiallyin
phylloxera is now
quietly and slowly,
as
many
direction
State, and
valley, where
the
as
its ravages,
carrying on
I consider
that
but surely. And
you have
that will
accomplished a great good, and one
have
made
last,in the successful efforts you
of our
wild vine for public
to gather seeds
As
distribution.
far
I
as
I
concerned
am
entire convert
having become
an
of
to the value
that of cuttings
seedlings over
in the planting of new
vineyards, and
districts.
especiallyin phylloxera infected
that
And
to demonstrate
everything tends
wild vine is not injured by the phylloxera.
our
In the valley of Sonoma,
as
we
together had
confess
to
occasion
last
observe
to
Fall, the
wild
luxuriance
right
cultivated
the
its
of
article
the
utmost
of
its branches
cultivated
this,
in
alongside
entwining
Though
instances
numerous
grows
the
as
and
with
noble
this
of
discoveringa
vine
to
the
wild
vine, by
convinced
soon
as
from
made
the grapes of
oughly
thorMr. C. Mattier, I am
that this will be
plished
accom-
as
the seeds
distributed
the
Of
product.
dark
to me,
brown
good
clear
will
three
of
two
have
you
itously
gratu-
bring forth
samples you
red
the
them,
their
that
of
gem
beautiful rich
This
have
had
pure
the
the
three
was
the
In
conclusion
in
you
ever
tasted, of its age, in any
a
resemblance
remarkable
red
last
wines
of
the
Medoc
at
the
freshness
to
their
taste, and
the
It
me
it had
will
deavor
en-
tb assist
power
made
in
this
truly,
very
HAKASZTHY,
a
State Vinicultural
The
We
Wild
Society.
Vine.
hardly need call attention to the
we
lithograph which
present
this
week's
The
exhaustive
MERCHANT
to
subscribers.
our
article
by Charles
propagation of
the
magnificent
with
Wet-
A.
more,
Esq., on
which
valuable
accompanies it, is the most
this gentleman has
to
yet made
the
vine,
contribution
the
literature
in
viticulture
of
United
the
States, and will be immensely appreciated in
hundreds
of costly volumes
France, where
have
been
It is the
published on the vine.
extended
notice
California
that
in any
country.
The
the
now
most
California,is entirely
our
the
woods
has
gathered
some
of
seed
of Central
the
of the
of
been
the
lished
pub-
at
wild
it in
is that
of
a
it wa,s
wild
Europe.
our
packages,
a
of California
hands,
in
for distribution.
in
that
wild
first obtained
found
grape
Mr.
great expense
vine
the
chapter on
popular grape
new.
tradition
The
from
has
It appears
is of comparatively recent
Zinfandel
origin.
seed
illustration
or
of
vine
Zinfandel,
in
Wetmore
quantity of
and
placed
half
On
and
one
cation
appli-
will be
sent
to this office a package
to
address, express
by express
any
charges collectable on delivery. Any farmer
in any
part of the State who will send for a
free
giving
latter
I
that
say
in my
experiments
President
pound
new,
similar
a
them.
them
Like
age as I remember
subacid
a fine free and
flavor,the first
a
the
"
country.
to
let
manner
having
Yours
wild
violet,purple colored sample.
the very
prettiest clarets I
one
the
vine
wild
its
or
upon
not say anything further
on
I advocated
that plan in an
cle
arti-
need
in every
first
of
was
discovery.
head.
the
excellent
red, have an
body, a
mild
subastringence, a very
acid and a strongly marked
port taste. I think
if after cultivation
they retain these qualities,
valuable
for the
they will become
duction
pronative
of
sherry wines.
port and
But
the
Overland
published in the
Monthly in
the
of securing a
1871-1872, with
purpose
still retaining the
greater production and
quality desired.
mitted
sub-
and
vated,
is culti-
grafting
seedlings,I
resist
through propagation
from
the
wild
is a
vine, there
of discovering new
and
very great likelihood
valuable
And
qualities for wine-making.
from
the three
samples of red wine you have
me,
vine
entirelyto
think
and
claret grape,
inestimable
an
vice
ser-
ABPAD
scourge,
of the
seeds
to
the
California
your
that may
after
attribute
a
as
done
in its
As
terrible
submitted
I
Zinfandel
have
you
propagation of the
vine,
not
be
positive proof against the
may
of
the phylloxera, still it has
a
ravages
But
outside of the
strong leaning that way.
chances
exist
not
which
great proportion which the seeds occupied in
the fermenting mass.
I think this vine will
in the future
be
placed side by side with the
the
on
"
direction.
those
in
would
and
neighbors.
dying
mentioned
you
believe
fected
in-
varieties,not
only along
also
fences,
along the
but
creeks,
almost
in
vine
the body justlightenough
strong but agreeable astringency
which
always assures
great keeping and good
traveling qualities. The color was identical,
tones
like
the
only several
deeper. And
when
wines
the flavor was
good medoc
new,
almost
neutral.
There
ful
appeared after carethat
tastingbut one
difference,and
was
the faintest suspicion of a porty taste, which
I
fine
a
"
17
distribute
and
package
a
few
seeds
his
among
consumption
and
neighbors for planting,will do himself
his section
of the country a great benefit.
