1. business and industrial
2. agriculture and forestry
3. crops and seed

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|ii
It
/to
PRIZE
ESSAY
ON
Prize offered
TO
HOW
by W.
T. WYLIE
THE
and awarded
THE
COOK
Furnished
SLOT.
PRICE, 25 CENTS.
New- York
JUDD
S. W.
H. COMPTON.
POTATO,
by frof.
ILLUSTRATED.
No.
to D.
245
:
"
CO.,
BROADWAY.
Green, Printer and Stereotyper,1G and 18 Jacob Street,New-York.
OP
Division
Range
Shelf.
Received
.
THE
7
d
ESSAY
PRIZE
CULTIVATION.
ITS
AND
POTATO
$100.
in
by
committee
a
composed
of the
Associate
Editor
of American
a
as
conditions
of the Potato, under
Cultivation
awarded
Essay on the
then published; the prizeto be
followinggentlemen, well known
$100
1868, I offered
the fall of
IN
prizefor
best
the
circles :
agricultural
C. WELD,
MASON
Colonel
cultivation
the
made
has
who
HEXAMER,
Dr. F. M.
and
of the Hearth
Editor
Associate
works, and
cultural
of several horti-
J.,the popular author
N.
Esq., of Ridgewood,
A. S. FULLER,
Agriculturist.
Home.
of the potato
a
special
study.
awarded
the prizeto D.
January, 1870, the committee
Compton ; and this Essay is herewith submitted to the public in the hope
and successful cultivation of the Potato.
intelligent
stimulatinga more
W. T. WYLIE.
PA., January, 1870.
BELLEFONTE,
A.
of
of
month
the
In
CULTURE.
POTATO
BY
best
adapted
Potato
proved
have
to the
be
to
productionof the
by
and
holds the
plow,
early youth, been
himself
who
one
to
has, since his
who
engaged
in
Throughout
agriOFFICE
which
statements
the.results of many
experimentsmade
theories,
test as many
crop.
It is written
country
our
THE
OF
the Northern
REV.
W.
T.
WYLIE
your
their brevity,and
and
were
Wayne
as
a
well
:
DEAR
SIR
numbered
announcement,
others
were
:
The
about
AMERICAN
worthy
In behalf
the liberal
of the
to be
submitted
Several
exceedinglyincomplete.
worthy of careful consideration.
County, Pa., was, in the opinionof
practicaltreatise,sure
essays
twenty.
of
prizeoffered
use
to
That
your
of
to
About
D.
"
AGRICULTURIST,
January, 1870. S
by Mr. Bliss, according
us
could
Mr.
States of
the potato is the third of
NEW-YORK,
to
branches, to
pursuits,
of other
in
appear
based
are
the following pages
upon
actual personal experience, and
are
The
experience
of culture which
observation
and
exclusion
detail,
of
present, with minuteness
to
that mode
the
culture in its various
this little treatise is
designof
THE
PENNSYLVANIA.
HAWLEY,
COMPTON,
A.
D.
not
be
called essays
from
twelve, however, required
A.
Compton,
of
Hawley,
committee, decidedlysuperiorto the others
potato-growers
in every
part of the country, and
by yourself.
committee, sincerely
yours,
MASON
C. WELD,
Chairman.
Culture.
Potato
the
staplearticles of
three
be
regarded
knowledge
the
use,
adapted
to
to
objectof
instruct the novice
of
"
he
this essay is so
in potato-growing
enabled
be
may
to
go
understandinglyand produce
potato in its highest perfection,
work
the
his labors
realize from
and
on
porous
of the
the farmers
to
the crop
the greatest
produce
ground
bestowed
possibleprofits.
ITS
PliEPARA-
must
be
quality,
dry, deep, and
be remembered
humus
in the soil.
added
to
too
get
much
is
Humus
arable land
usually
by plowing
either
crops, such
green
it is
large crops,
very
impossibleto
as
clover,
buckwheat, peas, etc., or by drawing
and working in muck
obtained
from
and low places.
swamps
The
muck
should
be drawn
the
to
field in fall or
winter,and
small
the action of frost.
heaps to
exposed
followingspring,sufficient
be mixed
should
REQUIRED"
ill-flavored.
and
of the best
almost
under
riably
inva-
are
roots
obtain
that,to
the
SOIL
tubers
and itshould
;
in favorable
obtained
be
but the
coarse-fleshed
To
the
States.
main
that
rough
tho-
of soil best
character
highestimportance
to
a
of the best varieties
matters
after-care,
the United
soil may
seasons,
vation
their growth, their culti-
and
The
such
It
to
as
nearly indispensable.
as
fact is sufficient to render
This
for
food.
universal esteem
is held in such
in
In
lime
with it to neutralize
acid,(whichis found in nearlyall
the
whole
be
muck,) and
spread
is
surface
into
The
and
worked
the
most
profitably evenly
potato
in
cultivator.
or
a
or
dry,sandy,
warm,
velly with harrow
gragrown
with
Leaves
well
filled
from
the
loam,
decayed
woods, buckwheat
famous
The
vegetable matters.
tato straw, bean, pea, and hop vines,etc.,
polands
of Lake
County, Ohio, plowed under long enough before
such
from which
vast
quantitiesof
planting to allow them time to rot,
are
low are very beneficial. Sea-weed, when
yelshipped yearly,
potatoes are
district is bountifully
This
sand.
applied,and turned under
potato
in
has no
the
confined
to
fall,
superioras a
ridges running parallel early
No
with Lake
for the potato.
stable or
manure
Erie,'which,according to
should
each
be
have
at
manure
indications,
applied
barn-yard
geological
If such
different periods defined its boundaries.
this crop.
to
nitrogenous
the
TION.
of its tato-growing
must
manure
potary
is better to
to the sedimenqualities
This sand
owes
be
much
depositof the lake and
furnished
ral properties
by
of the shells of
to
manu-
position
the decom-
crop,
year
to
the
ters.
wa-
apply
be
use
the
predisposes
detracts
very
succeeding
of stable
tubers to rot ;
the desired
from
flavor; besides, generallynot
New
lands,
or
lands
nuded than
recentlyde-
if sufficiently
of the forest,
dry,
tubers of the most
produce
quality.
excellent
grown
one
half
per
acre
as
many
as
of
soil,it
other
some
the
The
much
the
on
it to
followed
by potatoes.
