1. art and entertainment
2. visual art and design
3. drawing

TO
HOW
MAKE
ENT
PAT
DRAWINGS
A
TREATISE
BRIEF
DRAFTING,
PATENT
THE
FOR
STUDENTS,
AND
Patent
USE
OF
DRAFTSMEN
INVENTORS
Drafting Syndicate
Schenectady
Hie
ON
1919
New
York
How
Patent
Make
to
Drawings
A
Brief
Treatise
on
Students,
Patent
Drafting
Draftsmen
and
for
Inventors
By
L.
H.
FULMER
Published
PATENT
by
DRAFTING
SYNDICATE
Schenectady,
1919
N.
Y.
the
Use
of
1919,
COPYRIGHT,
BY
LESTER
SCHENECTADY,
H.
FULMER
N.
Y.
PREFACE
A
great
mechanical
both
regard
of
if
the
to
progressive
and
protect
the
Patent
Draftsmen.
and
made
the
are
information
to
as
the
Patent
Office
I
because
services
to
also
to
he
of
think
fit
the
is
a
inventor
either
so
located
good
451894
man.
to
the
useful,
a
who
desires
be
only
and
not
position
himself
to
good
ing
disclos-
hold
save
as
art,
book
very
to
to
requires
accept
in
a
be
himself
for
will
that
will
secured
issued
skilled
subject
drawings,
own
or
the
but
patent
men
inventions
demand
a
this
In
being
every
rules,
excepting
many
patents
by
this
so
naturally
made
wishing
man
his
expense,
secure
on
draftsman,
make
S.
in
information
Practice."
are
many
is
U.
certain
under
only
so
As
which
drawings
there
there
same,
of
edge
knowl-
my
drawings,
Rules
when
period,
drawings,
"
to
given
Patent
drawing,
on
but
ever
of
S.
II.
discovered
being
have
any,
making
the
course
written
been
architectural,
and
few,
very
have
books
many
unable
to
the
to
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER
PAGE
.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Use
of
13
18
Drawing
the
Drawing
the
Sections
5
Instruments
Penciling
Inking
Materials
and
Instruments
and
Section
25
Lining
28
Outline
Shading
31
Surface
Shading
34
Lettering
the
Drawing
36
37
Sketching
Care
of
Blue
Printing,
Useful
39
Instruments
41
etc
Hints.
43
,
I
CHAPTER
INSTRUMENTS
Introduction.
materials
and
Patent
attempting
Art
stores,
mail
from
if
or
To
seem
instruments
last
lifetime,
a
the
securing
should
drawings
the
on
well
as
have
The
first
list
thumb
paper,
ink),
curve,
In
30"
(with
compass
and
Plate
1
and
pen
(2)
(4)
paper,
triangle,
dividers,
ruling
materials
the
to
a
of
patent
great
extent
those
divided
which
those
drawing
pencil,
pen
have
into
lutely
abso-
are
not
necessary
work.
of
and
I
second
ink,
45"
bow
(medium
tack,
tee-square.
board,
pencil
dividers,
drawing
(pencil
erasers
triangles,
and
illustrates
thumb
(7)
of
certain
consists
tacks,
bar),
pen,
for
tee-square,
of
speed
depends
consisting
and
to
good
beginner
instruments.
and
first
of
instruments
and
accuracy
will
sure
The
using
by
they
as
if
but
always
work.
struments
in-
the
work
so,
is
his
finish
the
the
necessary,
but
the
as
instruments
lists, the
two
in
himself
as
of
quality
The
results
grade,
is not
draftsman
the
hinder
never
inferior
and
best
this
bought
are
draftsman's
in
investment,
expensive
an
the
through
this
starting
most
at
purchased
ordered
be
before
secured
exclusively
just
man
be
class
first
a
be
can
can
dealing
the
may
an
desired,
firms
supplies.
They
ments
instru-
listed
have
make
to
should
they
work.
any
I
chapter
necessary
and
drawing,
good
this
In
"
MATERIALS
AND
and
scale, irregular
point,
bow
and
ening
length-
pencil,
bow
size).
drawing
(5)
45"
board,
(3)
triangle,
ing
draw-
(6)
30"
second,
The
erasing shield,
of
consists
list
quill
crow
proportional
transfer
pen,
pencil pointer, burnisher, cleaning
ruling
dividers,
sheet, stylus,
and
eraser,
small
a
pen.
o
o
o
o
o
k
1
PLATE
Board.
Drawing
board
the
which
on
most
convenient
must
never
that
be
size
The
left hand
other.
and
It is
bottom.
or
%"
long
for
10%"
x
or
edges
at least
the
should
be
corner
generally
used
with
the
x
smooth
be
board
should
short
face,
and
right angles
the
It
18".
adjacent edges
at
The
front
The
sides
it
with
and
board.
is 13"
15y2".
of the
Usually
thick,
%"
should
lar
rectangu-
a
paper.
work
patent
is
of
ways
surface,
four
perfect rectangle,
lower
about
less than
is,the working
flat.
the
the
grain running
board
drawing
is fastened
pine
of white
is made
The
"
fectly
per-
form
a
at the
to
at
each
top
Dr
diving Paper.
with
smooth
a
thickness
the
to
work
patent
three
allowing
firms
point
are
dozen
of
Pencil.
of
too
steel
of
angle
to
piece
a
The
and
be
pressed
all it should
Ink.
and
This
line.
should
be
India
"
in
It
flows
comes
the
on
the
that
freely
in
a
should
ink
bottle
as
a
should
it be
a
be
cil
pento
sharpened
the
lead
and
at
point
rounded
an
ing
draw-
revolving
the
in
it would
cloth
time
it will
and
paper,
be
vertical
the
should
blunt
or
on
nearly
or
lightly.
direction
and
and
sandpaper.
paper
put
of
ings
all draw-
out
and
emery
becomes
held
waterproof
I recommend
ink
be
made
I recommend
drawing
the
on
the
fine needle
; nor
same
the
it
up
the
or
the
at
when
touched
of
by holding
sandpaper
penciling
pencil
should
This
paper.
hard
too
quickly
secured
forth
and
; not
lines.
ent
Pat-
to fasten
laying
removed
away
sharp
of
and
watched
be
wear
point
While
should
be
ing
draw-
secured.
for
surface
hardness.
it back
same.
the
secure
conical
be
pencil
cannot
it will
to
should
of the
inexpensive
very
of
15%",
x
Those
flat head
a
board
with
used
be
For
inking.
board.
good quality
in
when
are
are
quality
of
HHHH
long
They
erasure
soft, as
with
drawing
be
an
tacks
course
15".
x
lines
a
may
12%"
workmen
drawing
best.
The
"
impossible
be
the
indentures
case
a
"
best
should
make
Thumb
of hard
the
their
10"
about
pens
Of
Bristol
cutting
your
furnish
to
the
sheets
the
try
can
paper
piece
in
outside
you
Tacks.
of
Reynolds
have
must
erasures
be
must
white
pure
board.
easily
sheets
comes
usually
Tlfiuinb
the
and
Bristol
more
recommend
margin
a
which
on
one
I
of
which
ply,
sheet
quality the
size
be
surface
equal three-ply
The
made.
must
paper
calendered
the
better
The
"
in
which
is the best
the
market
presents
with
a
a
If
inclined
at
it is moved.
for
this
work,
by Higgins.
perfectly
short
and
so
quill
black
in
the
8
By
stopper.
the
between
should
by adding
thinned
Erasers.
should
few
a
rubber
use
eraser,
the
on
the
take
ink
does
triangles against
name
from
T."
the
stock.
the
stock
longer,
it
as
The
its
of
horizontal
the
and
the
lines
The
tee-square
preferably
use,
of
grasp
the left
against
the
is in
drawn
are
for
the
surface
might by
the
two
parts:
of
hard
a
the
the
blade, and
"T"
is
They
another.
be
lines
of
letter
edge
to
instrument
is that
edge
are
The
of
the
board
of
the
blade.