Subscribers
should
the
plate, as it
preserve
measure
will prove
to the
of great
vines
cultivating
value
and
pretentious works.
those
a
who
number
off
address,
of
have
we
had
ies
Coppaper.
by mail, postage
sent
pasteboard cone,
receipt of fifty cents in
on
a
The
wine
demands
the
of
and
Influence
Moral
the
vine
whose
is
limited
capacityin
in the
Old
fullest
degree.
there
We
What
and
are
commerce?
annual
average
a
influences upon
We
first estimate
must
industry
this
try
indusbe
Kussia
and
Greece
and
before
we
can
That
its
the
to which
extent
be
profitablydeveloped
its social results.
speculate upon
it will be
developed to a great
may
extent, if profitable,we
have
American
do
we
need
not
question
to
might
become
which
we
our
rival
for the
desire
to
may
in all parts of
flourishes
markets
new
The
supply.
our
perfection throughout
country from San Diego on the
to
matures
of
Shasta
on
to the
Kange
tural
that
north,
Sierra
been
been
are
from
south
The
ties
possibili-
incalculable.
almost
our
viticul-
figures,as being equal
about
six million
This
cultivated.
to
acres
however,
guess,
only upon rough estimates of choice
for
If, however, the demand
is based
vineyard lands.
the culture
should
of the vine
be
increased
in
mand
relativelyin proportion to the dein France, where
lands are pressed into
this service without
regard to their especial
lion
fitness for it,we
could easilyselect thirtymil-
State
this
acres
crops
average
billion
one
had
would
than
produce
produced
are
during the
Fiance
an
which
decade
better
in
of 1868-77
we
It is
impossible
to
estimate
the
Gallons.
probable
this
markets
their
principallyamong
neighbors. The rapidity with
home
markets
increase
in
ing
consum-
indicates, possibly,the
power
with which
wine
supplants
it
wherever
rapidity
all other
becomes
ages,
bever-
abundant
and
eheap.
There
small
may
ratio
be several
that
for the
reasons
increase
the
very
in
exportation
consumption.
to the increase
in home
of transportation must
be considered;
expense
this does
but
not appear
to be the
controllingobstacle to exportation. Nations
bears
The
national
generally prefer some
beverage
which
is produced at home.
Wine
to
appears
be the most
popular, where it can be obtained
in sufficient quantitiesto satisfy
mands.
popular deThe
home
market, therefore, monopolizes
in a
its use
great degree, and
the
home
wherever
demand
equals the supply,
there
is
little inducement
popular
of
obstacle
the
at
There
to
an
cating
edu-
foreign lands. Wine
cle
home, and a staple arti-
diet,is suffered
luxury abroad.
toward
in
tastes
is ordinaire
which
for
exhausting
might produce, before
soils,eight or ten billion gallons of wine
our
annually.
wine,
the
which
age
aver-
produced
demands
Wine
exported to countries not producing
Wine
to
velop
deproducers appear
their
France.
of wine
amounting to
crop
million gallons. If we
five hundred
population and
is
wine.
annual
sufficient
lows:
fol-
as
comparativelysmall portion of
a
product
to
Coast
the
to estimate
common
area, in rough
of France, where
have
and
Nevada.
production
of
It has
the
vine
extent
an
in
wine
ago
3,836,200,000
immediate
Its fruit
State.
0
Total
of producing grapes
dantly,
abunpracticability
and as cheaply as in any country that
the
:
Switzerland
.
if
1,505,000,000
810,650,000
575,300,000
523,000,000
156,900,000
130,750,000
52,300,000
26,150,000
15,690,000
10,460,000
Turkey
Cyprus
Eoumania
Only
doubt.
Fortunately,
much
to
reason
no
of
years
,
Spain
Germany
Portugal
people?
our
few
be,
the
production.
production
estimated
was
to
in
become
might
Austro-Hungary
Californian.]
to be its effects upon
What
to
are
countries,
tell how
cannot
largelyincreased
a
equal
culture
appears
France
in
of viniculture
California
progress
to consider
two
us
important questions:
The
to certain
consumption
were
The
measures
is not
of
Vine.
the
it
in
the
now
tested
World, practically
the
greater
world
not
The
this direction
Italy
[From
the whole
consumers.
Countries.
Physical
invites
of
Consumption is
probable demand;
of
Europe
postage stamps.
of
future.
only present production, which
of
more
convenience
one,
paid, securely packed in
to any
are
superior
on
will be
latter
to
access
no
the
to frame
struck
of the
have
For
desire
who
to persons
the
to remain
is another
increased
of
non-transportability
the
an
article of
very
tant
impor-
exportation
"
greater
portion
of the
of European
wines.
Only a few
products of France, Spain, Portugal and
Italy can be transported,through changes of
18
and
temperature
alcohol.
impossible
is
It
determine,
to
what
to
France
extent
them
in
abundant
an
upon
that
if there
to show
were
goes
manner,
be
would
there
wine
more
more
subject,it
should
would
consumers.
be
the, decade
wine
average
an
1829-38, France
duced
proannually of
crop
in
increased
890,000,300 gallons. This was
forty years to 1,505,000,000 gallons, or nearly
quantity. The
enormous
consumption was
in
doubled
in home
increase
-
equal to 740,of 18,500,000
"
000,000 gallons, or at the rate
successive
year.
gallons increase for each
from
33,000,000 gallons
Exportations increased
the
68,000,000 gallons, or at
less than 1,000,000 gallons for
to
the
Meanwhile,
year.
increased
56,800
from
each
converted
vinegar decreased
times greater than
two
may
The
the least to
viniculture.
been
favor
as
the
for it.
exportaincreased
also
how
rapidlywine
popular beverage.
markets
for wine
been
have
is
view
has
we
to what
Spain
find
They
Paris
can
natural
been
been
only, with
light wines
few
exceptions,send
market
a
other
and
sufficiently
wines
for
show
to become
daily use, and
we
anything from the
the possiblelimit
natural
that
of
Spain
of
spirituousever
table wines.
it becomes
France.
at the
in
the
We
popular,
and
wine
a
time
few
-is consumed
in
holized
alco-
in them
commerce
of
natural
same
The
Portugal are too
popular beverages
duce
cannot, therefore, de-
the
consumption
We
in
have
here
so
by
that
a
seen
California,
has
consumption
years,
to
exportationof
observe, however,
wine is plentiful
generallyequals the supply.
the supply becoming abundant
and
north.
winter
and
pure
whenever
the
during the
parts
More
now
creased
inmore
population of
making acquired.
always
brandy
if there
France,
have
wine
land.