water-snails,manure
shell-fish,
etc., that inhabited
used
can
bushels
more
can
be obtained
be
by
different nature.
a
using manures
of whom
land, Market
dry, new
gardeners,many
the
cooks
and
same
the potato
from
on
dry
necessityplant
always
mealy, and possesses an agreeable ground year after year, often use fine
with profit. Usually
flavor and aroma,
not to be attained
old stable manure
ties,
variesoil
earlier
in older soils. In no argillaceous
they plant only the
can
as
Grown
on
with all possible
crowd
them
perfection
and
sell large and
regardsquality.Large crops on
speed,dig early,
the potato be grown
to
Potato
Culture.
they have time to rot, clover-sod,is potato ground first-class
in all respects.
thus clearing the ground for laterThus
It is hardly supposable that this
grown,
growing vegetables.
of preparation of soil would
mode
of inferior quality,and
potatoes are
with
all farmers.
favor among
meet
the yield is not
always satisfactory.
vators
thought There is a parsimoniousclass of cultiFlavor, however, is seldom
who would consider it a downof our
right
of by the hungry denizens
loss of time, seed, and
in their eagerness to get a taste
labor;
cities,
but any one
will take the trouwho
of something fresh.
ble
will find that these
to investigate,
Market
gardeners will find great
same
benefit from the use
never
of wood-ashes,
parsimoniousmen
ced
produfour hundred
bushels of potatoes
lime, and the phosphates. Sprinkle
superphosphatein the hill at the rate
; and that the few bushels of
per acre
of two
hundred
pounds per acre ; small tubers that they do dig from
mix it slightly
in the soil with an iron
an
produced at considerable
acre, are
rake or potato-hook,then plant the
loss.
Men
do
not
gather grapes
seed.
Just before the last hoeing, from thorns,nor figsfrom thistles."
and
To make
around
the hill a
sprinkle on
potato-growingprofitable
in these times of high pricesof land
large handful of wood-ashes, or an
and labor, it is absolutelynecessary
equalquantityof lime slacked in brine
little before
"
as
strong
But
as
salt will make
for the
that the
it.
of
generality
farmers,
those who
grow only their own
ply,
supthose who
or
produce largelyfor
of preparing
market, no other method
the soil is so good, so easy, and so
cheap as the following; it requires
time,but pays a big interest : Seed
down
the ground to clover with wheat
As
oats.
the grainis off,
or
soon
as
hundred
and fifty
one
sow
pounds of
plaster(gypsum) per acre, and keep
off all stock.
The
the clover has made
next
when
spring,
of
to
meet
soil be
any
in every
fitted
way
all demands
of the
and
crop.
It is said that in the State of
Maine,
of the
previous to the appearance
a
nd
before
the
soilhad
potato disease,
become
exhausted
by continued cropping,
potatoes yielded an
average of
four hundred
every
bushels per
is aware
yield
present average
vegetableis much
it
Now,
acre.
observer
that
of
less than
the
the
same
half what
ration
formerly. This great deteriobe
attributed
not
can
yield
rieties
running out of varieties ; for va-
was
in
growth
inches,sow the same
quantity of plaster to
which
have
extant
are
again.About the tenth of July,harrow
not yet
down
the clover,drivingthe same
their
rection
dibe
not
passed
prime. It can
and on the same
sized lands you
wholly due to disease;for disease does
wish to plow ; then plow the clover
in every
not
and
in
occur
season
inches deep. every place. True, we have more
sects
inneatlyunder about seven
Harrow
down
the same
than formerly,but they can
it was
not
way
be responsible
for all the great falling
and
plowed, and immediately sow
harrow
in two bushels of buckwheat
off. It istraceable mainly to poverty
it has grown
When
of the soil in certain ingredients
acre.
peratively
imtwo
per
before
needed
the
its
as
and
for
inches, sow
plaster
by
;
crop
when
the buckwheat
best development, and to the pernihas grown
as
cious
effect of enrichingwith nitrogedown
and
large as it will, harrow
nous
who
will
manures.
plow under about five inches deep.
Any one
This,when cross-plowedin the spring plant on suitablydry soil,enriched
sufficiently
deep to bring up the only with forest-leaves,
sea-weeds,or
a
two
"
"
Potato
by plowing under
soil to
whole
the
green
completelyfilled
depth is
proper
with vegetablematter,
a
yet be grown
can
until
his satisfaction that
will find to
the potato
crops
Cttlture.
in all its
vigorand productiveness.
pristine
realize from
To
'
greatest
are
what
potato-growingthe
possibleprofits,
(and profits
we
all after,)
the following
are
conditions
one
acre
three,he
It costs
acre
acre
the
no
formerlydid
more
to
from
gainer.
cultivate
an
of
rich,productiveland than an
of poor, unproductiveland
; and
pleasureand profitof harvesting
crop that
husbandman
a
are
he
as
is stilllargelythe
so
abundantlyrewards
for his
and
care
overwhelminglyin
the
labor
favor
of
adhered
rich land as to need
strictly
no
comment.
with
to : First,the ground chosen
Besides,manuring
green crops
is not transitory
be dry,either naturallyor made
in its effects ; the land
must
the generous treatment
so
for
by thorough drainage; a gently remembers
sloping,deep, sandy or gravellyloam
many
years, and if at times lime or
ashes be added
is preferable.Second,the land should
to assist decomposition,
will continue to yieldremuneraenriched
with humus
be liberally
tive
by
after
land
but once
of the means
mentioned, if it is
some
crops long
treated with stable manure
cient
or
not alreadypresent in the soil in suffiguano
fails
soil
should
and
the
but
to
weeds.
produce
thing
quantities,
any
be deeply and
thoroughly plowed, The skinningprocess, the takingoff
of every thing grown
the soil and
on
verulent,
rendering it light,porous, and puland
moisture
that the air
returningnothing to it, is ruinous
alike to farm and farmer.
desirable
Thousands
to
easily
penetrate
any
may
of
in
of
be
found
various
it
and
can
a proper
acres
depth of ;
quantity
parts
either wood-ashes
or
lime, or both, of the country too poor to pay for
without
mixed
with common
salt,should be
manuring. Of
cultivating
into the
surface
before
the capabilities
harrowed
of their lands under
of
the
the owners
be
thereof
treatment
on
applied
planting,or
top
proper
idea whatever.
have
hillsimmediatelyafter planting.And,
Such
no
men
cultivation
and
after-care
make
the
not
can
nure
enough mafinally,
say they
the farm and are
should be prompt, and given as soon
on
too
as
poor
conducive
needed.
to buy.
