1. law, govt and politics
2. government
3. state and local government

-2"
xx'i
Municipal
Elections
AND
^"iiV
THEM
FIGHT
TO
By
Lloyd,
J. Seymour
op
THE
BARRISTER-AT-LAW-
TEMPLE,
MIOOL.E
JLonOon
"
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Price
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BY
THE
SAME
AUTHOR.
ELECTIONS
AND
HOW
TO
FIGHT
THEM,
Of
The book
It is
work.
in
Appendix
the
an
ogether
Election
Returi
is
rence
secured.
8vo.
Crown
The
is
ig upon
s
headin
Agent,
thus
v
conduct
under
Election
e
(:
st free.
THE
LIBRARY
OF
Times
THE
ot
many
appendix
CALIFORNIA
OF
Morni
The
a
ANGELES
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poli
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how
and
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UNIVERSITY
Timittec,
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applies
he
in
language
^
,
law to which
give attention."
and
East
Anglian
Daily
The
"...
election
manual
Times.
is excellent
to the attention
elections.
The
agents
treatment
and
.--,
,
workers
November
in every
of all Avho have
to
of both
says
clear
_tiquette,
sides
must
27th,1905.
way,
do
and
work
be commended
may
in the coming
is
thorough from the creation of a local
and the concise
party organisation
up to the end of tlio polling-day,
statement of the legal aspects of eloctioueering
is put so that he
who
stands
VACHER
read
may
"
SONS,
..."
WESTMINSTER
HOUSE.
S.W.
Elections
Municipal
AND
HOW
FIGHT
TO
THEM.
BY
SEYMOUR
J.
Of
of
(Author
A
the
"
LLOYD,
Barrister-at-Law,
Temple.
Middle
HANDBOOK
PRACTICAL
Workers
County
Town
Urban
Boards
Rural
Parish
TO
HOW
AND
ELECTIONS
for
Elections
at
FIQHT
Candidates
for
Councils,
Councils,
Councils,
District
of
Guardians,
Councils,
District
and
Councils,
Councils.
Borough
Metropolitan
1906.
!ILonDon
"
VACHER
Price
-
-
-
:
SONS.
Is.
6d.
THEM
nctt.
").
and
^T'JCAL-^-i
OS
PREFACE.
There
England
in
are
elected to manage
annual
local affaira. When
can
whole
populationto
no
small extent
exceeds
ment
Local Govern-
and
onerous,
are
the health and
the faitlifulperformance of them
our
entrusted to local bodies
powers
increasing.Their duties
and
that
now
purposes
Exchequer,the importance of
hardlybe gainsaid.The
extensive
":
it is remembered
expenditurefor Local Government
that of the National
are
Wales alone about 10,000 Councils
and
upon
happinessof
the
depends.
CO
The
-'
of which
many
g
^
"
are
attempt is made
an
in
choice of Councillors involves
a
and
simpleway,
keenly contested.
to smooth
firstwith the
with
secondly,
the
CD
who
In
work
practical
the restrictions
interest themselves
this littlebook
largenumber
path for
will have
the
of elections,
followingpages
candidates
of
placed by
by dealing
municipalelections,
Parliament
If it thus succeeds in
procedureof those who fightthem.
persons
a
in the
problem,of
the
on
assisting
local administration,
achieved ita aim.
eel
J. Seymour
4, Brick
.
Court, Temple.
September,1906.
433382
Lloyd.
.
,
",
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Preface
iii.
Index
viii.
Local
Elected
Councils
Attitude
Local
towards
Government
Council
Parish
Rural
Council
District
Council
County
.
Urban
.
Council
District
Municipal Boroughs
Boards
Guardians
of
London
Government
London
County
Council
Councils
Metropolitan Borough
of
City
London
Who
Common
Parish
Boards
of Guardians
Councils
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
Who
Council
Elected
be
may
London
are
"
Residence
DisquaUfication
Rural
.
.
Councils
District
Urban
Electors
Parochial
Councils
District
.
.
.
.
Guardians
.
.
County
Councils
Women
and
Town
Councils
Candidature
County
Borough
London
.
.
and
Councils
Councils
Organisation
Organisation
before
Candidature
Ratepayers' Associations
Outline
of
Municipal
Organisation
Committees
Independent
Candidates
.
.
PAGE.
steps
in
the
Contest
36
Plan
of
Campaign
Cost
of
ConteBts
37
40
.
Chief
of
Items
and
Public
40
44
Address
46
Messengers
Meetings
Registers
and
.
.
47
.
who
57
vote
may
Electors
to
60
Workers
68
The
72
Canvass
Printing and
Advertising
82
Nomination
88
Polling Day
91
Conveyances
93
Polling Agents
95
Agents
Counting
The
Expenditure
Rooms
Committee
Clerks
.
Election
No
96
.
Elections
Municipal
about
Law
.
98
Agent
99
102
Agency
is
Who
Agent
an
102
Practices
Corrupt
105
105
Bribery
Treating
108
.
.
Influence
Undue
110
.
.
Personation
113
of
Declaration
False
Election
Illegal
Avoiding Election
A.
115
Practices
115
if committed
by
any
Agent
of
Candidate
a
B.
ExiDcnses
116-120
Election
Avoiding
and
Consent
of
Avoidance
if committed
of Candidate
.
for
Election
with
.
.
Knowledge
120-130
.
.
of
Prevalence
.
Time
Summary
Form
.
for Inadvertent
for
sending
of
Illegal
130
Practices
Relief
.
.
.
Breaches
in Claims
Periods
of Declaration
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
of Law
and
132
making
specified
.
of Election
.
Payments
.
.
.
.
133
135
.
.
.
Expenses
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
136
MUNICIPAL
ELECTIONS
AND
HOW
TO
FIGHT
ELECTED
THEM.
LOCAL
COUNCILS.
SYNOPSIS.
Attitude
Ladder
towards
of
Parish
Local
Local
Government.
Government.
of
Election
Council."
Parish
Councillors,
"
Powers
and
Duties.
Rural
District
Council.
Councillors
"
Council."
County
Powers
"
also
and
Duties.
Election
"
of
cillors.
Coun-
Guardians.
Work."
Committee
Powers
and
Duties.
"
Elections.
Urban
District
Municipal
Councils.
Elections.
"
Town
Boroughs."
Council."
Boroughs
of
Different
Degrees.
Boards
of
Guardians.
Government.
London
Growth
"
London
County
Metropolitan
London
of
London
Boards
is
London
of
Council.
1899.
Common
of
London.
Government.
Powers
"
"
Powers
"
and
Council.
Guardians.
"
"
and
Councils.
Borough
Act,
City
What
"
Administrative
Duties.
Vestrydom.
Duties.
County.
Duality.
"
"
"
Constitution.
London
Elections.
ment
Govern-
There
when
of
was
it
time,
a
fashion
the
was
municipal bodies,
dustbins.
That
carried
activities
the
public
becomes
stretches
from
urban
the
town
be, and
may
outhne
to
of the
of
battles
their
laid
the various
country
the
let
and
the
purposes
ladder
It
one.
A
county.
cillors
coun-
upon
fightthe
to
their
for
hope
us
or
opportunities
Britons
"
in
The
the
to
duties
true-born
to
to
district,rural
the
thence
suffice to indicate
present themselves
electoral
government
tolerablylong
a
scope
themselves
they reside,
local
indeed, is
duties
ofier
greater importance.
parish or
case
here
must
that
the
broadest
in
sketch
of
government,
as
interest
who
and
drains
manifold
councils
district where
the
day
every
of local
local
the
work
the
contempt
passed, and
has
for
representatives
of
in
savouring chieflyof
as
all those
of
hold
to
remotely distant,
not
now
various
the
of
affairs
election
day
by
out
even
country's good.
PARISH
THE
Taking
first
a
parishes
form
Council
of their
year,
himself.
or
about
years
to
a
Parish
which
own,
but
every
elector
25th
has
parishcouncillors
must
the
have
of each
March
to
or
their
of
they
at
County
demand
can
a
themselves
content
assemble
parish
Smaller
is entitled.
order
have
we
rural
every
usually they
Big parishes also
the
by
300
Council,
Meeting, which
Parish
when
things to begin with,
combined
be
may
to
a
of
population exceeding
Council
with
view
Council,
Parish
the
having
rural
a
COUNCIL.
least twice
a
privilegeof representing
their
year,
the number
Parish
and
of from
Meeting
once
on
in three
five to fifteen
of the
meeting
election
enjoy
size of the
the
accordingto
unless
the
under
poll is demanded,
a
Ballot
of hands
show
by
ordeal
which
which
the
Chairman
for
questions to
then
present.
Government
taken
and
not
inconsiderable.
parochialproperty,
within
Council
in
The
reserved
in
without
also must
of Councils
for
candidate
a
observed.
be
to
include
They
the
a
Parish
the
parish council
a
the
of
appointment
management
rightof making
the
upon
appeal
an
of the
overseers
Council
District
is
a
Parish
to
sanitary
the
County
Council, certain
electors assembled
must
exceeding 3d.
the
decide
municates
com-
writing according to
parish,with
there
rate
Election
neglect.
the
to
formalities
Local
election
Clerks
the
not, each
or
Council, for instance
involvinga
loan
of
where
Even
are
the
case
chief
the Rural
to
representations
matters
and
give
to
the
detailed
triennial
parishfootpaths,and
of
care
compelled
rightsdevolving upon
duties
the
opportunity
law.
The
poor,
is
issues
of the
nominated
be
must
requiredby
are
of
the
pollis
is the
by parochial electors
them
only
to
the chief
truly paternal solicitude
occasion
of
a
meeting
Chairmen
the
candidates
Meeting, and
face
to
to
put
not
the
on
memorandum
form
be
With
to
Council
of the
Board
Orders, but
Whether
have
candidates
formal
a
literallydevoted
the Parish
at
when
vote
election is usuallycarried
parochialpolitics.In practicethe
out
the
by
place,and
takes
Act
campaign
electioneering
an
elected
parish,are
consent
upon
any
of
at
Parish
embark
not
in the
the
a
upon
pound,
Parish
proposalto put
or
powers
Meeting.
schemes
involvinga
Meeting,
which
into force what
B
2
are
known
and
Acts, Public
Acts.
The
Wales
is
which
brought
local
interest
for
in
public work
the next
THE
It
to
is the
there
all
is
arousing
plenty of
members
by
of
the
in the
sanitation
of these
hands
which
in their
under
are
authorities
undertakes
the
charge
expenditurethus
There
England
according to
Election
also
Wales,
the
confers
the
of main
be entered
Rural
with
charged
than
the
main
County
into between
District
Council
roads, being recouped
incurred.
about
are
and
whereby
also
district,other
can
is in fact
England
are
Public
the
jurisdictionof
the
Council, although arrangements
two
under
of rural
Councils, who
roads
of all the
care
roads,
The
and
draining systems,
duties
important
Council
The
district,controllingand
its
and
sewerage
other
Acts.
for
a
over
powers
parishesgrouped together.
Sanitary Authority
Health
COUNCIL.
large administrative
of rural
exercising
find
we
DISTRICT
RURAL
maintaining
for
of
direction
done
be
ladder
of the
rung
possesses
number
the
the
1894
achieved
not
parochialaffairs
rural
sound
legislationof
the
and
England
Councils.
At
the
in
expected
promoters
Libraries
Public
in
existence, has
into
them
the
Councils
Parish
7,000, and, while
over
its
the
of
number
that
scope
Act, and
Improvements
Acts, Burial
Washhouses
and
Acts, Baths
Watching
Lighting
the
Adoptive Acts, namely
the
as
660
number
the
size and
office
Rural
District
of
population of
for
three
Councils
Councillors
the
years,
area
in
varying
controlled.
one-third
of
the
members
order
year,
members
may
of
the
simultaneously
Council
is
The
third
every
chair.
elections
are
in
nominated,
the
for
during
county
be
must
of the
parochialelectors
two
the
of
candidates
by ballot,and
writing,by
retire
chairman
The
year.
a
magistrate
officio
ex
of the
his tenure
all
Council
County
by
but
usually retiringin April of each
parish.
important provision is
An
of
the
from
composed
of
is
there
elected,if he
plenty
she is
or
rural
in
sentative
repre-
it is
areas
occupation
prepared to
the
on
Councillors.
District
of
a
entirely separate
is
also
are
the
as
is elected
he
body
who
persons
acting
Council, but
District
Rural
Obviously, then,
person
That
Guardians.
of
Board
which
parish for
the
also
involves
Council
District
Rural
of
membership
that
the work
out
carry
the
for
faithfully.
is
the
of
supervisory power
central
other
subject only
control
of
powers
the
which
details of local administration.
for the
publicactivities
to
the
governing bodies,
county
the
County
Councils
the
people
for
is characteristic
that
the
bulk
do
women
the
of
of the
of!er
the
people
local
work
but
the
upon
administration
done
is
at
with
chance
general
Board
The
not
very
and
concerned
are
certain
of
the
to
Government
Local
departments
its
exercises
and
authority,
highest
extensive
COUNCIL
COUNTY
THE
of
with
opportunities
present extend
tliis
exception,
government
broadest
in
this
lines.
by
It
country
accomplishedby
means
6
of committees.
far,but
over
in the
a
is
for
without
A
glance at
mere
of
County
a
rule and
good
this
addition
with
administering,
by
committee
and
Sale
the
Animals.
It has
Acts, and
it must
not
County
years,
duties
also
on
of the
do the work
Council
and
the
relating
of its
see
and
that
the
to
varies
each
neglectedby
elections
the
Council
trial
indus-
of
and
Diseases
the Public
District
a
Acts
Weights
to
a
manages
many
of
Health
Councils
it may
do
itself
defaultingCouncil.
place
retire
members
in three
once
simultaneously.
councillors,whose
popularly-elected
according to
Council, aldermen
councillors,
by
take
duties
provisionof
Drugs,
under
own
the
conjunction with
In
Foods
all elected
when
addition
number
are
of
the
responsible
extensive
and
neglect their sanitaryobligations,
step in and
In
has
administers
those
Parliament, notably
Measures,
It
for
County bridges.
County Justices, the
county police force.
Council
specialcommittee,
a
reformatories.
of the
The
It is
and
it
Acts,
he
Council
the
bye-laws
county.
roads
regard to highereducation
schools
the
of the
of all main
Education
Elementary
fall upon
makes
than
publicpurposes.
tolerablyclear.
government
to
all its details
energy
for
which
property, and
for the maintenance
In
duties
makes
county
manages
the
many
activityis
of
range
and
make
to
of the
master
to
greater sacrifice of time
a
properly be expected
can
the
ordinary member
an
division
such
some
too
even
having jurisdiction
Councils
as
practicalnecessity,
a
wide
too
County
large area,
very
duties
of
case
system is carried
the
Perhaps
whom
the
to
size of the
the
they
are
number
elected
county, there
of one-third
for
a
period
of six years.
showed
elections
in
stimulated
increase
of
Descending
urban
to
correspondingto
of town
body
in
Membership
the
retire
of
duties
Councils,
of
of Guardians
in
urban
chief towns,
and
towns
while
resulted
in
in
the
Council,
Parish
COUNCIL,
wider
representative
the
office for three
although in
year,
does
Poor,
some
with
carry
for
it
in Rural
it does
as
cases
eligible.
are
not
years,
Board
the
vicissitudes
historylargerightsof
our
by Royal
increase
adding
possessing the
accompanying
in
BOROUGHS.
bestowed
were
to
areas.
early date
an
government
of
have
a
hold
of the
MUNICIPAL
has
we
separate election taking place
a
From
moment,
befits
Council
Guardian
a
order
triennially.Women
Urban
an
in
population.
of
centre
usuallyretiringeach
members
all the
by
as
District Councillors
Urban
one-third
government,
growing
a
a
areas,
District Council, but with
Rural
the
excitement
and
interest
DISTRICT
URBAN
districts, bear
smaller
ruled
be
to
considerable
a
some
districts for
town
of
Act
election.
to
more
once
or
THE
powers
public
the
populous
places too
Education
the
in
which,
Parliamentary
a
Council
County
controversy, resultingin
with
produced by
turn
provisionsof
the
contests
comparison
contested
markedly decreasing tendency, except
a
until
London,
1902
proportionof
The
very
Charter
of wealth
greatlyto
privilegesof
have
in
other
upon
and
the
selfthe
lation
popu-
number
incorporation,
cases
adversely
8
affected
been
ancient
many
boroughs, whose
diminished, but
of
Council,consisting
the
A
be
cannot
the
possesses
a
unless
voice
third
management
Town
Councillor
in
retiring
seats
are
holds
the
some,
has
she
forfeited
to
her
The
least,of
Council, the
and
former
holding
for
year, the latter for six years.
differ
elections
the vacant
frequentlyupon
Mayor
by
Municipal boroughs
at
one
years,
that
so
year,
November,
every
elected
one
if
is entitled
office for three
of each
towns
lines.
political
party
Councillors.
of the town.
most
contested
Town
a
Councillor, but
she
qualifications
November
annual, and in
are
Town
a
and
by marriage she
in the
A
governed by
are
Mayor, Aldermen
necessary
burgessvote,
has
who, nevertheless,still retain their
municipal rights. Boroughs
woman
importance
Aldermen
his
in
enormously
are
dignity
point
of
in a
extent
and they differ also, and to some
population,
of self-government.
correspondingdegree,as to the privileges
of Incorporation
Charter
In the present day a
would
not
be
granted
inhabitants, but
are
many
Such
of
for the
boroughs
boroughs are
less than
with
town
already referred
populationis
below
allowed to maintain
not
boroughs have
a
reasons
whose
constabulary,but
Some
to
are
their
policedby
own
bench
of
the
a
10,000
to
that
there
total.
separatebody
County
force.
whose
magistrates,
to
is purely municipal; others have to submit
jurisdiction
within
administered
of seeingjustice
the municipalindignity
their borders
by magistrates of the County. At the
have huge cities with populations
other end of the line we
running into hundreds
of thousands, and
entitled,as
are
10
the
different
parishesin
parishhaving the duty
the
by
"
it is necessary
London,"
dozen
different
music
halls,we
he is concerned
the
GOVERNMENT.
metropolis requires a
enough
"
ask
with, the
the
The
by
with
And
either.
local
Council
the
as
has
must
be
districts
common
interest
of
charged
to
all.
administration
themselves
merely
of Works,
the
set
in
enlargedjurisdiction,
London.
Board,
coincide
for elective
But
metropolis happily
and
for
merely
present
with
of 118
area
an
the
square
London
County
authority.
London
ment
govern-
the
upon
with
It
the
lines
began
had
duties
with
as
1855.
a
central
The
there
the
many
of
are
drainage.
the
of
forenmners
that
which
extensive
throughout
up
under
the
Sewers, who
sanitary
the
London
not
authority representativeof
some
different
Board
the
a
Metropolitan
does
on.
go
London,
always developed
Commissioners
of
ourselves
central
of
comes
the Postman's
jurisdictionof
the
miles, under
is,which
boundaries,
of
advice
find the
London,"
might
concern
County
half
Metropolitan Water
purposes,
need
Administrative
from
Water
clearly defined
we
purposes
the
we
so
government
possesses
"
christened
the
Commissioners
in extent
ruled
that
area,
is meant
mean
may
policeman," we
a
oddly
"
London
Police,quitedifferent
sometimes
apart, and
things. If, adopting
of
jurisdiction
district
word
begin by definingwhat
to
because
"
in each
overseers
of collection.
LONDON
The
Union, the
The
powers
of
Capital, were
the
Metropolitan
authority with
Royal Commissioners,
11
appointedby
the Liberal
in
emphatic in
1853, were
the essentials of
"
(as
and
at
houses.
with
covered
from
is
area
his
for
first conditions
few
have
is in
quarter, and
of London
boundaries
of the
south
to
of
an
Qty placed
the
(1)minute
a
be
two
ledge
know-
wanting
of the
extension
under
intimate
no
would
interests,
by
were
common.
Hence
town.
living
generalonly
has
municipalgovernment
if the whole
north
interests in
inhabitant
each
(2) community
and
from
is
province
called)a
great that the persons
so
own
to
as
in its full extent,
been
parts of the
other
of
knowledge
is
largethat
with
acquainted
taken
truth
extremities
so
"
Its diameter
west
to
east
its furthest
Its
literal
of their views
metropolitangovernment.
they said,
with
has
Aberdeen
Lord
under
the statement
of
scheme
a
London,"
it
Government
present
singlemunicipal
corporation."
plain words
Those
ago,
when
To-day
London's
the
doubled, so
the
preserve
enlarged, and
that it would
duahty
been
duality has
seem
of
the
than
more
century
a
2| m-illions.
population
has
essential to
ever
That
Government.
London
perfected and
half
over
just over
populationwas
is
area
^vTitten
were
strengthened in
recent
years.
THE
When
by
the
became
County
basis
an
Local
of electoral
Administrative
Council
was
and
1888, local
of
Act
Government
throughout England
administration
upon
the
COUNCIL.
COUNTY
LONDON
Wales
was
put
the metropolis
representation,
County,
brought into
and
existence.
the
The
London
powers
12
entrusted
duties
and
drainage is
Main
onerous.
manifold
and
its
under
care.
It has
large
reference
with
Building Acts
London
the
under
powers
are
Council
the
to
of
metropolitanbuildings; it has the responsibility
of street
and
carrying through great schemes
initiating
considerable
activityin
improvements ; it has shown
all
to
administeringthe Housing
it maintains
river
and
trams
it controls
would
it
the
like also
rans
works
a
carried
are
Asylums
;
department
by
it has
a
labour
direct
and
technical
education
done
a
other
the
sanitary administration
it maintains
for
of the
and
cow
also
supervises
MetropolitanBorough
and
higher
and
more,
Lunatic
undertakings which
work
is
it
but
for
the
now
education
metropolis. It complains of overwork,
Parliament
undertakings
certain
department
London,
in
;
metropolis;
the
great deal of excellent
authority for elementary
asks
omnibuses
ran
lodging houses,
common
requirepubliccontrol,and
It has
;
runs
department with original
Health
Public
inspectionof
Councils.
where
it
;
;
of its members
some
policeof
control the
to
sheds, slaughter houses,
the
tried to
Brigade, and
Fire
spaces
open
steamboats, and
on
of
powers
and
parks
numerous
Acts
Classes
Working
of the
in
the
constantly
delegatesits
labours
to
500 meetings
upwards of thirtycommittees, who hold some
and make
energetic and sometimes
expensive
per annum,
"
"
recommendations
Council.
118
weekly meetings of
the
Energy, indeed,
County Council, and
work
at
if the
elected
duties
is characteristic
membership
are
involves
properlycarried
who
Representatives,
of
the
whole
London's
plenty of
out.
sit for three
It
hard
has
years, and
13
nineteen
Each
Aldermen, chosen
Parliamentary
members
two
which
has
for
in
Up
of
vestrymen
spent
a
visits
In
good
deal
passed the
to
of money,
had
local
local
of
London
its
elected
and
to
been
work
that
the
London
London
the
average
confined
was
that
the
to
a
the vestries
rate
collector's
disagreeablyinsistent.
but
Londoner.
the
in
was
each
triennially. Having
the
tolerablywell,
and
administration
successful
so
of
In
pride in
a
municipal
1899
was
Act, the object of which
Mayor, Aldermen,
of
jurisdiction
present
local government.
burgesses took
the
obtainingin
that
affairs.
own
and
Government
Metropolitan Boroughs,
with
is at
strange survival
governing bodies,
unknown
assimilate
districts to
in
the
of local affairs
provinces,citizens
patriotismwas
was
did
unduly frequent and
membership
London
lodger voter
with
distinctly
unpleasant sensation
were
the
the
a
"
uninspiring bodies,
knowledge
and
in
City,
COUNCILS.
ecclesiastical connection
were
Londoner's
the
1900, the local municipal needs
in the hands
ancient
they
hazy
is wider
BOROUGH
Metropolitanvestries
but
exceptionof
localities.
November,
to
were
of the
the
metropolis returns
he
a privilege
elections,
METROPOLITAN
London
the
franchise
The
sit for six.
Council,who
proxdncialCounty Councils, as
in other
denied
division
L.C.C.,with
voice in London
a
the
four.
returns
than
the
to
by
of
metropolitan
Corporationswhich
where
else-
sustainingpublicinterest
divided
into
having
its
and
twenty-eight
Council,
own
the
Councillors,
regard
to
a
latter
concurrent
County Council, the
Metro-
14
Councils
politan Borough
have
the
self-government enjoyed by
local
affairs
in
this
the Public
out
nuisances, and
district.
Health
maintain
on
nine
behalf
and
of other
millions
and
of
insanitary
within
their
collect the
millions
which
rates
is
been
the
deal
"
called the
in
gathered
streets
which
electricity,
and
;
per annum,
cleanse
They
an
Councils
Borough
collect
They
while
of local interest
drugs sold
with
they have
refuse, and
and
roads
sometimes
pro\dncial
they suppress
;
authorities.
generate themselves.
house
foods
of
certainlybeen
The
like fourteen
half
a
light them,
and
Acts
the
they expend something
about
has
respect.
inspectthe
They
there
of
powers
considerable, and
development
London,
in
improvement
carry
for much
the
Councils
are
powers
is still scope
there
in
their
But
towns.
all
not
they
with
the
housemaids
of London."
Elections
no
triennial, and
are
boasts
Borough
retire
metropohs,unlike
contests
as
office
the
for
one
year,
COMMON
Alone
its ancient
body
elected
provinces,does
chosen
are
among
form
being
the
than
the
by
the
The
OF
government,
Common
annually.
the
annual
Aldermen,
Council,the Mayor holding
for
six.
THE
the City of
Corporations,
of
and
most
that
undergo
not
Mayor
Aldermen
COUNCIL
whom
sixty,but
simultaneously, so
in the different wards.
elsewhere,
Councillors,of
higher number
a
less, all
possess
the
the
CITY.
London
retains
popular representative
Council,
whose
members
are
15
Londoners
open
to
judging
the
trouble
are
the
in
Poor
from
the
go
to
public
progress,
in
London
the
small
the
GUARDIANS.
of
way
interest
is
still
when
fighting
of
proportion
poll
of
Boards
thirty-one
in
ambitions
to
Laws
also
have
their
but
OF
BOARDS
LONDON
voters
Guardians'
in
the
lamentably
Guardians
elections,
who
take
elections
administration
small.
of
16
WHO
MAY
ELECTED.
BE
SYNOPSIS.
Parish
Councils.
"
Residence."
Qualification by
elastic
Rural
Parochial
are
"
'V^Tiat ia
Electors.
"
Residence
?
"
"
An
qualification.
District
Urban
Who
Qualification.
"
Counciis.
Councils.
District
Guardians.