18"
long
and
edges.
the 'center
near
slide the
straight
one
on
surface
blade.
the
celluloid
edge
an
a
the
should
tee-square
and
as
which
w^ork
with
as
This
part the
inner
edge
of head
of the
head
the
edge of the board, always making sure
the lines would
perfect contact, otherwise
parallel.
and
45"
Triangles.
"
for
grit
answer
the
but
shape
along
this
wood
hand,
little
very
drawing
part
vertical
the
for
joined together at right angles to
stock
is placed against the working
guide
rub
remove
will
directions.
It consists
and
with
tee-square is used
horizontal
lines; and
its
30"
rubber
eraser.
vertical
be
not
eraser
injured
be
and
"
little
a
oblique
derives
not
it
be
can
but
paper
The
"
draw
to
edge
it
pliable
the
on
pencil
a
will not
Tee-Square.
with
If
bottom.
soft
stiff rubber
a
work
most
It will
pressure
To
it will
as
ammonia.
a
the
paper
letter
eraser
on
well
properly
of
drops
pencil
a
flow
to
Be
compasses.
the
near
Pressure
purpose.
in
thick
bear
For
place
bottle
easily placed
sooner.
in it.
which
the
not
ink
of the
shake
Do
any
For
and
used.
be
softly.
line
For
"
pens
thick
too
become
is
the
to be
is liable
and
settle
to
using
quill ink
this
of
blades
before
sure
of
means
the
pencil
or
Triangles
ruling
pen
in
are
used
drawing
as
a
lines
at
the
to
angle
an
recommended
most
able
to
work
through
see
this
in
needed
30"
angle
size
for
one
and
this
transparent
one
work
have
both
two
60"
angle.
triangles
45"
the
and
The
other
the
angles,
with
those
are
thus
right angle, and
one
45"
has
is
and
two
the
as
to be
are
material
are
known
to
draftsman
the
as
There
one
They
the
addition
in
the
work,
30".
the
other
work,
this
advantage.
better
to
celluloid
of
for
used
always
are
made
Those
lines.
section
make
They
tee-square.
convenient
most
about
legs
one
6"
to
8"
long.
To
the
first
the
hand
Scale.
the
The
scale
the
of
the
has
draftsman
wishes
to
make
to
a
It is also
used
in
model
blue
at
made
be
is used
constructed
passing through
these
free
is
adjusted
hand
curve.
irregular
curve
to pass
curve
can
be
the
ruling
pen
secured.
must
a
to
The
wood
box-
called
as
that
in
other
be
closely
laid
of
free
Then
loid.
cellu-
or
number
a
not
can-
or
to
curve
points.
the
as
the
using
be
held
points
the
the
determined
prea
lar
irregupossible
the
desired
irregular
tangent
out
hand
continually applying
When
he
wishes
12"
rubber
sketching
through
always
he
lines
hard
The
follow
By
the
which
compass
by locating
then
from
(sometimes
curved
wood,
best.
which
which
curve
with
and
curve
this
of
lines
work.
draw
to
in
scale.
this
off
border
cases
from
or
reduced
a
are
is the
points
curve
of
rest
mark
to
the
prints
Irregular
"
They
Celluloid
usually
or
conveniently
instruments.
is
out
for
best
Irregular Curve.
by
same
the
principally
and
is the
curve)
while
lines
drawing
scale
used
dimensions
secure
a
French
is
cutting
drawing.
the
tee-
tee-square firmly.
holds
accurately
with
hand,
of
edge
upper
contact
left
of
fingers
three
"
perfect
in
hold
and
square
the
place triangle against
use,
to the
curve
sur-
10
of the
face
against
to press
be held
and
eurve
the
of
edge
vertical.
the
PLATE
the
press
irregular
an
of
blades
the
other
they
are
They
fastened
the
desired
for
transferring
and
either
pair
a
with
ends
a
shows
of the
distances
or
draftsman
provided
for
points, two of which
will be reproduced by
this
slide
instrument
They
from
the
to show
work
dividers.
which
adjusted
are
place
scale
on
to
used
another
in the
the
be
can
generally
are
one
appearance
ended
of double
enlarging
has
In
scale.
movable
reduction.
reducing
the
four
different
a
like
the
for
of paper
at
much
when
As
2
ordinary
from
differ
These
"
full dimensions
provided
are
to
INSTRUMENTS
AND
have
they
pair, but
very
enough
Plate
together.
pen
Dividers.
that
set to the
when
hard
curve
not
2
MATERIALS
Proportional
in
careful
curve.
OTHEK
dividers
the
Be
small
tion.
operasheet
machines, etc.,of
all
11
that this instrument
comes
sizes,it can be readily seen
in very
handy, especiallyif working from a large model
dividers
blue
marked
for the
are
or
prints. Some
proportions and are provided with a rack movement
with
for holding in the
for adjustment and
a
screw
PLATE
desired
to
buy
This
position.
but
he
men.
Plate
is
instrument
is rather
expensive
usually find the firm by
employed has a pair for the use of their
3 shows
a
pair of proportional dividers.
the
whom
3
draftsman
will
for
Used
Erasing Shield,
erasing certain
without
disturbing adjacent lines. It is made
thin piece of metal
with
different
size slots in it.
lines
"
shield
is
placed
uncovering the
the
slot
the
the
on
line.
line
line
Then
is erased
to
be .erased
with
by rubbing the
without
erasing
of
a
The
the
slot
in
eraser
other
any
line.
Croiv
ink
Quill Pen.
writing pen
small
lines,and
Transfer
tough paper
parts
which
Sheet.
one
It is used
of
This
"
but
which
is
very
a
much
require
cannot
be
A
transfer
"
side of which
when
similar
pen
finer.
very
made
is
dinary
or-
to
delicate
instruments.
a
sheet
is blackened
it is desired
an
It is used
fine and
with
sheet
to
to make
drawing, print, sketch, etc.
To
with
sheet
place the transfer
use,
side down
On
against your Bristol board.
sheet place the drawing, or
whatever
is
in the exact
position desired, and fasten
with
of
ite.
graph-
exact
an
thin,
copy
a
the
graphite
the transfer
to
be
with
copied,
thumb
12
tacks, being
later),or
of
the
a
clean-cut
make
from
graphite
sheet
cloth
the
a
of
is
paper
not
board.
Do
mistake
is made
not
A
Stylus.