The
popular article
We
time
may
These
Surely there is
Our
people
rush
the
distanced
by
god in
the
rush
did
the vines
of
our
grapes.
the
this,and
1849
will
be
of
the
shrine
to the
future.
near
this
in
our
development
agricultural
industrial
amazing.
build
not
portation
trans-
over-production.
of
Argonauts
the
of
fresh
realize
soon
results which
Sierra
for
danger
no
will
of
wine
citizens
a
things promise
to the vineyards.
Kapid
promises a great market among
tellow
of
possiblycome
juice will be
increase
Eastern
ficiently,
suf-
abundance
grape
diet.
iii
can
cultivate
if we
an
the
distilled
be
have
from
of
of
cers.
produ-
to spare.
to spare
we
made
syrup
would
wine
were
because
suitable
fold
hundred
one
note
have, however, taken
no
that will be required by raisin
life will be
extent
Our
to the farmer.
safety, provided reasonable
the
be pursued, and
quisite
re-
skill in wine
We
vines
try
indus-
tance
impor-
future
culture
have,
had
toward
of
markets
find
of
increased
be
will show
abundant.
her
her abundance
as
and
ideas
our
really
have
might
markets
vinicultural
our
encouraging
with
methods
The
supply
the
least
at
of
to
flattering
and
of French
progress
demand
to indicate
foreign markets
of
half
a
fast
in abundance
This
into
and
supply, and
the
facts
developed if
vast
home
The
no
a
foreign
of
cause
greater than
therefore,
wine
of
facts show
steadily. These
grow in
demands
increase
the
price
The
tions.
extent
an
to
production
her
as
on
fornia
Cali-
if
that
annually,
themselves
merchandise
40,000,000 gallons;
to
bearing
facts
California
ready to supply them.
wines
have
value.
a
superior commercial
They are transportable into and through all
climates, without requiring adulteration with
We
alcohol.
therefore, produce the
can,
when
sive
succes-
importations have
also, the quantitydistilled and
to
of
rate
the
increase
open
The
France.
probable
gallons
vineyards may
During
all
seems
1,000,000,000
into the
imported
is the educator.
of
study
a
is
from
was
popular in everyday use, it must cease
to be an
pen
exceptional luxury, which can hapually
only when enough is furnished to effectsupplant other beverages. The increased
consumption of beer in America- illustrates
be plenthis principle. Popular things must
tiful.
To
this
than
States
supply
From
might
if she
wine,
for
million
a
United
abundant
proximately,
ap-
even
and
consumed
less; but the
produced more
become
rapiditywith which cheap table wines
the supcountries, whenever
ply
popular in new
is forced
less than
whole
foreign markets
her
increase
without
varying climates,
fortification with
cities
its foothills.
and
as
One
mercial
com-
gold of
surely as
The
million
the
will
lies,
fami-
proprietors of vineyards,will produce
million
billion gallons of wine.
Another
one
families will obtain
support in the industries
and
mercantile
pursuits which will rest on
of ships will come
this production.
Fleets
culture
Vitiand go, and add spirit
to the busy scene.
will increase
the population of the
as
cities around
souls.
the
Most
Golden
notable
Gate
will be
million
one
effect upon
makes
homes
the
The
vine
country towns.
the
develops
country attractive, and
villagegrowth. Already we see this tendency
in our
State. Los Angeles, San Gabriel,
new
San
Anaheim, Sonoma, St. Helena, Mission
how
Jose
beautifully they grow!
Village
life is the secret of French
prosperity. The
country is all utilized and labor economized.
wherever
and
The vine
industry intertwine
the
in
"
the
people
are
industrious.
The
one
nour-
20
began ninth on the list of large importersinto
garian
HunEngland and last year stood the second.
and gratified. This
pride was touched
is
wine
become
merchant
He
patriot.
"Golden
In
Cross
1875,
the
him
upon
Order
considered
was
honored
was
of
Merit
title of
the
with
of
Emperor
of Franz
as
a
with the order
means
time
of
social
conferred
of the
And
the
of the
the Crown."
Austria
"Knight
Josef."
great
becoming
This
still
a
a
when
community
great deal.
We
foresee
can
natural
will
light wines
pure,
of the daily food of the majority
part
people. How
dispositions and
prepared statistics
a
will
our
toward
Imperial
drinkers.
wine
of
this affect their
their
habits
show
alcoholic
that
fully
Care-
?
the
sition
dispo-
and
excesses,
the
further, he
dyspeptic predisposition to dipsomania, are
raised to the nobility,with
rank
scend
was
to descarcely appreciable in places where
pure
The
to his children.
natural
wine
Crown
Prince of
particularly red wine, of the
claret or Burgundy
Austria, in 1878, when
as
visiting England,
types are substituted
the
notable
found
structedpopular
other
stimulants.
places he was inbeverages for
among
to visit, the cellars of Mr. Max
liver
troubles
Greare
Dyspepsia and
scarcely
he inspected in a public manner
which
known
wine
ger,
regular
drinkers, while
among
most
the most
gratifyingto his countrymen.
even
ful
carethey are common
among
No other industrybegets so much
teetotalers.
Where
local and
wine
is produced, the
national pride. It inspires laudable
tion,
ambipeople know
pounds,
comenough to avoid alcoholic
rather
than
avarice.