Councils.
County
and
Women
"
Counciis.
Town
Borough
London
Counciis.
COUNCILS.
PARISH
"
from
The
Parish
who
have
No
during
the whole
resided
shall be
one.
observed
A
(a) Be
of
the
parish, or
that
of the
in
be elected
parishshall
months
twelve
parish,or
disqualified
by
being elected,or being a
It will be
rural
within
..."
thereof.
person
a
parochial electors
election
precedingthe
three miles
Council for
the
among
persons
for
Councils.
County
Parish
member
that
the
Councillor
registeredas
a
of
sex
a
marriage
or
Parish
Council.
is
quahfication
must
either
an
native
alter-
"
parochialelector
of the
parish,or
(b) Must
have
a
quahficationby
residence.
18
of the
libertyof returning to
however
any
short,
longer be
No
be
the
or
said
have
to
devised.
dwelling,by lettingit
his
even
elastic
more
share
abandoned
has
or
such
intention
within
bed
a
three
for
eligible
miles
her
to
has
So, too, is
husband,
a
be
upon
the
than
more
in the
parish,
she
although
local
government
year,
be
is
and
married
woman
which
separate property qualification
to
no
resided
well
could
this
thereof, for the necessary
election.
livingwith
who
room,
cannot
there."
than
qualification
even
period,
a
returning,he
legalresidence
a
Any lodger,entitled
of
of
for
without
the
would
entitle
of
register
electors.
her
DISQUALIFICATION.
A
elected
is
person
if he
for
disqualified
she
or
(a) Is
within
(6) Has
or
or
alien.
an
twelve
before
months
election,received
since
member
a
"
infant
an
being
union
election,or
parochial
or
relief.
(c) Has,
within
five
election,been
since
hard
with
fine,and
of
a
or
has
has
bankrupt, and
annulled, or
a
without
has
made
any
an
sentenced
not
the
the
the
dischargewith
was
election, or
received
free
adjudicationhas
has
his
on
arrangement with
have
been
pardon,
been
obtained
the bankruptcy
and
misfortune
by
misconduct
option
not
not
certificate that
caused
unless the debts
a
the
periodadjudged
same
bankrupt
a
ment
imprison-
to
labour, without
within
been
before
years
part
his
paid in
;
or
creditors,
fulL
19
{d) Holds
with
(e) Is concerned
Council,
work
in
does
for election
interest
(a) The
sale
in
he
or
is
she
or
supply
the
for
; contracts
bridges;
or
an
the loan of money
occupier,of stone, gravel,"c.,
roads
to
"
of which
land
from
extend
:
Council
the
to
any
fication
disquali-
This
not
lease of land,or
or
profit of
the
Council
for the
done
the
with
contract
any
shares
or
the Council.
under
paid office
a
or
owner
repairing
for
agreements
the
for
transport of materials for that purpose.
(j3)A
(7)
A
in
is
in which
newspaper
hmited
a
company,
shareholder
a
in which
(a) Persons
some
(b) Persons
the
within
"
No
elected
open
who
on
are
who
not
to
Councillor who
a
vote
on
any
tion
ques-
is concerned.
company
COUNCILS.
parishwithin
the
registeras
the Poor
Law
have, during the whole
in
parochial
Union,
or
of the twelve
parish
some
Union.
definition
[For
to
the
but
shareholder
a
as
preceding the election,resided
months
as
may
DISTRICT
RURAL
electors of
the Council
with
contract
the Council advertises.
Residence,"
person
is
of
see
"
Parochial
page
electors,"see
page
17 ;
17.]
disqualified
by
sex
or
marriagefrom being
being a Councillor,and membership is therefore
year'sstanding,who is not
any resident of one
or
0
2
20
subjectto
of the
one
set
disqualifications
disabilities there
The
set
apply
out
out
also to
on
Rural
18.
page
District
Councils.
DISTRICT
URBAN
who
(a) Persons
electors of
who
the
"
of
Residence," see
Election,"
No
see
"
'page 17 ;
in the
shall be
being elected
"
to
as
district.
17 ;
page
for
Disqualification
Councils.]
disqualified
by
sex
or
marriage
Councillor.
being a
or
of the twelve
elector," see
Parish
18, under
page
person
Parochial
parochial
or
district,
have, during the whole
definition
[For
for
registeras
precedingthe election,resided
months
to
the
on
parish wdthin
some
(6) Persons
as
are
COUNCILS.
GUARDIANS.
who
(a) Persons
electors of
Union,
(c) In
be elected
[For
"
No
being
see
set
a
Law
have, during the whole
who
the
a
of
case
within
a
in
the
definition of
Residence,"
is
Guardian.
Parish
"
see
area
of
a
some
Union,
or
of the twelve
parishwithin
page
Boards
parish wholly
or
borough,is quahfiedto
Elector," see
page
17 ;
17.]
by sex
disqualified
For
generallist
to
a
borough. {See page 24.)
Parochial
Councils, page
apply also
for
Guardian
Councillor for that
person
under
out
the Poor
parochial
or
partlysituate
to
registeras
precedingthe election,resided
months
as
the
on
parishwithin
some
(h) Persons
the
are
18.
or
of
The
marriage
for
disquaUfications,
disabilities there
of Guardians.
21
Local
The
there
opinion that
"
of
A
some
during
in the
:
"
qualifiedif (1) he (or she) is
parish
within
tlie Poor
Law
twelve
months
the
whole
Union
;
of the
of
possess
the
the
within
and
of
or
;
preceding
he
is
(or she) has,
(2)
he
the
election, resided
for
Guardian
a
borough,
a
of
mmisters
parish wholly
a
or
elected
be
qualifiedto
Dissenting congregation
a
(1) of the
12
Section
they possessed
could
not,
Municipal Corporations Act, 1882,
but
qualifications,
of these
last
of
case
area
Union
parochial elector
a
borough."
of that
if
Guardians
in the
(3)
or
Clergymen
view
in
for
qualifications
will be
Councillor
"
expressed an
person
partly situate
a
have
alternative
three
are
office of Guardian
the
Board
Government
either
of the
they might
other
be
elected
as
qualificationsabove
mentioned."
COUNCILS.
COUNTY
for election,though slightly
more
qualifications
The
restricted,are
To
yet
become
the value
poor
rate
"30.
In
as
of
in the
in the
real
County
Either
he
have
be
must
electoral
to
value
the
of
qualification
"
entitled
and
entitled
respects except that
resident
(2) A
an
rateable
both,
or
be rated
or
"
to
be
enrolled
as
County elector,or
(b) Being
be
;
annual
the
on
be
must
man
personal property,
or
must
(a) Enrolled
a
a
county of "1,000
addition,he
follows.
Councillor
County
a
(1) Possessed
to
wide.
very
within
entered
peer
on
of
to
enrolled
residence,he
fifteen miles
the
be
of the
in the
must
all
be
county, and
separate non-resident
owning property
in
county.
list.
22
(3) Registeredas
in
county.
a
On
but
the face of
It is to
be
statutes
"
of the
whole
be
Councillor
a
continues
to
"
this
words,
as
chosen
to be
he must
or
owner
before
the
election
an
as
be
lurks
there
the
be
qualifiedto be elected and
be
he
qualifiedunder
the
at
was
some
for six
other
time
months
the
to
proviso,
of his election
manner.
the
occupation franchise,
a
as
county elector,also entitles
Councillor for the
for
of
register
one
which
year
continue
voters
as
the
precedingthe
to
be
In other
County.
at
the
occupier
15th
time
July
of the
"
a
retain
house, shop,or warehouse
some
within
land
of not
less than
the ofl"ce of
he
qualification,
for six
script
post-
occupier
yearly value
to
to
unless
the
on
like the
in
therefore, resolves
qualification,"
election,and
(6) Of
continue
a
find
to
"
qualifiedceases
cease
vote
tenant
(a) Of
To
shall
that
to
man
a
seldom
of ?
of election qualifiedto elect to the office
qualified in
"
old,
:
shall
so
person
property
itself into
entitles
a
vacant,
be
the
spoken
lawyers love
document
person
he
becomes
his oSice
The
him
of the
if
County,
the
in
reside
which
is at the time
But
of
have
letter-writer, in that
every
who
echo
an
we
proviso,not
a
hasty
of Councillor.
and
as
that
wideness
in that
importance
Provided
hear
to
seem
anything
property, property, property."
found
known
"
we
then, is the
Where,
and
it,these qualifications
appear
democratic, and
complaining cry,
to
for Parliament
ownership voter
an
must,
reside in the
the
of any
county, of
county.
months, his oSice becomes
a
clear
"10.
Councillor,once
unless
value; or
elected
on
this
independentlyquahfied,
If he
vacant.
ceases
so
to
reside
23
tliis
To
A
in
spiteof
capable
in
voting
new
being registeredas
of
election.
the
establishment
was
brought to
only
in 1889,
Many
for
assembly, as,
particular
of Parish
case
the
an
his
interest
in
of
sale
Council ;
he
gravel,"c.,
year.
such
hurst,
Sand-
Council
judges.
incapacityin
inherent
has
ParUament
in respect of any
example,
has
done
been
in
ELECTION.
FOR
women.
or
interest in any
does
disqualification
with
contract
not
extend
to
"
which
that
matter
:
(a) The
to the
share
This
Council.
by
by Lady
the
a
or
by himself
has, directly
indirectly,
who
partner, any
that
the
by
of
and
District Councils.
and
1, Infants, aliens, and
or
widow,
women
County
them
DISQUALIFICATIONS
2. A person
Courts
an
right to
that
to
but
pubHc office,unless
fill any
to
extended
distinctly
the
opened
victorynulHfied
declares
a
elector
the London
to
her
have
England
of
law
women
election
or
supposed
persons
of the Law
the test
to
County Councillor,
County Councils,
of
secured
who
big exception.
one
county
a
sphere of public activitywas
the
The
a
confers the
vote
is,if unmarried
she
fact that
the
become
quaHfiedto
is not
woman
right to
elected, there is,however,
be
right to
tlie
provisionthat
for
or
lease of
contracts
is
land, or
the loan of money
for the
supply,from
owner
or
occupier, of
repairing roads
interest
does
not
or
exceed
land
stones,
bridges,provided
"50
in
any
one
24
(6) A
in which
newspaper
inserted.
are
(c) Any
which
company
againstfire,or
3. A
pardon ;
or
who
person
his
sufiered
punishment or
declared
has been
of
has been
corruptionas
the Court
by
ance
insur-
felonyuntil
free
granted a
election ;
an
of
member
a
or
the
company.
convicted
has been
for
after conviction
body
supply of water,
jointstock
any
with
contracts
guiltyof corrupt practicesat
found
or
the
lightingor
for
Council
he has
Council advertisements
a
public
incapableof holding
publicoffice.
any
4. A
when
ceases
disquahfication
bankrupt
obtains
bankruptcy
misconduct
caused
was
his
on
been
paid in
A
who
or
certificate that
a
misfortune,
person
but
without
has
disquahfiedunless
any
compounded
his debts
have
full.
with
his
hold
is declared
who
[A Councillor
5. A
is annulled
bankruptcy
by
part.
his creditors is also
to
adjudged bankrupt ;
discharge with
his
with
ceases
been
has
who
person
bankrupt,
or
pounds
com-
and
creditors, is thereby disqualified,
office.]
holds
who
person
of
ofiice of
County
Coroner.
COUNCILS.
TOWN
Membership
the
Town
a
Council,under
the
Municipal
CorporationsAct, 1882, is confined to
who is possessedof real or personalproperty,
1. A man
"
or
both,
to
the
(1) In
"1,000, and
value
a
"
borough having
in
any
other
four
or
more
wards, of
borough, of "500,
or
26
Councils
is
narrowed
is
but
in
confined
is
ehgible
for
(a)
of
a
borough
:
Male
within
for
is
not
Borough
Government
ehgible
Council.
who
least
election
as
have
one
for
Act,
for
in
law,
our
ship
member-
that
following
are
electors
parochial
Borough.
the
Disquahfications
Local
registered
persons
at
to
The
sex.
London
"
persons
Male
known
respect
male
the
to
parish
(6)
important
the
of
widest
the
of
one
one
election
membersliip
for
qualification
The
Borough
COUNCILS.
BOROUGH
LONDON
are
{See
1894.
as
a
page
member
those
set
of
a
in
out
But
18.)
the
election.
the
preceding
year
election
within
resided
a
woman
MetropoUtan
the
27
CANDIDATURE
AND
ORGANISATION.
SYNOPSIS.
Organisation
Candidature.
before
"
"
Political
contests.
unaided
versus
"
contests.
A
"
organisation
District
branches.
efforts.
Growing
sweep."
"
Local
"
popularity.
"
above
putting the
Uses
in
Elections.
The
front
falls into
the
organisationshould
candidature, since
splendid isolation
which
wins
unsupported
elections,and
by
something
opinionof
himself
has, under
do
amount
of electoral
a
vast
much
chance
in
come
of
pretty early upon
election
has
brought
of views
section
in
of voters.
into
"
of
mistake
the
all well
sort
of
aspirant who
is
is not
the
the
his
good
own
ordinary circumstances,
spade
work
before
his district.
machinery
being
supported by
tions.
Subscrip-
Committees.
"
imperialpoUtics,we
the
"
certainlyprecede
than
more
heading the pollfor
municipal,as
and
horse, for in
regulated contests
attitude
Committee.
Candidate.
Independent
of
of
Outline
"
Central
"
tion
Organisa-
"
cry."
a
"
Non-political
"
Donations
"
heading perhaps
cart
of
Officers.
Municipal
"
view.
"
at
to
any
"
Candidates.
Association.
Party
"
"
Politics
No
Candidate.
a
Local
"
Municipal Elections.
Difficulties.
"
The
for
The
"
clean
"
for
Support
Associations.
Slachinery. Ratepayers'
"
"
which
the
secure
rate
a
he
to
has
ingly,
Accord-
generally
popular
tation
represen-
considerable
28
in
avowedly political,
it is
usuallytacked
the
party
to,
on
it is
patterns. Sometimes
is of varied
Tlie machine
case
integralpart of, a
an
even
or
in that
and
sense,
Sometimes
organisationfor imperialpolitics.
local
it is
in which
a
case, more
professedly
non-party organisation,
often than
not, it is called a Ratepayers'Association.
But
whether
name
they
views
in
entirely,
associations with
christened, where
are
exist,the
of the
nature
is
there
that
no
contests
for
room
we
Parliamentary elections
the
who
gentleman
arrives in
mythical carpet bag
kind
is not
met
with
which
local
with
when
for
quahfication
a
residence.
come
the
smaller
itself.
the
in local
in the
of
case
the
there
there
of persons
dature,
candi-
County
requirement
is
may
eager
to
of
occasionally
a
lack
even
be
Such
cases
securingsuitable representatives.
however, and in the ordinary way
common,
sufficient number
home
a
his
in
a
along
ownership registergives
where
government
Parish
and
essential to
election without
limited, and
Our
areas
all the way
on
A local habitation
on
across
his
choice of candidates, therefore,may
somewhat
interest
we
to
only exceptionbeing
entry
perambulating
railway ticket,but
so
is
sidering
con-
the
concerns
and
parochial,
now
constituencywith
come
we
merely desirable,but
a
The
a
return
a
scale of local bodies.
Councils, where
be
and
government
be
Councillor must
the
if not
largely,
are
the
politician.In
is not
is
of candidates
choice
cipal
muni-
their hands.
It is in the
the
whatsoever
and by
or
non-pohtical,
political
take
a
of
public
difficulty
are
there
share
not
are
in
29
publiclife by securingelection
to
of tlie local councils
some
of their district.
question
The
the
which
upon
Let
play
be
organisationto
first the
take
local
of
It
sides.
of
out
laid
Radical
on
cleared
in
of that
fight.
which
the
brought
that
argued
Yet
in
into
party
and
No
opinion.
for Tories.
him
the
there
wants
one
lines,or thinks that dustbins
Tories
by
is often
say,
behind
in
contests
system
is to
place in municipal matters,
to be said in favour
is much
have
him
help
of
case
that
waged,
will
the
to
as
up
organisationsare
political
both
are
politics
be
will
contest
effective
upon
roads
crops
opposing candidate
us
forces
once
each
whether
some
at
should
practice,
party
pohtics do operate considerably in local government
the only permanent
because in most
cases
matters, chiefly
the
organisationsavailable for fighting elections are
Liberal
opinionsare
problems
practical
denied
to
the
of
support those whom
with
of action
A
of the
out
them
point under
upon
his
Council
administration, it
political
party
they
and
fail to
discussion,but
back
election in
be
cannot
more
ready
generalagreement
in whose
feel
course
dence.
greater confi-
see
the
soon
as
will realise all that
means.
a
so
are
be in
to
therefore
may
he
Conservative
into
place in dealingvv-iththe
public matters,
campaign
his
of
they know
probably
at
organisation
Town
on
a
after election
novice
divisions
out
of local
members
that
respectivepoliticalparties.
conventional
Moreover, while
and
of
associations
local
importance
he launches
efficient
an
Take, for example,
populous district,or
a
a
County
Council
in
candidate
the
wins
who
and
voters,
that
process
is
who
in
or
enrolled, a
be
arranged, and
is
heavy
a
There
will
be
ready
able
he
to
and
his
see
he
puts
himself
use
side, or
avoided.
some
in
perhaps
non-party
got together
in
particularlocal
much
support
or
it may
local
the
for
mean
When
of his
his
plan
of
by simply making
him
that
purpose.
it often
that
happens
on
to
agitate for
or
"
project.
organisationis
nothing
at
all.
have
we
but
or
of
nominees
the
are
Ratepayers' Association,
an
those
branch
usually, as
organisation,
of such
whereon
from
practicallygets
candidates
of
measure
will be
He
out
of
many
both, the label of party pohticsis
on
order
more
are
behalf.
its
with
branch,
marked
of
the
difficulty
disappear.
his
on
municipal
number
A
representinga
the
right out
must
association
political
candidature, and
hands
the
must
his foes in the contest.
as
upon
matters
Workers
all of whom
machinery existingfor
of the
But
one
mapped
candidate
a
party registerof voters,
party association, a candidate
campaign
the
local
the
friends
political
in
to
of
big county,
a
foot, meetings
and
members,
the
look
must
by
labour
workers
with
organised assistance
backed
his
of
easy
on
the
large ward
a
efforts.
some
support
also
but
set
hand
at
active
secure
may
whom
he
to
will be
be
the
in
division
unaided
But
one.
less bound
whom
fight be
without
officers,committee,
or
the
must
party, half
of his
gets quickly into touch
own
canvass
of ten
out
cases
who
anything
his
trustingto
nine
In
scattered
a
be
may
be
task
is he
whether
big town,
some
district.
rural
a
said,
sometimes
against
"
The
drawback
that
it may
It often
some
to
mean
happens
31
that
in revolt
a
localityintended
a
clean
from
splutteringfor
arrives
the
forgotten,and
are
clean
the
of
metaphor
gets threadbare
mushroom
a
in
up
After
growth.
burning indignationflickers
time, the
a
threats
feebly out,
election
it is but
Yet
use.
very
grows
Indignationmeetings
offending Councillors
of
sweep
urged by-
determining influence
a
uttered,and
are
or
association
local bodies.
to
called,big threats
are
extravagance,
exercise
to
elections
the
upon
local
some
an
stingof irritation,
other
some
at
achieved,
is
sweep
the
when
of
time
the
by
not
protestingratepayers, but, on perhaps a 30 per cent,
poll of the electorate,by the very individuals against
but latelyraged. And
the storm
administration
whose
so,
in the
the
often
more
fact that
and
"
community.
to
local affairs
carried
is the
on
out
by
on
main
of
of
see
an
becomes
"
a
cry," and
to
of
some
in
term
do
going to
in its
ment
govern-
anything in
any
Council.
upon,
it has
elections.
A
in this direction
work
the
assistance
publicinterest
requires a
preachersenlarge upon
that
requisite
spurts of intermittent
decided
winning
view
increase
house
Every
a
is
If
got
a
to
which
systematicorganisation,
of
going to
place,with
desire to
not
are
be
means
secret
the way
of
Casual
of reformation
campaign
work
thingsconcerningthe
alteringthe complexion of
of
the way
peoplefail to recognise
politics,
using
of
sense
"
a
of
attention
truer
of
things continue
that
arduous
steady,constant,
department
larger
happens
simplybecause
old way,
same
in every
be
not, it
than
few
may
words
not
of those
In
attempting to
who
in local affairs.
foundation, while
text.
be
the
politics
arouse
most
text
apathetic
32
ratepayers to
is
of their local
sense
nice foundation
quite a
of
a
meeting, which
attention
makes
be formed, whose
the
or
duty
needs
community,
the
it has
as
of the different wards
that
notion
In
mistake
The
in each.
so
in
branches
must
wards,
individual
also be
unless
Secretaryas
of
every
footing
a
is the
is necessary.
the
affecting
work
Committee,
establishes
must
working
each
boroughs,
in urban
as
are
of
a
up
parts, should
these
the
Chairman,
the mention
purposes,
sufficient.
means
in the
management.
Observe
tricts,
dis-
its branch.
branches
livelyinterest
formed, with
officers.
have
be
ward
di\T.sions
no
organisationfor municipal
with
be
with
all that
it
district. In
establishment
should
all sections
then,
parishshould
take
That
Central
The
In rural districts each
issue, must
electors.
in these matters
do
various
capable men,
secure
fairlyrepresentative
but where,
organisation,
the smaller boroughs there
one
to
it has to find
often made
of the
representative
The
happen,
may
ways
high-
been
every
in
into the
go out
its
have
and
into
then
public
localityuntil public opinion has
useless
almost
may
Committee
accomplish that, spade
To
in every
be
focus
as
districts,
educated.
systematically
will
to
nothing towards
practically
of electors.
b*e done
send-off
to
publicmeeting will
a
fact, it does
mass
or
good
get into touch
to
it should
class of voters, and
a
of
representative
be
to
work
rollingat
it will be
case
begin the
to
cry-
set
Central
A
of
allegiance
and
Committee
be
very
the
hedges,as
interest
the
a
local affairs.
on
which
upon
ball may
organising.The
some
citizenship,
A
that
questionsat
branch
Treasurer
of
a
mittee
com-
and
Treasurer.
34
of
for the purpose
is formed
specialCommittee
fightingmunicipal elections,which, while it is in close
is yet not
with the permanent party organisation,
touch
label.
A
avowedly
into
Committee."
Progressive
"
say that
unfair to
would
Upon
a
Liberal
a
party, but it is open
Radical
or
a
also to
in
hand
it is not
the
large majority are
ordinarilytake
not
Committee
that
Upon
very
of the Liberal
members
who
been
has
Under
it
success
by Liberals.
particular
retires for the time
Radical organisation
or
the background, its place being taken
by a
Liberal
being
plan
with
adopted
the
This
device.
political
party
a
active
people
party politics.
such peoplewould
organisation
probably decline to serve, but they find no objectionto
in the deliberations and the propagandistlabours
assisting
what
of a ProgressiveCommittee, and
appliesto them
appliesalso
in
and
more
they
municipal elections
future, while
the
hotly contested,
more
will tend
indeed
in
to
be
fought by
complexion,
with
forces,but
The
plan explainsits growing popularity,and
of the
success
of local electors.
quitea largenumber
to
the
and
the
probabilityis
upon
be
that
committees, political
such
backed
cloak
likelyto
are
by strong political
them
of
non-party
associations.
Finally,we
truth, the
to
the
the
who
man
all
deserves
There
the candidate
organisedsupport
of any
in
to
come
the
wins
at
all.
It sounds
victoryunder
a
applause
"
and
is
who
every
independent
valiant, and
such
vote
conditions
"
he
gets.
but usuallythe only positionopen
exceptions,
independentcandidate is a place at the bottom of
are
poll.
At
first
sight this
seems
an
evil
thing. Why
35
should
by
honest
an
force
the
indeed ?
carried
to
his
of
The
in
abuses.
he will at any
elected
those
who
of their
"
There
matter
even
are
some
of local
much
to
the
on
go
far
so
signsof
a
the
so
time
is
it is
if
duties
recommendation
to
as
their
criticise his
interest
such
to
closelyin
that
a
to, and
answer
their
pubhc awakening to
government,
expect that
them
carry
them
touches
lengths
dailylife.
the
ance
import-
perhaps not
coming
in
when
in
too
all
displayedthat searchingpublic
undoubtedly the best guarantee for
districts there
will
interest
which
is
and
sound
thorough
to
one
of
that
guarantee
some
always supposingthat
which
tion
organisa-
association
local
a
put
various
to
of
be the form
some
local affairs is sufficient to
a
opened
to
pretend to perform the
rate
organisation,
may
public actions
in
be
supported him,
have
candidates
recognisedbacking
least
will have
He
of his office.
sightof.
of
whatever
is at
person'scandidature
there
sort
him, adoption by
behind
Yet
to
would
way
thingsare,
As
Why,
for, and,
given
some
district the
their
were
without
up
?
answer
lost
be
not
must
encouragement
themselves
views
assuredlyone.
is
contests
side which
is another
ills to
has
fightsonly
hopelessnessof independence of
the
excess,
and
character
own
who
chance
no
party system
party in electoral
If
have
man
be
administration.
__.i__.:
If-^
u
3H
STEPS
THE
IN
CONTEST.
SYNOPSIS.
Plan
Campaign.
of
Cost
of
contests.
of
scale
expenses.
legal
electors.
Form.
Speakers. Agenda
"
order.
"
Registers and
wlio
Address
"
Composing
Criticism.
"
How
"
The
How
"
"
practicalhints.
Removals.
Printing
Bill
"
cards.
in
"
fly
Form
"
cards.
card.
free.
Rules
"
Nomination.
"
Canvassers
supply.
"
for
Polling
polling
to use
Questions.
Declaration
of
day.
"
"
of
know.
to
Committee
day.
"
"
acceptance of office.
"
Some
"
workers.
"
"
exhibiting bills.
"
polling cards.
on
Forms
"
supphed
Objections
Paying
at
duties.
Room
"
Organising
"
Polling agents.
"
for
Placards.
Conveyances.
agents.
"
canvass.
for
Bills and
elections."
workers.
ReUef
"
Nomination,
conveyances.
Counting
"
"Squibs'"
conducting
on
How
"
"
"
Time
Electors
"
of
"
address,
Canvassing.
Refreshments
"
posting.
Collecting polling cards.
"
of
should
interviews.
"
"
canvass.
canvassers
form.
efficiency.'"
and
to
"
and
and
Meeting
"
advertising. Estimates.
and
posting
PolUng
"
Handing
"
meetings.
and
Shape
"
Workers
"
cai'ds.