"
steel
sheet
the
hand
the
sharp
it is
steel
in
with
soft
a
the
of
bristol
with
a
marks.
hard
a
if
for
the
erase
plain
a
surface
sheets
sharp
transfer
a
It is held
in
and
pen,
lines
the
on
clearr
of
of
carbon
or
a
off all loose
prints, etc.
pencil
a
point
dust
conjunction
of
lines
with
and
instrument
an
copies
as
same
then
entire
to
the
easily
filingthe
side
one
surface
impossible
is used
exact
the
the
out
can
or
the
sure
smear
stylus is
to make
until
cut
make
You
and
typewriter
use
which
point
to
will
on
paper,
Be
jet black.
as
carefully
by scraping
pencil
graphite
the
stylus (described
a
board.
sheet
soft
very
the
a
particles so
bristol
your
thin, tough
rubbing
with
impress
transfer
own
your
white
on
copy
the
and
drawing,
outside
pencil, follow
hard
very
tacks
Then
drawing.
of your
lines
the
place
to
sure
by pressing
print, the copy
of the
is made.
Pointer.
Pencil
A
"
sharp points
very
It
the
on
of
consists
cloth, fastened
emery
is used
pencil pointer
a
to
to
secure
leads
in
pencils
piece
of
fine sandpaper,
flat
a
ments.
instru-
and
or
with
board, provided
a
handle.
Burnisher.
"
of the
by
an
bristol
surface.
has
This
until
paper
board
It
erasure.
which
rod
burnisher
A
a
when
usually
end
an
is used
consists
knob
or
is rubbed
been
of
with
the
over
smooth
hard,
it has
polish
to
made
steel
face
sur-
rough
glass
highly polished
a
a
or
surface
rough
surface
the
is secured
of the
by
the
friction.
Cleaning
the
Erasers.
"
Cleaning
lint,dirt, etc., from
paper,
rubber,
are
or
very
the
the
convenient
art
gum,
are
erasers,
surface
of
to
have.
The
the
best
for
for
cleaning
the
drawing
soft
sponge
this work.
II
CHAPTER
USE
Introductory.
in
come
under
for
necessary
if
a
separate
a
beginner
be
can
much
in
less
to
purchasing
is
will
I
in
the
I
consider
The
ruling
pen
which
a
Pen.
"
instruments
skillful
the
or
they
in
the
blades
be
not
in
of
of
instruments.
are
struments
inbut
before
who
of
for
the
ink
By
struments
in-
the
first-class
and
of
the
closed
wear
the
has
by
an
to
see
regulating
if
of
the
screw,
quill
a
the
ink
have
distance
a
line
It
steel
adjusting
dip
with
you
two
quickly.
Never
pen
its
properly,
away
bottle.
On
tee-square
It
means
portant
im-
most
drawing.
tempered
by
the
the
uses.
along
be
filling
adjusting
of
one
draftsman
and
blades
paper
your
line.
with
the
After
ink.
soft
the
between
edge
width
of
triangle.
the
should
blades
found
be
the
draftsman
is
lines
opened
are
will
is inserted
will
wise
be
some
looks
good
of
edges
These
screw.
that
that
quality,
necessary
straight
draw
to
which
blades
the
depends
use
used
blade,
struments
in-
separate
construction
and
use
of
pieces
might
care
not
work.
Ruling
is
it
sidered
con-
is
case
good
as
of
and
use
the
describe
just
advice
it
a
sometimes
possible
the
which
patent
If
secure
experienced
of
bought
price.
certain
then
and
used,
ever
buy
always
contain
sets
be
However,
chapter.
to
therefore
will
and
box,
or
some
as
seldom
case
a
usually
instruments
following
The
"
in
sets
INSTRUMENTS
OF
any
which
it
on
desired
between
of
Ink
blades
test
the
so
the
desired
14
thickness
hand
(unless
the
first and
away
from
direction
in
place
the
triangle with
or
which
the
the
pen
right
thumb
and
parallel to
line.
the
the
adjusting screw
against the tee-
the
its blades
draw
you
in
pen
with
handed)
fingers,with
and
you,
Hold
left
are
you
second
blade
square
secured.
be
can
Hold
the
the
pen
of the drawing,
nearly perpendicular to the surface
in which
the
slightly in the direction
inclining very
The
other
line is to be inked.
fingers rest lightly on
the pen
at the startthe tee-square or triangle. Hold
JRew
\
BAFI
/Sox
H
SCREW
fjsK
FOIKT
then
move
at
instant
length of line
immediately
otherwise
lines
from
not
are
the
press
the
line
to meet
point
the
until
and
blades
to
is made.
a
the
to
point,
not
of
begins
right until
The
the
all lines
pen
it.
too
to
of
end
If
a
hard
sired
de-
be
the
moved
re-
line,
of
number
should
Be
flow,
the
should
pen
spread.
towards
the
ink
the
reaching
on
is liable
at
Bcrw
4
speed
even
an
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COXXTVUSSES
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DRIVER
PLATE
ing point just
LE
or
Saw
be
sure
drawn
you
against
do
the
16
The
leg.
of lines
thickness
ink
the
insert
the
always
the
has
piece
the
To
the
The
a
the
open
needle
and
top, between
from
rotate
the
needle
Be
careful
Only
or
which
has
beginner
him
only exception
hold
the
shown
bar
Dividers.
or
one
used
steel
a
to
he
lightly on
press
from
the
to
and
a
good
extension
to
slipping.
operate
be
may
the
passes.
com-
use
both
gives
a
workman.
bar
both
use
fourth
lightly
fingers,
second
awkward
with
fingers.
compasses
great tendency
a
is when
is used,
hands
to
Plate
"
with
compass
pencil point adjusted is
point and lengthening
pen
4, also the
the
This
spaces
same.
instrument
from
one
part of a drawing
and
circles,arcs
simliar
in
point perfectly steady.
with
used
socket
and
middle
first and
absolutely necessary
style of
on
the
appear
The
it is
leg
projects
thumb
Always
be
impression although
One
hold
left.
should
bad
then
a
fixed
radius, hold
the two
thumb,
right to
makes
in
which
desired
a
arc,
the
hand
one
the
This
point, just enough to keep it
not to dig a hole in the paper.
The
hands,
to
leg between
circle
a
Always
quill as previously
screw.
below
for
pen.
the
point in
steel,held
set
adjusted
point.
compasses
the other
scribe
at the
needle
with
point leg resting between
finger,and
To
like
ruling
blades
shoulder
square
fine needle
very
the
as
is
leg
pen
separate piece of
the leg by a small
a
of
end
the
same
between
described.
is
of
point
pen
is used
drawing
to
transfer
another
Also
to another.
lines
to
used
into
in
or
equal parts.
but the legs are
tances
disfrom
for
It
viding
diis
fixed.
design to the compass,
There
no
are
joints and both legs have long tapered
points very sharp, so as not to punch large holes in the
It should
the
be held while
as
using the same
paper.
compass,
but
when
spacing
turn
the
instrument
alter-
17
nately from
dividers
most
same
purpose
and
accurate
screw
which
for
screw
on
the
shown
on
Plate
both
of
right
the
This
be
work
Bow-Pen.
and
thumb
legs
screw.
that
it
can
spacing
the
as
pencil
a
hard
of
with
the
large
manner.
and
should
lead
for
compass
be
for
used
pencil
The
to
sharpened
is the
adjustment
a
same
same
instead
pen
with
this
such
an
line.
use
in pen
ruling
pen.
as
inch
one
the
in
bow-pencil except
Do
to
the
cause
large
and
same
the
point
compasses
one-quarter
the
to
to
for
that
circles
to
opened
make
a
circles
described
ragged
one
over
Ink
thickness
as
structed
con-
it has
ink
be
radius.
desired
manner
not
pen
is
It
bow-pencil.
require
point, and
the
the
pencil point.