Nothing is more
Why not, then, commence
after the crop is properly plowing under green crops, the only
to failure,
within easy reach ?
failure in promptness
in
If fifty
than
manure
planted,
under the first
not be turned
the cultivation and care
can
acres
required.
must
be
year, put at least one
which will help feed the
REMARKS
GENERAL
WITH
GREEN
Experienceproves
ON
MANURING
CROPS.
that
no
better
be
contented
corn
per acre,
hundred
may
eightor twelve
acre
under,
rest.
Why
thirtybushels of
when
eighty or one
be had ?
Why raise
with
bushels
of wheat
per
fortymay as well be had ?
adopted to bring up
acre, when
half-ton of hay per
which
but
cut
lands partially
one
are
mote
reexhausted,
Why
allow at
than plowing under
from cities,
acre, when the laws of nature
three?
this
farmer
least
the
precious
spend
Why
plan
By
green crops.
els
take lot after lot,and soon
can
bring time diggingonly one hundred bushwith
when
of
of
all up
state
to a
fertility.
high
potatoes per acre,
culture
and
three
four
or
True, he gathersno crop for one year, proper care
hundred
but the outlayis little; and if in the
easily be obtained?
may
from
second year he gathersas much
And, finally,
why toil and sweat, and
method
can
be
Potato
amount
ten
grow,
can
grow,
may
toil and
beasts
thirtyacres
cultivating
of produce that should
sweat,
on
dumb
the poor
have
for the
has
and
time wheat
of
forsaken sidepoorest, most
and knolls, if the
hills,cobble-hills,
The
Department
at
for the year 1866, the
in some
of these States
and
rate
ing
; but accord-
per acre
the statisticsgiven by the
to
culcural
grown
the
produced at
was
fortybushels
grow,
?
acres
Culture.
half
-a
evident
AgriWashington,
yield
average
but
was
four
bushels
It is
per acre.
this that Mr. Skinflint
from
depth,
gravelbe
has had thingspretty much
his own
rather
subsoil
retentive,
a
by
His
land
now
under
produces four and
way.
green crops grow
by turning
half bushels per acre
time
a
; what
potatoes of the first quality. If land
take, shall elapsewhen it shall be four and
be so poor that clover will not
sand
of moderate
or
underlaid
sometimes
is
as
seed
case,
spring,and
thirtybushels of wood-ashes, or
hundred
pounds of guano per
then
the
sow
to
millet very early in the
harrow in with the millet
with
clover
the
clover-seed
at
two
hundred
acre
as
soon
will not
the clover
Before
a
day
be of value
fail in
fair foothold
per
pleted.
com-
giving
the soil.
on
the millet blossoms, cut
of the
west
New-Jersey,with
extensive
over
dare
acres
inferior to
peck
one
pounds of gypsum
'as the bushing is
This
per bushel ? Who
will not at
predictthat manure
acre;
be
can
guano
reasonable
price,sow
a
half
nies ?
two
per acre ; brush it in.
If neither ashes nor
obtained
one
tains
conIllinois,
that yearlyyield'
tracts
of
average
forty-three
; and the
per acre,
the State is over
the
yieldof ihe
average
little
Illinois is but
per
States,where
thirty-one
over
the
In
acre.
potatoes
in
cereal
same
are
Western
tensively
ex-
grown
markets, the
for Southern
and
of Indian
bushels
while
corn
bushels
Alleghasoil naturally
a
of
that
hundred
one
some
hay. Keep all stock off average yieldis about eightybushels
the clover, plasterit the" following per acre
; while in old Pennsylvania
the last year potatoes
in full could be shown
spring,plow it under when
buckwheat
bloom ; sow
immediately; yieldingat the rate of six hundred and
There
are
when
plaster;when in full forty bushels per acre.
up, sow
is
that
who
and
the
those
manure
sow
bloom, plow under
argue
is
that
with
be
plant-food
to
never
necessary
ground immediately
rye,
in abundance
sphere
Thus
by the atmo.supplied
plowed under the next May.
it for
cure
"
said a certain
also once
are
; it was
put under within a
crops
live
his
horse
had
to
taught
year, the ground is left strong, light, man
without
free from
eating; but it so happened
weeds, ready to
porous,
three
most
large crop of potatoes, or alany thing else.
ing
is gained every way by havMuch
and keeping land in a high state
of fertility.
Some
require so
crops
for growth, that high
long a season
condition of soil is absolutely
sary
necesto carry them
rity
through to matua
grow
In
in time to escape autumnal
Western
States manure
hitherto been
"
frosts.
the
value.
The
considered
soil of these
originally
very
has
States
a
he
got the animal
Good, thorough
of the
aeration
toward
much
fectly
per-
but
the
soil
cultivation
mere
and
undoubtedly
do
productionof
manipulationis not
crops ;
all that
is needed.
That
growing plants
from
nourishment
and
in
that
the
draw
much
atmosphere,
tuents
appropriatelargelyof its consti-
building up
true
certainly
was
For
just as
schooled, it died.
little
of but
rich in humus.
that
; it is also
is
tissue,
t
rue
certainly
their
they requiresomething of
the
Culture.
Potato
soil besides
go
needed
by
anchorage.
mere
show
to
if the
that
the
All facts
constituents
the soil
plantfrom
are
abortive ?
to
What
move
farmer
sane
load
heavy
a
pects
ex-
over
so
rugged road with a team
that
and
poverty-stricken
they
but
faint shadow
a
sanitywhen
nearer
be
to
is he
Yet
?
a
pleasant
move
aright,unless
is strong and
Is
fat ?
when
he thinks he
sane
he
second
A
in the
under
kinds,and
a
perfectly
market
well.
To
planting early
clover
sod
turned
in the
spring,for the
answer
varieties,
very
flat furrows,take
turn
furrow-slice wide
fall
necessary.
clover plowed
fall for
late
of potatoes
crop
be
of
clean
should
alreadyin high
not
growth
cast
his land
thingsto
land is
in flat furrows
much
for each
condition, it may
lean
lie expects farming
and
and
profitable,
of buckwheat
one
under
where
;
the efforts of
present in the soil,
the plant toward proper development
not
are
clover and
be turned
enough
completely inside
to
the
the
have
it
preceding
one.
should
Potatoes
be
planted
ground ;
farm
and rapid deterioration
finally
year after year, and not
?