Personal
"
of
taining
Main-
"
Parliamentary register and
"
not
WTiat
illegal practices.
"
Time
"
Economy
enlist.
Canvass
"
Canvass.
"
"
organising.
"
to
canvassers.
and
and
Public
"
functions.
electors.
to
Clerics
"
personalities.Circulation
Avoiding
Workers.
Lady
address.
an
"
vote.
Estimating
"
employed.
Chairman's
to Candidates.
may
municipal register.
be
"
Maximum
"
of number.
Arranging
"
"
Questions
"
expenses.
may
contests.
candidature.
candidates.
Scale
"
who
Educating
"
chief
Joint
"
Rooms.
number
messengers,
"
Prospective
"
of
expenses.
Committee
"
meetings.
Table
"
Parliamentary
"
Municipal Elections.
Different
"
and
Municipal
"
"
tion
Persona-
accounts.
"
37
We
come
The
process
him
who
of selection
reads
whose
electors
proof of
mettle
old
his
than
votes
the
To
be
This
are
and
interest,although
the
commodity
might
well be increased.
time
called upon
is not
or
energy
adopted by
moreover,
candidates
of
Councillor
often
of hands
at
if he has
to
the
hie
more
candidate
good
for the
good
make
the
public,
for their vote
the
matters
apatheticelectorate
too
It is
to
the scale of
government
a
that
remembering
is
part of
of
for
also for the
same
candidate,
expenditureof
in mind
which
secures
annual
undergo the
campaign
which
should
municipal honours,
that
necessityvary
particularcontest
of
money.
be borne
must
once
that desirable
fought upon
local
in
discussingthe plan
In
made
or
the
get
each
claims
by conflicting
who
on
to
is how
is worth
Parliamentary election.
latter
at
accomplished.
to be
less disturbed
the
at
must
get votes,
not
are
for
method
that is the task
place, it
first
Municipal contests
who
the
and
campaign
new
Best,
opponent
fight,he
for the
man,
is to
survives.
his
of
the
that
champions,
him, and the questionnow
consummation
a
is that
electorate.
the other
has before
In
of
plan
the
of
wooing
best
the
in
will find
seek
to
side's would-be
candidate
polls. Chosen
fix upon
principlethat
own
the contest.
"
through, and
gone
is about
has to test
now
been
nut
our
in assuming
justified
he
suffrages
the
he
has
are
we
is, of his
that
kernel of
the
to
now
is
the
meeting
ordeal
of
simply by
of his
a
to
accordingto
being waged.
election
it must,
arrangements
somewhat
be
the
Parish
A
a
parish,but
pollunder
be
show
even
the Ballot
38
Act,
should
we
expect him
not
organisedelection contest,
scale
that
candidate
a
liven
in
thingsup
candidate
the
proving
uttered
Having
The
contest.
be
supposed
to
was
quiet lanes
contrary, let
of
those
by
show
as
the
it does
the
formalities of
The
intending
wise
the
fighthe
the
is about
to
in the
methods
of
rejectaccordingto
the
outset
of this
the
But
the
wage,
decision
election
rule, in local
the
the
choice
of
Municipalassemblies
ballot
must
be
faced.
exercise
however,
the
complexity or
a
simpHcity of
taking the arrangements
simply
which
to
the
happy despatch
beyond
by
can,
good
On
the prompt
requirementsof
it is
through
land.
our
by
all other
warfare
chapter
heartilythat shortening
followingpages
electoral
safety
it should
case
fever
of
extend
candidate
as
described
At
election
election
an
to
discretion
in
exception,not
for
to
local government
parish meeting.
not
parochialCouncils, and
with
a
purpose
most
is the
of hands
contests,
malicious
at
present
person
may
necessary
parochialcandidates
upon
we
is characteristic of the
which
of the agony
"
steps in
various
commend
us
towards
scarcely
go
proper
warning,
peacefulhamlets
and
deficiencyin
a
affairs.
spread of
a
might
surplusageof
fit and
warning was
the
that
encourage
executed
the
the
possiblypopular as tending to
''a
this
consider
proceed to
Council
County
uncommon
parochialbusiness
administer
highly
a
things quite on
parish,would
rural
a
do
an
while
time, and
or
money
to
into
out
suggest either
proportion or
of
sense
launch
the
for
It would
properlyadopt.
his
or
to
notice
indications
as
he
may
his
that
own
one
adopt
of
or
contest.
difficulty
39
which
often
election to the
the
for
with
of the
it becomes
in the
law.
When,
on
do
candidates
apt
are
"
to
prospective
a
a
who
of whom
contest
absolute
at
with
time
thus
been
the
to
Council
before
a
lawyers
as
over,
More-
month.
figureabout
and
as
expenditure
Council
Town
prevent the assumption
(other
pleasesthe
unkindly said
of
wily
two
or
thing is
that
than
taste
early to join the
hope
quite the
would-be
year
to
someone
councils
it
time
any
the
local
in
advance, since
in
nothing
for
seeks
it has
take
place,municipal
within
over
only in County
seems
candidature
mentioned)
a
long
in scale
elections there
should
whole
"
and
on
fancy
candidate
is limited
of
"
of their cases,
constable,
generallyshort,if not
are
rule the
soon
Parliamentary brethren
a
a
a
municipal
forward
Municipal Candidate
as
too
matters
first
of
not
Municipal contests
contest.
if the
their
as
do
We
always sharp,and
say
the
hear
do.
"
the
fashion
premature
same
to
come
In
the
fact
expenditureimposed
themselves
push
not
is in
he
outrun
limit of
we
ground.
to
while
candidature
begins his campaign
the
however,
surer
frequentlyperform
that
extremely difficult not
shape, that is,of
are
we
soul,must
conclusion
if he
all,and
at
in
account
candidature
upon
appertainingto
the
avoid
strivingto
candidate
functions
seek
to
out
aspirant for Parliament,
The
the fear of the law in his
many
by
gloriesattendant
Council.
Municipal
a
set
is of small
of Commons
House
lesser
perhaps
who
those
assails
enough
of
ranks
they
two
vidual
indi-
an
of those
stand
sittingafter it,but
certaintyof lyingduring it.
the
before
with
the
40
While
as
well
the
on
deal
to
subjectof
with
municipal contest
the
to
financially
fall
contests,
then
in
has
substantial
a
fees
his
chooses
locality.As
varying in magnitude, it
to set out, first of
all,the chief
at
appear
as
for.
allowed
be
they
may
requireto
2.
make
will be
would
of them
of
the
difierent
to
better
outlaywhich
provisionfor
Room
1. Committee
have
we
elections,but the list will
Candidates
to
of
Naturally,some
all in the minor
reminder
a
items
are
Municipal
to expend
a
consider elections
to
mentary
Parlia-
in
as
All
he
a
in his
candidates, but
face is what
seeking the suffragesof
what
candidate.
a
not,
community.
to
perhaps
advantage
do
the
upon
the
discharged by
Candidate
is
Officer's
Returning
it is
questionsof
interesting
means
Here, again, there
favour.
election expenses,
have
not
serve
matters
:
"
hire.
Registerof Electors.
3. Clerks' salaries.
4.
Messengers'wages.
5. Hire
of
6. Canvass
for
rooms
Meetings.
Cards.
7. Literature.
8.
Printing Address
9. Other
Electors.
Printing.
10.
Advertising.
11.
BiU
Posting.
12. Distribution
Cards, if
13.
to
not
Stationery.
of
Address, Literature
sent
by post.
ar
d
Polling
42
scale does not
The
London
Borough Council,
Town
County Council
or
which
Registerof
the
expenditure is
shown
JOINT
Candidates
they
number
the
use
clerks, messengers
address,
of persons
maximum
fourth
notice
and
one-third
by
when
jointly. In
contests
which
members
two
Parliamentary
to
as
is
more
for the
division
is very
expenses
usuallyadopted.
could
total is reduced
in mind
or
that
employ
for
one
more
such
they
candidate
for
to
to
the
trivial.
or
by
of
two
candidates
one-
them,
stand
in
respect of each
Metropolis,this provision
which
up
are
joint
County Council, to
joint candidature
instance,in
a
division
fightingseparatelyeach
that
5s.
"81
it
fightjointly
not
may
clerks
two
London
same
their
united
17s. 6d.
"121
candidates
Where
than
It means,
expend
to
there
important, as
having 5,000 electors,in
candidate
when
in the
the
is reduced
returnable
are
where
reference
having
of expenses
amount
jointcandidate
for each
1 19.)
publish a
or
election,unless such jointaction is accidental
The
there
page
employ
or
rooms,
pollingagent,
or
circular, or
or
scale
jointcandidates
be
to
committee
same
should
The
{Seealso
a
CANDIDATES.
deemed
are
In
amount
candidate
a
entitled to vote in the election.
as
the
for the division.
the
by
elections.
determine
to
expended,
Voters
fixed
District Council,
C!ouncil,
Guardians'
or
contest
lawfully be
may
consult
of
Parish
apply to
or
hire
messengers
has
more
than
in the division.
also to be borne
committee
would
rooms,
be allowed
43
EXPENSES.
ESTIMATING
Whether
regard to
form
a
sit down
detailed
estimate
will have
election
to
by
candidate
quietlybefore
when
"10
a
is
note
expendituremay
not
Council
need
for the
no
and
happy position,
the
cover
the law
a
easilydealt
the House
enter
heads
of
with
of Commons,
depart, except
the
keeps
not
may
clear of any
amount,
to
seeks
he
not
may
he
as
can
miscellaneous."
but
spend much,
The
long
so
actuallyforbidden
expense
to
latter has various
matters
"
is
be avoided.
who
he
which
from
heading of
the
Mimicipal Candidate
he
since
such
regards
as
properlybring under
as
than
expenditureclassified
beyond
preliminaryestimate
law
by
his
out
limit
placesa
to
if trouble and infringements
are
necessity,
The
regulatedas
Municipal Candidate, even
more
of his
cost
nothing by mapping
pass,
only
all. But
a
is
and
contest
Parish
pocket at
likelyto
plansbeforehand, while,where
which
a
be
may
in this
loses
candidate
campaign, a
of
case
in his
will find themselves
the
probable expenditurehe
of the
put his hands
is
candidate
expenditure,a
of hands, there
show
with
legallimitation
a
True, in the
meet.
to
few
even
of his
amount
to
advised
well
the
the
is under
he
not
or
by
the
law, he will be all right.
If the list already given is referred
a
the
of
set
In
fairlygood
outUne
contest, besides
expenditure. It
out
an
total
any
sums
election for
maximum
guide
an
assistance
would
as
a
runs
to
the
be very
actual
the
in
amount
some
steps in
various
the
allocating
little use
populous County
into
to, it will be found
to
to
Council
hundreds
heads
attempt
be
to
expended.
division
of
the
pounds,
44
"
and
that
be
to
it creates
expenditureup
The
idea
does
of
commonly
election
a
people
certain
to
least will be
not
mean
their
a
in the candidate's
towns
lent
be
may
rooms,
pocket in
to
by
some
get
canvass
should
pay
parts
more
is
times
some-
of which
one
will
rural
at
districts,
Perhaps
the purpose,
serve
friendlyelector.
at
room
any
Council
to
of the
a
in
But
must
rate
it is
contests
central committee
constituency. The
as
to
only be opened two
form
cards
for
fight. Ward
the
for
need
rooms
poll,so
not
be
things necessary
the
and
requiredperhaps a fortnightbefore the
cards, and other
prepare envelopes,canvass
central would
contest,
get muddled
this direction.
house
own
in different
rooms
in
the contest, it will be found
generallybe hired, and for County
often necessary to providein addition
room,
but
ROOMS.
committee
cities,
one
or
thief ;
that
in
candidates, particularly
calls upon
is
tuum
less.
requiredearlyin
many
one
who
man
and
to
says
committee
escape
or
A
expended,Parliament
is to be
sum
Beginning with
room
go.
of
apt
very
COMMITTEE
that
expected to
meum
name
Parliament
Because
taken
are
of
equally simple expressionsminimum
the
maximum.
between
harsh
the
by
is
appears
standard
of
sort
a
ridiculous.
and
the difference
called
of
law
by
candidate
a
is wrong
course
matters,
between
idea
an
which
to
reaHse
not
than
fixinga maximum
evil about
one
"the
and
an
office where
information.
central" and
or
district
three
or
days
mittee
com-
before
local workers
can
pound or two
except in largetowns a
A
45
will generally
secure
shillings
few
committees
for branch
easilyaccessible
also to
ought
elections
two
considerations
communication
between
the
rooms
"
of
matter
128)
"
fact
in
laid down
by
In each
law
the
a
{seepage
of
be
outside.
paid to
committee
be exceeded.
As
multiply
to
that money
means
rooms
are,
expenditure.
a
the law
the
tendency
this
In
is made
117) is as follows
electoral division in
of election
day
workers
not
be
district,in order
the
elections,committee
measure
should
rooms
payment
must
is often
also many
as
premises as
and
unnecessarily,
rooms
extent,
be hired
there
financial
rapid on
where
assistant,
and
necessity,
regardmust
and
possible
the
Still,
of their
and
are
Candidate
his chief
matter,
of certain
use
wasted, because
certain
a
If
the
committee
room
strict
permitted to
committee
is
the
{see page
number
a
staff in the
forbids
which
in
interview.
to
that
be
may
of course,
case,
every
wish
pollingstations
the
near
constituency. It
that
privacy with
Branch
in the contest.
chosen
that
of
decide
must
implies,
name
chance.
a
so
luxury than
a
its
committee
of advertisement
uses
secured,
he may
is more
room
positionof
what
lose
never
be
callers whom
second
others
the
chance
some
poll.
fairlyprominent place,since
a
should
should
have
with
or
in
commerce
you
rooms
may
be
be
room
ROOMS.
parts of the
all
from
in
as
great, and
should
central
the
before
days
the
be exercised about
The
rooms.
suitable
a
COMMITTEE
AT
must
of
use
few
during a
AERANGEMENTS
Care
the
:
county, or
The
to
a
scale
"
in
a
borough
46
if the election is for
is for the
One
ward
of
Committee
Up
2,001
and
ward
be
may
..
6,001"8,000
"
.
AND
and
"
..
..
room
committee
is
at
the
freely
expenditure
closelybound
assistance
axiom
so
that
scale of pay,
but
for whole
a week
shillings
is about
elections,while
messengers
The
number
of clerks
is limited
by
scale laid
down
Up
to
law
or
services
the average
get about
messengers
{see page
down
for clerks at
municipal
twenty-fiveshillings.
who
be
may
employed
125),the followingbeing
.
.
.
.
2 persons.
3
....
a
to fifty
thirty-five
"
"
it is
means
:
2,000 electors
2,001"3,000
time
be
must
rooms
multiplyingcommittee
multiplyingclerks. It is hardly possibleto lay
an
in
done
room,
a
be
often
can
someone
committee
each
In
up.
easilybe
can
largercontests,
attendance
Rooms
of numbers.
rooms,
friendlyunpaid
in
be hired for every
MESSENGERS.
messengers
But
"
may
secured, since all that is necessary
constantlyin
rooms.
.
limitation
questionof
leisure hours.
room.
.
part of 2,000.
or
without
be used
election
.
..
committee
CLERKS
minor
.
4
additional
clerks
additional
one
3
2,000 additional electors
upon
.
"
the
2,000,
1 committee
.
4,001"6,000
With
exceeds
"
.
lent may
electors in the
hired, e.g.
"
one
of
number
2 committee
4,000
"
if the election
hired.
the
case
2,000 electors
to
be
may
such
room
ward
"
division,
or
borough,or
committee
a
borough
a
Room
If in either
in
borougli,or
a
"
the
47
electors
3,001"4,000
and
or
..
5,001"6,000
"
..
..
6,001"7,000
"
..
..
5
6
7
additional person
one
part of
for every
thousand, thus
a
8,570 electors
9
electoral
in
such
outside
is in its
electors
from
are
doubt
that
municipal
at
and
which
electorate.
the whole
of
are
local
Upon
the
experience
the
of
form
those
of
country
as
matter
to
local
authorities
passing of
held
the
paratively
com-
can
be
publicmeetings for
elections
between
the
affairs and
are
is that
their
There
responsibilities.
best
very
purposes
dignity
system of County Councils
of education
in need
rightsand
the
the
have
who
of
borough corporations
administration
duties
almost
1888, and the real truth of the
badly
new
no
the
meetings during
at
local governyet, representative
ment
As
since
infancy,
only dates
those
is the
to
of securing
difficulty
attained
amongst
matters.
The
thing
next
attention
his
electors
has
contests
tradition
a
the number
budget, the
turn
of
attendance
municipal
clerks,or
as
MEETINGS.
question of public meetings.
good
employed
capacity,so long as
should
candidate
a
persons.
.
exceeded.
not
calculatinghis
which
.
all be
PUBLIC
In
.
.
may
in either
or
permitted is
"
.
.
electors
"
employed
messengers,
:
thousand
extra
11
10,280
persons
4 persons.
.
..
The
of
.
"
For
a
.
4,001"5,000
For
as
.
brought
Local
powers
before
Government
the
48
Act, 1894, which
1888
the
us
gave
other of
some
our
the
That
the
Thus
unfulfilled.
of the
parts
in
roused
be
of
legislation
rule in rural
country, and
a
spiritof
of Parish
work
still remains
education
for
scope
in
unlimited
least in
not
where
great cities,
that
hope
is almost
in local government matters
all
hoped
was
District Councils.
and
of the
complement
system of parochialhome
would
public interest
lamentably
the
inhabitants,it
the
parishesby
Councils
as
nearly
London
the vastness
and
of the
area
populationmilitates againstthe personalinterest in,
is a healthy feature
and knowledge of, local affairs which
and wouldof less unwieldy size. Members
of many
towns
do well therefore,
of municipal bodies would
be members
and
to
from
of
time
the
local
publicinterest by holdingmeetingson
arouse
to
Even
time.
electorate
which
to-day there
rid
cannot
is
a
huge
itself of
the
topics
section
notion
questionsaffectinglocal government are dull,
and worth}^to be avoided.
During a contest
uninteresting,
it is too often found that they preserve a dignified
neutrality
all
that
by carefullyabstainingfrom
either side,but
attendingany
experienceproves
that when
gatheringon
some
question
policyis under discussion by the local authority
practical
will affect the purse
which, while perhaps small in itself,
of inhabitants, there is no
in
the comfort
difficulty
or
of
securingan
in
matter
collection
but
when
enforce
as,
for
audience
for the ventilation
question. The
is,perhaps,a
some
problem
minor
authorities
of views
of dust
detail of local
have
shown
a
upon
the
disposaland
government,
tendency
to
which
are
harassing to householders,
regulations
example, by proposingto make them place their
50
afterwards
became
risen star
a
described
firmament,
political
of
great magnitude in the
"
gatheringas
the
attended."
influentially
whether
But
but
very
has
prepared the ground by educatingelectors,or
his
prospects of crowded
questioningtheir
claims
election
to
of
necessityis
Public
In
this
meetings
In
rural
districts
be
buildingmay
is
there
that
128.)
page
way
to
contest
money.
they
in towns
incur
be
made
as
a
be held.
widely
usual
differ.
and
most
pretentious
more
it must
be
licensed
upon
naturallyvary
several
remembered
may
be
long.
pounds,
he
to
prove
It is well
also
a
too
useless
to
to
but
a
a
(See
matter
candidate
respect of hire of
will
If he is
tempted
a
premises.
also from
liabihties in
heavy
his list too
apt
will
some
advisable,but
but
publicgatherings,
is
another
going to
are
is the
schoolroom
expenses
education, he
of
the
consideration,and
some
meetings. Moreover,
make
and
to
arrangements
where
meetings
The
to
not
for
halls
or
a
to perhaps
shillings
ought
some
cipal
generalprohibitionagainstholdingmuni-
a
election
not
the
place,while
convenient
of
and
again, circumstances
matter,
of
field.
it is well to decide
start
opponent,
greatlystrengthenedwhen
requiretherefore
for them
and
candidate's
a
an
a
afford
properly be given;
very
course
is in the
Richmond
by
bad,
or
views
when
uncontested
are
opportunitymay
such
Even
soundness.
whether
must
opportunity of hearing his
the
constituents
he
not
or
good
important municipal honours
for
candidate
be
audiences
large,
not
be
an
well
advised
by
orator
let himself
go
birth
in the
lengthyseries duringthe
expenditureof
decide
at
the
outset
time
and
exactly
51
will
meetingshe
what
that
time, in order
address
the
advantage
besides
of
to fix at
he
sends
out
in administration
of economy
Municipal Candidate, in
these
the
indicated, and
way
posters,the
thing is
next
details of their
benefit
possible
also
upon
which
days
of
account, the first essential for
himself
have
the
audience
best way
to
duration
the
hour
an
benefit
additional
many
will
chairman, who
a
and
arrive at
of the
a
meetings,as
solution
short
than
long.
a
form
of
wish
give
to
"
of
must
the
questionis,how
a
in the
enough
speak
He
is to fix
speeches,it
A
left out
novice.
The
gathering,and
with
be
desirable.
are
half is about
With
too
a
considerably
may
probably
of his views.
speakers
tion,
elec-
an
clearlymust
is
to, if he
his best
do
or
"
utmost
publicmeeting is a speaker
candidate
the
speakers. Now
or
a
the
to
win
not
in
of bill
means
audience
If the
direction.
them
get the
to
but, properlyorganized,they
assist in that
his stand.
attention
give some
and
rates
advertised
Meetingswill
them.
printing,
nearly every
take
to
has
principles
heavy
arrangement, in order
from
sound
possiblyby
to
This
postage and
finds it desirable
huge expenditure,
Having fixed his meetings and
with
announced
in those
objectlesson
being an
placeand
electors.
to
in
saving money
the
once
be
particulars
may
which
the
hold, and
the
About
time
limit for
ordinaryway
for the
is better
audience.
be
to
too
agenda ought always
providedfor the Chairman, so that he may be able
to see
exactlywhat is to be done, and who is to do it.
Again,care should be taken at all meetingsto get a good
and representative
platform,as a candidate seated there
to
be
E
2
52
with
alone
chairman
his
popular support
candidate
one
of
is
seeking election
propose
the
feature
of
audience
as
prominent
a
election
If
CHAIRMAN'S
19
at
address.
"
meeting
is
that
or
in the
Parish]Council,and
to
use
among
arranged.
useful
be
may
day
(or Schoolroom).
a
:
"
of
is of
electors
fit and
proper
[County, or Town,
that those
opinion
person
or
District,
to
secure
by
Proposed by
bv
to
chairman
to
selves
presentpledgethem-
legitimateeffort
every
of thanks
Seconded
The
"
Proposed by
5. Vote
the
:
election."
Seconded
a
remarks.
of confidence
represent them
nearly always
candidate.
to
this
That
should
district,
be
Hall
2. Candidate's
4. Resolution
side, and
short, effective speech
in
opening
Questions
his
the
Election.
1. Chairman's
3.
possible
to which
elector
on
p.m.,
is
If
AGENDA.
at
,
at
in the
an
a
for agenda
follo^ving
suggestions
Meeting
be
could
seconder, nothing better
Council
facing.
which
make
to
is
person
meetings.
be induced
can
poor
should
of confidence
vote
impressionof
a
of the Council
present members
these, or
he
meeting
or
past
some
the
to
conveys
and
speakers.
his
53
will
It
involves
programme
tbat
already mortgaged,
speakers is
that
so
and
unnecessary
have
the
speakersknown
with proper
provisionof the room
heating,lightingand ventilation,not to
for
the
of
well
possible,be
function
other
of
decorum
of?
cream
duration
is
minutes'
of the
delicate
the
of
in
a
one
person
than
matters,
abiUties
of
have
Not
both
be
the candidate
to
preserve
who
of
makes
takes
the
minutes'
in
a
and
and
mistaken
even
The
order
forty
having
if
a
his
man,
chair-
pleasantten
the
the
objects
ality
person-
personal allusions are
when
however, particularly
they refer
ling.
the candidate, and requiregentlehandThese
less
not
mastered
disorder.
gathering
speak.
to
found,
who
the
touching lightlyupon
candidate.
Next, and
must
of
which
neighbourhood,and
exordium
an
its
to
seating
should
He
chairman
is seldom
gathering,and
the
liminarie
pre-
secondly,
on
with
openingspeech,dealinggenerally
of
to
instance
an
Hsten
gathering. A
it is secured
but
to
the audience, and
Perfection
vocation.
in the
meeting by
a
of
is to introduce
chairman
the
in
hked
ready
speakersto
by
mention
that
otherwise
or
well
more
a
liminarie
pre-
attention
"
choice of chairman.
and
known
audience
the
success
w411 turn, is the
and
electors ;
to
the
much
list of
If the
"
an
half
a
extensive
unwise.
even
at
first,making the meeting, its hour,
place,object,and
accommodation
and
hour
more
a
modest
speeches,and
carefullyarranged
been
mean,
we
six
head
a
above
tbe
even
less than
no
of fifteen minutes
average
is
observed
be
important, an
the art of
many
deaHng
ideal
chairman
^vith manifestations
municipalelection meetings,it
54
is true,
does
sometimes
is
lose
his
and
occur,
a
or
get into difficulties,
to
apt
but uproar
opposition,
man
feeble,inexperiencedchair-
by turbulent
marked
are
In
temper.
regularthing, and
it
circumstances
be
may
Interruptorsnearly always get
and
sit
divide
to
about
stand
or
such
up
make
themselves
near
the
"
"
out
if
obnoxious
is
they
seated
are
of
adherents
of
efforts
persistent
prevent speakers getting a hearing,it may
where
but
interruption,
resorted
No
to.
is
himself
forcibly
ejectedhas only himself
to
blame, if he
who
must
refrain
from
of deliberate
to do is to exert
a
as
have
may
refuses
to
of
all
the
peace
thank, and
but
;
the offender
the
permitted
are
be necessary
an
only
anything in
they
be
lawful
a
of
to
to
invitation
remove
to
walk
quietly.