a
which
pen
extent
secured
as
of
Always
or
with
all circles
to ink
is used
instrument
penciled
the
is
the
to compasses.
with
means
This
"
arcs
inch
is
arcs
preference
The
point.
and
fitted
be
same
bow-pencil
moves
same
is
bow-dividers.
the
as
in
should
conical
in the
circles
the
hand
piece
When
a
type
a
reason
hand.
one
the
used
A
"
small
all small
point
in
the
single
a
This
leg.
central
a
Some
adjusted by
and
which
for
more
with
with
fitted with
are
the
adjusting
an
adjustment.
other
the
for
convenient
has
leg
one
by turning
also
Bow-Pencil.
fine
threads
type is used
and
making
of
left-hand
is held
dividers
to
Others
easily adjusted
style of
used
constructed
are
4.
the
more
It
for very
outside
instrument
latter
is
work.
fastened
and
instrument
a
small
will allow
piece
threaded
4 for
dividers, but is much
as
instruments
these
Plate
instrument
This
"
See
used.
commonly
Bow-Dividers.
of
to left.
right
of
is inserted
a
line
under
III
CHAPTER
PENCILING
A
drawing
the
his
about
his
sure
in
Care
should
his
be
this
is
of
this
part
a
be
of
vertical,
it should
order,
the
paper
on
parallel
at
square
the
corner.
smooth
the
sharpened.
this
condition
the
execution
wears
it
away
of
piece
a
emery
the
the
the
;
left-hand
blade
;
paper
Next,
the
paper
in
put
to
the
with
of
top
the
with
pin
out
in
and
down
thumb
the
that
so
the
edges
;
hold
little, and
about
lower
corners,
perfectly
flat.
then
are
bristol
the
lay
tee-square
board
tacks
all
drawing
arrange
a
at
the
it
hand
right
sistent
con-
working
place
the
is
as
inclined
is to
the
very
perfect
First
on
pressed
it is moved.
which
board.
side
tee-square
the
the
board
nearly
is
fasten
of
edges
pencil
be
always
fine
as
step
and
be
lines
instruments
and
board
on
the
direction
the
should
should
the
If
important
the
up
of
on
pencil
and
so,
making
pencil
the
flat
the
nearly
next
to
line
a
paper,
in
the
sliding
point
be
that
and
in
requisite
the
should
well
in
them
keep
As
clearness.
be
With
head
also
frequently
up
or
the
on
with
board
to
work.
drawing
lightly
top
the
starts
point
are
important
very
he
sandpaper.
When
with
taken
touched
or
held
instruments
particular
very
conical
sharp,
inked.
well
be
before
and
a
other
as
cloth
has
pencil
leads
should
work
seldom
should
beginner
pencil
is
penciled
poorly
Therefore,
DKAWING
THE
with
the
slide
tee-
the
paper
level
the
paper
still,
then
pin
1/4" from
being
sure
the
each
to
19
the
Now,
the
to
should
dimensions
these
get
draftsman
The
5.
Plate
on
cutting out lines should
scale,to the dimensions
and
accurately with
be laid out
given
lines
border
exact,
be
very
the
as
accept drawings unless
the size here specified.
The
cutting out lines, that is, the outside
the drawing is cut out when
B, C, D, where
10"
be
must
must
are
lines
A,
finished
15".
x
border
lines
a,
be made
is 8"
x
The
Patent
they
to
refuse
will
Office
ticular
par-
b,
d, within
c,
This
13".
which
leaves
all
inch
an
drawing
margin
all around.
The
of
side
shorter
is,side "A,"
lightpencil line e.
"B."
the
b.
top, that
A
below
IW
of
marks
line
a,
should
(don't ink)
In
should
kind
any
f.
is considered
drawing
the
this
drawn
a-b-e-f,no
space,
This
made.
be
be
the
is
space
Office
putting in title,etc.,at the Patent
in Washington.
should
be penciled
In the lower
right-hand corner
the words
"His
and
"Inventor," "By"
Attorney," as
if known, can
shown
in Plate 5.
The inventor's
name,
the
"Inventor."
also
word
be
printed just below
for
reserved
There
edge
is
to
should
the
allowed
"His
words
rule
the
place
be
able
be
fixed
no
to
words,
between
the
their
but
enough
inventor's
that
so
name
lower
space
and
attorneys will
the
About
names.
from
distance
printed
Attorney"
sign
the
to
as
1%"
usually
is
allowed.
There
is also
the
letteringto
always use. the
The
sheet
penciling
the
of
no
fixed
be
used.
same,
size
bristol
sketches, prints
should
or
as
to the
However, it
and
style.
board
drawing.
the draftsman
rule
is
style or size
is preferable
of
to
in
shape to start
Before
ever,
making a line, howthoroughly study the model,
whatever
now
information
has
been
20
given
him
should
be
be
will
is
There
of
object are all that are
its use.
If, however,
an
and
even
perspective
The
draftsman
show
must
the
When
old
draftsman
wishes
is
deciding
be
be
The
will
view,
old
some
at
least,
will suffice to show
as
of
patent.
on
one
that
invention
the
in
show
cise
con-
mind
his
therewith.
make
on
the
a
study
and
arranged,
the
a
be used
whole
Then
device
the
also must
detached
have
Office
to be
does
the
given
not
on
the
best
from
a
sheet
different
of
in
man
drafts-
the
sheets
should
of
views
drawings
be
course
order
that
advantage, and the
pleasing appearance.
drawing
any
the
many
considerable
want
shown
to how
as
present
scale to which
to be
views
to the
will
views
how
The
necessary.
may
as
of
essary
nec-
and
protect with
improvement
structure
systematically
space
an
must
drawing
old
to
in
keep
feature
every
the
are
clear
a
or
views.
reading
views
in
must
views,
general
many
information
cated,
compli-
is
structure.
should
will
how
on
separate views
After
should
decide
of the invention
connection
the
himself
invention
of the
shown
imagine
clearly
the
much
be
should
inventor
the
machine,
so
to the
The
manner.
which
in addition
give complete
to
he
views
then
and
drawings
its form
views, detail
sectional
require
it may
be
views
three
construction
its
same.
tion,
informa-
to show
necessary
he
should
of
greatest amount
clearness.
Generally
with
the
those
and
the
convey
consistent
of views
choice
a
which
illustrate
fully
tion,
inven-
the
views
different
to
He
drawings.
understands
the
on
necessary
always
which
made
decide
then
his
make
to
thoroughly
he
sure
and
thinks
which
from
more
will have
to be
thought,
sheets
used
absolutely necessary,
yet, on the other hand,
large enough so as not to have the mechanism
the
ing
draw-
drawn
the
as
ranged
ar-
ent
Pat-
than
it must
is
be
crowded,
21
it drawn
have
to
or
such
to
scale
small
a
not
as
be
to
easily read.
The
views
three
of
unless
which
drawing
resting
were
looking
on
of
are
anism,
mech-
complicated
a
vices,
de-
most
plan view,
invisible,are
are
object
the
represents
horizontal
a
it from
at
fully illustrate
view.
side
view, and
The
they
course
parts of which
some
front
will
that
and
plane
the
it
observer
is called
directly above,
if
as
plan
a
or
top view.
front
A
it
view
represents
front
at the
The
view
the
observer
that
so
looking directly
object.
side
elevation
same
as
if revolved
as
is drawn
elevation)
in
front
its
on
shows
the
observer's
view, but
either
90"
axes
the
object
to
right
left.
or
decided
Having
calculated
and
space
best
accurately
view
will
be
located
on
pencil
the
to
begin by
require,
the
lines.