We
have
such
as
seen
port and sherry, as prepared
much
of this industry among
the pioneers in
for foreign markets.
clude
Pure wine does not inState.
our
own
to us, for
Agoston Haraszthy began to
port and
sherry, as known
of it,and
think
the
he
of distilled
addition
more
an
they contain
its.
spirthought the
did his self-interest sink out of sight in
more
American
Old
fashioned
English and
the grand idea to be the promoter of viniculture.
physicians prescribe port and
sherry; a
He traveled throughout Europe, nomFrench
better; he
inally
physician knows
cribes
presfrom
California
as a StateCommissioner
a
ripened, pure, dry claret, as a tonic
but in fact at his own
and
gathered
beverage and regulator of the digestive and
expense,
not
but thousands
of vines
manufactures
France
only information
assimilating organs.
of many
hundred
vated
sherries, but
varieties,wiiich he cultigreat quantities of ports and
at Sonoma,
and
the
of
Our
them.
she
refuses
to drink
success
people,
upon
has been based
which
the
of pure
table
with an abundance
wine, will
experiments
many
have
which
and
club
so
successfullyproved the value
rejectheavy beer, whisky, bar-room
of our
his
of comnew
industry. Among
greatest
pounded
tippling, and all the abominations
"
successes
the
was
culture
of
the
Zinfandel,
heretofore
little known
in
grape
to lift California
viniculture,but which is destined
with
wine
cellars into
the boasted
cellars
son,
Arpad Haraszthy,
successful
of
was
rivalry
Bordeaux.
educated
His
to pursue
this work.
The father realized how
much
there was
to learn; his son
caught the spirit
and
several
devoted
to study in the
years
Civil Polytechnic School at Paris, to apprenticeship
in
the
and
to
district,
champagne
vineyards and cellars of
Bordeaux.
Our
pioneer vineyardists risked
everything,and
struggled for years
against
shy capital,creditors and a prejudiced public;
practicalwork
few
very
of
in the
them
lost their
faith,
even
when
The vine is
oppressed by disaster and debt.
a
spring of hope, promising gladness. Now
the
has
been
battle
won
against capital,
the
of
mistakes
against inexperience and
judgment and against popular prejudice. It
is pleasant to know
that
of the
pioneers in
this
industryfewer
their
inexperience
than
of
other
Such
in the
are
and
not
as
the
distant
to
the
the
hazards
in the
this State
promise
of
grand
of
used
A
proper,
habitually as an
rapidly exhausts
meals,
stimulant, which
a
thirst for
common
is
frequent tippling. The
"pint" of pure wine is grape-juice,in which
has been converted
into
its sugar
fermented,
certain
not
distilled,spirit,and in which
etherial
ripened into natural
parts become
which
bring quiet to
bouquets and aromas,
the
now
-nerves
contains
also
and
content
to
the
acids
natural
the
mind.
the
of
larly
regu-
at his
and
his stomach
his liver.
The
wine
the
world
looks
health, and
he is not "bilious."
him, because
it
wretched
France
are
not
fruit
The
wine
lutionists
revo-
ers;
drink-
absinthe, beet-root
spirits,and
adulterations, that give life to the
is
restless,complaining, and
A
the
with
brings
bright to
him
of
It
fruit.
drinker, therefore, eats fruit
trouble
meals, and has no
wine
The
of
cause
restless
diet, such
as
wine
brutal
commune.
drinkers
ably
reason-
regularly indulge in, cures
sia
dyspeplittle
ot exand
bilious
perimenting,
a
They need
temper.
fresh fruit; they take it bottled, as some
take
history
habitable.
and
it canned.
California
sides
habit of wine
drinking at meals, beaction
conducing to a general healthful
the
digestive and assimilatingorgans of
The
successes
future.
consequences.
wine,
accompaniment
the
wines.
alcoholized
well-fermented
ing
failed, notwithstand-
recorded
efforts to make
is
vitality
Now,
have
and
a
Hungarian
of
21
life, and
producing
cheerful
a
temper, motes
prosocial reforms.
After
hard
bor,
la-
many
man's
tent,
seeks relaxation, restoration
exhaustion, and
a
pleasurable
It is useless
reward.
about
to moralize
it,
unless
of his system.
we
recognize this want
have
We
two
of moralists
antagonistic schools
who
the subject of intempertreat upon
ance.
results
Intemperance
simply from
illtimed,excessive, careless, unreasonable, or
of
habits
one
compulsory
dieting. What
drinks is part of his diet.
There
those
are
nature
from
docrine
whose
the
is, that
should
man
obtain
possiblephysical enjoyment
Others
greatest possibleexertion.
think
possible resonable
and
least
the
that
the
sane
enjoyment
greatest
The
labor.
latter
do
in
five cents
The
digestion.
is
He
selects
inventor
an
cost, but
tender
with
wines,
the
limited
water-cress, and
and
who
greatestamount
eclectic;he
an
young
dry tonic
is
in
comfort
greater
a
and
given
radishes, rank
and
sation
agreeable sen-
more
cook
true
a
do
is
Wine
his
know
what
He
eventful, and
prolongs its period
and
wife
into
It brings man
enjoyment.
into the
full sympathy, and lets the woman
He does
man's
not
most
entertaining moods.
his wit and
It
and
invites
to
evening.
every
in close communion
are
women
then
begin
kinds,
and
women's
Wine
than
club
any
seek
such
does
not
club
homes
need
become
is better
bachelors
the
Pater
familias
bachelor
the
seek
in
economical
hospitable.
the
at
luxuries
his
Moreover,
and
cheap
he becomes
the
makes
and
visit.
to
to
saloon.
the
or
and
bar-room,
or
this
way,
of
table cheerful; the tired and
about
what
over-anxious
wife is not troubled
she has to offer her guest.
tables offer
Such
wine
no
apologies,and
need
Wine
man
is not
and
sing if
stimulus
screeens.
timid.
jealous,nor
wife,
and
sing;
they
results.
the
are
It
their
unites
hearts
of
particular.
in
right.
it all
make
"wine
women,"
and
all
rights of
of
rights
too
think
to
no
more
than
excesses
rarely as dangerous
condition
Avoid
societywill
be
has been
has
"the
and
yet been
the
effect of
it
man;"
of
friend
a
The
happy.
friend
mutual
anti-divorce
an
and
adulterers,
and
the
never
observe
to
no
safe
called
It is
wife.