Unless
can
force
such
interruptorwho
persistent
out
a
punishment, as
made
are
rough handhng
administration
the
dealingwith
on
discipline
exercise this summary
those
shape
receives
to
to
candidate.
obstruct
to
consequently the disturber
assembly, and
who
is entitled
one
Hkely
somewhere
the
inartistic method
an
stalwart
less
are
taken
be
few
a
by interspersing
groups
these
meeting,
a
should
Care
the
minimized.
of
back
the
in groups.
front, among
Chucking
to
suspected disturbers
supporters, and
Under
upon.
prepared for, and
be
can
counted
to
"
interruptionis
districts
some
of all
worst
"
chairman
is
there
who
is
generallysecure
be left to arrange
for the
meeting
genial,but
a
a
regularlyorganisedopposition,
some
too
quiet meeting.
number
should
not
of details.
prepare
the
genialto
But
Those
he
be
firm,
must
not
responsible
agenda, and
settle
on
do
when
the
various
the
speakers to
chair
it
and
else to
kind
of
second
goes
far to
to arrange
matters
make
man
some
be
can
at
Bad
questionsput
cross-examine
the
gatheringwill
up
in
as
the
process
candidates
of that
just as
cannot
men
be
to
put
which
that is answering
entitled
are
intentions,but
to those
who
are
meetings for
candidate
after
but
have
the
having
address
a
voters.
not
chairman
addressed
questionsto
answer
and
name
anything
on,
ordeal
Electors
pleasure is usually a
is
thenes
Demos-
a
and
pleasedto
the
no
his views
although,as they
it is well to
is another
meetings.
election
the
easy
CANDIDATES.
extend
at
writing,with
The
as
not
that
announce
at
him
does
privilege
attached.
Many
some
notice.
TO
him
to
Hence, it is usual
to
keep moving
it is
preparedto face,and
be
Too
circumstances, but
any
speech-making,there
must
the
minute,
stage management
under
minutes'
three
candidate
the
last
expected to displaythe eloquenceof
Besides
to
have
this, and
propose
little in advance.
a
QUESTIONS
a
to
the
persons
spoila meeting, and
good speech
a
left to
in progress
one
that.
should
that
so
in front of him.
out
things are
meeting is
the
in search
about
one
that
beforehand,
occupant
clearlyset
happens
while
its
is taken
evening'sprogramme
often
resolutions
of the
enquirer
figureof
speech,
pure
to
be sent
go
dehght
to
through
most
with
it,
despitethe depressingcircumstances
of the
occasion, that pleasantexpressionthe photographic
artist
demands
prisoner in
his
with
chair.
irritatingexhilaration
Some
from
candidates, however,
the
are
56
absolutelyunable
to
couched
enquiries,
as
adequate reply
of
appearance
to
evading
as
done
was
tables
the
by
the
an
questionermay
unfair
most
simple
a
or
tormentor
"
or
yes
no
able
are
successfully
so
the very
of all
"
circumstances
borrowed
who
one
of
oral
makes
that
way
hesitation
that
in such
upon
a
Any
to
resort
the demand
by
in
are
inconvenient
an
all candidates
Not
turn
often
volleyof
constant
a
difficult.
most
rhetorical devices
reply.
such
latter to
the
embolden
withstand
of his
weapon
adversary,and promised a direct replyprovided a similar
concession
enquiry he
was
granted previously to one
proposed
predicamentin which
of laughter went
up
leftoff beating your
"
Heckling
of control
may
meeting will
fair
wife, sir ;
almost
be
to
roar
you
"
please?
no,
while
chair
the
the
Have
power
public
a
in demanding
approachesa muzzling
resented, and
OF
TIME
A
order
impair the prospects
to
meeting. Roughly,
earlier than
a
MEETINGS.
point of importance is
wash
8
and
publicmatters.
it may
should
manufacturing towns
for
a
chairman's
the
always support
when
"
usefullyexercised,but
be
realised
"
or
yes
in which
matter
a
himself
landed
quiet demand
the
at
only
political
candidate.
a
the
had
play, anything which
is certain
of
is
he
for
seeker
incautiouslyagreed, and
information
"
The
himself.
make
to
o'clock, as
a
meal
In
fix
be
suitable
a
said
that
they will
an
districts,
turn
open
for
hour
meetings in
rarelybe billed
operativeswant
before
such
to
for
to
a
time
get home
their minds
air
to
gathering
58
liand
whenever
it at his
has
Elections
the
openly fought
of
of
that
it is safe to say
donations
thankfully received,
entails
will
be
call upon
heavy
a
that
with
that
right is
the
have
a
but
none
is
the
have
On
Council.
from
in
any
County
disqualifya
she has
a
her husband
or
voters
Parliament,
County Councils,
London,
vote
for
London
the
hand,
all
where
while
women
Parliamentary franchise,
right
the
married
Council
woman,
quaUfication
separate
or
from
in
cannot
marriage does
the
exercising
Councils
Parish
sex
vote
to
however,
election,but
from
woman
respect of District
as
A
of
membered
re-
respects,
service
of
other
the
the
Municipal Elections.
not
a
disquaUficationfor
no
vote
County
for
or
be
identical
some
member
a
Councils,
Town
electors
debarred
are
of
choice
largest
It must
lodgers and
of
registration
as
In
purposes.
since
the
within
parochial
County
in
for
only
save
municipal
narrower,
voice
the
even
party funds.
help
expenses
is not
Parliamentaryregister
the
for
municipal
for this
the
though
registration,
marked
receiving
are
in return
towards
who
Municipal
but
organisation,
party
contribution
small
a
When
who
for those
expected sometimes
are
make
to
the
candidate
the
party lines,the
on
available
course
support
candidates
and
occurs,
disposalgainsenormously.
are
is
register
contest
a
franchise
Guardians
that
so
under
in
long
which
claims.
While, therefore,the
of
use
a
marked
carefully
register
prepared by a poHticalorganisationis invaluable to a
municipal candidate, in nearlyevery constituencyit will
be
necessary
to
institute
a
new
canvass
of
those
local
59
electors
government
The
voters.
under
as
systematic
much
marked
"
removals
into
comes
but
the
in
up
in
even
becomes
to
the
and
constituencies
is in many
politicalorganisation
endeavours
when
electors, but
that
in
greater
the
shape
or
committee
the
of
canvass.
of
a
best
dealing
in
as
of
rate
in
with
comes,
it
centage
per-
added
take
of
An
address
efficient
and
cities
of
movements
invariably
occurs
regulated constituencies, accidents
removals
whence
they
permanent
with
the
for District
towns
the
;
many
which
changes
any
contest
year
short
those
large indeed.
touch
same
elections
at
it
purposes
week
every
will
of communications
rooms
of any
for
very
untraced
less number
independent
means
the
in
even
the
keep
to
register is
place, while
number
at
register
a
The
in the
taken
be
to
districts,
municipal
for instance
Councils, the
County
of
comparatively
that
register,so
spring, such
in the
for
has
a
the
but
most
with.
formidable
more
of the
age
place
will have
of addresses
changes
so
it
In
70, 72,
pages
elections
aid
November
1st
interval
an
the
reckoned
and
the
on
when
described.
be
to
on
is necessary,
without
summer,
force
Parliamentary
contested
laborious
more
have
of
electors
already
as
up
made
all
entirely afresh
commenced
"
conditions
of
canvass
also
not
are
canvassing is discussed
present
is very
task
of
work
the
who
this
happen,
and
a
get returned
came.
A
candidate
organisation rarely has
difficulty,
except by
to
means
any
of
60
ADDRESS
The
the
cases,
this will
candidate
receive careful attention
next
is his
Election
whole
utmost
document
criticism
only too glad to pick holes
better text
with
the
and
to
the
to
open
when
should
use
it is
consider
in it.
the
as
for his last will and
may
find
But
such
adventitious
an
no
election
he finds
In
this
direction,
one
If his
the
not
the
how
at
with
is at
to say
common
expenditureof
an
his
dear
was
a
post
hand
mortem
the
at
for
price.
composing
shape
is not
of
to
turn
election
has
a
up
his
more
different
has
already made
candidate, it may
a
The
than
saying,other
one
application,
that the candidate
voice
be
previousutterances,
addresses.
it will be found
with
only useful,but highly
to-day
of
character
manners,
seldom
spoke
of
of the past.
forgottenprogrammes
research
the trouble
times, other
and
purchase
candidate
to say, but
testament
opponent
in the
appearances
well worth
submitted
publication.The
aid
no
to previouscontests
address,unless by resorting
examples in
desirable.
in
his
is
speech dealing
a
sixpence,though possiblythe objectsof
bounty
will
restraininginfluence
a
only what
not
public
who
composition being
for
a
adversary'sprogramme,
an
present
its
cases,
there
Perhaps
will supplyhim
enterprise
Commercial
form
be
in
being penned
in fact,must
it.
items
of
possibility
all
opponents
municipalmeeting than
a
different
the
this
for
of
some
its author
it will be
as
care,
In
to
open
constituency. In
preparationrequiresthe
be
Address.
provide the only means
the
reaching
ELECTORS.
whicli must
matter
from
of
TO
from
that
of yesteryear
in
which
61
he
opening for
give an
It may
of
fact that
recordingthe
to
before
present themselves
the other
On
in this.
harm
clear that
it is made
unless
they
that
role,
have
received
the
electorate.
than
more
l^etter
"
become
to
basis, its
disinterested
instance
the
"by
"
Municipal
Next
inhabitants."
public offices
of
or
get
with
thus
to the
Here
outside
two
in the
voter
made
of
manner
not
so
and
a
more
as
specified,
with
as
on,
the
for
the
or
of
the
some
locality,
introduction
an
he is not
whom
publicbow,
and
be
can
is
a
so
speak,
questions
sound
the
suggestion
a
Plain
understand
to
guide,and
given is
statingthem.
personally
tackle
be his
must
or
mean
ratepayer, any important
a
his
like
been
local council.
properly come
connection
in short sentences
does
a
the candidate's
the
be
of the address
which
not
Association
may
his convictions
from
pubhc meeting
a
filled,and
body
counsel
short words
average
order
the electors to
among
pohcy.
only
has
he
Having
he must
in
at
of years he has been
the number
known.
or
candidate's
reference to the
those
"
"
good
Having
wider
a
Ratepayers
"
Alliance
of
should
source
no
half that she desires
"
has
much
need
from
member
a
therefore,the invitation
When,
to
ambitious
possiblymore
and
John"
"her
intimation
domestic
a
is
come
''
by
invitation
There
request has
rate
off
start
not
section of the community.
representative
invited to present myself as a candidate,"
any
the preparation
an
hand, there is
the
upon
candidates, at any
in
first appearance
their
upon
to help in
likely
Most
election address.
an
effective home-thrust
an
it will not be
platform,but
the
the way.
to-day. This, however, by
Ids electorate
woos
language,
rule.
a
Your
crowd
of
62
reservations
shower
a
or
and
disagree,
or
agree
announced""
if you
Those,
do
declaration
them,
commonplace formula,
attractive
to
is in earnest
candidate
he
and
would
his
prove
the finances
holds
demand
periodicalrate
the
about
better
Council
he is
into
undoing.
commit.
touches
the
aside
from
of
in local
loose
spot,
as
and
the
or
an
Clearly,therefore, even
Council's
he
his
blunder
he
which
he
a
in
of
a
candidate
the
of
a
who
If
own
can
candidate
of
to
good thing
electioneering"
point
policy in
payers.
rate-
pledges himself
luxury
he
examples
more
a
delivers
to
economy,
or
if the
items
dangers.
nest
worst
one
paragraphbe indulged in, the
criticism of the
its
reform, he has got hold
electoral"
him
ture,
expendi-
of the
opponents,
apostleof
shows
of
generaUties,
interests
in the
is the
course
when,
his efforts to
an
standard
the
seekingto join,which
his
of
extravagant administration
use
any
financial mare's
a
hands
the
That
But
upon
it
If, therefore,
reduction
cast
to
properlypruned
only tumbles
himself
that
figurepresentedto
Naturally, this precisionhas
he
shows
votes.
a
makes
those
by indicatingdefinitely
case
of the
be
can
do
the
a
utterlymeaningless
consideration
municipalexpenditure,outside
in
efficiency is
of which
vagueness
A
"
with
enjoys total ignoranceof
elector
average
the
changed."
be
can
economy
moment's
A
voters.
to
they
who
opinions,but
my
candidates, but
some
immediately
can
humourist
are
"
of
in favour
he
Yankee
the
gentlemen,
like
not
which
looks
He
objectsto anythingapproaching
he
cathohcity of
political
the
whens."
ifs and
with
downright statements
for
"
of
of
view.
generalities
reHes
past, should
upon
put
63
address
his election
into
he is
wrongs
burning to rightfor
personal
mean
is not
abuse.
Some
in separatingthe
difficulty
plainly the
ofier
a
of
abuse
to
resort
wide
better
are
allowed
an
so
glaringlyindefensible
an
election
address, but
candidates
likelythat opponents
as
personally. To
avoid
only
the
on
talents
critical
who
not
municipal critic
he takes his stand
about
commits
they
seek
this,a
strictlyto
an
they
of
course
is
anything
be, it is
may
the
on
candidate
in
of the
an
the
confine
on
person
himself
to
makes
or
a
and
In
be
majority
where
the
Parliamentary
false statement
of the
conduct
practice,unless
illegal
his
this line of argument
firm ground.
fairly
who
should
the
upon
policy adopted,
warily,
public interest.
of
individual,but
confines
in the
existing
tread
print,and
matters
than
opponent
an
must
the
their
more
platform or
injure
to
be
must
persons
in
to
permissible
faults in local administration
personalcharacter
the
often
individuals
interpretcriticism
attempt
an
upon
supported
elections,
any
affairs
find
upon
to
irrelevant
the
to
of caution
platform but
for
Responsibility
saddled,
attacks
word
may
press, to
administration
not
however,
Policy, not
careful
target. However
of the
a
in
a
pretty
by launching into criticism,adopt
who,
strategy of attack.
columns
and
appearance
as
has
Pubhc
comment,
It is rare,
municipal contests.
find
who
man
avoided, although too
make
to
stood
under-
people
case.
own
field for
enough
are
personalities
his
of
the
be
to
proverbiallyshows
opponents
weakness
but
two,
of the
benefit of his fellow
the
Criticism
sufferers.
ratepayers and
to
definite indication
some
he
can
show
of fact
candidate
that
he
64
had
reasonable
wrote
by
the
a
be
to
the
truth.
authority of
If such
either
or
of
where
founded
than
common
in
rapid procedureavailable
his election
the
Act
the
not
of libel and
ordinarylaw
public actions
of
councillor
a
life and
open
publiclife would
But
become
election
an
criticism of the
that
which
flattering,
unfair
The
slanderous
of
the
course
in all contests.
are
that his
fair
private
attack, otherwise
intolerable.
address
powers
with
programme
to
mean
to
campaigns
candidate
or
this does not
are
apply
most
good
be
may
not
in the latter to check
slander holds
by
or
Parliamentary elections.
but
objectsof criticism,
character
agent,
to, but
or
published
election
does
cannot, therefore,be resorted
attacks
is
experience shows
personalremarks,
upon
more
the
lie said
statement
a
them,
Curiouslyenough,
municipal contests,
The
believingwhat
Parliamentarycandidate
avoided.
are
for
grounds
to
which
begins and
be, is hardly
before
come
a
a
ends
in
satisfactory
constituency.
calls for reform ; therefore some
well-defined
Imperfection
ideas of how
should find
thingsmight be done difierently
a
place
in
should not
and
the
lose
printed appeal
sightof
display most
the fact that
are
those
concern.
A
local affairs
to
in which
candidate
electors.
Its
local
strictly
the
author
interests
constituencywill
therefore, after his
cial
openingparagraph of introduction,might refer to the finanand indicate his views on
afiairs of the locality,
the
either in justification
rate expenditure,
or criticism,
existing
according to
attack
might
or
the
defence
follow
line he
on
the
dealingwith
is
adopting. Having
made
his
question of rating,paragraphs
any
to
subjectsparticularly
66
sent
or
sit upon
to
the
of the Parish
Council
the
county. Then, too, it should
be attractive
nicelygot up address
making early acquaintancewith
but
the
make
may
paper
bill
printer's
involved, well expended. Very
candidate
in this way
at all
attention,as
repays
made
be
by
until the
hurried
proofs.
that
quiteearlyin
to
is
go to the
a
hope
undue
first word
true
to
say
The
point for
often
at
so
time
any
other
a
for much
be
with
be
his
circulating
the
In small
score
so,
there
of
but
remembered
catches
address
areas,
of economy.
the
ready
Sometimes
or
be
penned
be
to
as
electors,indeed
of
be
opportunitymay
an
may
earlycandidate
adopted on
and
given to
therefore
side's address
that the
candidate.
be
desired.
of
use
printingmust
rate
any
issue
it must
delay,and
method
may
prepared
is not
cannot
should
by delayingthe
counts
address
attention
Occasionallythis
criticism.
picture
margins, the
that the
means
the contest,
printerat
that
fair sized
in effectiveness
of
an
of wisdom
got of capping the
worth
it
proper
words
The
not
now
sovereign. The styleof printing
a
When
last moment,
and
advertise
emphasise important passages,
details.
similar
a
the
long
so
is
portraitblock
arrangement
to
type
extra
good plan to
a
great difference
a
proper
sized
various
other
A
electors.
for half
bigger,
shillings
portraitof
a
expensiveluxury,seeingthat
an
be obtained
can
to
few
often
is
of
trifle
a
prominent position,and
a
properlyreproduced,it
it is
him
in
appears
in appearance.
fireplace.Fairly
in this direction is, like the
care
as
the
District,
less chance
stands
A
good
the
or
be
meeting
it is not
that
the
it is often
the voter.
is
an
important
deliveryby
As
a
hand
is
rule,how-
67
the
ever,
apparent saving
is
reallyan
and
in the
voters
to
doubt, the best
be
is
paid by
His
many
Majesty'spost
of circulation.
means
Great
to
electors
metropolitanconstituencyrecently,
to them, exactly
to receive letters addressed
surprised
In
voters.
were
their
a
Mrs., or Miss.
of the courtesy title of Mr.,
Needless
be
and
of voters,
register
association
the
Political
better.
the
adopted,
in stock
envelopesready addressed, in
saves
course
where
a
rush
a
declaration
at
view
of
election
the
a
fair valuation
which
is often
delay
and
unsuitable
be
to
for labour
and
this
all
In
is
cases
required
be included
material.
which
overlooked, but
in
A
at
size.
When
folded and
to
that
they should
be
many
put
hundred
into
a
detail
practicecauses
inconvenience, is having envelopes of
have
place,and
pay
of such
contest, and
period.
made, envelopesso provided must
be
ratepayers'
a
of election expenses
return
completed
complete set
a
the
from
is
this work
sooner
envelopes
taken
organisationsor
usuallykeep
of
set
a
Esquire,
requested.
were
will be
Addresses
prepared.
they
as
the
addressed
so
persons
many
vote
is
method
Whatever
must
to say
did not
offence,and
took
the list of voters, without
appeared in
names
ordinaryappendage
to
attention
accuracy
addressingcommunications
in
taken
certaintyof
circular.
deUvered
hand
a
should
care
place,less
second
is,without
as
less
is in the first place much
reduced,
slightly
be
because, while the actual outlay may
there
extravagance,
election
envelopes,it
is
an
addresses
important
capable of being slippedeasilyinto
it is therefore
better
to
have
the
stationerya
F
2
68
than
large,
size too
it often
as
turns
out
be, one
to
or
two
small.
sizes too
WORKERS.
is
gained
since
the
at
success
be
a
abilityor
or
out
towards
if workers
his energy
scarce,
are
candidate
The
great is his
how
matter
no
the
inefficient,
or
of coming
stands
his name
a
apathetic,
poor chance
wants
in the
place every right-mindedcandidate
be
it to
on
"
One
be,
must
top of the list.
good
his
to
gather round
to
be
in
the
start
first
nominee
him
of
the
there
of members
who
of
election, some
of
whom,
at
capable
organisationgets
active
an
therefore
contest
willingband
a
because
in this way,
fair number
a
in
thoughts
of
helpers. The
a
voluntary workers,
helpers.
of trained
in himself, but
host
fightingvictory-
a
pollinvariablyinclines
side with the best army
may
efforts of
the
by
won
are
in which
of ten
elections out
Nine
are
pretty certain
take
interest
an
least, mil
convert
of the
the return
to secure
into actual work
professions
dates
man
they support. On the other hand, municipal candioften find they get a great deal of sympathy
very
those who
little help from
might be
but uncommonly
expected
to
put
their
frequentlydepends upon
the help without
to secure
at
least
Now
for
shoulders
a
to
the
success
it
personal efforts
candidate's
which
wheel, and
is,if not hopeless,
uncomfortably improbable.
no
one
can
workers
enlisting
give a recipewhich
during an
is forbidden, otherwise
rich
men
is worth
election.
could
Fee
anything
or
simply
reward
pay
for
63
what
They
trust
must
they advocate,
a
as
motive
that
the
also
arouse
which
is
two
for
which
that
better,
arrive
his
warm
may
anxiety to
help
will do
a
him
along, but
great deal
friends
he
and
that
is,the giftof
bristle with
which
alone
if
attracts
a
the
crowd.
plished
accom-
sometimes
is
An
a
deplorably
candidate.
capacity
can
his
means
workers
meeting
the
cartload
a
As
to
of
soon
as
a
him.
topicswhich
who
intellectual power
are
In
have
quitelikelythat
should
sight,
start
informal
an
likelyto
should
promised
some
is in
contest
the election
win
round
pure
fightactuallybeginshe
of those
It is
engenderingpersonal feelingsof
for
elections.
discuss the
before
behalf.
worth
who
man
gather
a
opponents, but
for little with
popular
and
to
ments
attain-
friendshipis
he
able
be
intellectual
The
the
may
his
in short,
politician,
in
else
personal following,all
will count
bad
may
candidate
Your
of his
case
he
something
is
sympatheticnature
the
lacks
strono-
eagerness
he condemns.
His
speeches may
poHshed orator.
He
epigrams or sparkle ^Tith humour.
may
the
who
man
into
a
analyse to demolition
bination
com-
a
combination
The
at.
there
more,
cause
good, but
the administration
end
awakening personal enthusiasm.
be
the
they oppose,
is such
nor
level.
same
while
gospelhe preaches shall prevail,
will
This
the
upon
either of these is
power,
for reform
stands
with
to
impracticable
way
any
stand
discontent
or
disadvantage of their
the
to
arousing enthusiasm
to
of the
in
get it
All candidates
rivals.
poorer
and
and
they want,
to
of his
be
to
way,
prominent,
get together
labour
on
his
friends,never
taken
having
contests,
will be
questions which
of
duties
the
cheerful
in
be
may
of
preliminary meeting
and
discussed
explained,
should
information
his
candidature.
not
here
But
duties
election is to
that
it should
it is
a
with
municipal
the
by law,
on
they
been
have
compliment
the
asserted
more
sounds
"
make
people object
proposed
ground
that
to
the
contrary
theory, it
elector
should
is
secrecy
quite
"
best
the
difierently,
out
of
forward.
the
men
the
sex
antly
abund-
Women,
because
canvassers,
than
of
somewhat
issue.
questionsat
going
in
and,
canvassing flourishes
is
true
consumed
be
himself
the
with
imagination
persuasivepowers
contested
been
knows, things turn
election
an
instructing
the
familiarise
to
are
we
enjoins electoral
In
is that
consequence
policy
intimidation, and
herself
everyone
whenever
it has
zeal
matters
as
practice,
and
but
even
independent
burning
a
assist
to
in every
it has
for all voters.
free and
the
practical
way
Many
Act, which
Ballot
the
all contests
that
of
form
be
amiss.
canvass.
abolished
be
veiled
spiritof
In
the
canvassing, and
political
to
in
out
carry
should
about
of workers
great duty
first and
The
be
A
CANVASSING.
AND
WOKKERS
of
words
not
may
also
double
a
some
the
about
few
a
has
secondly,
question
the
With
in their
and
the
perform.
candidate
the
imparted
be
concerned.
workers
of
of
only
to
therefore
workers
political
or
election, but
in the
undertaken
policy
the
affairs
ignorance, not
issue
at
have
they
object. First,
local
in
interest
an
enjoy.
doubtful
should
The
order,
certainly
71
be
is
in
enlisted
of
practice
volunteers
enrolled
are
canvass,
the
paid clerks,
local
the
and
is
cards
where
as
issued
only
and
find
for
the
small,
from
will
but
industrial
please
movements.
of
vary
the
number
of
each
week
districts
those
whose
of
register.
the
At
cards
removals,
the
to
revised
by
permanent
the
out
according
or
some
number
will
the
constituency
November
elections
register being comparatively
removals
where
take
the
printed register,
the
of
that
will
instance, but
edited
not
so
up,
first
the
register
removals
"
noted
officials
who
Councils,
Borough
fresh, the
to
age
and
considerable
a
57
inspirationis
of
marked
a
page
completely
canvassers
of which
to
filled in
register number
Where
see
authorities
the
organisation,
number
performed by
printed register of
the
correctly in
source
attention
probably
for
necessary
is
work
and
Occasionally,
supplied ready
card.
less
filled in
by
constant
that
from
which
or
be
the
objects
cards
address, and
each
to
more
can
the
the
up
are
name,
on
as
"
been
cards
obtained
full
the
available
have
the
or
are
written
be
must
when
condescend
discussed.
write
to
should
it
politicalorganisation.
Particulars
voters,
workers
are
although usually
the
by
lady
canvassing
possible,although
as
measure
suggested meeting
the
attend
a
that
desirable
eminently
to
large
as
means
voters
business
should
an
move
be
correspondingly
increase, especially in
much
it is to
try
too
to
frequently
trace
their
72
CANVASS.
THE
At
that
meeting of workers,
the
the
order.
cards
canvass
of
systematiccanvass
be
must
people
canvass
unknown
to
is discreet
is
call from
a
is
more
likelyto
than
more
a
brick
a
to trulyrural
application
of
folk, and
new
arrived
are
and
the
unknown
likelythan
more
best
not
to
distributed
is their
who
to
duty
with
years.
Ideal
each
municipal
The
man
the
has
for
their aid
when
can
the
is
He's
a
witticism
a
its
suspicious
a
newly
cottage doors
lost.
In
should
be
it
is one,
canvasser
been
not
in
or
constant
months,
grow
on
reallyonly be
candidate
association
organised political
who
the
neighbourhood
weeks,
however, do
purposes
exceedingly well
back.
and
their
ideal
voters,
of them
one
canvassers,
gooseberrybush,
for
his
is
love's labour
in
But
is much
"
cards
possible,
investigate.The
living amongst
touch
as
known
persons
to
at
prove
far
canvassing therefore, as
he
efforts of
intentioned
canvasser
visitor
whom
are
Villagers
voters.
possibly
in
particularly
wisdom,
of
grain
with
"
him
some
the
saying:
at
should
work.
therefore
Punch's
Mr.
half
is
the
one
whom
to
listen,
heave
stranger ;
also
a
rate,
visit from
for
some
in
any
they
good certainlyif
voter, does
acquainted and
voter
A
candidate, who
a
street
is essential
the fact that
know.
they
of
arranged in
at
constituency,
properly equipped
and
better
infinitely
with
urban
an
whom
emissary
the
issued
impressedwith
unknown
be first explained
provisionwhich
that
Subject to
workers
will be
it should
fightingwithout
any
or
every
secured
has
at
such
an
his
aid
74
a
quaint notion abroad
be
true
as
is not
to
that
say
dumb
that anyone
noise
a
with
canvassing. Certainly,anyone
the
pull
to
bell
for Mr.
vote
canvassing
art
of song,
band
and
Jones.
and
is
of the
sins
would
Corrupt
which
and
set
are
every
those
This
takes
the
going
frequentlyignored.
the
said, are
and
are
which
part
penaltiesof
The
Acts.
tatives
represen-
responsiblefor
their
on
pains
own
by pointing out
start
be
the
organisehis
to
be
to
the
commandments,
comparativelysimple,
his
clear
language
impart
he
Section
19
Trial
municipal election, the
has been
his
20
importance
in
of electoral virtue
of the
Act
of
1884,
grant relief.