The
farmer on
of qualityand quantityof tuto the bone
bers
come
exhausted
land must
of necessity
render the crop unprofitasoon
use
ble.
Manure
of so?ne
kind must
soil
manure.
planted
continuously
Loamy
becomes
soon
heavy, and
compact,
go under, or he must
go under; and
lifeless. Where
the great mass
of cultivators no
of necessity
to
potatoes"
of enrichingis so feasible,
mode
be grown
must
so
yearlyon the same
it is advisable to dig rather early,
factory soil,
cheap, and attended with such satisof
that
and
as
der
plowing unresults,
bury the vines of each hill in the
last dug ; then harrow
one
level,and
green crops.
ed
The old plan of leavingan exhaustbe
under
sow
next
plowed
rye to
farm, and going West in search of plantingtime.
rich
The
be
farmer, who
intelligent
government land,"must soon
grows
abandoned.
Already the head of the
largecrops for market, will always so
skin
can
his
year after year on
trouble with weeds
not
the
same
"
of land-hunters
column
up" against the
"
fetched
Pacific,and
it is
gaze
for potatoes.
will discover any desirable
its waters.
over
unoccupied
soil
writer would
The
as
sayingthat
be understood
not
all farms
is
there
are
them
lands
to
the
owner,
process
by subjecting
indicated,such
of the
bring good
crops
consideration.
And
under
that land
yield
the
to
returns
a
in the
proper
kind
condition
maximum
Why
the
arguing that
a
crop
of
in
many,
the breed is in
by
this is
certainly
need
rendered
character
them
just what
their
best
the
development;
rich,light,and
such
weeds, that
land is rather
otherwise,and
season
and
the
cents
at
and
soil is
porous,
tivation
the cul-
so
of
wheat
buck-
and
strongly
urged is,
for
free from
of
production.
clover
in
have
tubers
healthiest
potatoes,
crop
grow other crops equally of the
Neither would the writer be understood dollars
as
for their
clover, or
lands, are so
than
year
certain extent, yet itis undeniable
that in potato-growingsuccess
lands
so
"
each
on
a
soil chosen
to
of
condition
It is said
failure is in the
or
further, and
is fitted to
well.
to
untrue
poor, sandy,or gravelly
such
found, which bringbut small
are
high
clover-sod
a
regard to swine,that
the trough ;" though
no
crops.
is,that where
lands
in
ed,
exhaust-
peration
way of recubut by plowing under
green
understood
What
he wishes
that
or
have
to
as
arrange
dry land
their anxious
whether
doubtful
have
a
sure
plea-
the close
tangibleprofitsin
are
highly gratifying.
Potato
C
standard
VARIETIES.
From
fact
the
that
produce
bushels
of potatoes
supposed
be
109,000,000
annually,it might
would
be cultivated.
is not
the
Of
fact.
Such, however,
the
few
comparatively
varieties
are
tant,
ex-
the fact that for
earlyvarieties
has
in the
wood-ashes,common
plasteronly,it will produce
hundred
two
ordinary seasons
The
The
Cowhorn, said
to
of sound, merchantable
acre
tubers,that will always command
qualitythe
Early June is very early,
but its quality is quite indifferent.
The
is early, attains
Cherry Blow
and
yieldsrather well. In
good size,
qualityit is poor. The Early Kidney,
to
as
quality,is good, but will not
yield enough to pay for cultivation.
ones.
hill with
bushels per
established
inferior to the late
are
whole
in many
sections is abandoned.
rather poor, sandy soil,
manured
On
in
Every
of the
and
extensively.
salt,
grown
grower's observation
of excellence
potato family. But it yieldsrather
to rot, except
poorly,and its liability
soils especially
fitted for it,has so
on
tion
discouraged growers that its cultiva-
varieties
great many
a
United
the
about
States
7
the
highestmarket
cultivated
will
and
for
a
price. Any potato
long series'of years
graduallybecome
better in quality;
finer in texture
but its liability
disease will also be
to
As
ed.
greatlyincreasit
of this, will be
instance
an
remembered
that
when
Merino
the
California varieties
and
troduced,
first in-
were
so
coarse
to
as
they were
fit
feed
and
thought
only to
hogs,
be the Mexican
quiteearly,of first quality, be
for this purpose, on
of their
account
gan
Michiyieldsvery poorly. The
farmers
tinued
conWhite
rather proSprout is early,
ductive,great yieldingqualities,
to cultivate them, until finally
and good. Jackson White is
became
so
in qualityquitegood, is early,and
changed as in many
they
sections to be preferredfor the table.
nitor
a favorite in some
places. The MoTheir
however, is now
israther early,
cultivation,
yieldslargecrops ;
its qualityis below
but as
it nearlyabandoned.
par,
the Garnet
Of the later varieties,
low
in
Philmarket.
brings a
price
brick's Early White
of the
is one
Chili, a widely-diffusedand well-
yam,
but
is
whitest- skinned
and
whitest-fleshed
It is about
potatoes known.
as
early
known
not
notice.
sort, deserves
of
so
the
good qualityas
It
is
Peach
Early Goodrich, isquiteproductive, Blow; but its freedom from disease,
and the largecrop it produces,make
and grows
to a large size,with but
as
few small
ones
is excellent.
to
the hill. Its
It has not
tested.
The
it a favorite with many
growers.
chief
with
it
the
fault
is,
mens
tensively
exlargestspeci-
quality
yet been
Early Rose is
to
early,of excellent
very
and to yieldextremely well.
quality,
It has, however, not been very widely
tested.
Perhaps for earliness and
rich
satisfactory
product,the Early Goodhas no
superior. It is of faila
nd
it
seasons
quality,
though some
does not yieldas well as others,yet,
all thingsconsidered,it is a desirable
variety.The old Neshannock, or
the latest of the
Mercer, is among
said
The
are
earlyvarieties. As
it is the
to quality,
apt
to
be
hollow
the
at
tre.
cen-
ripensrather
early;and, even
dug long before maturity,it has
dryness and mealiness,when prepared
It
be
when
a
for the table,not
other
found
sorts.