It
is best
but, of
more
in
this
course,
and
exact
the
can
you
sheet
of
amount
place
it
proceed
now
to
one
these
both
points,
points
vertical
distances
pencil
if it is
certain
the
and
and
drawing
horizontal,
thereafter
front
so,
as
from
elevation
possible by projection
view, do
much
it is
time
first,
to
work
is saved
way.
After
with
necessary.
the
sheet,
locating
usually
than
on
the
on
possible
around
centre
through them centre lines
carefully locating all your
these
as
desired
views.
views
most
As
as
views
the
on
each
should
to
with
or
the
line of vision
is shown
view
a
of the
side
front
(or
the
general
the
If
detail
a
views
and
sectional
are
made
sectional
view
you
can
views
is made
then
if such
always,
ceed
proare
if pos-
F
s
(I)
PLAT
24
line
where
show
sible,
X-X
at
as
in
by
attempted
it
as
requires
must
practice
with
the
the
up
idea
a
to
break
5.
It
same
as
shape
and
at
that
as
the
the
will
I
beginner
after
in
work
and
line
part
the
it
in
(1)
broken
shown.
subject
a
ing
master-
drafting
is
Fig.
to
subject.
slender
of
take
not
the
study
long
part
edge
knowl-
this
shaft
written
is
book
therefore,
;
draftsman
the
consider
border
part
sufficient
and
other
the
shown
size
the
perspective
scale
understood
I
be
simple
time,
securing
and
proper
this
short
a
advise
beyond
the
As
for
never
some
and
as
and
is
beginner
in
I
on
away
is
the
should
study
time.
perspective
rules
this
it
of
long
broken
a
draftsmen
some
but
deal
shafts
to
by
unless
giving
book
good
used
drafting
general
extend
drawn
a
of
Sometimes
wrould
great
However,
the
get
a
of
subject
itself.
in
beginner
with
taken
5.
objects,
a
in
Plate
1,
are
for
work
to
Fig.
certain
up
is
section
views
Perspective
showing
the
parts
if
drawing
permissible
(3),
away
Plate
is
the
IV
CHAPTER
INKING
inking
begin
Never
Thoroughly
pencil.
clean
the
all
removing
oily spots,
or
The
paper.
it
over
off
soft
a
Shake
a
piece
of
of
ink
drawing.
When
the
heavy
part
the
art
that
fully
care-
greasy
no
of
surface
the
is
drawing
the
pletely
com-
to
go
brush
then
and
gum
the
cloth.
bottle
time
in
clean
been
inking,
see
on
are
to
the
some
before
drawing
marks
way
with
lightly
with
the
best
it has
until
dust, lint, etc., and
finger
or
WING
drawing
a
in
finished
DBA
THE
the
the
and
bottom
before
well
of
of
coloring
ink
for
settles
gradually
ink
the
to
undisturbed
stands
bottle
start
you
fore
there-
will
lines
the
vary.
After
filling
of
border
lines, and
the
Before
that
the
Start
this
the
Too
than
ink,
is
the
pens
with
ink
care
in
the
ink
desired
streaked
ink
the
much
on
down
and
line
it
and
then
a
is,
accordingly.
towards
smeared
not
of
left-hand
and
top
that
and
heavy,
nibs
out
*
kind
or
the
cutting
properly
the
on
of
side
the
by
right,
triangle,
the
and
tee-
hands.
sure
same
the
at
the
line.
what
think
between
work
way
or
square,
Be
distance
and
of
light, medium,
inking
drawing
line
a
of
flow
will
thickness
right
inking
ink
it
ink, try
outside
board
your
is, whether
gauge
in
that
see
have
you
bristol
the
with
instrument
an
the
and
other
line.
are
is
perfectly clean,
should
will
pen
liable
hand,
be
to
is
used
liable
when
not
to
the
make
cause
and
overload.
line
blots, and
to
make
filling
heavier
too
a
gray
little
or
26
of
outside
the
blot
also be
should
Care
as
triangle.
particular not
Be
it will make
If
and
the
along
The
of
liable
apt
to
on
cause
of
edge
get
the
a
tee-
following
2nd.
at
all the
for
will be
large circles
the top of the
from
each
point be sure
dry, otherwise
a
line to
obtained
the
as
you
all horizontal
tee-square, starting at
Be
sure
and
in
by inking
the
arcs
with
the
compass,
sheet.
circles
with
circles
Draw
of sheet.
points
blot.
all small
Ink
3rd.
radiate
all
beginning
shade
in the pen
sequence:
Ink
beginning
to
fuzz
or
line.
lines
results
best
1st.
get lint
to
sufficient time
allow
pen,
pen
smear
a
number
a
it is very
and
the
draw
you
it is then
as
to
or
square
as
blades,
the
ink
to allow
not
taken
and
arcs
with
Be
uppermost.
go along.
lines
the
with
top and
the flat side of the pen
the
the
bow-
sure
ruling
left-hand
is laid
and
pen
side
against
from
the
tee-square with the adjustable nut away
edge. The taper of the blade is sufficient to throw the
point enough so that if the pen is held vertical, or
nearly so, there will be no blotting.
Hold
until
instant
pen at starting point for just an
ink begins to flow, then move
with moderate
wards
speed tothe right along the edge of the tee-square.
On
reaching end of line pen should be immediately lifted
to prevent the ink from
spreading.
It is easier to draw
to a curve
than
a straight line up
the
to take
a
curves
and
curve
up
arcs
to
line.
a
should
be
That
inked
is the
the
why all
straight
the
next
reason
before
lines.
After
4th.
order
inking
all vertical
all horizontal
lines.
lines
in
They are usually drawn
against the edge of the triangle,but the tee-square can
be used if desired ; if using triangle for guiding surface
are
27
work
the
avoiding
right, thus
the
to
over
drawing and
of the
side
always begin at the left-hand
of
chances
blotting.
5th.
and
60"
should
lines
has
drawing
6th.
in the
is the
Ink
7th.
the
Be
the
pen
vertical,that is,don't
from
the
liable to blot
8th.
Make
broken
Ink
all
parts
will add
any
to
a
these
hold
the
lines
ruling
If you
do
or
are
you
line.
the
Use
section
crow-quill or
all
hand
free-
and
Shade
and
concave
consider
You
all
lines,making sure
in opposite directions.
lines finer than
clearer
surfaces
llth.
For
etc.,and
connections, fillets,
sectioned
all
shading.
curved
be
not
could
slanting towards
curve.
lines.
these
Shade
sure
it
ragged
a
cross
are
make
10th.
Be
outline
for this work.
pen
and
cause
to
sure
have
of the
all small
irregular or
9th.
curve.
edge
or
bow-pen.
or
compass
irregular
which
surfaces
use
so
the
been
all curved
with
made
sure
after
made
be
All
sections.
cross
completed.
Ink
the other oblique lines which
happen to be
drawing. Use triangle for ruling surface as it
parent
to handle
and
convenient
most
being of transis the easiest to adjust to the lines.
material
the
away
for
those
lines,except
sectional
cross
of
45"
tee-square all 30",
trianglesand
the
with
Draw
outline.
surfaces
convex
Be
if
doing
understanding of the invention.
drawing before starting
your
if you
remember
must
shade
must
you
the
joining
ad-
whatever
other
shade
all curved
some
surfaces.
surfaces
consider
you
necessary.