There
intelligently prescribed;
wines
and
heavy
perance.
danger of intem-
strain
specific dangers, and resale of drugs is restricted.
very
called
be
should
and
the
as
adulterations
Punish
The
liver
reform
prohibitorylegislation
out
them,
vine
will be
there
Seek
when
alcoholized
Let
itself.
coffee, and
or
stomach.
and
stomach
useful
avoid
beers; and
tea
to the
rules the
distilled spirits,
regardingthem
the
of
drugs,
as
of
man
prescription.
nity
good opportuhabitual
wine-
Anglo-Saxon community.
of Anglo-SaxNo country mainly composed
ons
tent
has yet been
a wine
producer, to the exof providing sufficient to supplant spirits
We
to test the
question
are
as
a beverage.
in this State, and
perhaps in the United
ever,
The
States.
studenj; of temperaments, how-
drinking
has
upon
an
much
to
and
Frenchman
on
base
the
opinions
Irishman,
upon.
when
The
judged
its,
terms, differ mainly in their habcontrol
thought and sentiment.
might not wine have done for Ireland?
equal
which
What
none.
these
Wein, weib, gesang;
to
ceases
only of champagne and hilarity.
This is not what we mean
by wine drinking.
is an
Champagne
exceptionalluxury; but
natural
wines, such as sound
dry Zinfandel,
boisterous.
They lead
or
Riesling, are never
bottle
The
talk
we
many
are
freedom,
He
think
to
table would
at the
When
ments
enjoy-
with
congeniality. Home
and
frankness
not
families
Their
divorced
not
and
repose,
drinking
Wine
and
satisfaction,
peace
of
sense
and
comfort,
to excitement.
bar-room
for the
smiles
brings a
places
and
houses
control.
drinks, and is imposed upon.
relaxed, perhaps jolly; he
home
goes
other
his
of
to control
then
ceases
seach
in
wander
He
forgets that his wife has not had the same
relaxation, and his jolly temper is turned
acid by her
habitual
tired expressionsand
Women
coolness.
partly
fight the saloons
itual
from
fear, partly from
jealousy; neither habfear nor
habitual
ers
jealousy are promotThe
of peace,
good will and contentment.
make
that
digested and
dinner, to
he
complaint.
joyed
poorly en-
and
discord
to
ill
under
not
of
save
an
actions,because
are
head.
the dinner
club.
lead
silent
heavy wines,
esculents, and
bouquets
and
leaves
relaxation.
some
are
the glass.
before they touch
civilizer in the family. It makes
a
man
expenditure.
rejectswoody
lipssmack
the
A
as
the
to procure
at unlimited
endeavors, not
of enjoyment
greatest from
of
consider
dignity to discuss
joice
critics;they rewhich
causes
twenty-
produce a
palate and
to
to the
reward
degrading; they
drink,
invention
an
from
their
and
eat
they
the
affect to
not
as
it beneath
think
what
be
should
physical enjoyment
not
the
divorce
family relations,destroy
sonable,
unreaill-timed and
society, become
home
might
What
There
France?
(not
the
for
done
have
whisky
men
wine-drinking Englishport and sherry drinkers),
not
are
serve,
Oband
Americans.
Germans,
Irishmen,
and
then, their family life,their gentleness
from
behind
doors
comes
their affections, and their unity.
ashamed
of itself. and gentility,
It is secretive and
their
voices
Whisky,
and
cannot.
even
Without
beer,
to
a
wine,
great ex-
American
topers go
to France
and
come
back
22
cured"
back
come
gentlemen,
makes
as
a
polite
the
whisky
ideas
when
gentleman
with
is
Man
while
unteachable,
flow
and
he
How
relaxed.
who
gets
receives
can
his
a
a
it
relaxation
all
that
that
its
State
our
up
people.
our
change
hearth,
with
goes
surrounds
build
will
comfort
broken
machine
will
temper,
relieve
sur-
enrich
and
Wine
bilious
a
and
consumer,
cure
repair
lonesome-
woman's
"
at
work
ness,
become
in
a
grog?
and
drink
mend
our
plant
Moral:
impressions
man
and
dyspepsia,
served;
all
means
it"
vine
The
with
is
it
foul-
a
carries
which
likewise.
does
unimpressible,
his
Wine
"Grog"
rounds
Wine
makes
whisky
tongue;
associations
brutes.
makes
blackguard.
mouthed
makes
Wine
gentlemen.
grog
wine,
and
manners,
vines,
become
and
a
CHARLES
make
a
gentleman,
A.
WETMOBE.
home;
a
Since
the
publication
of
the
first
edition
I have
received
ters
letpamphlet,
numerous
the
wild
vine
California
in
concerning
I take
in
pleasure
(vitis Californica)
now
addition
those
of
as
to
publishing them
an
Prof.
Hilgard and Mr. Arpad
Hararzthy.
.
Professor
HUSUIIUD
Missouri
wrote
of
me
University
of
the
CHAS.
A.
are
seeds
Agriculture
varieties
Professor
and
Agriculture
Agriculture
School
have
San
of the
Francisco
a
just recived
copy
MEKCHANT
of February
20th, containing your
illustration
and
lings,
seedof
interesting paper
of Vitis Calif ornica.
we.,
Permit
"
in
kindness
your
sponded
re-
Commerce,
Montpellier
of
Station.