PRACTICES.
Petition.
election
court
reports
agents of
illegalpractice,or
behalf.
"
an
of
election
guiltyby
first
paths
his
on
:
Election
of
trial
the
and
19
ILLEGAL
FOR
iipon
the
follows
as
of the
out
circumstances, may
certain
BELIEF
Ox
be
lapse from
run
send
to
may
sections
in
knowledge
purposes
prudence
the Court, under
influence, and
is
happen
not
is therefore
elsewhere,
place,as by
election
Smith
provisions
trivial
Where,
doorstep,
a
the
of
some
case
So
candidate, having first mastered
whom
act
under
out
himself, should
to
been
IllegalPractices
and
to
commission
or
him
bring
well
candidate, who
omission
of
has
as
Canvassers, it has
The
on
Mr.
does
who
obvious
so
with
mouth.
caterwauling resembles
just as
may
fact,which
that
than
candidate
a
the
whether
Only
more
any
of workers
this
demand
who
stand
can
It would
canvass.
sing. Everyone
can
everyone
make
can
can
the
of any
petition respecting
that
offence
of such
a
of
candidate
at
treatingand
offences, in
such
undue
reference
a
75
to such
has
election,and
proved
the
to
(a.) That
election court
the
court
election
without
the
and
sanction
(c.) That
offences
in all other
agents
to
only in
Court.
under
of
case
be
from
every
law.
Section
of the law.
the
him
this
to
side
which
free from
such
candidate
not, by
not
shall
nor
trivial,
corrupt
any
and
of the
reason
the
candidate
be
of
his
offences
subject
operative
observed, becomes
before
petitioncoming
Court
to
step
which
has
himself
prevent breaches
of the
that
prove
to
wise
other-
would
he
the
exonerate
to
power
he
breaches
relief for inadvertent
this account
on
whom
of
gives such
he
without
naturallywork
is unfortunate
rather
the
help
be
to
decreasingthe
importance of
strangers is
disposed may
a
132.)
attitude
Acceptance
from
was
shall
penaltiesto
(See page
the
of
were
and
;
of
give the
workers, it will usuallyprove
it shows
by
taken
were
report
part
be
deals with
20
those
from
election
said
election
election
an
reasonable
It behoves
of
of
commission
Act.
liable,if he is able
taken
choice
void,
should
Its efEect is to
candidate
far
be
this
section,it
the
candidate
report,
incapacity
any
This
a
of such
such
in
and
;
;
the election
mentioned
the
committed
and
character
the
illegalpractice on
or
then
limited
respects
;
consent,
or
were
the
such
at
candidate
preventing
in the
mentioned
unimportant, and
{d.) That
for
means
report
of such
connivance
or
of the candidate
behalf
the
said
illegalpractices at such
and
on
in the
mentioned
all reasonable
corrupt
candidate
the
"
the offences
(b.) That
that
report
committed
corrupt or illegalpractice was
with
his knowledge
or
by the candidate
no
and
farther
in
work
the
risk,as
an
of
taken.
being under-
is
of
way
to
willing
incentive,because
that
a
in his
authority. So
number
person
considerable
enough
careful
canvassing
maliciously
harm
get his
to
"
the
help."
Instances
being
allowed
side
which
one
may
either
as
to
him,
do
to
in the
credentials.
a
be
The
recorded
information
at the
being
Committee
careful
record
this
to
the
contest
canvassers
in
"
to
In
their
a
man
most
in
person
always
even
this
charge of
exactly in
know
cards, and
without
with
simply
electors
before
"
legal don'ts
this
have
the
Too
is, to
he
is
of
a
on
many
getting
the
to
go
"
issue
questionsat
notion
the
because
elections
of the
desirable.
as
ticket," that
minds
political
KNOW.
of the
idea
classed
Parliamentary
strong, because
up
the
vote
support of
side.
The
not
without
one
any
of
canvasser
and
Room,
to
kind
every
SHOULD
imbued
out
go
electors
be
may
working
some
of
elementary knowledge
an
vote
impossible.
applicableto elections,some
in
have
canvass
CANVASSERS
WHAT
Next
is
be
to
he
not, of course,
are
address
should
the
their
secure
supposed
who
down.
Room
candidate's
guarded against by issuing
issued
written
possession are
is
Committee
be
whose
he
and
should
except
persons
name
them
thoroughly unpleasant,
be
to
an
imagination,
the
using
of this kind
must
only
single card
each
tricks
they
cards
canvass
voters,
world
direction
Dirty
but
common,
the
Such
foolishlyentrusted
have
himself
evil
own
of
behalf
on
defeated.
see
of his
adversary-
an
canvasser
to
cards
who
in
anything
support.
should
those
a
desire
the
making
interest
and
mark
of
example,
as
by visitingthe
or
and
name
it is his
deceive
to
so
sally forth
to
the
may
occurred, for
have
poll
particular
feeling is tolerably
more
or
less
canvassing
made
spur
is
77
applied,but
in
of
votes
party, and
be
must
is in
municipalelections
to intend
in such
vote
a
the candidate
be
by
a
itself contains
be
amplified at
are
rather
apt
of
memento
a
to
"
pleasingdelusion
be
always
within
the
by
moment
entrusted
should
hours.
at
one
To
this
time
with
Besides
for
be
is
work
canvass
going
to
with
indulgedby givingthem
bearing the
name
of the
Some
leave
end
no
the card
work
of
cards.
for at
least
must
issue
be
Thirty
an
a
this
should
canvasser
or
evening,
thoroughly accomplished.
of
prediliction
voters
a
as
possible
cards
Room
many
too
be
canvass
novices
at the earliest
Committee
cards, the
leavingsomething
The
explanationthat
the
forty will provide enough
if that
should
be shattered
to
adopted
agreeablevisit,but
"
candidate's
be
suggest,should
we
meeting.
less
or
supporting.
which, however, should
workers'
more
to
his workers.
to
imagine they
returned
24
methods
instructions
the
advantage of
he is
cause
elector,
HINTS.
the
candidate
the
to
the
prove
in the little homily which,
delivered
card
to
whose
on
first duty
importance of recording
PRACTICAL
practicalhints
be added
may
the
much,
so
SOME
Some
the electorate
canvasser's
country has entrusted
and, having achieved
recordingit for
win
for the faith that
reason
all. The
at
point out
generous
going to
largeproportionof
to vote
is to
cases
show
is
pendence
inde-
more
take sufficient interest in local administration
not
possibly
very
A
is far
who
canvasser
prepared to
his, or her, soul.
may
the
a
there
whom
they
supply of
candidate
on
canvassers
"
visit may
cards
visiting
whose
behalf
"
they
78
"
interest
"
the
of
the voter, act
as
which
polling,
but
several
be
urged
not
lovingwife, anxious
visits. A
it will be
mercies,
all
to
"
right
content
to
the
whose
such
small
the
home
ascertain
it is desired
vote
spare
canvasser
persistin gettingface
elector and
individual
rest
doubt
assure
will
worker
not,
or
seen
gratefulfor
while
but
;
The
if this involves
no
caller,
may
a
competent
a
of the
the
of
the worry
her spouse
with
should
kept by
them.
is
the voter
a
the date of
upon
securinga personalinterview,even
without
hours
stated
be
always
canvasser
every
of the visit and
be left whether
can
if
and
form
cards
and
canvasser,
memorizer
a
should
card
visiting
"
for the
of introduction
means
Such
called upon.
person
of the vote
the favour
in print,
soliciting,
call,and
to
face
to
secure.
Canvassing,therefore,is generallybest accomplished
of
in the evening. But
the mistake
must
not be made
prolongingthe process so far into the night watches as
electors in'what
to disturb
slumbers.
Hours
districts where
than
nine
turned
and
such
be
to
apt
are
supplied with
they should
much
may
at
too
do
be
there
as
a
operationsshould
of bed
under
Electors
be
have
circumstances
literature
is often
a
rooted
a
of
the
tendency to
good, after
the wholesale
two
a
views
disHke
they
the
to be
leaflets
express
may
be
election,but
tion,
discrimina-
some
throw
leaflets about
chosen
judiciously
conversation
of
scattering
later
not
problems,
political
bearing upon
or
industrial
suspended
distribute it with
urged to
well-earned
many
strong. Canvassers
and
terse
lot of
are
for the discussion
lavishly.One
issue,but
there
but
vary,
o'clock.
out
doubtless,their
are,
upon
election
the
topics
pamphlets
79
wliich
sometimes
goes
outside
nobody
the
word
will
not
cast
the
The
two
of
duty
for,"
to
his
voter
must
made
to
to
a
and
favour
win
cannot
has
off
voter
the
"
for."
as
being catalogued
his
further
inquiry.
optimism they
a
mischief
than
the
possess
to
their
canvass,
worse
in
useless.
side
which
of that
be
be
when
such
a
entitled
less
should
they
are
the
something
definite
tick
to
lead
to
for
natural
content
very
to
they
division
repress
is
promise
by contributingto
is
A
urged,
candidate
"doubtful"
unless
matic
diplo-
perfect.
agree
canvasser
must
agreeable
if he is favourable
who
Anj^hing
Canvassers
may
a
process,
polite -svithout
should
it
has
he
efiort should
every
Only
success.
is
doubtful."
the
is
promise,the
their
secured
been
promise
is
is
visit into
will be
exercise
his vote
those
unless
of
canvasser
no
Agreement,
out
carry
it
in the
plainpromise of
sufficient,and
vote,
do
sometimes
which
candidate.
"
those
he thinks
badgered, but
be
not
get
the
not
which
without
whom
they
is sick
and
comes
cards
canvass
is canvassed, unless
he
answer
Here
whom
against," and
much
of
workers, upon
many
questioner,but
talent
marking
the
when
too
definite.
being
"
those
prefersto give an
benefits
CARDS.
classifpngvoters
canvassed
been
to
elector
average
CANVASS
to
as
amiss
come
"
those
THE
or
and
waste
printingtrade.
MARKING
A
is sheer
on
an
to
trustworthy
un-
much
80
REMOVALS.
In
are
the
of
be
to
sure
is to
the
the card
it
which
any
distance
If
of
be
should
then
take
to
coming
to
be
But
In
interest of his purse.
who
same
old
from
moved
has
incentive
ward,
the
and
if he had
that
to
in
those
too, while
the death
charge
promises to
send
of health
of
particulars
he
into
rates.
own
to
has
has
a
the
secure
still the
voter
just the
supports in his
should
time
good
be
paid
to
him
take
can
vehicles
or
and
by noting down
work
absence
or
illness,
or
In
should
canvasser
a
have
may
be made
elector
side
attention
polling day.
on
expense
portion of
another
to
for the
also do
can
as
vailed
pre-
migrated.
not
Canvassers
statements
ward
one
same
the
its
one
the
gone
borough, for instance,a
a
vote
to
removal."
have
they
with
effort should
district in which
in the
vote
down
their removal
from
only
to another, an
constituency
from
rarelybe
incur
or
interest
any
is
"
who
can
authorityand
removal
the
where
who
obtained
be endorsed
extinguishedby
another
district under
of those
carefullywritten
trouble
since
chief duties
occupier cannot
new
district
the
the
vote,
felt in its affairs is
so
a
often
should
from
away
upon
as
addresses
occupationvoters
municipal elections,
In
a
of the
one
new
abode.
of removals
number
a
information, it may
neighbours, and
upon
get the
their
changed
give
canvass
encountered, and
canvassers
have
of the
course
for
distance
steps
regard
not
be
to
prevent personation
to
too
conveyances,
lavish
voters, where
such
place should
a
course
be
of voters,
from
is
in his
siderations
con-
desirable,
carefullynoted
82
of
way
retuin
a
be
would
and
payment,
would
that
Act
the
under
employment
to
amount
for
illegal.
ADVERTISING.
AND
PKINTING
done, because
work
compensationfor
or
the cost of
of
proportion
printing
incurred is very large,
and advertising
to the total expenses
although in most municipal elections the bill can easily
election the
In every
be
printingwhich
be
must
the
At
limits.
moderate
within
kept
providedfor
is
the
outset
:
"
electors.
(a) Address
to
(6) Placards
and
posters,
(c) Pollingcards.
Anything else which is required,such as statutory forms,
be procured
or
generalmunicipal literature,can generally
central organisation
more
cheaply and better through some
whether
poHticalor municipal. As regardsthe printing
"
to
be
case
secured.
be
should
prehminary estimates
locally,
done
If
with
candidate
a
a
in every
limited
scale
of
expenditurestarts givingout orders rightand left without
outlay he is committing
ascertainingexactly to what
when
the
himself,he will assuredlybe in a tight corner
day
and
bear
of
reckoning comes.
It
must
not
issued
poster
upon
its face
forgottenthat
be
for the
the
purposes
and
name
bill,placard
every
of the
address
election,must
of the
printer
publisher.Failure to comply with this provision
practice,the candidate should take care
being an illegal
and
that
all
issued.
printed matter
The
usual
is
carefullyexamined
formula
is
:
"
before
it is
83
the
of
name
requiresthe
address
in the
to be
then
form
Printed
:
"
publishedby
and
[of]
the Statute
given,and
also be
must
statement
by
,
the candidate)is stated
publisher{e.g.,
a
his
separately,
If
of
publishedby
and
Printed
[of]
remembered
regard to placardsand posters it should be
is an expensive
in largetowns
that bill-posting
luxury,in
addition
With
or
in odd
questionof
"
"
an
the bills with
cover
municipalelections,on
their
is
document
a
many
of such
finds
whether
place in
of
who
are
their
service.
local
in
the
if the
but
press,
luxury is correspondingly
advertised
sometimes
of which
Free
advertisements.
of
of announcement
premises. No
{See page
didates
Can-
to givebetter reports
practice
by securingthe
their
largely
very
election address
aid
of
willingto exhibit bills,"c., in
front of
for such
a
matter.
of those the announcement
placardsor
obtained
it
night and
the
enter
the
advantag
dis-
the
of its expense.
meetings are
make
journals
best
in
of
meetingsthan
no
the
lengthy one
costly. Particulars
and
the
of
columns
in
not
account
insert
occasionally
advertisement
charges
going into
perhaps,rival
other, and
Newspaper advertisingdoes
into
station
come
may
enemy
walls
blank
on
is subjectto
justification,
its ethical
that
bills
posting,without
fly
printing.
indulgedin, by
advertisement
no
for
cost
often
pastingof
the
where
corners
exacted, but
are
fly postingis
as
is understood
which
considerable
"
"
is known
AVhat
the
to
publicity,
meetings,is
friendlyelectors,
their windows
payment
may
be
made
116.)
G
or
2
84
CARDS.
POLLING
The
State
confers
fulfil its franchise
the
see
to
give electors
however, is
gap,
efforts of
to
entice
hours
voters
by announcing
the
is
know
pollingcards
register. The
they
the
be
can
be done
fixed, when
a
be
must
in
filling
into
the
to
electors.
contests
where,
different
hoio to
polling
of these
a
Officer.
In
to
cards
order
to
one
every
and
of
where
vote, but
distributed
on
addressing
longish business,and
printedand got
in readiness
a
the
for circulation
reasonable
by
law
set
of
pollingstations
cards, to
to
the
Returning
time
in advance
even
in minor
announce
them
the
cover
pollingstation,must
pollingstations,and
is bound
different
until the
printer. Usually
candidates
he
only
not
separate
of electors for each
of
and
better,but, except in quitea small constituency,
this cannot
the
usually
parochialelections,
or
Returning
envelopes is
necessary
sooner
the
published by
let electors
vote,
of election
they
separate pollingstations, the location
districts with
which
divided
that
is
process
in those
ward
energetic
order
circulated
address
is needed
is
The
date
the
in all but
constituency
the
the
pollingon
something more
the
The
it their business
make
in
possible,
poll.
itself
the matter.
efficiently
by
as
the
to
usuallyhappens
the
much
of
But
about
steps
no
it trouble
does
competing candidates, who
commenced
to
filled very
simplifythingsas
may
as
information
much
in various
vote
It takes
cease.
rightis exercised,nor
to
who
its citizens
requirementsa rightto
elections,but there its activities
that
of
those
upon
number
be struck
Officer
as
are
ofi
by
will inform
to the
position
municipalelections
not
less than
five
85
clear
before
days
the
different
do
is
show
distribution
the
orders
where
contests
hundred
electors, the
filled in
in
The
form
early
as
it
of
also
in
possible,
electors
about
good
leaflet
some
"
squib
"
fillsthe
instructions
Where
is
a
not
some
card
of the
done
then
as
card
of
short,
delayed
is first
in any
must
be
not
case
poll,
known
of
be
can
very
the
the
much
cards
time
to
as
a
on
card.
the
this
made,
the
that
squib
have
and
itself,all the
thereby. Occasionally
printed,and
word
final
municipal topics
face
taken
as
upon
the
is
the
upon
the
to
in the
filling
a
polling card
sharp point
care
as
what
the
appearing
for
local
upon
Sometimes
back
fixed
before
days
few
mistakes.
of
be
out
a
In
if desired, be
chance
goes
only
considerably
give time
to
3,000
printer.
can,
should
card
bearing
later, though
this way,
the
two
good plan, but
unduly
increases
order
enclosed.
be
may
adds
The
registernumbers.
to
this
polling
For
division, and
the
to
polling station
writing, but
labour, while
each
small,with
is
to
printed registerwill
under
of voters
Constituency
the
has
division.
each
The
given accordingly
be
can
candidate
a
constituency with
pollingplaces.
six
and
Council
County
a
that
for
cards
sufficient
instance, take
Having ascertained
of election.
date
places of polling,all
order
to
electors
the
cards
the
the
can
be
be
put
are
front
back
saved
is
in
into their
envelopes.
following
The
example
:
"
form
of
card
may
be
useful
as
an
86
87
Where
for
the
delivery,
best
in advance.
The
the
number
register
Then,
as
number
the
as
in
of
cards
"
of
Personalities
The
elections.
squib
kinds
it
As
one.
of the
member
attendances
himself
that
such
in
avoided
in
that
the
or
as
pollinghas
a
where
elections
the hours
other
are
record
if he has
fi^ed
observed
filled in.
than
by
be
as
A
those
at
for
8
very
proved
say
in any
serious
it.
the
latest
certain
the hour
to
law
a
a
of his
to
observed
guiltyof
was
be
is left to the local authorities
poll in
might
who
been
be
must
mistake
it will
not
when
candidate
correct
one
account
respect. It is unnecessary
candidate
form
a
fresh
a
support of
Committees,
preciseaccuracy
most
for the
On
show
all
home
drive
accurate
an
opposing
to
the Council
statements,
matter
for
Council, or
on
slack
the
the
given by
vote
any
give
a
circulated.
be
for
of
nature
is to
appeal
accompanies an
candidate, it is legitimateto
of
to, it must
the
better
"
polling
important point,or possiblyto bring forward
some
cover.
envelopes.
should
squib
a
its
importance,and
nothing in
"
of
purpose
into
referred
above
are
fillin the
to
up the different
opponent
an
all
"
that
upon
is easy
utmost
to mix
the
"written.
carefully
cards for their
understood
personal attack
be
copiedfrom
envelope
putting it
is of the
not
be
each
in,it
come
envelopesready
must
of
before
arrangingthe
be
course
addresses
delayed in
are
set of
a
corner
be taken
regards the
get
elector should
card
precautionmust
As
one
in this work
Accuracy
stations
in
each
on
and
of the
soon
is to
plan
names
and
register,
pollingcards
reason
any
for
time
discretion
closingthe
County Councils,
a.m.
to
8 p.m.
In
other
elections
municipal
information
in
must
as
no
The
case
the
be
earlier than
object
of the
voters
have
those
that
should
they
know
When
the
to
to
time
time
on
page
92, the
Sometimes
information
plan
a
good
important
marked
is
is sent
head,
where,
off
if it is
and
give
or
down
from
described
as
between
to
come
the
them.
having
as
that
secure
recorded
polling stations
at
room
order
to
information
are
side
this
it is
given.
register number,
Room
munication
com-
committee
already
Committee
names
each
on
is
their
arrangement
an
of
the
the
to
each
some
any
have
they
vote
canvassers
not
worker, the
a
of
of
have
mention
electors
into
to
The
card, but
enter
the
charge
energy
who
those
candidate.
the
upon
elector
in
voting is progressing,
the
give
poll, which
the
to
of the
about
in
the
how
card
request
a
being keenly fought
are
will
8 p.m.
objection to
is
direct
of
votes
closing the
worker
a
anyone
who
may
to
rooted
a
election
an
of
request is stated
with
Where
hour
contains
voting
Ofl"cer
Returning
to
pollingcard
it after
hand
the
the
to
voted.
sentatives
repre-
exchange
loyally carried
out
one.
NOMINATION.
in
Nomination
is
of all
essential
municipal
adhered
to.
free
down
The
avoid
to
that
forms
of
charge
from
of
form
by law,
In order
provided
obtained
part of candidature
bodies.
is laid
take
must
it is
an
electors
writing,by
and
the
of
for
the
membership
nomination
it must
ency,
constitu-
be
paper
precisely
difficulties in this direction,
nomination
the
papers
may
be
Returning Officer, or
90
procured from the appointed officer who, outside
boroughs, is usually the Clerk of the District Council,
be
while
be
in
constituencies
borough
which
give particularattention,are
nomination
which
other
his
borne
rank
mind
in
(that is, his
is that
there
as
papers
well
that
register,
is
he
to
power
The
they
Returning
for
Parish
a
of
in
filled in the
district
to
appear
upon
in the
fore,
There-
the
printed
his nomination
constituency
particular
candidate
should
alreadyexhausted
not
the
all
their
duty
In
nomination,
is
rejectedas
trial of
the
of the
nomination
an
validity
municipal elections, save
Meeting.
favour
the
upon
Parish
in
the
decides
Council, where
decision,if
on
nomination
many
reference
electors
Officer
papers
Chairman
raised
Council
County
has reference.
names
have
him
nominate.
nomination
those
fact
nominate
in
be
point to
who
seeking to represent, a
that
sure
whose
in
are
paper
be
to
the candidature
those
Another
only to sign as
ascertaining
by
as
and
surname
eight assentingelectors
the
vacancies
are
to which
division
as
the
entitled
that
see
description,
by which
seconder, and
elections
to
before
his residence,
(i.e.,
electors
the
or
proposer
addition)are
make
his
occupation.
or
Council
Town
deposited;
abode
place of
should
the date
correctlyhis
place of business),and
is meant
and
be
states
paper
in full,his
names
his
not
of
should
candidate
a
ascertain
to
must
papers
nomination
his
or
Clerk
Town
appliedto.
Generally,the points to
in
the
invalid, the
election
is cast
all
cases
is final.
question may
petition.The
upon
the
If
a
be
juris-
91
diction of the
Returning Officer extends only to invalidity
appearing on
the
insufficient
or
such
paper,
non-compliancewith legalrequirementsas,
for
having signed the nomination,
has
that
person,
a
nominated
pre\-iously
vacancies,
such
that
or
as
Officer to decide
is not
person
is
constituency. There
in the
candidates
many
already
there
as
are
of a
qualification
the
objectionupon
an
example
elector
registered
in the Returning
a
power
no
as
Candidate,
the
descriptionsof
inaccurate
or
nomination
of the
face
candidate.
DAY.
POLLING
With
the
of
dawn
step in the contest, and
public pay
pollingday
and
is
should
find
so
be
rush
no
have
or
Room,
safelyin.
Committee
be
posted up
or
after
a
so
to
for
at
at
Committee
each
8 o'clock there
the
registerfor
should
for each
sheet
should
returns
canvass
may
ward
the
the
big sheet
mounted,
by tickingtheir
from
a
of the particular
jurisdiction
so that the completeUst may
requisite,
within
are
on
being
them
devoted
importance
previousevening
all
then
copies of
Two
Room
by
as
pollingdistrict
friends
place
The
confusion.
or
with
occupied in preparing the wall
been
Committee
be
his
pollopens
the
when
that
Room,
in
one
every
big
in
votes
begins early. Seven-thirty
It
workers.
castingof
the
to
municipal election, the day
candidates
often, the general
while, only too
attention
scant
last
the
to
come
we
of mill board.
it is necessary
names
in coloured
foes, in order
laggardswho
will vote
that
Either
to
before
mark
pencilto
attention
may
up
tinguish
disbe
rightif onlythey will take
92
tlie trouble
of
pollingcards
the
poll,and
is
far
should
sheet
wasted
it
their
was
of
"
should
support
"
Promises
But
whether
is far
better
or
"
originalcanvasser
particularlyin
couple of hours,
of the
superfluityof
Cards
should
possibleafter
rush
the
that two,
therefore
voters
"
be
have
conditions
the
promise
voter
can
then
be
can
go
should
and
to
the
go
at
it often
scramble
of
poll,
those
visited.
which
"
a
time.
happens
the
last
perhaps three peopleare
or
voter.
attention
be
won
but
superfluous,
same
it must
attention, and
the
and
be
first
not
seem
likelyto
the
less definite
may
Unless
precedingcanvass.
had
been
advice
purposes
spur
canvasser
those
persuadedoubtful
and
has
This
in search
very
the
who
in to
one
day
what
of
votes
pollingday, if ideal
receive
only
charge
the
how
all these
are
from
canvasser
look
in
those
duty then,
exhort
On
should
decision
whose
Their
.
could be observed, the
be crossed
may
gauge
be
able to direct the efforts of
efforts
to
part
hesitatingvoters
or
to
of
of those
trustworthy guide.
a
difEers somewhat
remembered,
Then
be
polHng day.
on
record
names
securing the
canvassers'
is taken
care
a
still unpolled. For
are
should
district is concerned, and
own
towards
canvassers
wall
able
are
their
as
supporterswho
the
with
In this way
important,they are
more
their
room
opening
the
at
messenger
a
room
the wall sheet.
committee
goingso
even
hour
the committee
through upon
is
work
to
voted, in order that their
have
of the
set
half
every
despatchedto
who
be
must
collectors
poll. The
to the
themselves
getting
of
He
neither
handed
been
is not
are
in
sent
the
pleased at
the
as
canvassers.
promptly
visited, marked
as
as
a
93
guide
the
to
clerk
and
the
then
reference, and
whether
an
these
The
card
has
eye
kept
be
Committee
"
Will
"
filed
be
to
the
upon
Room.
later,"
vote
for
wall
subsequent
sheet
to
see
fulfilled.
being
organisationof
needs
the
replieswill
promises are
proper
that
matter
of
charge
of the
Probably many
"
in
is another
conveyances
attention.
careful
CONVEYANCES.