12th.
in
lower
13th.
side and
the
other
Ink
in the
Ink
in the border
"Inventor," etc.,which
right-hand corner.
at bottom
two
should
sides.
Carefully look over
not missed
anything.
See
lines.
The
line
is
on
be at least twice
Plate
your
as
penciled
the
right
heavy as
5.
drawing
to
see
you
have
CHAPTER
SECTIONS
Sections.
construction
Dotted
lines
and
confusion
though
this
often
lines
it had
been
the
and
This
2
Figs.
and
3
through
the
is shown
at
the
If
of
the
the
If
that
is
a
it is
When
show
called
Section
plane
a
lines
If
plane
sible
pos-
passes
This
used.
are
5, which
the
shows
direction
angle
vertical
small
special
Lining.
are
"
shown
hatching.
or
cross
of
equidistant
lines
cutting
moved.
re-
view.
views.
of
where
length
the
to
the
to
the
section.
perpendicular
right
as
sectional
a
longitudinal
a
taken
a
or
between
section.
tudinal,
longiof
length
the
2, Plate
Fig.
5,
section.
only
some
is
is, at
vertical
in
is taken
section
considered
parts
as
is taken.
3
Fig.
called
being
1, Plate
Fig.
in
it is
object
object,
in
all
broken
this
represented
plane,
this
plicated,
com-
eliminate
To
sectional
are
object, long
section
the
5
clearly.
appear
often
section
a
where
just
shown
a
observer
Plate
on
X-X
section
by
called
is
show
to
cut
the
invisible
these
drawing
is
it
show
to
read.
to
show
to
show
to
object
an
and
the
it hard
of
plane
used
makes
makes
LINING
necessary
object
an
often
are
is
it
of
this
but
parts,
SECTION
AND
Sometimes
"
inner
V
should
lines
be
portion
part,
it is
The
solid
by
what
This
is
on
drawn
the
at
of
view
a
called
a
is
detail
surfaces
is known
shown
by
exposed
45"
angle
removed
cut
as
section.
by
drawing
to
the
section
the
tion
sec-
lining
a
These
area.
to
series
tion
sec-
horizontal
SECTION
Wood
or
Metal.
DF
Glass
Cenoent.
Cork.
or
MATERIALS.
Porcelain. Refractory Material
Carbon
Insulation.
Fibrous
Liquid.
Material.
Fabrics.
Coarse
Fine
Color
Blue
Greeo
Chart.
Yellow
PLATE
Black
6
Purple Orar)"e
30
a
small
very
lines
his
this
is
Section
After
idea
correct
to
Adjacent
in
See
three
the
areas
section
lines
than
is
not
cylindrical
This
taken
but
at
the
45"
the
solids
make
Plate
6.
fabrics
uniform
can
with
and
throughout.
in
tions
direc-
opposite
the
limits
5.
In
of
the
draftsman
and
30"
angles
the
there
case
adjoining
Fig.
is not
in
a
is shown
be
can
instead
in
the
they
3
Fig.
section
color
on
a
cut
are
same
of
and
the
chart
the
plate.
proper
tion.
sec-
section
shaft
is
is
(1),
ferent
dif-
representing
standard
and
by
the
centre
For
chart,
the
bolts, shafts
where
1, through
cut.
in
outline.
though
shown
lighter
considerably
section
in
shown
Also
and
you
spaces,
define
a
continually
portion
cross
to
even
in
shaft
it is
area
By
sectioned
used
necessary
X-X
spaced.
sectioning
the
60"
is
tice,
prac-
equally
(3), Plate.
at
drawing
completed
them
should
lines
is
and
of
narrow
be
avoid
sectioning
spacing.
get
to
angle.
lines
materials
on
(2)
lines
the
clearly
more
section
weight
to
space
considerable
completed
or
more
parts
usual
The
It
to
or
the
draw
the
the
to
effect.
lines
the
should
areas
order
parts.
of
that
close
the
over
in
careful
requires
eight
able
be
solid
a
keep
widen
to
will
practice
too
back
lines
whether
judge
if
eye
or
variation
the
and
to
glance
any
watching
of
six
drawing
good
mind
the
difficult
it is
in
give
to
lining by
as
are
liable
it is
keep
later
reduced
liable
very
it is
unless
apart,
is very
be
should
should
He
1/20"
to
beginner
and
close
too
be
made,
The
area.
error.
to
1/16"
about
possible,
when
shown
way
to
32
angle irrespectiveof their
can
always use
Therefore, you
at 45"
drawn
sheet.
right
the
plane.
Shade
of
for
would
In
much
inked
as
in
lines,or
it would
added
usually
the
of
is
pen
opened
the
to
line
in
lines will be
ruled
thick
one
desired
To
Then
set wider
be
can
outline
to the
with
eccentric
the
and
and
the
radius
same
a
45"
the
ink
and
angle
of
inking
the
circle with
a
centre
with
pen
the
to
a
is used
for
the
centre.
shading.
concentric
This
the
same
is shown
centre
and
the
slightly
located
centre, draw
side
one
is above
the plane is
Above
plane of the surface.
the plane is shown
8, in Fig. 4, Plate 7. Below
circles
to
the
light line.
the
all concentric
all into
line.
one
semi-circle,adding thickness
it
whether
other, depending upon
For
two
line
shade
it blend
when
nibs
the
draw
circle,first
on
the
the
to make
as
draftsmen,
Some
thickness
a
ing
draw-
by
,
line.
shade
then
straight lines,
of
and
allel
par-
is
pen
between
lines, simply widen
shade
the
this
pen
This
line is ruled
a
position, the space
filled.
For
most
shading
the
towards
the
of
shaded, then
be
of
handle
shown
tee-square
and
close
so
and
they
line.
the
draftsman
the
however,
The
same.
slightlyinclined
a
trifle wider
a
In
clumsy.
of the
generally by placing the edge
the line to
triangle slightly below
the
this
as
thickness
outside
the
to
fixed
no
drawing.
appear
extra
the
times
the views
them
make
above
is
heavy
case
on
reverse.
the
is done
or
surfaces
There
on
lines
three
or
depends
shading straight lines
is
two
outline.
were
into other
small
very
about
ordinary
and
merge
were
line
the
be
if the lines
cases
some
the
should
this
edges of all
plane is just the
the
on
shade
lower
Below
lines
thickness
rule
and
hand
the
location
or
a'
the
or
the
below
shown
at
at 7.
eccentric
at 7 where
other
an-
centre
a
resents
rep-
eccentric
SHADE
JLINE5
\
\
SURFACE
SHADING
PLATE
7
VII
CHAPTER
SHADING
SURFACE
of
Shading
the
by
Patent
in
cases
much
easier.
time
some
for
all
to
and
often
of
diameter
of
touches
20"
the
will
surface
the
found
be
the
to
Medium
shaded
time
the
made
course
Small
on
lines
the
the
convex
heavy
the
shaded
heavier
than
surfaces
side
of
space
Fig. 5,
the
edges
the
lines
between
6
Plate
and
the
the
drawn
are
and
no
7.
more
ually
gradat
the
lines
as
centre.
the
on
from
liantly
bril-
of
line
Fig.
it
be
part
by
an
jecting
pro-
most
should
a
at
where
is
from
in
the
the
and
point
darkest
shown
thickness
line
there
clearly
by starting
increasing
approach
The
shown
surfaces
decreasing
they
as
of
line
a
surface
the
On
lines.
semi-circle
The
where
way
always
a
by projecting
centre
convex
generally
same
same
almost
centre
the
therefore
and
In
vertical
where
practice
results.
drawing
surface.
represent
can
45"
the
cylinder
lighted
shading.
to
then
and
cylinder
to
then
and
light parts
by drawing
idea
good
a
parallel
and
heavy
found
the
about
to
the
upon
pleasing
are
drawing
by
ing
draw-
the
extensive
surfaces
convex
many
called
shade,
obtain
to
of
it is
requires
order
surfaces
are
it
great
a
are
to
required
not
reading
draftsmen
how
as
shown
in
therefore,
learn
in
are
convex
surface
at
patent
to
and
shaded
angle
All
care
Concave
large
makes
considerably,
extreme
the
use
shading;
use
beginners
practice
and
its
is
objects
it is desired
but
Office,
which
of
surfaces
the
only.
side
the
as
in
of
the
other
Fig.
surface
are
side.