SIR
DEAR
of
kindly
follows:
as
Department
I
Sir"
to Prof
institution
known
Apiil 6, 1880.
MONTPELLIER,
Dear
:
me
which
at
The
vines.
29, 1880.
ESQ.
School
Montpellier, France,
growing all the well
American
by
of
sent
was
National
the
Viticultural
Missouri.
of
March
MX,
WETMOKE,
of
National
State
Columbia,
at
of
package
Foex,
U diversity of
the
follows:
as
A
of
this
thank
to
me
sending
for
you
seeds
me
the
of
Vitis Calif ornica.
ultimately lead to two results,
viz : 1st, establishing
of
a
race
phylloxeraproof vines
enough
; 2d, obtaining fruit with
of coloring matter
and
tannin
make
to
good
I am
infinitely obliged to
having remembered
request, for we
my
and
(Prof. Planchon
myself) have had a great
desire
this variety, which
has
to possess
not
before
into
this
been
imported
Europe.
Thanks
to your
kindness,
we
are
going to
have
to study it.
opportunity
an
The
the
toward
plantation of
tendency
old
American
believe
I
with
advise
you
that
you
such
a
as
course
will
wines.
I
of
from
know,,
leading
your
desideratum
a
is
has
grape
growers,
of
primary
long been overlooked
thought that
so
would
have
attention
phylloxera
with
him,
of
am
it in
Grape
in
time
book
my
Growing
contains
and
also
I
some
Gundlach
"
Co.
interested
in
this,
to
hardly
did
of
not
fruit.
for
I did
I had
the
finding
in
in
as
see
"
shipped
State.
your
all
well
as
I
a
small
it
be
produced
much
very
of seeds,
of
a
few
of
for
The
a
types
of
I gave
Agriculture.
dear
sir, my
month
a
kindest
at the
ago
regards, etc.,
G.
A.
3an
Wetmore,
gratis packages
of
you
if yet in
that
FOEX.
Cal.
Francisco,
I had
and
the
and
made
was
the
in
the
E.
Professor
Co;
Alameda
lach
"
Co,
whom
W.
Chas.
of
dred
hun-
seeds,
from
a
have
half
pound
complete
a
these
names
Beard,
Kohler,
sent
were
are
bered;
remem-
California
Hilgard,
L.
John
Sonoma;
collection
three
to
Accidentally,
following
University;
SAN
the
entire
parcels
to
names
lost, but
State
The
amounting
five
pounds
weight upwards.
list of
in
"
twenty
distributed
been
in
of
paper
notice
a
offering to distribute
seed
itor
brought to the edto myself a great number
applications.
of
which
of
MERCHANT
FRANCISCO
lating
re-
to
publication
The
to
and
also,
package
as
desirable
vacuttiugs of some
rities for grafting, to be tried in
mental
experiour
desire
it I can
If you
vineyard here.
with
reciprocate
some
cuttings of Newton
which
Pearl, Black
Taylor and Transparent,
will find described
in our
catalogue, which
you
I send, and
be glad to
with
shall
correspond
hear
from
time.
at any
to
Hoping
you
you
I remain
GEO.
HUSMANN.
truly,
soon,
yours
a
time,
been
have
by phylloxera.
which
vines,
College
valuable
obliged
tablished
es-
failure
great
questions
any
which
more
the
we
Accept,
deeply
am
attacked
of
sake
for
the
of
their
prefer are,
Jacquez
(or Ohio, Cigar-box, etc.),
Black
Herbemont
and
the
(or Warren),
"[uly
For
Lenoir).
grafting stock
we
(or Devereux
Vitis Riparia, which
is sent
to
prefer the wild
Iowa
and
and
from
the
Missouri,
Kansas,
us
Texa*.
Vitis Rupestris, from
I take
the liberty in addressing
to
by
you
mail
this same
containing
a little pamphlet
a
in grafting American
of practical lessons
resume
which
CHAS
Dresel
Messrs.
in
and
more
reason
which
cuttings
and
by
places
us,
fruits, the
communications
vines
time
long
American
"
Making,
but
so
far, knew
culture,
grape
and
existence
Vitis Calif ornica,
of
suppose
I should
insecticides
your
extract
an
press,
have
to
not
embody
Wine
phylloxera-proof
France,
which
of
several
California.
many
tracted
atthe
W.
Crabb,
experimenting
here,
to
now
and
already
from
have
before
H.
purpose
that
sorrow
very
would
grape.
communication
from
the
latter
the
even
vines
our
for
wine
red
true
I
has
varieties
send
to
it
once,
friend,
My
long been
raid.
Oakville,
of
at
that
becomes
vines
with
several
I
importance.
Vitis Calif orthe
nica,
such
superior fruit,
and
I
ignored.
how
see, however,
if it really produces
cannot
with
correspondence
for
you
Centerville,
Sonora;
Gund-
Krug, St. Helena,
S. C. Hastings,
Kutherfor Los
T. Hopkins,
C.
Chas.
Hon.
Napa County;
County;
ford, Napa
Jas.
Angeles County;
H.
Drummond,
Glen
24
Ellen, Sonoma
Connty; Oliver Halden,
Fresno; J. A. Drinkhouse, Sacramento; H.
E. Hitchcock, Oakland;
geles;
M. Keller, Los AnMrs. W. B. Bourne, St. Helena; Miss
Lulu Littleton,
Alameda; E. H. Bifford,San
" Hall, San Francisco; Mr.
Francisco;Howe
W. M.
Hillon, Sec'y,Natoma
Co., Folsom;
J. B. Whitney, San Jose; J. B. Pierce, Santa
Clara; Wellman, Peck " Co, San Francisco;
Dr. F.
Wrightson, Napa; Hon.
H.
M.