The
grown
for market
Buckeye
;
in many
is sively
exten-
its
yield is
only
is
and its quality
satisfactory,
not
medium.
to
some
The
and
The
Dykeman
extent, but will
Prince
Albert
is
a
is yet grown
be superseded.
soon
well-known
highly-esteemedvariety,ap-
Potato Culture.
preachingvery
in
quality.
the
near
One
Peach
Blow
tubers appear
potato is,the largest
be
of
the
good quality
as
as
who
find
justly
can
this
of
peculiarity
by
to
small
fault with
Peach. Blow.
the Mercer
to
a
perly-grown
pro-
It is pronounced
equal or superior
many
in quality,
which is not
proper soil and culture, the fact. It is emphatically a late
it yieldsa fair crop ; is quitefree from
potato ; and, though it does not yield
vor, as well per acre
disease ; and its smoothness, high flaother sorts,
as
some
it is comparativelyhealthy; and
and fine appearance
make it much
its
With
ones.
sought after
in the market.
very late potato, is a
with
who produce
favorite
great
many
for market.
Its yield is very large;
The
Fluke,
a
and
its smoothness
uniformityof
it altogethera desirable
size make
is generally free from
It
variety.
disease.
In qualityit is rather above
and
Harrison, if
The
in the
future
as
it should
do
it has done
the past, bids fair to become
for general cultivation.
yieldedin this
the
It
as
that
the
it
always brings
market.
In
but few other kinds of late sorts
fact,
could
find sale if
offered to
ever
the
so
enough of this kind were
ed
Plantsupply the demand.
it keeps green through
early,
of
heat
summer,
its tubers
rains,and then
medium.
well
qualityis such
a high price in
and
until
no
never
tures
ma-
after the
potato does
fall
it more
rapidly.
in
Grown
tato
po-
will be
has
flavored
rich
it
argillaceous
soil,
hollow, coarse
flesh,and illsuch soil as
but
on
planted
;
on
soil of
is recommended,
it is about
all that
on
derate
mosection,
with ordinaryculture, could be desired.
It is a strong, vigorous
fertility,
hill
of
and
the
one
one
uniform-sized,
peck to
peculiarity
grower;
merchantable
potatoes. It is a strong, of it is,that insects will not attack
vigorous grower, and very healthy. vines of this varietyif other kinds are
Its quality,
though not the very best, within reach.
is good. The
Planted on extremelypoor ground,
Willard,latelyoriginated
chusetts, it will,
bushels of
by C. W. Gleason, of Massaperhaps,yieldmore
is
It
is a half-early
and
those
of
better
tubers,
variety.
quality,
of a rich rose
than any other variety
that could be
enormously productive,
soil. Among
all
color,spottedand splashedwith white.
plantedon the same
size
old
In form and
the
The flesh is white.
or
new
sorts, perhaps,no
tato
pothe Early Goodbe found
it closelyresembles
rich,
that deteriorates
can
little in qualityfrom maturity to
its parent. It has not been extensively so
but certainly
promises maturityagain. And, in fine,where
tested,
Excelsior
is
The
well.
said,by those
only high qualitywith moderate yield
in its sale,to be very ductive,
are
proexcellent quaof most
lity,
retainingits superiorflavor all
desired, it has
interested
few
if any
riors.
supe-
and
round.
the
It is claimed
Many
that
year
better
about
old potatoes of this variety
are
of
than new
are
most
ones
early kinds,
of having
obviatingthe necessity
is
said to
Excelsior
The
sorts.
early
and
cook
mealy ; form
very white
nearlyround,eyes prominent. It has
thus
not
been
much
tested
neighborhoodwhere
But
out
of
the
it originated.
the potato-eateris yet unborn
other varieties
the
; but
all of much
list
tioned
might be menincludes
given
merit.
New
ties
varie-
clamoring
constantlyarising,
public favor, many of which are
tion.
wholly unworthy of general cultivasuch as
One
two
or
varieties,
are
adapted to the grower's locality
for
and
market, are
number
of sorts
sake.
to a greater
preferable
for variety's
merely
grown
Potato Culture.
INFLUENCE
OF
These
ON SEEDLINGS.
SOIL
organs
supposedto
are
form
per-
offices
characteristics of
The
potato, such
a
healthfulquality,productiveness,
uniformityof size,etc., depend
ness,
analogous to those of the
the stamens
kingdom
senting
reprethe male, and
the pistils
the
animal
"
as
much
the
on
which
female
organs.
the
on
When
teristics,
charac-
originated.These
it
anthers,which contain
at
maturity,they
pollen,arrive
the
by the
open and emit a multitude of minute
the ingredients
potato from
grains of pollen; and these, falling
soil,at its first growth from the
the pistils
of the flower, throw
on
with
minute
of the
adhere
potato-ball,
the
of
all,imbibed
or
some
seed
soil
the
of
nature
hair-like tubes, which
out
penetrate
through all its
through the vascular tissue of the
generations.A seedlingmay, in size,
and ultimately
reach the ovules,
pistil,
color,and form resemble its parent ; thus
them, and
fertilizing
making
but its constitution and qualityare in
them capable,when
of
mature,
ducing
reprothe nature
a
great degree dependent on
kind.
of their own
plants
of the soil,climatic influences,
The
ovules
the rudimentary
are
it
great tenacityto
other accidental
and
True
and
we
crosses
probably
is
it
and
generally more
healthy than others;
seeds,situated in
accidental
to
of
central
which
for many
rieties
vatheir
from
widely
is most
cross
apparent
will be
colors of each
TO
HOW
order
In
offspring
with
marked
stripedor
to
rent
of diffe-
the parents are
colors,in which case the
when
the eye
base
consistingof
portion,called
is surrounded
inner
the
the
to
a
nucleus,
by two coats,
secundine,the
the
the hairprimine. When
the pollen-grainpasses
through the orifice in the coatingsof
like tube
of
the ovule, and
reaches
the nucleus,or
embryo sack, it is supposed to emit
a
spermatic or plantletgerm, which
bryo
through the wall of the empasses
and
the germinal
sack
enters
parent.
VARIETIES.