No
payment
coming
to
be made
for the expenses
the
law
still
be
used
friends
who
must
but
vote,
freelylent
A
candidate
with
ample supply
decided
a
carriageson
advantage,as
free drive
novelty
in
drawing
attraction
most
near,
bespeak the
If
each
person
district to
utterlyworthless
been
have
asked
in
him
give
a
the
so
of
motor
car,
speed, but
and
get
this
half the
compiled from
to be
the
that
a
possesses
a
charm
of
contest
is
department,
the
canvass
unless
as
chauffeurs
benefit
comes.
worker
capable
and
get
is frittered away
first
place a
cards,of
part of the
and
is to be rewarded
pollingday
some
should
muster,
can
work
in
one
sent
in
list should
voters
fetched, and if the particulars
are
chronologicalorder,
an
enjoys
which
When
likelyhe
more
trips. In
thus
poll.
of
use
intending candidate
when
carriages
manage
the
also the
districts.
should
the
to
undoubtedly appreciate
coachmen
responsible,
aimlesslyabout,
have
bring them
services of all the vehicles he
possible,he
is
veyances
permits private con-
pollingday,
therefore, an
goodly array
a
of
country
the earlier he does
with
to
voters
many
in
particularly
"
the
only
not
of
to
of electors
who
arranged
may
very
94
workers
to consider
Some
seem
easilybe accomplislied.
lent in order that they may
and motors
tliat carriages
are
spend a happy day drivingabout during the poll. Gently
firmlythey
but
a
good
worker
in
put
of voters
programme
of
charge
fetch
to
with
vehicle
a
look
or
idea, and while
of this
disabused
be
must
plain
usefully
by some
a
is very
up
tripperpropensityexhibited
employed, the mere
is often expected
be discouraged. Again, too much
must
and horses.
of both coachmen
They cannot be kept on
the
all
go
refreshment
interval,and
dinner
2, when
12 and
between
polling. A good organiserwill
supply of
best
make
arrangements
proper
animals
and
as
this
to
attach
should
damages
a
a
brave
the
candidate
any
money
incur
the
or
lettingout
see
on
liverystable),may
the
with
the
hours, and
he
will
his
agents
for
times
not
in this way,
as
poll. As
No
126.
hire
(such as
be
employed
to this
see
page
cab,
for
owners
ribbons, though
allowed
they
or
expend
to
would
for
"
thereby
marks
which
a
flyin
of
is used
use
taking voters
122.
side
the
usuallythe
conveyance
a
enough
denote
to
coloured
are
conveyances,
It is easy
the back
page
freeingmen
need.
surface.
party
of
has
carriageis working, and
show
close
he
pasted upon
at
or
their
have
the
it that
penaltiesaccruing to payment
"
from
be
varnished
a
themselves
distinction."
for
they
never
to
those
between
rest
card in front
the
for which
make
get the
to
Placards
see
vehicles between
all kinds
voters
five until
from
again
and
released for rest
Carriagesof
intervals.
proper
wanted
most
are
at
be
they should
and
day,
at
to
a
or
95
AGENTS.
POLLING
PollingAgent
A
be, and in
personationmay
prevent the ofience
officer to
or
is, appointedto represent tlie candidate
station.
there
where
and
number
Candidate
in
to
see
roll
the
or
the
any
has
the
no
right
suspects is
he
Personation,
as
to
"
in
enrolled
person
follows
comity]as
the
burgess [or
in force for this
[read the
already voted
you
of
an
election
ward,"
or
in
case
other
electoral
division
?
whole
borough
entry from
has
should
be
one
appointed
judicioustoo,
probably get
as
"
a
county,
who
a
for
in
this
the
knows
or
"
in
any
this
other
hasty, impulsive man
into difficulties with
do
other
a
pollingdistrict
the
duties.
these
unnecessarilyharassingvoters,
his side.
present election ?
for several wards,
acquaintance with
wide
some
the
at
"]
Obviously,some
to
that
see
roll].
[Add, in
and
them
:
the
you
(2) Have
or
of
offence
the
now
[or county register]
[or ward,
one
113.
page
(1) Are
than
to
he
whom
person
any
questionsare
The
ward]
to
commit
attemptingto
which,
and
the
statutory questionsbeing put by the
the
Presiding Officer
limits
more
is entitled
PollingAgent
improperly interfered with,
insist upon
contests,
law
for
acts
polling
for
pollingstation,officiating
each
at
The
is
voter
PolHng Agent
one
common.
candidates, the
several
are
each
at
minor
permissible.In
is
Payment
usually
importantcontests
more
of
He
there,
voters
should
might
and
officials,
great deal
be
very
by
of harm
96
AGENTS.
COUNTING
Finally,for duty
appointed to
be
may
Act
that
see
is
there
of which
doubt,
a
votes,
Papers
made
happened, by
With
is
of
has
who
election," taking
no
made, and that all payments, in
Council
of
Return
Expenses
the time
lodged at
of
borough
to
the
and
best
is to
pay
of the
these
In
Declaration
in all cases
a
the
must
tion
declarain
the
[Councillorfor
the
also
must
elections
be
made
:
"
of
,
declare that
done
prohibitedpayment is
election for a County
an
within
the period
made
whilst
specified,
elected
B., having been
I, A.
the
election.
or
"
management
or
the Candidate's
acceptance of ofl"ce
followingterms
duly
and
are
be
to
law.
days requiredby
of 21
be
Council,
Town
a
or
Returning
amongst
one
to selection
conduct
that
care
the
by
remains
in the
is
successful Candidates,if there
nearest
come
"
the bills incurred
corre-
battle
counting,the
the
seconded
all that
Afterwards
should
not
paper
is proposedto the
of thanks
and
one,
unsuccessful
topmost
of
the senior of the
than
more
the
in
up
sometimes
has
as
occurs,
of
beneath.
A vote
by
Ofl"cer
reason
conclusion
the
won.
or
mistake
those
ponding with
lost
no
that
made
examination
packets containingfiftyeach, and
be
validity
decision
the
are
Agents
the Ballot
the
to
as
brought for
are
Ballot
Ofl"cer.
Returning
the votes,
provisionsof
the
that
compliedwith, and
are
the
countingof
at the
I take
the
or
said
faithfullyfulfil
of my
the
as
ofiice upon
the
judgment
case
and
duties
may
he'],hereby
myself,and
thereof
ability.
will
according
98
THE
LAW
ABOUT
MUNICIPAL
ELECTIONS.
SYNOPSIS.
No
Election
Agent.
Municipal
Agency.
Who
"
Corrupt
Skilled
"
Elections
is
(4)
Act,
be
may
under
Code
employed.
"
1884.
agent.
an
ence.
Influ(1) Bribery." (2) Treating."(3) Undue
False
of
Declaration
Election
(5)
Practices."
"
Clerk
Personation.
"
Expenses.
IllegalPractices.
a
(a) Avoiding election if committed
"
by
any
agent of
candidate.
(1) Payment
for conveyance
(2) Payment
for
(3) Payment
for excessive
(4) Payment in
Councils).
(b) Avoiding
of voters.
exhibitingbills
Committee
of maximum
excess
if
election
notices.
or
committed
Rooms.
allowed
with
(Town and County
knowledge and
consent
of
candidate.
(5) Voting by prohibitedpersons.
(6) Publishing false
withdrawal
of
statement
of
candidate.
(7) IllegalpajTnent.
(8) Making
of
use
prohibitedconveyances.
(9) Corruptly procuring withdrawal
(10) Illegalemployment
(11) Payment
(12) Omitting
for
for
a
candidate.
payment.
of distinction.
marks
and
name
of
address
of
printer and
pubhsher
of
bills.
prohibited premises
(13) Using
meetings.
Avoidance
of election
by whomsoever
Relief
for innocent
Time
Summary
Form
for
of
for extensive
for
committee
of law.
sending in claims
and
making
periods specified.
of declaration
of
election
or
Practices
prevalence of Illegal
committed.
breaches
rooms
expenses.
payments.
99
N.B.
from
Sections
"
IllegalPractices) Act,
enactments
before
them
the
Vict.
48
and
workers
words
exact
of
and
70]
c.
in
who
type for the
small
may
Statutes
the
(Corrupt and
incorporated
Elections
chapter reproduced
of candidates
information
Municipal
[47 "
188-i
this
in
are
the
require to have
defining practices
prohibited,"c.
In applying the
Councils :
Act
elections
to
than
other
elections for Town
"
Borough
Borough
"
is to be read
"
read
be
is to
County
as
as
"
for
County Council
District
Urban
"
for
elections.
District
Urban
elections.
Council
Borough
is to
Council
District
Borough
Ward
be
and
be
Parish
as
Guardians
is to be read
is to
"
read
"
"
read
"
for Parish
Council
"
Division
Electoral
as
"
Parishes
for Rural
elections.
Parish
as
United
or
in
elections.
Council
County
elections.
In
the
elections
Parliamentary
the
Legislaturein
appointment of
wisdom
insists upon
is to be
Election Agent.
as
responsible
some
its
who
person
It is true that the
are
compliedwith ifthe person appointed
legalrequirements
and personally
carries through
pays all election expenses,
certain business
arrangements in connection
Election,such
and the
shall be
the
hire
of clerks and
employment
for in the
cares
as
is that
matter
publiclynamed
account
or
misdeeds, if any,
the
rooms
responsibleperson
some
whose
candidate
mentary
Parlia-
All the law
messengers.
through
a
of committee
of the election shall pass, and
on
with
hands
payments
for whose
faults
for Parliament
must
his own.
But elections are hedged
as
practically
of Parliament, and
much
Acts
round
so
by so many
technical knowledge is necessary in carryingthem through,
that persons who
are
experts in election law are nearly
answer
alwaysappointedto
act
as
Election
Agents
in
Parliamentary
contests.
H
2
100
Restrictions
the
seeingthat
the
are
municipal contests
of clerks and
numbers
specified
in
candidate
is
really prohibited from
services of
a
so
under
skilled Election
practicewhat
the
of
clerk, someone
name
County
expenses.
keep
in
him
for
The
The
fee for
a
candidate
is done
from
is of
it,a candidate
such
bear
must
the
assistance
management
all expenses
within
23
District
of
"15
15s.
days
Council
by
after the
him
must
date
contests,
as
maximum
be trusted
can
assist
to
as
it
contest
If he
can
fixed
would
secure
uwpaid assistance
experience. Where
duties
responsible
left to
are
for
(ifany)
upwards.
where
or
election
incurred
maximum
of
given
relation to the
some
entitled to the
course
is used,
an
practical
to be
well
as
Council
County
political
professional
agent
a
has
engage
the limits laid down
elections
safe lines
on
constituencyand
probablyrange
is to
remuneration
skilled clerk who
work
electioneering
a
he must
rate
any
paid
the
Council
In
Council
from
part of the responsibility
Town
expenses.
one
be
and
the
size of the
of
At
hardly be large,having regard to
can
a
who, therefore, can
of the candidate.
shoulders
to
some
and
securing the
who
work, and
election
take
to
in
nearly as
are
messengers,
Agent.
In
experienceof
in
each
call him.
trusted
and
pollingstation, a County
pollingagent
not
elections
no
candidate
a
different.
provisionis made for the employment
Election Agent. Indeed,
of a responsible
only persons he may employ for payment
but
stringent,
by
other
position is
Council
regardsCounty
as
degree in
lesser
tlie
elections
Municipal
In
a
clerk,a
be made
of election.
in the
return
of
to the candidate
In
Parish
and
also, curiouslyenough in
101
elections
to
London
to
expenditure,although
the
only
who
persons
of
their
guide
as
law
the
of
services
of morals
"
expression morals,"
the
table
Parliamentary
outside
travels
it must
strict
the
what
First
we
have
these
are
easilyto
which
them
a
Treating,Undue
of Election
laid
down
man's
moral
well
Influence,Personation
and
False
to
That
rate
some
have
"
a
is to
say,
in this matter.
a
good
Certain
Bribery,
tion
Declara-
prohibitions
Legislaturehas
what
the
list of actions
that
things which
prevent, whether
the
enters
respects,beyond the average
of conduct.
we
as
in
class of
second
done
being perpetrated
fall
code
described
from
head
is where
Practices
Illegal
actions
are
this
Parliament
so
classes.
evil motive
An
The
travelled,at any
of two
are
they
as
Expenses.
by
It does
Corrupt Practices,and
wrong.
inadvertently.Under
that
once
commandments
least prevents them
at
special
using the
at
ethics.
code
calls
be understood,
with the intent to commit
into
electoral
Illegal
a
In
confessed
province of
law
the
the
and
elections.
againstthe
Offences
in this wise.
may
command
to
laid down
has
be
of
candidates
(Corrupt
these
applicableto
ment
simple state-
contest.
Parliament
Practices)Act, 1884,
code
hope
Elections
Municipal
are
particularlyimportant
cannot
for the
legalexperts
A
municipal
is therefore
candidates
the
By
for payment
employed
which
elections
Council
County
pollingagents.
by
conduct
such
many
be
may
and
clerks, messengers,
in
as
is set
limit
Borough Councils, no
done
In
the
law
terms
have
been
Legislatureis
mined
deter'
honestlyor dishonestly.'
conscience
things,the
will not
law
help
a
declares,must
man
not
102
be
a
done
in
candidate
In
about
or
from
evil.
often than
the
to learn the law
This
is the
candidates
not
with
clients
self-advising
not
are
and
danger
of
mind.
distinguish
because
necessary
be
safety
own
things in
in order to
their
own
with
some
more
lawyersfor
warning adage which couples
fools.
culties
Happily, the legaldiffi-
intricate,and
very
little care,
a
more
must
election,despite the
for his
those
constantlybear
must
short,he is bound
good
election,and
an
the contest
be
may
with
transgressions,
knowledge
passed without
their
much
accompanying heavy
penalties.
AGENCY.
Before
dealt
are
the
with, it will be best
point wherein
We
rest.
"
to
of Parliament
a
person
agents
"
or
only
is
In
be
may
Naturally,it
one
this
can
be
remember
that
the
one,
used
by
who, while
wrong
him
an
solely
in
cast
are
election
in
there
their
are
desire
doing, or carelessness,
irreparableinjury.
the
importance of
that
too
much
This
agency
attention
point by intendingcandidates.
will be
more
in all the
such,
as
technical
candidate
overwhelming
so
paid to
question is
a
to
every
alarming,perhaps, but
is
agent,
duties
responsible
contests.
help him,
in elections
cannot
whom
of the
"
preliminary
one
having reference simply and
ignorance,work
even
sounds
agent
commandments
than
difficulty
important
and
upon
agents
to
to clear up
election
no
it is
election
Parliamentary
is
said
Now
expression
electoral
lurks, perhaps,more
have
employed.
Act
of these
details
asked, Who
easilyasked
is
than
an
agent ?
The
answered, but
a
103
candidate
will not
gets firmlyinto his mind
he
sanction, takes
an
agent for whose
candidate
is
fast line.
alter
cases,
even
municipal elections
employ
for
payment
capacities.Those
for
him
in
have
hardly
be
in connection
paid
should
outside
the candidate
well
be
acts
the
held
evidence
the
is done
authorised
was
and
is
as
a
account
more
if the
But
about
matters
and
employment,
doings,it might
active
agent, for
very
whose
Canvassing is
work
to
affect
agency
it affects
his
did
them
many
himself.
in this there
a
the
everything in
knowledge
to smash
all this
Why
"
:
for
justas responsible
and
responsible,
tells another
is any
so
as
out
carry
answerable.
be
said
be
if he
with
an
that
on
"
promote
particularcandidate.
a
does
How
candidate
do
he
of agency,
of
his
of his
would
is that
answer
of
agents
on
contest.
knowledge
candidate
it may
agency.
may
that
election
But
had
a
"
taken
himself
busy
ordinary province
the
not, be
considered
with
In
in certain
of persons
may
it
be
only permittedto
authority to
duties
responsible
messenger
is
the
youth
A
sense.
candidate's
the
matter.
or
may,
proved, and
facts
with
do
and
hard
no
And,
candidate
a
persons
would
messenger,
his
they evil,the
be
legal ones.
certain number
a
wider
a
the
on
nothing to
has
noted, payment
to
case
or
lays down
law
each
It decides
who, with
everyone
deeds, be they good
responsible.The
circumstances
most
that
part in forwardinghis election,is
active
an
in this direction if
far wrong
very
go
and
is
window,
no
we
Of
consent
?
matter
about
"
The
election.
an
A
thingshis agents
for what
course,
he
hardship.
do not
talk
pay
is
If
entirely
one
much
man
atten-
104
tion
to
plea
a
hand
the
not
was
the
did
that
in everyday
of law
ordinaryrule
is the most
That
mischief.
his
that
for the misdeeds
life,but in election law, responsibility
a
as
his
himself
obviously
agents
Save
"
cry
difficult
more
from
me
him
that
having determined
most
is made
to declare
his
to
in
not
a
and
the
may
be
worker
rather
the
should
then
be
a
The
his
formal
room
his endeavour
half
affair,and
ought
great thing
the fact of his
to
to
be
do
allusion
display
to
the
before
workers
apt
ledge,
know-
lackingin
are
candidate
heavy penaltieswith
visited.
during
assistance
any
committee
things clear.
to every
him
in
by persevering
mind
It need
friendlytalk
home
instruct
when
it will be all right,"
meeting together of
begins.
make
"
legalpitfalls.A
strengthof
little
suggest
municipalcontest,
a
implicationthat they
the
and
would
Voluntary helpersare
him.
confront
resent
candidate
a
at all improbablethat his first difiiculty
It is not
will here
to
likelyto give
are
election.
helpers and
it is his friends who
then
upon
do what
having firstinstructed himself,should
the candidate
who
enter
to
he
that
must
might
Prudence
mischief.
do
those
Almost
quite
may
his
that
friends,"since
my
may
candidate
a
see
"
equally obedient.
are
tions.
agent againsthis instruc-
the
himself, but he
the law
offences
for
answer
act
to
so
unhappy position,
in that
only obey
not
to
upon
by
stances
ordinarycircum-
Under
requests someone
or
law, however,
election
possiblyfind
is
called
committed
law
In
employs
is not
agent
greater.
who
person
againstthe
must
much
is very
of another
an
get a
fight
hour's
enough
is to
to
drive
personalresponsibility
which
even
indiscretions
106
loan, offer,promise, procurement,
for any
to
or
or
endeavour
person,
to
ParHament,
(4.) Every
in order
procure
the
or
of
vote
such
at
voter
any
in
or
or
engage,
or
to
in
person
any
at
any
in
to
that
to
at
be
bribery
any
at
the
such
procure,
of
return
of any
vote
voter
election
paid
agreed
person
be
to
be
for
paid
fide incurred
expended
or
pay
in
at
extend
to
concerning
or
of
account
on
or
or
said
afore-
the
that
construed
be
the
discharge
in
always,
or
with
part expended
in
or
paid,
knowingly
person
any
extend
bona
legal expenses
to
Provided
:
not
or
shall
who
or
wholly
money
other
any
be
to
cause
or
pay,
part thereof, shall
any
money
shall
money
any
any
any
enactment
of
election,
paid
of
any
agreement,
the
in
serve
of any
procure,
or
or
use
or
money,
any
repaj'ment
to
Parliament,
the
to
or
such
bribery
cause
to
shall advance
who
person
money
intent
serve
to
election.
any
or
procure
election.
any
(5.) Every
endeavour
promise,
to
person
consequence
gift,loan, offer,promise, procurement,
aforesaid,
as
person
of any
return
shall, upon
who
person
the
agreement
or
induce
to
any
election.
3. The
s.
bribery, and
(1.) Every
be
shall
receive, agree,
or
himself
other
any
for
person,
refrainingor agreeing
(2.) Every
himself
by
receive
any
Our
general
any
other
voted
person
agreeing
or
from
to
voting
other
person
consideration
vote
himself
vote,
to
at
valuable
or
or
for
or
election.
any
election, directly or
any
refrained
or
his behalf,
on
person
gift,loan,
employment, for
any
valuable
election, directly
or
from
on
his
on
account
behalf,
from
of
having
voting, or
refrain
directly,
in-
voting
at
election.
friend,the
notion
he understands
The
having
by
or
or
money
person
induced
any
any
refrain
to
"
money,
voting
shall, after
who
person
or
guilty of
deemed
any
other
any
for any
contract
during
or
by
or
consideration, office, place,
for
be
also
punishable accordingly:
shall, before
who
voter
indirectly,by
or
shall
following persons
of
the
man
what
in
street, has
constitutes
passingof
definition
legislative
the
money
is of
a
very
bribery,by
for
a
fair
which
corrupt purpose.
necessitysomewhat
more
107
lengthy
and
variations
we
shall
the
matter
of
sets
of
get
between
out
the
ofience.
enough
near
by statingthat
bribery who
(1)
any
such
voter,
guilty
is deemed
person
"
worth,
or
to
or
fact
induces
anyone,
having refrained
receiver
which
be
publicadvertisement
alike to briber
the present
from
of the
and
bribee
who
elector
an
does
having
voting.
equally with
usefullypointed
made,
corrupt proposalsare
of
induce
to
voting,or
account
is condemned
may
attempts
or
refrain from
to
or
subsequently on
act
The
a
every
money,
elector to vote
voted
understanding of
exact
an
(3) employment,
or
a
practical purposes,
by the gift,loan, offer,or promise of
(2) money's
to
For
to
forty verbal
thirty and
in
while
is not
in
out
giver
"
case
any
constituencies
some
pains and
the
penaltiesattaching
its uses,
without
even
in
enlightenedday.
Many people imagine that only the actual passingof
a
coin of the realm
equally constitutes
noticed
influence
promise
made
a
vote
is
or
for
an
offer
of
entails its
of
much
as
pains and
a
be
ticularly
par-
made
employment
the
promise
benefit
elector with
promise
it should
corrupt giftor
instance,a
an
of rates is also
unfulfilled
An
offence ; and
The
family of
or payment
voting,
bribery.
bribery, just as
of money.
bribery,and
payment
the
that
indirectly
;
the wife
be
can
ta
gift or
may
conferred
be
upon
corrupt intention is
penalties.The
bribery.Payment
travelling
expenses,
corrupt
for time lost while
is
but by
bribery,
108
virtue of
doubts
also
of
state
municipal contests,
time
to
be
permission must
for
withheld
from
anyone
him
voting for
from
Practices
in
given
for
the
of
view
a
inducing
of
purpose
be
nor
preventing
(Corrupt
particularcandidate.
any
The
all alike, and
to
particularcandidate,
any
men
their pay.
from
with
his
allow
may
Act, 1885.)
Where
bribery is proved
free election
although
even
employer
an
be
not
vote
a
remove
which, while
and
granted equally
to
that
law
the
deduction
without
vote,
privilegemust
men
passed to
appliesonly to ParliamentaryElections, covers
it
terms
the
to
as
of Parliament
specialAct
a
was
the
been
have
to
prevalent
so
impossible,the
election
had
or
candidates
part
no
is
void,
lot in the
wrongdoing.
Treating.
1. (1.)
Any
either
person,
who
person
corruptly by
before, during,
gives or provides, or
giving
to
or
for any
or
or
person
the
at
providing, any
other
any
election, or
having
voted
refrain
from
or
voting
(2.) And
such
of
meat,
at
such
elector
every
person
voting, or
the
part
who
from
or
being
election, shall be
or
directly
in-
of
expense
provision
or
giving
about
guiltj?of
provision,shall
his
other
any
corruptly accepts
drink, entertainment,
vote
person
vote
to
or
treating.
or
takes
any
be
guilty
also
treating.
This is another
great dangers
with
from
refrained
refrain
or
of such
account
on
give
other
any
corruptly influencingthat
of
purpose
to
in
or
drink, entertainment,
meat,
person
by
or
election, directly or
an
wholly
pays
for the
person
after
or
himself
a
consider
wrong
how
to
form
a
of
corrupt practicewhich
candidate.
intention
may
readilyagency
single drink
A
unseat
may
presents
be
him,
and
offered
when
inferred,it
we
is clear
109
that
brought
home
Petition
after
elections
to
whom
of
had
have
we
and
treat
to
breakfast
"
in
dinner,
forms
part
of their
such
habits
would
and
daily life ;
dropped
be
to
else
that
that
suppose
time
election
at
their
have
anything
or
for
natural
as
it is to
treated, as
be
their
or
it is
;
habit
enquiry,the
in this
deal
people with
great many
a
acceptingdrinks
giving and
them
:
one
to
Mr.
As
standing drinks."
"
is inherent
There
"
in
remarked
Justice Wills
election.
an
presentedin Parliamentary
been
strengthof
be
should
consequences
supporter in
active
every
petitionhas
the
on
of the
warning
grave
very
is
preposterous."
a
second
if drinks
nature,
influencingvotes
after
election constitutes
an
of
with
food
votes, since,
turning
treatingis
the
increasing
and
as
themselves
hold
hardly pleasantfor
taken
view
half
be
a
dozen
the most
by
a
man's
election
were
innocent
stood
in
a
pointed out,
to
depend
intention
to be
date
candi-
at
upon
with
publichouse.
but
hospitality,
zeal
suspicion. It
above
even
necessarily
helpinga
are
be
must
considered
are
who
Court, of the
the
drinks
those
treating.
confirming the
for
interest of those who
already supporters.