Streeter, Biverside; E. Brierly,
Biverside; Fred. I.
Huse, San Diego; Miss
Hannah
Millard,
Lake County.
Packages have
been sent
to the following:
Professor
of
this State
sity
Husmann, Univerout
Missouri; Leonard
Casper, Saratoga
Commercial
York; Hawaiian
Sprints,New
Professor
Co, Honolulu;
National
Foex,
School of Agriculture,Montpellier, France;
of
A. H.
Trimoulet, Vice President Viticultural
of the Entre-deux-Mers, Bordeaux;
Italyby the Italian Consul; to Spain by
Mess.
Hellman
Bros
" Co.
I have recentlyreceived
letters from Win.
C. Mattier,of Harbins Springs,Lake County,
who is pursuing his studies of this vine with
great zeal and
will be two
in
bark,
vines,as well
from
him
of
which
"
will
hip
year
seedlings
'findsdifferences
in the wine.
as
samples
last year
me
This
care.
He
years old.
and
leaves
roots
the
wild
among
I have
ed
receiv-
wine
he
made
be
soon
for
examined
by experts
At
to
It is now
old enough to study.
suggestion he has waived his right
these seedlingsand has adopted the
my
name
I mentioned
name
seedlingor
to
he
as
him, which
it in his
uses
Matilda
guage
native lanis
la Matilde.
For
convenience
in referwill differ in
to these
seedlings, which
ing
respects
some
doubt
no
other wild vines
of
this
request that
this
name
come,
shall
seeds.
By carefullysowing
of the
been
and
and
generations
name
to
it bears
have
left this world in which
she
has
fruitful in all that is good
of love
strong in her womanly power
kindness.
a
true vine
PKOGREtS
The
have
"
OF
THE
seeds, which
MATILDA
have
been
distributed
in
half
one
of the
of the
seeds, I found
have
grapes
by insects
they grew
among
which
dense
were
common
that between
seen
be
plantscan
to be
These
which
were
tacked
atmany
to the places where
are
generallyin creek bottoms
foliage of oaks and and other
and
the
numbers
small
pots, I found
three
and
four
from
obtained
and
thousof
pound
a
seed.
observations, and
My
Mattier
Harbin's
at
also
buds,
germinating
or
those
of Mr.
that
Springs,prove
Vitis Californicais very
late
in
the
from
the
its
bursting
seed.
though
Al-
I sowed
seeds
early in March, and
April,none
germinated before the
1st of May, and from
that tirna until the first
week
in June
they came
rapidly. It
up
probably, that experiencewill prove
seems,
that the proper
time to sow
them
is in April.
in
others
of my
Most
seeds
first soaked
were
twenty-
hours, and this probablywould
usually for field sowing; but I have
be
best
observed
four
when
especialadvantage
no
Shallow
late.
were
Spring rains
the
better
is
sowing
than
well
otherwise.
They have succeeded
very
with
when
with me
lightly covered
sandy
Manured
soils breed
loam.
insects, which
trouble the young
plants.
Mr. C. Mattier phmted seeds in April. One
of his seedlings,six months
and a half from
illustrated
that was
the seed, is the same
by
the MEKCHANT"
his
seedlings one year
coming into leaf,but
amazingly in the
grown
"
of
have
had
them
On
burst.
old
some
long.
feet
of
vine
is
The
growth.
young
vines in their wild state
small; but
their second
inches
five
across
these
the
since
of June
this
the
leaves
the
of the wild
late
already
feature
wild
the
time
4th
cones
new
have
short
the
the
that
me
very
were
"
they
remarkable
of
writes
he
year
in
buds
one-half
little less than
a
This
size.
natural
are
erally
gen-
seedlings have,
year,
leaves
that
bj
six inches
in
on
four
measure
length.
It is
that
the
fruit will correspondingly
presume
of
ateness
increase in size. The
them
their growth will
to escape
enable
spring frosts.
Mr. Mattier is constantlypursuing these
safe
to
of roots
finds
that
wood
and
distinct varieties
are
by
I
dead, killed mostly by a small worm.
dead seeds were
easilyseparated by floating
off in water.
them
Counting samples of the
sound
that
seeds, I found
they averaged
about four thousand
to the pound.
Among
the wild
in boxes
seeds
the
half
one
Oakland, even
during the past unfavorable
spring,that about ninrty per cent, germinated
successfully. It is evident from what I
investigations.He
SEEDLINGS.
been
germinated
parts
many
State,with varying results. At Oakland,
have experimented with them for * he purpose
of ascertaining their
germinating power.
About
sound
in
at
seedlingsof
The
most
State, I respectfully culture
be
generally vigor of
may
of my
mother
in
after she whose
beloved
probably produced
found
vere
from
adoptedby those who have used the seeds,
I have
which
I feel assured
distributed.
that this promising plant will honor
the
memory
insects
which
Union
to
These
trees.
worms,
other
of
by
his
examination
an
opinionthat
the
wild
vine
there
is supported
proofs. Boots, barks, color,
etc., vary.
The
me,
and
and
samples
of
which
were
referred
are
now
examined
wine, which
tasted by
he
for
Haraszthy
heretofore
lished,
pub-
to in his letter
older, and will
and
made
Mr.
analyzed.
soon
When
report will be made
be
fully
care-
that
is
public.
Enough, however, has been learned already
these seedlingsare
that
dowed
ento demonstrate
and vigor; that
with superior vitality
they grow rapidlyin the open field;and that
they take the graft easily.The bark is tough
done
a
further
25
and
probablyas useful, if not
the
Since the above
Thus the result of cultivation would
probably
be a wine of similar parts as the
ordinary
grape vines of the state contain, and the wine
be then one between cold and hot wines. The
flavor of a fruit like raspberry,with
I have
of acids,would
proportioning
other
American
wild
more
stocks
so,
for
as
defense
againstthe phylloxera.