7
are
always
shaded
of
35
surfaces, see (12), Plate 5, the
shading concave
surface
operation is just reverse, that is,the darkest
in convex.
is opposite side to that shown
centric
by drawing conLarge spheres are usually shaded
circles and arcs, the point of brilliancy,
that is,
the point where
no
shading is shown, being considered
two-thirds
from
distance
the upper
at a point about
at 45" with the centre
edge to the centre on a line drawn
and
upwards to the left.
from
distance
The
darkest
part is about one-third
See
lower
45" line.
edge to the centre on the same
Fig. 8.
Most
spheres, however, are usually shaded with the
heaviest
lines at the edges and
gradually decreasing
the thickness
and
between
the
increasing the space
lines.
As the centre
is approached the arcs
also
are
in Fig. 9.
be readily seen
as
can
gradually shortened
Sometimes
small
the one
side
on
spheres are shaded
only as in Fig. 1, Plate 5.
Flat surfaces
shaded
are
by spacing lines an equal
distance
is called a flat
apart. This produces what
shade.
This shading is used when
several
surfaces
in
different
tinguish
planes lie so close that it is not easy to disIn
their
location.
This
is shown
Inclined
in
Fig. 10,
usually shaded
surfaces, as in Fig. 11, are
of
by parallel lines evenly spaced, the thickness
lines being gradually reduced
the bottom
of
as
incline is approached.
The
greater the angle of
the closer the spacing of the lines should
Surface
shading should be used very sparingly
should
not
it will add
easier
The
where
Patent
its
the
use.
used
at all unless
clearness
to read
does
nor
be
and
to the
draftsman
drawing by making
is
the
clination
inbe.
and
sure
it much
understand.
Office
it encourage
drawing
the
the
does
not
its
cannot
use
be
require surface
shading
except for such
readily understood
cases
out
with-
CHAPTER
VIII
LETTERING
is
drawing
by
letters
the
on
lines,
should
surfaces,
and
must
space
Plate
No
shown
as
stand
style
or
Office
does
figures
must
be
If
letters
there
appear
is
the
size
of
and
short
will
connect
to
broken
or
this
shown
at
1
blank
a
sectioning
or
as
sectioned
or
avoid
to
shading
clearly
draftsman
shaded
on
out
ters
let-
or
5.
difficult
issued,
and
the
so
in
Fig.
2
they
is reduced
if
to
made
that
so
room
should
about
too
be
be
6"
small
x
at
the
made
9%"
the
and
all letters
require
also
They
should
the
but
required,
that
formed.
figures
sufficient
and
is
lettering
distinctly specify
carefully
crowded
drawing
is
in
drawings,
5.
fixed
the
it is
left
Patent
that
placed
be
when
numerals
with
Plate
on
be
not
be
refer
by
letter.
iix ink
neatly
they
the
the
and
the
should
parts,
of
the
place
to
parts
figures
reference
pencil
them
when
will
number
with
put
different
view
same
refer
different
one
usually
which
to
They
of
will
to
parts
wiggley
the
drawing
required
the
have
attorney
the
and
than
more
always
The
be
in
appear
the
to
the
written
usually
will
different
numbered,
consecutively
should
and
The
numerals.
or
is
description
by figures
views
different
the
and
of
description
a
This
required.
always
attorney,
an
they
applications,
filing patent
In
DRAWING
THE
least
will
letters
larger,
when
letters
high.
%"
the
will
as
not
the
patent
be
distinct.
in-
IX
CHAPTER
SKETCHING
It
be
able
sketch
to
such
see,
may
It
of
impossible
then
to
free-hand
later
date,
which
will
To
make
he
will
sketches
of
rapidly
to
make
and
and
office,
in
and
it is
These
the
at
even
the
turn
re-
some
drawing
mechanism.
and
practice
requires
anything
it is
on
patent
a
concisely
clearly
can
that
or
of
that
parts.
clear
so
his
able
clearly
practice
be
the
etc.
required
located
so
he
things
or
is
instruments
to
be
is
should
machinery,
drawing
should
draftsman
show
with
line
this
of
work
accomplished.
It
also
which
in
It
It
requires
itself
is very
is
certain
drawn
sometimes
with
this
should
Perspective
cases.
or
for
the
the
to
best
train
many
to
The
be
as
views
views,
orthographic
scale
but
is
proportion.
to
ments,
measure-
any
the
other
of
size
parts
nearly
as
often
unfamiliar
representation
will
a
be
to
unimportant,
are
if
processes.
assume
the
secured
isometric
eyes
take
to
compare
part.
observation,
educational
the
necessary
then
in
training
impossible
and
part
substitute
of
one
it is then
proportions
method,
is
thorough
a
necessary
and
all
which
with
to
sketch
only
be
work
the
of
drawing
patent
a
drawings
of
objects
bolts, shafts, pieces
mechanism
necessary
draftsman
patent
a
different
sight
happens
piece
some
at
as
often
very
that
important
is very
but
possible.
useful
as
a
with
this
suffice
for
38
find
First
that
make
Then
general
a
Sketch
lines,
centre
of
distances
the
should
Pencil
H
it
of
and
proportion
from
or
the
HH
good
which
is
in
complete
whole
new
itself.
device.
with
these
is
paper
be
mechanism
outline
parts
lined
Sectioned
the
making
detail
each
sketch
and
of
part
the
eye
the
centres.
to
use
in
this
Never
grade.
work.
use
a
hard
pencil.
Draw
the
necessary,
lines
heavy.
lightly
lines
then
when
at
first
considered
and
correct
right
any
make
tion
porthe
40
ing
small
a
process
it could
be
should
done
the
on
of
inside
spoil the pen.
first requirement
the
on
easily removed.
the blades
be
form
should
burr
No
the
of
inside
sharpening
nibs, however,
as
this would
well-sharpened pen is to
the blades
make
shape and length.
exactly the same
of the pen
the blades
To do this,screw
together until
Then, holding the pen perpendicular to
they touch.
the face of the oil stone with the thumb
screw
directly
The
towards
or
from
away
stone, tipping first
for
a
you,
the
to
draw
the
right
and
blades
the
across
then
downward,
perpendicular, and then to the left and
downward.