It is more
prudent for
to
well
been
has
resorted to
often
more
drink
or
influencing votes, not
of
view
a
of
offence
the
The
{Seeabove for fulldefinition.)
given
The
before, during,
either
drink
or
of
view
a
election is liable to be avoided.
an
corrupt provisionof food
or
with
given
are
becoming
of habit
Yet, notwithstandingthis instance
is
the
which
It may
election time
it
no
is
particularlyif people accept
certainlyinjudicious,
and
drink
walk
road
the
across
tell the
to
tale
in
a
an
Innocent
room.
hospitality
begins
opponent'scommittee
such circumstances,and
the garb of guiltunder
to wear
persuade his suphappy indeed the candidate who can
porters
when
occasions
for his
an
they
in
As
cause.
offender before
engaged
are
law
the
with
Every
by
make
to
other
any
inflict,by himself
or
by
order
voting, or
at
voting
any
or
of any
prevail upon
at
form
How
election.
such
and
such
of
minister
of
landlord,or
often
arise from
the
learned
or
an
defeat
judge :
"
in
a
from
refrained
from
give
to refrain
or
from
any
employer
unfair
the
are
losingside
been
giving
influence.
of influence
the
an
or
thereby compel, induce,
it not
religionhas brought
such
a
has
person
refrain
or
or
or
prevent the free exercise
exercise
times
Sometimes
with
vote
by abduction, duress,
shall
to
threaten
or
against any
or
to
temporal
any
voted
complaint by
many
a
undue
the scale ?
they
person,
having
elector, or
himself
threaten
or
inflict
to
impede
either
of
use
election, shall be guilty of undue
any
Vague charges of
commonest
treats.
person
shall
who
elector
any
working
is equally
indirectly,by
loss upon
or
person
contrivance
or
franchise
his vote
of such
election, or
device
who
other
such
compel
or
account
on
fraudulent
of the
induce
to
him
restraint, or
or
any
injury,damage, harm,
spiritual
in
is treated
directlyor
force, violence,
of any
use
on
in
way
his behalf, make
on
person
rate
Influence.
shall
who
person
in any
who
bribery,he
Undue
or
instincts at any
restrain their generous
to
in
declared
of
an
that
labour,or
a
influence into
but more
justified,
not
nected
unnaturallycon-
chargesare
irritation
contest.
As
was
pointed out
by
Ill
The
law
influence.
The
"
has
who
man,
law
those
but
he
whom
courage,
which
qualities
give a
law
a
over
of his
use
proper
his
away
his
has
honesty,
good looks, or
influence
man
with
any
his
over
which
alone
deal."
can
forbid
does
Parliament
But
the
of influence
It is the abuse
fellows.
he
influence
take
could
from
away
giveemployment,
can
by
benefit
his
good feeling,
other
the
who
of
existence
take
more
no
law
the
at
powerful
can
the
wealth, than
his
can
property, or
insensible
the
strike
cannot
undue
as
influence
the
of any injury,
temporalor spiritual,
threateningor inflicting
the liberty
contrivance
to restrain
fraudulent
or
any
"
of
voter,
a
as
so
either
compel
to
or
frightenhim
into
than
freely
voting or abstainingfrom voting,otherwise
he
wills."
law
The
of
even
is
instance, where
of
the
the election
was
undue
"
custom
from
opinions.
are
rather
cause
Clearlysuch
not
voted
conduct
to
threaten
partisansin
only put
they jeopardisethe
they fancy they
a
"
threats
of
themselves
election
are
this
in
of the
him,
wrong,"
amounted
ensued.
withdrawal
rural
some
For
member
for
of his
in consequence
breathe
was
forfeiture of the seat
tradesman
to
unduly.
canvassed
w^ho
man
improper
Hot-headed
doing they
but
is most
apt
and
committee,
avoided.
a
that the freedom
employer of labour,who
influence,and
Again, it
proved
interfered with
been
discharge any
to
"
an
candidate's
threatened
to
has
voter
one
it is
where
severe
of
political
districts
kind, but by
perilof
the
so
law,
candidate, whose
assisting.Anything
of
the
112
should
kind
strenuouslydiscouraged. At
be
prohibitedacts,
meeting, in dealing with
the
explainclearlythat
should
be
entirelyfree
There
is another
must
exercise
his workers'
the
of
the
of this offence
form
has, and rightlyhas, considerable
does
But
there
which
clearlysummed
more
from
in
its
prevent
to
which
pointbeyond
a
influence
a
judgement
be
that
is the
of
rehgion
his
flock,
legitimateexercise.
in the
The
law cannot
followingextract
clerical influence
where
to
religious
guidance must
than
up
has
with
franchise.
go in the free exercise of the
not
be
is
seek
law
the
franchise
unfettered.
and
constituencies,and
guarded against in some
of spiritual
A minister
threat
consequences.
nor
candidate
the
was
point
question:
"
"
the
In
exercise
proper
priestmay
entreat, and
point out
explain why
to
another, and
of reward
threats
here
punishment
to
hereafter.
or
disability,
denounce
candidate
a
here
He
as
or
sin, or
the
party
the
as
hereafter.
an
hold
not
of
he
the whole
to
not
hopes
out
must
not
use
disadvantage,or
must
or
preferred
of
superstitions
or
hereafter, and
expose
on
duty,
scale,but he may
must
excommunicate
to
or
He
be
fit,throw
terrors,
or
temporalinjury,or
of
threaten
into the
fears,
or
should
if he think
addresses.
he
those
the
to
influence
line of moral
true
candidate
his character
weight of
appeal
the
one
may,
that
counsel, advise, recommend,
electors the
and
of
not,
to
any
voting for
offence
If he does
instance,
for
withhold
of
the
other
ments,
sacra-
religious
particular
involvingpunishment
so
any
with
a
view
to
114
would
didate
the
do
of every
vote
is
seeking
nearest
candidate
one
than
have
electors
in
also to
the
for the
old
an
great number
course,
a
law
a
sent
special
elector
the
on
made
for his
appeal.
These
local
bodies
can
register
support
remarks
where
the
prevalent in large cities,
it very
that there
difficult
real check
election
an
are
is
the
on
fought
on
removals
many
impossibleto prevent impostors
in the
paper
In
of such
offence with
tried
years'imprisonment with
by
a
hard
imprisonment is left
procuringpersonationis
an
of
name
villagesand
is less likelihood
of
be
the
an
is
exercise any
to
ballot
regards this
fine instead
or
the
means
felony,subject,when
two
that
if he
be
Where
removed.
there
appeal to
to
of electors makes
voters.
which
register,
or
where
greater difficulties
drawn
out
for other
pollingagents
deceased
the
similar.
applying for
from
The
issues
deaths, it is almost
and
be, but
to
division,an
be
pointed
is sometimes
personalityof
by voting in
contest.
who
are
Personation
where
should
elections
circumstances
practice,
should
qualification
one
request should
candidate
apply
trouble
division, even
one
registerfor
represent. In
to
in another
also
be
the
on
under
fighting
than
of the
should
of the
faced
is
for himself
secure
they happen
attention
several,and
in
side is
more
circumstances
vote
a
be
to
out, in which
only
which
on
with
It
to
to
who
themselves
people usuallysave
division
endeavour
to
supporter
he
division
the
well
small
a
voter
towns,
attempts
at
of
fraud.
specialseverity. It
is
jury,to punishment
of
labour,and
to the
offence
no
Court.
of
optionof
Assisting
equalgravity.
115
ELECTION
OF
DECLARATION
FALSE
Town
(County Council.
the
If
this
in
[of expenses]
knowingly
of
offence, and
an
shall
offence
Tills
also
of this
meaning
to
punishment
Council
Borough
declaration
of
is
given on
Councils
"
;
and
illegal,
pressed
candidate.
has
a
the
of
best
whose
candidates
not
are
of
the
and
Guardians,
make
laid
down
being
The
elections.
for Parish
requiredto
scale
no
any
for
of declaration
form
PRACTICES.
the
upon
we
thingswhich
"
done
prevent, whether
words,
absolute
the
to
such
only to County Council
have
of
avoidance
which
said, the average
voters, but
arbitraryrules,are
intentions in the
enthusiasm
political
in
assistinga
woman
or
to
corrupt
in
restrictions,almost
world
is
a
or
untempered by
on
the
with
by law, and
canvasser
be
be
must
man
regard
laid down
honestly
dis-
to
illegal
practicestands
an
footing. Certain
Legislature
honestlyor
engaged
one
every
the
practicesdeclared
to
fairlyclear conception with
different
nature
to
in other
As
inducements
a
to
home
be
136.
now
is determined
shall
indictment
corrupt practice within
a
Councils, Boards
those
page
come
on
guilty
be
corrupt perjury,and
as
elections,
ILLEGAL
We
be
shall
falselyhe
and
reference
expenses,
expenditurein
to
if he
Act.
Councils, District
London
deemed
be
provisionhas
Town
wilful
for
tioned
men-
declaration
and
return
is
as
excuse
illegalpractice,and
an
thereof
conviction
on
said
declaration
said
the
the
make
guilty of
be
shall
he
makes
liable to the
and
fails to
Act
Council.)
authorised
such
without
candidate
EXPENSES.
worker,
technical
I
2
116
knowledge,
convenient
It will be
1."
be
to
PAYxMENT
promoting
be
election,
of
in
at
municipal
a
as
to
party
a
of
contravention
the
carriages,or
or
be allowed
may
in pursuance
for payment
either before,
such
making
person
from
or
;
contract
or
horses
to
any
such
this
Act,
is
knowingly
payment
contract
or
receiving
j^rson
any
knowing the
contract,
shall
after
during, or
also
be
guilty of
practice.
illegal
This
section
agents,from
who
Voters
of course,
prevents
paying for
use
for
conveyances
railwayfares
must
returning,but
and
own
bringing up
or
of any
candidate
his friends'
He
voters.
prohibitedvehicles
no
own
may,
private
be
must
his
elector.
their
pay
a
of
any
very
used.
are
122.)
EXHIBITING
FOR
PAYMENT
(L)
candidate,
distance
of his
careful, however, that
{See page
or
a
going and
make
a
cab
from
come
both
expenses
of
candidate
illegalpractice,and
an
being
or
be
to
same
an
guilty of
payment
a
of
otherwise
of this section
municipal election,the
such
hiring
exception
payment
in contravention
be
any
shall,for the purpose
of electors
conveyance
the
for
to such
of this Act, if any
2."
the
railway fares, or
(2.) Subject
shall
by
VOTERS.
OF
for payment
contract
Illegal
"
account
for
a
an
candidate.
the
CONVEYANCE
or
poll whether
made
of
agent
those
if committed
procuring the election of
or
made
on
of
joys
first with
election
THE
payment
deal
to
an
an
FOR
(1.) No
of
avoid
which
held
person
all the
in
party
suit.
expensive law
Practices
his
land
may
No
promoting
election, be
payment
or
made
or
contract
procuring
"
the
for
election
BILLS
OR
payment
shall, for the
of
a
candidate
NOTICES.
at
a
purpose
municipal
117
to
elector
an
notice,
or
address, bill,or
(2.) Subject
of this Act, if any
made
municipal election,the
a
shall
be
such
guilty of
payment
be
to
same
any
either before,
such
any
such
of this
Act,
to
party
knowingly
is
during, or after
payment
contract
or
receiving
person
any
knowing
contract,
also
be
ordinary business
of
shall
the
guilty of
illegalpractice.
an
as
ordinary
notices
in
or
Any payment
made
in
where
the
the
law
PAYMENT
such
for that
of
return
illegal
an
an
election
return
as
EXCESSIVE
of
case
advertising
an
ordinarybusiness
one
entered
be
may
in
expenses
be
be
contests
made.
COMMITTEE
OF
NUMBER
into.
of course,
must,
to
in
Assistance
except in the
purpose
requiressuch
FOR
in the
made
be
to
contest.
postingbills,"c.,
for
deemed
business
on
poster. With
bill
arrangements
included
the
unrewarded,
carries
who
person
with
be
must
be
not
ments,
advertise-
paid for showing placardsor
be
not
elector, if
such
elector
an
of this section.
meaning
connection
this direction
agent,
the
elector may
An
with
contract
or
of business, shall
course
practice within
any
to
payment
a
bills and
for payment
to exhibit
advertising agent
an
it is the
where
that
(3.) Provided
3."
of
in pursuance
for payment
making
contravention
in
be allowed
illegalpractice,and
a
address,
any
exhibition
the
may
contract
or
person
an
being
or
as
of this section
in contravention
of
;
exception
payment
of
house, land,
of any
use
exhibition
account
on
notice
such
to
the
for
building,or premises
bill, or
of the
account
on
ROOMS.
(1.) No
purpose
a
On
of
payment
promoting
or
of any
by
one
this
Act
committee
committee
(that
room
payment
prociiringthe election
municipal election, be made
account
for
contract
or
the
candidate
at
a
"
room
is to
of
shall, for
in
saj'),if
for the
excess
the
of the number
election
borough, and
is
for
if the
allowed
a
borough,
election
is
118
for
ward,
a
of
number
electors
thousand,
electors
(2.) Subject
of this
made
during,
after
or
shall
knowing
the
be
also
Committee
Rooms
see
Any
'payment is made
happens
during
that
uncomfortable
for
to
be
made
only be
if his
whether
he
an
either
a
is
before,
making
party
contravention
down
scale
a
of
hired
be
may
committee
law
to
be
hired
such
any
such
to
any
of
this Act,
number
the
in
of
municipal
a
used
if
kindly
generous
loan."
"
demand
such
for
point
must
out
on
illegal
practice
has
candidature
successful
receiver liable to
a
or
of the
It
loan
that
candidate
and
payment
is sold
rooms
have
an
sation
compenis bound
if it should
would
not
part, making his election,
successful, voidable, and
defeated, renderingboth
fine of "100
no
it must
of
lenders
payment,
his
been
A
an
occasionally
subsequently demanding
of
way
but
refreshment
freelyoffered.
Some
election is
if necessary,
difficulties arise out
the
for which
rooms
premiseswhere
even
beyond
room
for the
committee
be
that
their
resist any
being
in
suance
pur-
payment
practice,and
illegal
an
a
election.
an
person
for
can
used,
be
not
must
election, the
in
46.
by
remembered
section
be
thousand
illegalpractice.
an
illegalpractice.Extra
be
for
this
to
which
page
allowed
or
or
two
two
contract
guilty of
every
allowed
be
may
of
payment
lays
payment
number
be
same
guilty of
section
"
shall
receiving
This
election
municipal
a
such
contract,
payment
two
thousand.
two
as
contravention
in
contract
or
person
if any
Act,
knowingly
exception
such
to
said
the
of
part
if the
exceeds
for
room
incomplete
above
and
over
ward
or
committee
and
electors
borough
such
in
and
ward,
the
for
room
additional
one
thousand
payment
committee
one
on
conviction
giver and
before
the
119
magistrates,besides incapacityto
at
vote
election
any
for five years.
4."
EXCESS
IN
PAYMENT
Councils
Act,
by
on
or
before, during,
or
of the
or
conduct
is to
The
in
not
of
sum
of
ward
or
of
hundred
electors.
candidate
in
acts
no
expense
shall
of
be
may
suance
purbe
election, whether
an
in
or
respect
that
election, save
maximum
or
for
and
paid
in
the
expense
following; (that
amount
if the
five
each
of
of electors
number
hundred,
elector
of
agent
contravention
section
page
41) for the
the
candidate
a
this
additional
an
above
or
first
person
be
shall
section
in
five
who
guilty
of
an
Alderman
of
an
election
the
of
expenditure {see
councillors
the scale
Common
a
"40
may
be
In the
case
Common
in the
City
Hall
if
incurred, and
to
need
absolutelyforbids
offices of
here
in
be
pointed
election
any
Mayor
Assessor
is dealt
thereon
or
a
election
Councilman.
expenses
Alderman,
borough.
or
No
with
out
a
poll be
"250.]
generalquestionof expenditureand
all that
County
to
appliesto the
is increased
maximum
joint candidature
Revising
of
by liverymen in
the
demanded
election
London
and
of
expense
scale
a
Councils.
Town
and
down
lays
[In the City of
for the
in
account
sum
exceeds
threepence
This
page
at
such
a
allowed
illegalpractice.
Councils
of
councillor
of the
excess
amount
an
As
of
be
and
paid
election, on
an
a
may
candidate
a
management
borough
knowingly
an
of
behalf
after
be
shall
as
twenty-five pounds, and,
(2.)Any
also
Town
and
say).
the
of
exception
sum
no
election
an
incurred
such
to
of this
inciured
of
(County
only).
(1.) Subject
case
MAXIMUM
OF
the effect
on
is that
on
a
another
the
Act
candidature
Elective
election
Auditor,
or
campaign
120
therefore, be
can,
in
going
set
connection
with
such
offices.
the
On
to
for Parish
elections
Guardians
of
far
so
in his
London
the
declares
the Act
The
authorised
have
by
no
got
means
commandments,
candidate
his
dealt
or
his
with
from
a
didate's
can-
of
one
by
any
election.
But
we
of the electoral table of
the end
of
if broken
which,
and
knowledge
by
a
invalidates
consent
votes
person
any
induces
or
vote
is
prohibited,whether
a
this
by
that
Provided
committed
Persons
be
a
avoided,
without
who
his
are
for
any
of which
employed.
usual
they
are
unknown
by paid
in
he
that
or
such
person
Act, from
not
be
vote
A
voting
liable,
at
and
for
about
payment
would
candidate
workers
for
section
consent.
in the election in
they
shall
nor
this
illegalpractice under
that
paid employees
excuse
shall
employed
not
person
illegalpractice.
an
knowledge
may
any
procures
other
any
candidate
municipal election
warn
or
election, he shall be guilty of
his election
or
municipal election,knowing
to
such
at
PERSONS.
PROHIBITED
BY
If
not
practices
election.
5._VOTIXC4
to
of
Act,
limited
is not
are,
breach
a
singleone
a
with
jeopardisethe
to
the
important to bring before
the most
helper may
Such
illegal.
or
of workers, because
minds
for Boards
keeps clear
he
all
at
Councils.
candidate
a
corrupt
prohibitionsjust
point of view,
Councils,or
general provisionsof
the law is concerned
as
apply
not
Borough
expenditure,provided that
which
the
District
or
for
or
fall under
elections
but
hand, the section does
other
must
not
vote,
respect
do
as
this offence, which
municipal elections,is
lack
of
a
well
the
is
knowledge
122
this Act,
by
payment,
in
be
this
by
first
coach
a
wont
were
the
were
to drive
to
of which
means
section
in
person
Parliament
this
introduced, those
four
for
arrange
the law
the
to
through
friendly
"
set at defiance.
was
from
prevents money
respect
of
expenditure
and
provided by mysterious friends, or,
ofEenders
previously
exception, such
an
upon
purposes
of Parliament
"
be
been
such
illegalpayment.
legal restrictions
assistance
have
may
to
in any
expended
money
same
this Act
enjoyed attempts
Acts
By
of
for election
money
the
of
pursuance
guilty
When
who
replacing any
where
except
allowed
shall
for
or
being
least, subjects
at
penaltiesattending an
illegal
payment.
8."
MAKING
USE
(1.)
of the
A
other
other
or
horse,
other
or
for the
be
(2.) A
the
horse,
and
other
other
this
section
keeps
same,
or
or
for
uses
the
or
purpose
lets,lends, or employs such carriage,
that
it is intended
of electors
this
animal
being
let to
electors
to
or
them
to
shall
per.son
for any
without
or
to
from
be
the
or
or
from
or
the
the
the
used
poll,
or
the
cost,
promise
pollat
an
purpose,
for
carriage,horse,
used
the
by
an
elector,
of
purpose
or
veying
con-
poll.
be liable to pay
reason
for that
is prohibited
illegalhiring.
hired, employed,
joint
purpose
carriage,
thereof
owner
a
from
poll any
employ
or
for the
use
prevent
carriage by
payment
to
or
knows
shall
or
from
or
guilty of
Act
their
at
to
let, lend,
to
in
of electors
carriage,
he
(3.) Nothing
licence
used
which
so
(4.) No
a
any
he
electors
shall be
him
the
drawing
hire, borrow,
he
several
or
of
animal
does
if he
horse
conveyance
shall not
person
by
municipal
a
guilty of illegal
hiring.
conveyance
or
poll,at
purpose
any
which
of the
the
the
hackney carriage,or
for
if he
for
employ
or
from
or
animal, knowing
purpose
shall
of
animal
to
or
used
or
for hire, and
lettingout
he
of electors
kept
CONVEYANCES.
let, lend,
not
public stage
any
animal
horse,
PROHIBITED
shall
person
conveyance
election,
of
OF
any
only
duty
of such
of pa3-ment
election.
or
to
take
out
carriage being
for the
conveyance
123
candidate
A
of voters
conveyance
but
he
to
his
use
may
private conveyances
can
be
induced
section
The
for
on
cab
at
his
several
cost
own
instance,charter
or
from
away
of
such
vote.
A
Act
so
fly and
a
it.
Nor
class
he is not
guiltyof
the loan
of
to
But
up in it
out
beforehand
be lent to him
take
they
that
one
not,
for
the
poll
to
to
up
which
unless
the
he
does
within
does
a
cars,
people
come
uses
it for
that the horse is one
not
the
mean
merely
that
of
would
he
can
kept for letting
in
question,he
knowledge
to
escape
do
vehicle
any
bringingup
is called
matter
his want
He
is
that
motor
protects him, but
if the
prove
fly for
offence,if,for instance,being offered
an
evil consequences.
sure
law
knowing
hire.
will have
the
any
poll,and
must
offence
fact that
didate,
can-
hiringa
the
conveyances
carriageand horse,he
a
without
on
of the
a
yard proprietor,or
to
an
day.
poll,of
or
vehicles, "c., prohibited. This
ignorance of
voters
uses
commit
not
knowledge
of
that
out
who
cab
hires
horses
or
candidate
who
one
by
from
from
or
voters
cab
a
who
kept for letting
candidate
take
may
conveyances
prohibitsdoes
with
the
persons
use
voter
join in hiring a
livery stable keeper, or
lend
to
whether
and
the
animal
or
him
take
friend
a
from
or
prohibita
not
to
may
But
to
116),
his election
on
the
purpose,
other
prevents the
out
vehicle
any
It does
voters
purpose.
set
him
to
conveying electors
hire.
out
them
above
or
hackney carriage,
for that
waggons
belonging to
lend
to
poll {see page
private conveyances,
farm
any
the
for
payment
any
from
or
own
or
carriages,
motors,
make
not
may
from
well,therefore,to make
and
safelyuse.
animal
offered
to
12-4
Where
which
conveyance
is
being used
to
candidate
a
written
give
which
its
Such
to
use
notice
offendingside
it has
that
state
bring up
voters
is claimed
Warning by
the
objectingside
is,of
use.
It
when
voters
vehicle
reasons
a
it need
be
to
a
illegal.
being brought
prohibitedconveyances,
to
from
cab
a
e.g.,
in any
is
enough,
such
the
within
obviouslyis
Beyond
subsequent
give any
or
the
to
and
preferable,
for
copy
to
unnecessary
is
upon
be
not
of mouth
notice
preserve
clearlyand
in
veyance
con-
grounds
is essential.
word
written
should
course,
are
which
which
and
legalefficacy,
for obvious
the
object the bringing home
knowledge
but
candidate
identifyexactly the
should
particularform.
any
be desirable
the
to
that
prohibition
may
to, and
the
no
above
facts
should
for its
has
the
of the
notice
referred
believe
to
opponent'sbehalf,it
notice
The
question.
grounds
falls within
his
on
has
notice
poll in
the
a
class of
bearing a registration
tablet.
9."
CORRUPTLY
PROCURING
WITHDRAWAL
OF
CAN-
A
DIDATE.
Any
person
in
to
withdraw
consideration
guilty
of
of
of
who
person
no
from
being
of any
or
and
inducement
such
or
or
candidate
a
payment
illegalpayment,
any
procures
at
promise
other
any
municipal election,
a
of payment,
shall be
withdrawing, in
person
procurement,
shall
also
be
suance
pur-
guilty
illegalpayment.
It sometimes
are
corruptly induces
anxious
means
to
happens
avoid
uncommon,
a
party wire pullersto
by
which
rival
contested
at any
for
each
that
meet
side nominates
partiesor
election, and
Council
in Town
rate
and
an
candidates
come
to
an
it is
by
elections
arrangement
agreed number
of
can-
125
who
didates
to be
seat
be
go in without
to
are
unlawful
nothing
be in this way
may
nothing in
the
of
withdrawal
permitted,all
Rich
candidates
made
be
one
must
of
the
the
kind
might obviously arise.
sometimes
be
circumstances
of?
selves
put them-
to
"
ofT.
buy
to
tempted
bought
such
while
induce
to
anything
enabled
to
under
government
If
seems
another, there
payment
might
in order
forward
tive
Representawould
be
not
representative.
very
10."
be
ones
poor
for
of evils
sorts
would
and
opposition,
of
candidate.
a
bargain,but
a
bartered
shape
were
"
in such
There
contest.
a
No
(L)
engaged
is to
say,)
:
may
be
part
of
of
the
Board
for Parish
and
of
number
every
for
follows
(that
issued
and
section
carrying
in
to
the
engaging
or
such
person
incomplete
the
employed
two
as
said
two
clerks
and
and
in each
by
pollingstation.
the
Local
Government
speciallyin
elections
Guardians.]
shall
course
exception
person
is
apply
not
effect
into
of this section, either
above
is restricted
ordinary
such
;
in
additional
one
be
employed
Orders
of electors
and
may
exceeding
electors and
over
capacity
be
may
this
for
person
persons
of this Act, if any
person
curing
pro-
payment
as
not
number
thousand
electors
Councils
that
employed,
thousand
polling agents
District
(2.) Subject
the
of
promise
if the
two
in either
Election
Under
any
for
such
or
employment
with
exceeds
thousand
a
Provided
or
or
municipal election, be
a
or
be
may
ward, and
or
pollingagent
and
at
promoting
capacity whatever, except
employed
messengers,
"
of
purpose
payment
persons
ward
or
thousand,
[N.B.
for
any
borough
borough
(h) One
the
"
number
a
in
or
purpose
PAYMENT.
candidate
a
employed
or
for
of
election
any
A
shall, for
person
the
(o)
FOR
EMPLOYMENT
ILLEGAL
as
a
to
contract
may
be
fide made
shall
allowed
in
employed
or
before, during, or
employing
engagement
bona
of business.
engaged
him
any
be
after
an
guilty
suance
pur-
in
travention
con-
election,
of
illegal
126
engaged
so
person
if he
guilty of illegalemploj'ment
be
(3.) A
or
may
be
not
may
This
be
for
elector, but
an
knew
for
employed
that
he
engaged
was
not
may
this
under
payment
regulatesthe class
section
may
legallyemployed
person
shall also
employed
or
of this Act.
in contravention
employed
or
who
the
and
employment,
section
vote.
and
number
of persons
candidate
in
payment
by
that
section excepts payments
a
a
municipal election.
It should
made
to
Thus
business.
a
observed
be
person
a
candidate
who
billposter,
master
placards. There
an
if
and
agreed sum,
the
by
not
PAYMENT
of
purpose
a
may
of his
ordinary course
make
can
engage
delivery by
number
be
the
with
contract
a
to
persons
post up
hand
of persons
done
should
paid
are
through
persons
of addresses
for that
for
contractor
a
be
or
an
him
employed by
candidate.