ADDENDA.
had
was
put in type :
opportunityto obtain scientific
of the samples of wine of the
an
proper
form
indicate
a
which might come
to that of an ordinary
near
but
Bordeaux;
deal
a
of cultivation
good
wild grape which
fermented last Fall by
were
would
be required for this object.
Mr. C. Mattier at Harbins
Springs.
"Would
it be rightto advise the propagation
UnfortunatelyMr. Mattier had no facilities
and cultivation of the wild
edly
to ferment
than very small
grape? Undoubtmore
quantities,
it Would
that a sound
and in keeping them
be, for the reason
he was
obligedto mix
wine, however
the best claret-like sample with the brownish
from
ordinary,can be made
it
that from
the
wine.
standpoint of protecting
nobler vines from the inroads of the
Professor Federico
era,
phylloxPohndorff,of this city,
it is useful, hence
that no
advisable
and Monsieur
A. de Lacretelle,
of the French
harm but only good can
result from
planting
the wine
Societyof Agriculturists,
examined
even
largertracts of land with it,as there is
it was
also examined
together. Subsequently
value rendered,for the wine, if
fective,
by itself deby Dr. John I. Bleasdale, Secretaryof the
be employed anyhow, either for
can
Board of State Viticultural Commissioners.
examination
"
"
Prof.
Pohndorff
agreed
and
it
Monsieur
de
telle
Lacre-
important to experiment
this vine,for the
ascertainingits value for grafting
with
the
of
purpose
stock.
that
was
seedlingsof
blendingor
decidedlyof the
was
that the wine
of the wild vine
ound
to be a
useful
addition to
product.
He
"Samples
has
given me
of red wine
the
made
arnica)
grape (vitisCalif
"Oolor
brownish
hue,
ion
opin-
would
our
be
wine
report:
following
from
the wild
.
livelyand tinting
"
color for a red wine.
making the wine not having
been stated,it is difficultto guess the reason
of the brownish
color,but the sample grapes
will allow me
seen
to infer that green, unripe
not
a
power;
The
mode
of
well-
a
F. POHNDOKFF.
ones
in the press
in
San
p.
s.
sylvan state of the
which has not the
Vinous, resembling the flavor
raspberries,
beingfor the comparative want
"
character
as
a
wine
in
its
taste,rather
alcoholic. Strengthtest of
example, 10.9 per cent.
"Acids
Free
acids
of
nounced
pro-
tested
the samples
predominant.
considerably.
"Is it probable that by cultivating
the vine
these wines
made
were
of, a more
perfect
wine would result?
Certainly.
"Will the improved wine be of the nature of
"
9.7 per thousand.
Tannin still united
of
one
of
one
of
Fruit acids
^
lightwines?
show
No;
a
the
of
amount
of about
proportion
saccharine; the acids
are
alcohol
22
per
considerable.
"
alcoholic
strengthsurprised
me; such
of sugar the wild grape has, would
indicate that by ennobling it through cultivation
an
amount
it might be
brought to a level with the
grapes in the state.
de Lacretelle supposed phenic acid to
sweetest
"Mr.
overrule
An
the acids
analysisof
of
one
of
the
examples.
that
part of the composition
of the acids of the wine, which
be found
can
by reagents, will show if this supposition
is
right. My
alkali
"
"Aroma
Francisco,June 18, 1880.
"The
coloringmatter
grape be of a composition
effect of communicating a more
perfecttinge
of wine-red to the juice. A surplus tannin
in
the seeds may likewise have affected the color,
turning it. The soil it grew in finally
may
have influenced it.
"Taste
Of
a
dry wine, well fermented
of a fruitynondescriptbut vinous,
astringent,
liquid,very acid, but certainlynot in any
way acetic,hence
sound; nearest fruit analogy
in taste to currants.
of
into
"
correct
grapes joined to the mature
have caused
it in part; the
the ripe grapes may
in the
cent
blended
"
"
Prof. Pohndorff
would
by being
that it will present an
tasting wine
object
for practically
in the
studying how itomake
a
press
good wine, rightlyproportionedof
it that even
if no
wine
of any
quality will
be rendered by the grape, it yields its rich
content
of alcohol,which for distilling
it into
will always pay
the investment
Brandy or Spirit,
in wild vines in a plantation and
that the brandy distilled from it,
lastly
having,
as shown
both the taste
by a test distillate,
and
flavor of fruit of grape, will form probably
a good type of brandy.
wine
with
tic
caus-
The
hasty superficialone.
certainlysusceptibleof being rightly
is
trained
test of the free acids
was
and
showing
us
a
after
a
a
few
of
years
distinct form,
cultivation
perfected and
of the vineyard
valuable.
Soil and situation
will influence this greatly.
June
19th.
F. POHNDOBFF.
"Dr.
Bleasdale has
ysis
completed a partialanalsample with the followingresult:
"Vitis
Calif ornica;produced at Harbins
Springs,Lake county, Cal.; specificgravity
of wine, 1.0840; temperature,60" F.; specific
of
one
.98495; percentage
grayityof distillate,
of B
20.003; alcohol, 11.428; tannin,
proof spirit,
per cent, 0;812; extractive matters, 0.2134.
"N.
B.
Tannic
acid
determined
cording
acJ. J. B."
CHAS. A. WETMOEE.
Ill Leidesdorff street,San Francisco, June 9,
"
was
to Wittstein's formula.
1880.
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VINICULTURISTS.
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Choice
Lands
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S. F.
and
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and
and
Seeds
planted
Special
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turists
in
given
of land
and
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for
to
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exchanged
selections
employed.
Seedlings
Vineyards-
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CaL
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S. GovernD.
C.
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purposes which are
by well-known and experienced
experts.