CROSS
called
the
the
outer
A
the
at
case
each
pistils,
the
indebted
are
that differ so
parents.
a
are
crosses
vigorous
causes.
comprehend fullythe
in it.
vesicle contained
The
vesicle
their
of this subject,and
or
germinal
principles
correspondsto the vesicle,
it
of
and
in
the eggs
ovum
operations, spot,
birds,
applicationto practical
take a general of mammiferous
animals.
will be necessary
The
to
germ
remains
in the vesicle,
and finally
becomes
view of the generative
organs of the
the embryo, fullydeveloped
vegetable kingdom, and the manner
in
the
in
into
be seen
in which
act
a
as
production
they
plantlet,
may
of
their
species.If
perfectflower,
of
consists essentially
called
one
in the
of the
around
of
on
an
the
of
gans,
or-
the other
pistils,
located
are
pistils
The
stamens
sets
two
a
it
that
the
the stamens.
centre
examine
we
shall find
we
flower,and
them.
is called
pistil
the
The
the
summit
stigma;
and
is situated
the top of each stamen
small sack, which conanther
tains
a
"
the
that
pollen,a
fertilizes the
seeds of the
dust-like substance,
ovules
plant,
or
young
seeds.
many
of
Flowers
when
the
the
when
and
on
perfect
in
are
pistils
the apple; monoecious,
and
stamens
flower, as
same
the
called
plantsare
in
different
oak ; and dioecious,when
flowers and on different
the
hemp.
which
one
on
the
In
the
plants,as in
plants in
males, are on
or
females,
pistils,
another, the males
alwaysremain
in different
that class of
stamens,
plant,and
flowers
the white
plant,as
same
or
of
course
barren \ and
the
must
pisti-
Potato Cidttite.
to
lates,to be
pollenfrom
must
fruitful,
the anthers
have
of the
the
stami-
continue
This
brought in contact with its stigma
In
by wind, insects,or other means.
plantswith perfectflower,the stamens
and
are
generally situated around
the
that
above
the pistil,
so
pollen
force
falls upon
the stigma by mere
of gravity. In the potato, tjiepollen
is conveyed from
the anthers to the
of the two
actual
contact
stigma by
The
organs.
mule.
nate
the
fullfor
fresh and
days.
substantially
operandi is
modus
some
in
crossingfruits,
flowers,
the
vegetablesthroughout
table
vegekingdom.
breeding
crossHybridizing differs from
in
one
only fertilizing
species,
of its varieties,
with the pollen
one
same
and
or
of another
or
species,
of the
same
or
a
different genus.
offspringis called
Hybrids,with
ties,
of its varie-
one
hybrid, or
a
very few tions,
excepfail to propagate
seed, and must,
sterile,
they
Cross-breedingin plantsconsists in
themselves
from
one
varietywith the pollen
fertilizing
be propagated by
to
them,
of the same
preserve
of another variety
species.
No
suckers.
or
layers,
change
is called a cross-breed, grafts,
The offspring
is
in
fruit
the
perceptible
produced
of
breeding
crossor
variety. The process
the operaconsists in takingthe pollen from blossoms
upon which
tion
of
or
hybridizing
cross-breeding
it
the
and
of one
applying to
variety
has been performed ; but the seed of
in such a
stigma of another variety,
fruits so obtained may be plantedwith
way as to effect itsfertilization. This
of producing a fruit or
is done by cuttingaway (withscissors)the certainty
tuber commingling the qualities,colors,
tilized,
of the flower to be ferthe stamens
are
a
short time before
they arrive
taking a flower in
which
the pollen is ripe,dry, and
powdery, from the stalk of the variety
at
and
main
characteristics of both
rents.
pa-
maturity,and
Experience, however,
the
characteristics
somewhat
shows
of the
male
that
dominate
pre-
in the
offspring.
To
and hyjudiciouscross-breeding
bridizin
then
it in the
of
we
owe
most
our
superior
the
of
it
the
left,
striking on
finger
the flower, thus scattering fruits and vegetables. If the operation
held near
and
were
more
generallyknown
the pollenon
the stigma of the pistil
the
most
farmers,
practiced
ing
gratifyby
of the flower to be fertilized. The
results would
be soon
obtained,
should be taken to apply
utmost
care
in
the
of the
not
production
only
is
its
in
the flower
the pollen when
wished
parent; and
righthand, and
for the male
greatest vigor, and
covered
mucus
the
ing
hold-
stigma is
coatingof
with the necessary
to insure a perfectconnection
most
valuable
and other
varieties of
but
vegetables,
and
flowers,
grain of every
potatoes
also in
fruits,
description.
and make
pollenwith the pistil,
POTATOES.
SMOOTH
VS. ROUGH
[he fertilization perfect. All flowers
Other
in the experimentshould be
thingsbeing equal,smooth
not wanted
to those with
before any pollenis formed.
removed
potatoes are preferable
The
starch being
of
to tie athn
It is necessary
deeply-sunken
piece
eyes.
abundant
the
most
near
the flower to be fertilized,
skin,not
gauze over
is lost by the thin paring of
much
so
to prevent
before and after crossing,
insects from conveying pollen to it, the former as by the necessarily
er
deepof
the
latter.
the labors of the opethus frustrating
paring
rator.
Varieties usuallywell formed sometimes
has been sucIf the operation
cessful,
will soon
the pistil
begin to
grow so knobby and ill-shaped
will
be
the
to
as
scarcelyrecognized. This is
wither ; if not perfect, pistil
of the
Potato
caused
by
when
drought occurring
severe
the tubers
about
are
causingthem
grown,
On
the
Culture.
of
return
Much
thirds
two
ii
No
is
itself
for the
and
one,
UNCUT
SEED.
should
shows
argue that potatoes
The
planted whole.
only
growers
be
the
soil
also demonstrate
experiments
if all
the
A
with
plot planted
potatoes
planted with
each
the
to
will
hill,
difference in number
the
growing
The
poor
seed
cut
of vines
be
of two
to
secure
flesh
as
used.
also
possible,
the centre
"
in
them
tubers
pieces
under
seed
prove
from
"
end
produce potatoes
that mature
earliest;they are also
smallest.
Those
from
the large or
end are largest,
stem
and least
latest,
in numbers.
from
the
middle
Eyes
produce tubers of very uniform size.
If
small, ill-shaped
potatoes
planted on
successive
the best
the
same
years,
ground
for three
the results will
a bad
variety
name.
be
Late
ciently
suffi-
market
planted about
the
two
earlyones.
bushels
questionab
Unbe obtained
can
the greater.
it out
Mark
four feet apart each
planted in hills,
by plowing
broad, flat-bottomed
three inches
three
each.
eyes
furrows about
At
deep.
piecesof
in
directed,
sections
Place
the
crossings
potato, cut,
of
two
the
as
three
or
pieces so
as
represent the pointsof a triangle,
each piece being about
foot distant
a
to
from
If
that eyes
planted as
by planting in drills
per acre
in hills,
but the labor of cultivating
if to be
the eye to
of the tuber.