FOR
(1.) No
at
the
a
the
nothing unlawful, either, in making
It should
purpose.
11."
is
for
agreement
notices,even
and
in
a
the
OF
MARKS
payment
or
promoting
or
for
contract
made
election
shall,
of
ribbons,
of
other
or
the
for
candidate
a
of bands
account
on
cockades,
payment
the
procuring
municipal election, be
torches, flags, banners,
DISTINCTION.
music,
of
marks
distinction.
(2.) Subject
of
in
made
after
of
an
this
to
payment
exception
Act,
if any
contravention
of
election, the
illegalpayment,
contract
such
or
Payment
knew
that
for bands
cockades, ribbons, or
this
such
the
of
other
same
a
shall also
was
made
in
suance
puris
payment
before, during,
payment
being
payment
for
contract
section, either
person
allowed
be
may
or
making
any
receiving such
if he
payment
person
and
as
shall
party
be
to
or
be
guilty
any
such
guilty of illegal
contrary
to
law.
music, torches, flags,banners,
marks
of distinction
is for-
127
The
for
somehow
banners,
who
in
whoever
pays,
The
"hat
cards"
The
been
intended.
hat card
a
was
election
the
A
card
held
to
AND
NAME
ON
and
"
be
the cards
void.
found
was
of
the
bear
posted,
to
and
bear
any
such
upon
the
publisher
summary
widely
were
have
to
harmless, but
and
distinction,"
Fifty-eightshillings
PRINTER
face
AND
PUBLISHER
face
causing
thereof
if
he
he
is
conviction
to
is
the
a
a
;
to
the
and
be
poster
and
address
printing,
person
aforesaid, Avhich
as
address
candidate,
of
the
guilty of
shall
exceeding
not
municipal
a
printed, published, or
candidate, be
fine
to
name
any
and
name
the
not
reference
thereof
thereof
bill,placard, or
publisher, shall, if
practice,
the
posting, or
and
the
sufficient to upset it.
OF
upon
printer and
publishing, or
with
PLACARDS.
AND
shall
be
of
some
for James."
"Vote
mark
a
those
for
18s.
candidate,
Every bill,placard, or poster having
election
careful
"2
in itself would
ADDRESS
BILLS
how
liamentar
Par-
a
hats, as, indeed, appears
declared
was
expended
incorrectly
12."
"
the purpose,
in their
voters
the
of
out
arose
agent paid
Swifts
up
Convenientlyshaped for
by
flags,or
hit the person
to
as
Walsall, shows
portraitof
the
injunctions"Play
worn
torches, or
which
case,
be.
responsibleshould
bearing
must
someone
in its literal construction,
drawn
so
prohibited.
he be.
election at
cards
for
taken
is
is not
But
payment.
rosettes, and
or
things
materials
the
of Parliament
Act
such
giftof
consists
offence
pay
the
free
The
bidden.
be
one
fails
printer
illegal
an
liable
on
hundred
pounds.
In order
at
to
prevent scurrilous
elections.Parliament
placardand poster
"
has
or
libellous
provided
shall bear
upon
that
its face
publications
"
every
(1) the
bill,
name
128
and
address
(2) the
The
is
Act
"
as
followed
; for
instance,
publishedby.
"
issued
the
and
and
of the
the
necessarily
mistake
a
some
same
is made
one
by
then
giving
else
as
the
given in respect
are
full address
also appear
publishermust
or
address
words
address, and
names
printingand publishing,the
printed and
the
to
is not
candidate,
different
publisher. If
"
publisher.
printer'sfull
too,
Occasionally,
of
only
name
the
by
"
words
adhere
to
name
insertingthe printer's
the
printerand
if the
by
It is advisable
appear.
the
with
complied
published by
Act
both
of
of both
in order
printer
with
comply
to
of
the directions in the Act.
13."
PROHIBITED
PREmSES
OR
ROOMS
consumption
of
members
the
election
hires
of
uses
of this
he
permitting
it
section,
shall
or
such
part
with
any
or
that
premises
offices
or
part
refreshment
be
is
of
separate
the
is sold
or
any
premises, or on
drink) is ordinarily
association, or
or
to
and
part thereof
such
supplied
of
any
procuring
or
meeting,
used
if any
either
person
in contravention
premises
the same,
use
of
is
part
any
of
a
any
of
use
the
person
part thereof,
or
in contravention
of this
illegal
hiring.
this
section
ordinarilylet
of
of
off the
promoting
municipal election, be
a
shall
for the
public meetings
entrance
premises
or
sale
guiltyof illegalhiring,and
guilty
holding
a
at
nothing in
which
the
has
the
the
intoxicating liquor
any
premises
intended
also
Provided
of such
COIDHTTEE
premises, or
for holding
shall be
if he knew
was
or
for
(whether food
where
or
such
any
on
not, for the purpose
letting
or
the
on
room
section
kind
candidate
a
committee
or
FOR
licensed
are
club, society,or
a
premises, shall
a
USED
consumption
premises
such
as
for
of any
refreshment
(6) Any
to
"which
premises
intoxicatingliquor
sold for
BE
MEETINGS.
(o) Any
which
TO
on
supplied
and
which
as
no
apply
purpose
or
of
direct
any
aforesaid.
to
any
part
of chambers
arbitrations, if
communication
intoxicatingliquor
130
publicmeetingsand
communication
[Note.
with
other
premiseswhich
district,or within
is made
to
meetings
of the
generalrule
does
exception,however,
elections,at which
the
the
Elementary Schools
grant is forbidden.
The
of school
use
is not
purposes
times
be
would
they
the
use
receive
from
on
extended
not
committee
room
seeingthat
the
to
legaldifficulties
election
occupied by
Committee
Parliamentary
a
any
recommended,
be
held
be
as
prohibitionis
premises for
to
County Council
to
therefore
which
municipal elections,but apart
the
application
the
Act.]
elections
Parliamentary
of
rooms
by
concession
This
case
extend
not
sanitary
operate hardly. The
should
meetings can
no
premisesforbidden
In
in
doubt
licensed
on
urban
an
of London.
County
rural districts,
no
to
them
the
situate in
not
are
held
be
may
Rural
and
Councillors
of Parish
elections
At
"
direct
without
separate entrance
a
prohibitedpart.
Councillors
District
or
has
most
at
and
children
their
teachers.
14. "AVOIDANCE
OF
ILLEGAL
OF
Where
municipal
by
the
the
upon
election
for
that
payment, employment,
election
at
that
for the
have
reasonably supposed
the
election
and
the
be
void, and
shall
court
election
he
to
of
such
shall
or
of
ward
the
promoting
offences
of
extensively prevailed that
have
affected
report
such
candidate,
i-esult of
the
finding
if he
not, during the
to
has
period
of
reference
election
the
been
for
a
it is found
borough,
in
hiring,committed
of
so
petition respecting
election
an
illegalpi-acticesor
or
purpose
election,
of
borough
a
clectioir court
"c.
PRACTICES,
trial
VALENCE
PRE-
EXTENSIVE
FOR
ELECTION
a
to
may
be
election,
Court,
High
elected,
which
such
oandidatfi
they
that
illegal
he
shall
was
131
elected
to
capable
said
serve,
of
being elected
to
elected, he
holding any
or
section, which
Court
on
the
operates only
trial of
petition,
opens
a
to
Parliamentarycontests.
in
corruption
is shown
to have
of
essence
of
the way
At
applied
all elections where
general
of those
independent
voters."
corruptionwas
shown
By
the evils
section
by
re-election
if
are
any
who
has
shown
aSected."
from
their action.
he
strenuously
avail him
warn
innocent
an
without
even
that
"
any
"c.,
which
free and
general
nection
con-
any
on
we
the
knowledge
have
justdealt
existence
his side
to suppress
it is
his
result of the election
to
a
candidate
of any
ought
illegal
take
to
dissociate himself
Apparently,however,
nothing if
capacit
suffer in-
and
circumstances
offenders and
endeavours
candidate
committed
extensively
so
suspect the
payments,
stepsto
had
lose his seat
been
Under
to
reason
out
the Act
have
whatever
person
practicesor
immediate
to
he
and
successful
prevailed,the
set
may
has been
may
above
practices
contrary to
with
"
where
not
days
pockets
as
now,
or
old
complained of.
municipal election
for
the
as
have
their
address
to
Then,
to
in
The
unfettered
in the
whom
lost his seat, whether
the
be annulled.
may
hands
tongues in their cheeks, loved
with
intimidation
electoral system is the free and
our
mode
a
is not
existed,the election
candidates, perhaps, with
a
the
finding
up
or
briberyor treating
uncorrupted choice
candidate
the
upon
a
municipalelection,which
invalidating
at
office in
corporate
of
and
served, be
have
may
borough.
This
of the
if
for which,
or
no
the
illegality,
persistedin
how
matter
to
efforts
extent
an
K
2
132
which
aftects
is obtainable
74)
page
result.
the
the
On
by
the
Act
RELIEF
law,
the
(a)
Court
for
other
of any
a
of
And
under
that
the
omission
of the
of
any
be
to
would
person
stringencyof
Accidents
it may
breach
of the
the code
said
law
agent
this section
for
and
hiring;
or
from
or
reasonable
from
arise
has
or
hiring, and
subject
or
cause
want
any
that
by
the
same
said
any
he
just
should
this
of the
Act
allowing
of
such
this
illegalpractice,
thereupon
to
to
provisions
an
such
of the
candidate,
consequences
omission.
virtually admits
best
When
the
in electoral matters.
managed
inadvertence
occurred.
iu the
of them,
order
the
it has laid down
in
any
an
from
the
Court
under
make
maj'
act
given
the
to
consequences
make
be
been
person,
Parliament
happen
be found
of the
or
shall not
section
may
not
seems
exception
otherwise
agent,
this Act
municipa
fit ;
seems
it
the
an
emploj^ment,
this
case
or
but
other
some
did
a
of any
inadvertence
applicationhas
Court
payment,
or
in any
omission, the Court
or
to
in contravention
being
from
for
or
circumstances
to
Court
seems
as
at
borough,
a
of
arose
candidate, agent and
said
High
and
the
to
the
Act, which
and
and
notice
subject
act
By
of
reason
omission
or
faith ;
as
the
candidate
a
ward
miscalculation,
borough
or
provided
LAW.
evidence
provisions of this Act, be
act
such
(c) That
under
of
would, by
like nature,
good
be
a
technical
a
THE
to
such
court, by
borough, or
a
person,
accidental
act
it is shown
omission
or
of the
such
(h) That
of
of
are
is
OF
illegalpractice,paj'ment, employment,
an
{see
"
act
any
election
said
been
BREACHES
election
suflficient
That
not
has
of escape
way
applicationmade,
on
municipal
a
or
offences
19
character.
there
INADVERTENT
Where,
to
the
section
(Sec. 20) :"
FOR
or
limited
limited
a
under
when
hand, where
other
of the
breach
only
and
trivial,
unimportant
Relief
some
this is
contests,
technical
so,
if the
133
guilty person
Court
has
reliance had
the
or
Court
of
free from
section
the
was
relief
the
placed upon
of
cause
is, like
the
other
of exoneration
power
practices,because
inadvertence
the
legal process,
not
of costs.
The
respect of corrupt
in
is
inadvertence
much
too
lapse. Moreover,
disagreeableaccompaniment
givesno
the
sins
as
provision,
genuine
the
most
his
sinner,but
satisfied that
be
to
be
not
confess
to
the
exonerate
better
has
mistake
process
to
power
Court
the
to
goes
incompatible
with
corruption.
The
against which candidates
remainingirregularity
be
Councils
(forCounty Councils and Town
only) must
on
and
their
is in connection
guard
declaration
of election
Section
of
21
Councils
County
the
and
SENDIXG
IN
councillor
on
such
at
of
and
all expenses
after the
an
payment
on
of
account
shall
if not
FOR
PAYMENTS
candidate
as
under
made
in
not
be
of
sent
in
this Act
contravention
by
paid
ment
manageafter
within
any
the
nor
this
section,
21
days
who
person
payment
the
candidate,
shall
reason
of this
only
made
was
he
be
of
section.
be
shall
such
subject
such
guilty
without
of
election
to
payment
the
paid,
not
of this section,except where
if such
void,
be
or
and
barred
be
any
election
an
days
14
otherwise, and
provided by
of
within
shall
at
conduct
of the
in, shall
aforesaid
not
a
of
respect
candidate
respect
sent
in contravention
connivance
shall
be
election, and
is allowed
or
in
or
in
person
any
behalf
so
as
illegal
practice,but
sanction
been
or
incurred
of
day
payment
of
to
regards those
As
MAKING
against
by
election, and
a
Councils.
AND
election
day
makes
elections
only applies to
"
claim
incurred
expenses
a
return
payment,
EXPENSES.
(L) Every
of
Act
CLAIMS
ELECTION
the
expenses.
Town
elections,it provides:
with
any
the
such
capacity
in-
having
134
of
(2.)Every agent
shall, within 23 days
the
on
candidate
in
of
account
election, and
to
fine not
a
28
candidate
at
of
return
account
in
or
vouched
by
the
the
made
in this
sit
Act,
who
perBon
(5.) If the
for wilful
deemed
be
to
(6.) The
was
held,
the
or
in
and
section, and
payment
be
declaration,
therein,
has
of such
by
bills
on
tion,
elec-
stating
declaration
a
set
(in
this
forth
in the
such
return
not, until
Act
referred
expenses),
if he
does
sits
so
to
he
has
as
the
the
until
or
is mentioned
as
excuse,
he
which
making
shall
elected,
such
shall
so
forfeit
vote^
or
authorised
to
excuse
the said return
shall
indictment,
and
High Court,
any
is
as
declaration
candidate
return
sent
to
of
the
that
either
by
be
to
expense
or
any
town
a
of
paid
shall
sum
so
Act.
the
any
be
election
cation
appli-
on
claim
limited
this
by
forthwith
be
to
after
clerk.
failure
them,
reason
time
after
also
of this
court, may,
the
paid
ment
punish-
shall
which
creditor, allow
the
applies to
the
offence
in
the
to
meaning
election
an
or
liable
such
district
the
for
court
be
the
corrupt practicewithin
arisen
for
corrupt perjury, and
a
or
his agents
or
form
a
like effect.
time
without
on
and
shows
clerk
same.
(7.) If the candidate
court, and
viction,
con-
illegalpractice,and if he knowingly makes
falselyhe shall be guilty of an offence, and
of the
any
of such
an
county
either
sent
a
if
fails to make
thereof
conviction
the
on
candidate
declaration
said
the
the
council, and
day
the
guiltyof
shall be
agent
town
20s.) by
the
authorised
such
in the
vote
for
under
respecting election
of
the
to
accompanied
declaration
in this Act
mentioned
to
councillor
a
management
or
sums
to
or
of
candidate
justicein
a
candidate,
for every
sues
of
case
before
and
or
such
by
election
send
such
by
receipts,and
allowance
fiftypounds
on
in the
declaration
the
of
date
return
a
management
liable,on summary
of
day
shall
expiration of
the
councillor
a
or
be
conduct
of the
made
return
and
return
he
incurred
declaration, the
and
the
election
of this Act,
(4.) After
shall
such
(except
Schedule
Fourth
incurred
conduct
do
to
so
after
respect
candidate
all expenses
of the
of
election
an
of election, make
day
days
particulars and
the
of
at
exceeding fiftypounds.
all expenses
of
the
respect
fails
if he
(3.) Within
every
after
writing
in
or
candidate
a
to
or
of his
or misconduct
absence, death, illness,
Court
High
any
error
illness
of any
or
or
and
return
false
absence,
agent, clerk,
election
an
said
the
make
or
or
statement
or
of
the
or
officer,
135
by
of inadvertence,
reason
and
by
not
applicant,the
oil
court
of the
and
court
for
excuse
an
error
false
or
court
failure
the
(8.) The
order
into
the
this Act
be
terms
the
from
otherwise
to
as
authorised
the
declaration,
or
cation,
appli-
in the
declaration, or
for
the
to
as
complied with,
the
date
the
town
be
the
during
as
of
months
12
the
sent
order.
the
and
t"rms
are
plies
applicant fully com-
ance
of the allow-
the date
next
any
part thereof, at
the
expiration
after
shall
they
price of
for
2d.
all
received
are
of the
furnish
demand,
shall, on
the
at
payment
on
this
of
pursuance
person
any
clerk
town
in
his office,and
at
kept
inspectionby
to
and
shilling,
copies of, or
be
shall
clerk
opened
declaration
and
retm-n
times
one
Act
under
consequences
the
which
at
order
the
if conditions
or
in this
to
and
by
for
shall
excuse.
(10.) The
reasonable
excused
upon
calculated
seems
liabilityor
order,
is referred
them,
court
this Act,
of
any
date
conditional
allowance
the
matters
the
by him,
and
and
retxu-n
return
to
as
objects
of
to
stated
allowing
for
the
make
of the
respect
of the
fee of
such
applicant
in
with
Act
in such
may
effect
(9.) The
to
such
make
statement
with
compliance
reUeve
order
such
to
applicant
part of the
application and
the
grounds
like nature,
just.
seems
can-ying
of the
faith
good
a
the
on
of
notice
of the
evidence
of
cause
faith
good
sueh
after
fit,make
seems
of
want
may,
of such
production
the
of any
reason
reasonable
of any
or
72
every
words,
(11.)
clerk
if the
The
In
After
candidate
14
must
Within
election
is
as
town
destroyed,or,
to him.
same
follows
:
"
Council
Town
or
elections
be
21
expenses
in the conduct
incurred
election ;
not
the
return
be
to
the
days after day of election all claims must
in for expenses
of the
an
require,shall
Council
County
be sent
is
so
months,
12
declaration
and
return
effect of this section
Within
and
the
cause
may
said
the
of
if not
so
in
sent
or
they
are
ment
managebarred
paid.
days
must
after
day
of
be
made
;
practice,and
illegal
if made
election
payment
of
subsequent payment
by
candidate
or
with
13(3
sanction
his
payment
made
is
Within
a
Within
send
must
in
and
days after
send
must
in Town
elections
for
20s.
before
time
made
an
for
for every
"50
FORM
day
at
the
best
or
association,has
or
offered
or
incurred
And
no
or
the
any
of the
any
money,
belief been
of
expenses
conduct
or
as
and
candidate
payment,
any
said
of
in
or
and
paid, advanced,
management
any
on
any
expenses
and
not,
to
club, society,
given,promised,
or
consideration,
respect of the conduct
sincerelydeclare that, except
security, or equivalent for
incurred
for my
valuable
or
the
or
election.
solemnly
myself, or
nor
person,
of
hereby solemnly
aforesaid, I have
office, employment,
account
election
on
agents], do
belief, no
not
penalty of
the
at
,
behalf, made
my
liabilityon
I further
hands
on
reward,
any
management
that, except
knowledge
of my
has
[or ward] of
my
I have
expiration
EXPENSES.
a
[and
paid
,
a
or
so.
ELECTION
borough
or
return
who
under
does
been
the
after the
vote
or
he
having
of
that
a
sit
to
OF
election, and
said
made
out
set
make
to
excuse,
which
on
county
sincerelydeclare
the
those
save
hereunder
candidate
day
the
for
form
making them,
,
councillor
all amounts
and
DECLARATION
OF
"
incurred vouched
illegal
practice;
I,
and
due
is forbidden
them
Clerk,
Town
Justice of the Peace.
a
Failure, without
of the
candidate
;
declaration in the
declaration is
incurred.
Returning Officer
elections to the
by receipted bills
under
to the
of all election expenses
return
(b) A
agent of
of expenses
return
a
Council
Council
County
(a) A
him
6).
(sub-section
election every
of
day
such
unless
"
days after day of election every
28
"
election
direction of the Court
by
23
candidate
avoids
connivance
or
my
given, or
other
behalf
of the
person
on
money,
for
account
said election.
the
anyone
purpose
of
or
in
said,
afore-
knowledge
has to my
deposited by
as
of
to
or
in
defraying
respect of the
INDEX.
PAGE
of
Acceptance
.
.
.
.
60
of
Composition
Criticism
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
"
.
.
62, 67, 68
66
of candidate
.
66
on
67
in
Circulars, Care
Addressing
61, 64
.
62
efficiency
.
Portrait
.
"
with
circulation
of
Mode
.
in
Economy
"
96
of declaration
Form
:
Electors
to
AdcEress
Office
82
Advertising
Election
Agency
in
Agenda
Form
Agent
Attitude
of
102
is an
towards
Bands
52
Meetings
for
Who
:
102
Law
Local
2
Government
126
Music
126
Banners
S3
Bill-posting
Bills and
To
Boards
Ijear
of
for
Payment
Placards:
printer'sand
Guardians
exhibiting
and
publisher'sname
83,
..
address
116
82, 127
-See Guardians.
"
105
Bribery
Candidates
:
Address
60
electors
to
And
organisation
And
workers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
"
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
68
.
.
.
False
report
of
withdrawal,
No
be
"'
Resolutions
at
.
Circulating
121
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
"
"
.
.
.
.
.
28
local
prospective
Questions
.
34
Independent
Must
124
of
Corruptly procuring ^vithdrawal
"
in
Municipal
meetings
of
contests
39
55
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
52
confidence
.
PAGE
Candidature
Canvass
Organisation
and
Cards
.
of
Preparation
:
27
.
71
Marking
79,
Handing
in
81
The
Canvass,
81
70, 72
Canvassers
70
Authorised,
Care
agents
are
enlisting
in
.
Duties
.
74, 75
.
Polling Day
on
74, 103
.
92
.
.
of
Equipment
77,
125
Ideal, The
72
Instructions
74
Practical
hints
Refreshments
77
for
81
Removals
80
.
.
for
Visiting cards
77
they should
What
should
Who
know
76
chosen
be
.
Canvassing
Chairmen
What
:
:
Agenda
Clerical
is
.
73
.
conduct
And
75
.
of
meetings
53
meetings
at
52
Influence
Clerks
and
112
46
Messengers
Scale
Committee
for
.
.
employment
of
46
Rooms
44
Arrangements
45
at
Premises
prohibited
Scale
hire
for
of
46
.
Council
Common
Conveyance
Conveyances
Voters
of
:
of
128
.
City
:
of
Payment
Arrangement
14
London
on
prohibited
Polling Day
Prohibited
Corrupt
Practices
Corrupt
Practices
Bribery
116
93
122
and
illegal Practices
distinguished
101
105
105
PAGE
Practices
Corrupt
False
continued.
"
declaration
of election
expenses
115
Personation
113
Treating
108
Undue
influence
110
.
.
Counting Agents
96
County
Boroughs
9
County
Council
5
Committee
work
.
5
.
Disqualificationfor election
23
Duties
6
Elections
Who
elected
be
may
Declaration
6
.
.
of
of office
acceptance
Election
21
96
136
expenses
Disqualificationfor
Election
:
Councils
County
23
.
.
Guardians
18
.
London
.
Borough
Parish
Councils
Councils
.
Rural
District
18,20
.
Councils
.
Town
Councils
18,20
62
Efficiency
Electorate
Agent
47, 49
None
:
clerk
Skilled
Election
23, 25
District
with
Educating
Election
18,20
.
Councils
Urban
Economy
18, 26
Expenses
in
may
:
Municipal
be
Outline
contests
employed
of
100
100
40, 43
Exceeding
maximum
Failure
to
transmit
declaration
133-136
Failure
to
transmit
return
133-136
Paying
claims
Paying
after
Scale
for
119
barred
133-136
prescribed period
County
and
Town
Council
133-136
41, 119
XI.
PAGE
London
Government
10
Marked
Register
57, 58, 71
Marks
of
Distinction
126
Meetings
47
Advertising
51
agenda
Chairman's
of
conduct
and
Gliairmen
52
53
Educational
49
of
Expenses
50
Interruption
Licensed
53
at
.
.
premises prohibited
50, 128
,
.
Exception
of
Number
130
speakers
51, 53
Organising meetings
Platform
for
51
at
55
Questions
of confidence
Resolutions
of
Time
out
Workers'
56
interrupters
54
meeting
and
74, 104
Clerks
for
Scale
52
meetings
Turning
Messengers
50-54
46
employment
Councils
Borough
Metropolitan
of
46
"
See
London
Borough
"l)ouncil3.
Municipal
Boroughs"
Municipal
Committees
5ee
also
Town
Councils
7, 8
34
Nomination
88
Objections
Papers
:
90
Supplied
free
of
charge
88
Nominators
Objections
One
Man
90
to
One
Nomination
Vote
:
90
in
local
elections
95.
113
PAGE
for
Organisation
Outline
elections
Municipal
sketch
31
Municipal committees
Paid
27
.
34
.
Staff
46
Must
Parish
not
vote
120
Council
2
Disqualificationfor
election
18
Duties
3
Who
Parish
be
may
elected
16
Meeting
2
of
Powers
.
Parochial
Electors
Payment
of
3
.
:
Who
Election
17
are
Expenses
.
.
.
.
133-136
Personation
113
Personation
Agents
95
Personation
Questions
95
Political
and
Polling
Cards
non-Political
Contests
29
84
Collectors
of
88,
of
Form
.
86
.
Polling Day
Poor
Law
91
Union
Printing
and
9
Advertising
82
Estimates
82
.
Public
Meetings
Questions
Rates
:
See
Meetings.
55
of
Corrupt payment
Registers
Relief
"
.
Meetings
at
Ratepayers'
for
For
:
.
who
And
trivial
Residence
28,
may
breach
inadvertent
Resolutions
"
of
:
107
.
Associations
What
57
law
74
of
ditto
Confidence
is
30
vote
.
"
92
.
132
17
62
XIV.
PAGE
Election
Expenses
Returning
Officer's
Charges
Returning
Officer
of
Return
Duties
:
134, 136
..
40
at
nomination
90
District Council
Rural
4
election
for
Disqualification
18
Duties
4
Elections
4
.
Who
"
"
Squibs
.
be
may
elected
19
pollingcards
on
.
Contest
Steps in the
36
Council
Town
7
for
Disqualification
Who
election
.
.
.
be
may
elected
24
Treating
Influence
Urban
District
Who
Council
be
may
7
18, 20
election
.
.
elected
20
Conveyances.
See
"
110
..
for
Disqualification
Voting
108
..
Undue
Vehicles
23, 25
.
8
Elections
Wail
85, 87
.
by Prohibited
Persons
120
.
..
.
91
Sheet
of
Withdrawal
Candidate:
124
Corruptly procuring
False
Women
:
And
As
the
121
of
statement
And
..
..
County
Councils
Municipal Franchise
23
58
.
.
70
canvassers
68
Workers
And
canvassing
Meeting
Refreshments
.
.
.
.
.
70, 72
69, 74, 104
.
for
81
,
.