Repeating this operation a few times will
not
the same
the blades
shape and length
only make
but will also make
wTell-rounded
a
point. However,
back
this
the
to
unable
to
By
Rub
this
part
dull
points
lines
of
until
the
and
will
you
be
the
ened.
edges are sharpoperation you proceed as
:
of the
means
of the
one
from
fine
make
For
follows
the
makes
process
then
and
of about
blades
increase
angle
of 30"
from
you,
the
the
screw
open
the
lightly on
towards
with
15"
thumb
Hold
you.
surface
As
oil
you
wide.
blades
stone, directly
the pen
at
of the oil stone
angle during
is reached.
the
the
process
rub
the
angle
ually
grad-
an
and
until
blade
to
an
and
to
so
as
give it a slight twisting movement
Of
the same
keep the point well rounded.
course,
operation is required for the other blade.
Frequently
examine
the blades
and
when
the points appear
to be
them
fine
both
fairly sharp, screw
together and draw
and heavy lines.
If the lines are
not smooth
and clean
until they are.
Be careful
not
cut, sharpen some
more
to get the points too sharp as they are
liable to cut the
surface
easily
of the
rub
perhaps
a
bristol
very
small
lightly on
burr
If the
board.
has
the
inside
formed.
ink
of
does
the
not
flow
blade,
as
XI
CHAPTER
BLUE
The
rules
filed
they
reference.
in
is
change
I
of
the
action
of
A
sheets
frame
for
is
paper
transparent
through
in
a
tray
absorb
from
the
the
Remove
place
This
of
fluid.
tray
touching
and
glass.
of
A
by
sheet
the
is
for
is
front,
the
and
clips.
printing,
the
should
be
made
placing
the
blue-print
by spring
blue
paper
light
the
bristol
to
pass
drawing
board
saturated
to
it
take
drain.
the
the
on
paper,
man
drafts-
glass
a
place
thick
means
This
and
has
in
it to
from
back
drawing
the
allow
cost.
drawing.
drawing
the
making
by
furnished
allowing
When
the
little
very
drawing
done
and
gasoline
the
the
is
some
use
of
paper.
operation
the
which
paper,
means
patent
it is too
as
easily.
the
is held
the
their
have
duplicating
frame
which
on
of
the
which
future
perhaps
at
usually
This
starting
board
of
holding
back
Before
is
size
required.
removable
bristol
the
this
sensitized
paper,
for
operation.
means
on
once
attorneys
secured
this
the
light
blue-print
in
made
is
printing
called
a
describe
when
most
with
be
can
therefore
Blue
for
process,
thin
on
are
always
simply
later
use
However,
number
any
will
to
required.
printing
copies
files
their
tracing
ings
draw-
it is
copy
a
attorneys
pencil
a
of
all
they
Therefore,
kind
patent
require
when
and
returned.
some
make
put
*blue
be
Some
draftsmen
Office
Patent
Washington,
make
to
S.
U.
in
cannot
necessary
they
the
filed
be
to
of
ETC.
PRINTING,
blue
glass
of
with
the
print
frame
and
the
inked
side
sensitized
paper,
42
which
must
with
be
the
the
the
drawing,
on
the
clips.
be
out
paper
and
this
While
from
kept
the
placed upon
(sensitized)touching
side
yellow
Smooth
flat
being
done
is
much
light as
sun's
for
The
time,
then
is taken
should
side
down,
covered
six
or
operation
as
The
from
Let
water.
then
until
either
the
take
it appears
hang
operation
up
be
can
to
by
the
any
window.
the
get
on
repeated
part
for
about
corners
upper
and
repeat
lighter.
no
Then
blotting paper
for
as
to
prints
many
desired.
attorneys prefer to keep for their
which
at
negative from
prints can be made
This negative is secured
by photographing
Some
as
yellow
every
again
of
tray
a
removed
soak
print
lay
or
is
color
be
to have
it back
Dip
strips
in
with
tray
be taken
of the water.
and
remove
away
should
light.
length
placed
room,
care
eight minutes,
and
the
of
small
correct
should
and
the
the
print
in
or
directly
desired
The
water.
of the
of
cording
ac-
allowed.
time
frame
the
varies
strength
the
exposed
placed
the
tricity
elec-
as
used, varies
until
the
be
lift out
it
on
is clear
sky
number
a
time
then
and
dry.
of
been
from
part
with
frame
such
printing
light and
record
clear
dark
The
shine
light
for
is
light
is to expose
print, having
some
should
paper
can
is,whether
from
lengths
and
in
the
rays
required
artificial
plan
containing
It
time
to distance
different
secured
in
if
best
back
artificial
conditions, that
or,
according
The
of
length
cloudy;
the drawing.
used.
be
to
ing
draw-
perfectly
place with
possible.
as
the
it will lie
the
the
placed where
directly. If convenient,
The
that
so
fasten
is then
can
is
perfectly dry,
on
bromide
of
positive prints
before
paper,
described.
and
can
from
be
the
secured
bromide
by
blue
records
any
the
any
a
time.
ing
drawber
num-
printing
XII
CHAPTER
HINTS
USEFUL
fill the
1.
Never
2.
Always
to
drawing
lay
Do
4.
not
surface
the
Do
5.
left
be
in
6.
line
the
surface
ink
ruling
away
pen
the
pencil,
the
on
and
it will
as
indenture
no
if
that
so
will
paper.
section
your
instruments
board.
erased
of
thickness.
after
lines
the
all
line
out-
completed.
Be
7.
be
can
the
on
heavily
the
the
them.
bristol
the
press
Always
is
blades
as
of
not
necessary
heavily
around
desired
other
or
cleaning
press
margin
the
have
pen
your
the
on
pen
you
thoroughly
without
cut
that
see
Never
3.
the
try
full.
too
pen
careful
of
to
ruling
your
it
draw
you
not
ink
get
It
pen.
the
along
is
of
edge
to
sure
of
outside
the
on
the
cause
the
blot
a
tee-square
or
triangle.
8.
All
to
try
drawings
use
a
9.
Never
10.
Do
point
of
be
ends
started
of
use
both
the
with
a
when
the
to
Never
pen.
ink,
by
when
drawing
blades.
both
it will
a
The
awkward.
bar
lengthening
ink.
locating
when
looks
employ
India
black
hands
It
compasses.
The
made
but
anything
use
necessary
11.
be
brush.
not
is
it is
should
is
used,
the
needle
only
and
ception
ex-
then
hands.
flow,
not
piece
of
paper
may
sometimes
between
the
44
and
touching
it
Keep
the
This
will
13.
oiled.
the
just
Sometimes
12.
Never
Be
15.
that
holes
of
part
any
to
in
have
instruments
threads
well
make
and
the
the
until
drawing
a
the
points
when
paper
of
legs
the
and
length
made
ink.
penciled.
entirely
same
finger
the
adjust.
particular
the
exactly
the
start
the
on
of
end
your
wear
to
been
has.
drawing
on
save
ink
will
.points
threads
easier
screws
14.
the
to
the
moistening
the
dividers
sharp
very
spacing
so
are
very
small.
damp
place
a
the
the
Keep
18.
it
of
liable
to
from
away
or
a
warp.
of
coating
dry
Always
pens.
heat
ink
to
wipe
clean
dry
place
form
on
when
using.
through
sure
is
allow
points
board
drawing
it
as
Never
17.
the
the
Keep
16.
it
under
laid
is
a
press
drawing
perfectly
or
in
paper
flat.
weight.
It
is
a
a
good
idea
and
to
be
keep