Experiments
the
Cut
sound
on
be
warm.
be
cure
prothree
or
Prepare the ground by thorough
low.
plowing, making it decidedlymel-
improperly drop
three eyes each, takingpains
around
each eye as much
or
and
The
has become
in drillsis much
ing
attend-
able
always trace-
improper seed
Only large,mature,
should
than
way,
almost
are
planting
MANURING.
ground
more
during
season.
results sometimes
to
cut.
eyes
much
the
changing
undoubtedly the
by the practice.
should
later than
another
show
not
kinds
dry
out.
two
every
insist
AND
the
three small,uncut
of
two
many
the
as
seed start, weeks
and
hill,
piecesof
three
seed
varieties should
the
to
Early
soon
greatest
but the stronger soon
overpower
them
starve
weaker, and finally
the demands
when
great benefit
PLANTING
the eyes except one
or
the
two
near
middle be cut out of the seed-potato,
such seed will push with
possiblevigor.
Many eyes of the uncut
Even
year; and
is
often
doubled
crop
from
that
the
years, and
seed every
able
greater supply of starch availfrom which
to obtain
nutriment
plantcan draw support
and atmosphere. But
another.
new
a
until the
developmentof
seed grown
on
a different soil.
best and most
extensive growers
plausibletheory in support of whole
seed is,that the few eyes that do start
have
best
varietyis desired,experience
same
Many
up of the
stillbe fitted to meet
of
AND
made
are
constituents exactlyin the same
partially
ripen. same
moisture,a new
proportion; hence, a soil may be exhausted
to
growth takes place,which shows
in knobby protuberances.
CUT
gained by changingseed.
varieties
two
the
each
of
the
other
side
cut
better ; cover
Where
land
two.
is put down,
about two inches
is free from
stone
it is
deep.
and
sod, the covering may be well and
mediately
rapidlydone with a lightplow. Imafter planting,
sprinkleover
and around
each hill a large handful
of unleached
wood-ashes
and salt,(a
half-bushel
of
fine salt mixed
barrel of ashes is about
If ashes
give
as
is sometimes
can
the
not
the
with
a
rightproportion.)
ed,
be obtain-
case,
apply
Potato
12
instead about
lime slacked
the
it.
will make
quantityof
same
in brine
salt
strong
potato from
as
The
Culture.
as
peculiarorganizationhas
its
hungering
after potash. Woodand thirsting
its wants
in this
ashes exactlymeet
direction.
Lime
supplies
indirectly
what was
before
potash by liberating
inert in the soil.
induces
obtain
To
half
the -ashes
the best results,
be covered
inch
an
Salt in small quantities
of
plan
ed
hill is recommendwhere
it is
of them.
the most
make
obtained
crops have been
in the
fertilizersnamed
the
using
Maximum
by
which
described;but where they can
ly
itis certainat low prices,
and requires
less labor,to
advisable,
all
apply
three,ashes, lime,and salt,
in bountiful
harrow
it in
marked
out
and
quantities,
the
before
for
ground
is
CULTIVATION.
expected,pass a light
the rows
just before the
ready to burst through ;
harrow
vines
are
over
are
this will disturb them
less troublesome.
and
As
render them
soon
earth
inches
high,run
tops are two
plow five inches deep close to
turningthe furrows from the
Plow
rows,
east
both
ways
twice
the
finishingon
and
west,
sun's rays
the ground
a
which
a
corn-
the
will
better chance
hollow
squares
the air and
warm
as
After
the
the potatoes
sunlight,
Just as soon as
a height of six
hitch
seven
a
or
inches,
strong horse
to a two-horse
plow, and turn furrows
inches
tween
seven
deep midway befully
to
the
weeds
the
plantswith
or
low
mel-
the hoe,
top of the hills somewhat
the rains.
catch
fairlyup, their
through
with all possiblespeed,or at least as
rapidlyas the growth of the tops will
permit.
If the last plowing be deferred until
the vines are large,a largeproportion
potatoes
After
consequence.
of growth,
time
each
a
tubers
new
be the
to
certain
stage
formed
are
the soil is
disturbed;these
fullydevelop, they rob those
make
the
formed, and
crop
never
first
inferior to
By
the
the
ground
mode
up
roots
soon
tubers
are
what
of
it should
culture
is made
described,
and
warm
be.
mellow
the
seed-potatoes,the
fill the whole
hill,and
formed
that have nothing
to
writer is
The
grow.
flat culture has strong advocates
do
to
are
be crowded
potatoes is sure
of small
but
aware
;
to
but,after many
is convinced
he
experiments,
that hills
are
much
the
other
tilizers
fer-
PLASTER.
However
hills.
Plow
much
lime
or
be appliedto
may
stillgreat benefit is derived
the
from
soil,
the
of lime.)
plaster,
(sulphate
pendence
deall,plasteris the main
of the potato-grower, a help
which
he may
most
rely with the utresults
confidence.
Astonishing
obtained from its use, when applied
of
use
all sides
will grow amazingly.
the tops have attained
rows
necessary;
whollyun-
where, from
it alone.
After
by
the
is often
Then, so
the soil is concerned, let
stirring
to
the
running
give the
to
on
hill,
upin ter
bet-
rows
rows.
properly.Standing on
of earth, warmed
rows
hills,best.
between
rows
to
keepingthe
the
as
the
plowing,it is needed, draw
poor
close
If weeds
ways;
turn
side-hill,
between
but
much
planting.
a
will leave the
shape. Hoeing
far
both
rows
be
ground
the first furrow
manner
be obtained
broadcast
the
cultivation should
fertilizers
the
supply,and
in limited
are
desirable to
This
of soil.
manuring in the
only in cases
named
with about
between
if the
a
vigorous,
healthygrowth.
lime should
or
twice
and
on
are
in
a
proper
manner.
all of
field,
preparedalike,and
seen
a.
The
the
all
same
writer has
all
soil,
plantedwith
Potato
the
same
one
half of
in wet
time,on
plaster, the case.
same
was
and
acre,
rotten
many
which
plaster
hereafter
manner
and
hundred
three
;
was
acre, and
not
per
the other part,
appliedin the
explained,yielded
sixtybushels per
an
unsound
of
plasteris often
one
among
them.
action
The
the fact that where
From
has been
of
benefit, there
in
plausibility
would
be
traceable
to' the
the
lime, but
The
ammonia
form
of carbonate
in
not
that
to
sulphuricacid.
rain-water
A
was
in the
(a volatile salt)is
dry ; so of potatoes.
when
the drought
since,
or
few years
intense
so
render
in this section
as
to
the
generalpotato crop almost
the writer produced a
a total failure,
plentifulcrop by the use of plaster
alone.
On examination
at the dryest
the
bottoms
of the hills were
time,
dust
to
be
dust, yet
literally
the tubers
the leaves
were
vines
and
rich
seem
Liebig's theory
its effects must
clover,wet
zling.
puzfound
land
stronglylimed,a small tity
quansuch
plaster applied shows
decided
seasons; such is not always
It is certainly
beneficial to
fit
which, that had no
but sixtybushels
yield
the
to
the
at
variety
Culture.
green,
frost, while
and
swellingfinely;
of a deep
were
remained
other
in this
fields
so
until
in
sight,
with
the
same
planted
variety,but
treated with plaster,
not
were
brown,
dead, and
gypsum
not
worth
attracts
digging. That
moisture
may
hill of
the
plaster,
be
a
decomposed by
sulphuric proved by plastering
corn
for it,
thus
and leavinga hill by it unplastered
having greater affinity
;
forming two new compounds, sulphate the dew will be found deposited in
and carbonate
of ammonia
of lime.
the plastered
on
greater abundance
But
arable soil has the same
hill.
as
to
tain
But, according
Liebig,cerperty
proof absorbing ammonia
from the
products of the chemical action
air and rain-water,
and fixingit in the
into and are incorof plasterenter
porated
with
same
the structure
or
even
a
of the
higher degree than
its
lime, there is only the sulphuricacid
plant,closing
breathing pores to
left to look to for an
such an
that the plant is enextent
abled
explanation of
the favorable action of plasteron the
which
to withstand
a
drought
would
growth of plants.
prove fatal to it unassisted.
It is found
that plasterin contact
Certain it is that plasterrenders
with soil undergoes decomposition, plants less palatableto insects,
and,
far as the writer's experimentsexso
tend,
part of the lime separatingfrom the
and
and
it
is
fatal
of the fungi
to many
sulphuricacid,
magnesia
ash
pottakingits place,quitecontrary to
family. To obtain the best results,
the ordinaryaffinities.
the vines of potatoes should be dusted
These
facts show
that the action
with plaster
as
soon
as
they are fairly
of plasteris very complex, and
that
the
soil,again immediately
through
it promotes
the distribution of both
after the last plowing and hoeing,and,
vals
hereafter given, at intermagnesia and potash in the ground, for reasons
action
exercisinga chemical
growing
throughout the whole
upon
the soil which
extends
to any depth
The
firstapplication
season.
may be
of it ; and that,in consequence
of the
after
light,the second heavier,and therechemical
and
mechanical
it should be bountifully
tions
modificaapplied,
of the earth,particles
of certain
hundred
two
at
pounds
say
per acre
nutritive elements
become
accessible
one
sowing.
and available to plantsthat were
not
acid
so
THE
before.
It is said
is
plaster
of most
bene-
The
POTATO-ROT"
year
1845 will
ITS
ever
CAUSE.
be
memo-
Potato
rable
its givingbirth
by
which
threatened
of the
caused
to
the
potato
an
a
disease
entire destruction
and
crop,
sufferingand
incredible
to
which
pecuniaryruin
throughout
extent
potato,
common
That
the
disease,was
dependence of the
potato
sole
people of Ireland for
over-populated country
actual
more
of the
has
any
other
Although
this di
rienced
expe-
in
suffering
disease
potato
from
food.
the
same
has
ease
others, yet
we
are
of its existence,
and
yearly
in
some
sequence
con-
than
cause.
in
never,
this country, prevailed to the
ruinous
that it has in
extent
and
moisture,and their aridity
such that vegetationwithers
of
is often
before
them
same
some
reminded
the
at
as
touch
Evaporation is increased
rapid ratio with
The
exhalation
the time of the appearance
at
of the
almost
devoid
of wind.
Europe.
The
Culture.
exposed
winds'
are
the
the sweep
at
in
the
a
digiously
pro-
velocity
effects of the excessive
from
to
of fire.
once
leaves
of
of
such
plants
drying
seriously
apparent.
these winds
When
finally
cease, the
dity,
atmosphere has a low relative humimoisture
remains
in
not enough
the air to prevent radiation ; the heat
absorbed
by the earth through the
day is,during the bright,cloudless
night, rapidlyradiated and lost in
space, and a reduction in temperature
of twenty to thirty
sequence.
degrees is the con-
seasons
localitiesitsdestructive effects
the first place,the
potato-vines
by excessive exhalation ; in
reduction
of
the second, by sudden
of
the disease known
the "potatoas
temperature, and, though not frozen,
rot" is Botrytis(peronospora) infes- their functions are
much
deranged,
This may
be induced
tans.
their vitality
and
by many
greatly enfeebled
and various predisposing
To
common
use
a
expression,the
causes, such
feebleness
constitution
violent
of
cold that
of the
as
plant has caught a
has settled on the lungs."
an
varietyplanted,rendering them
The leaves (which are the lungs of
easy prey to the disease ; by planting
tions
failto perform their funcon
low, moist land, or on land highly
plants)now
enriched
of
by nitrogenousmanures,
properly. The points
many
vites of the leaves turn brown, curl up, and
causing a morbid
growth which inthe disease;also by insects or
die.
their larvae puncturing or eating off
ly
The
ascending sap, not being fulthe leaves or vines.
But by far the
elaborated by the diseased leaves,
most
common
out through the skin of the stalk
oozes
wide-spreadand most
of the disease is sudden
viscous state, and the plant
in
cause
a thick,
changes
of atmospheric temperature, particuis in a state of consumption.
to all appearance
larly
when
rain.
accompanied by
nute
At this stage the ever-present miDrought, though quiteprotractedand
unless
of
the
accompanied by strong
Botrytisinfestans
severe,
spores
the sicklyplant,
on
dryingwinds,and followed by sudden
eagerlypounce
its most
eased
disand great reduction of temperature, selthemselves
dom
on
fastening
affects the potato seriously.It is
Botrytisinfestans
parts. The
cluded
in the Northern
is
not uncommon
a
States,
plant,and is incryptogamous
Mucidineous
in the
of August and
family,
during the months
It
is
a
vegetable
parasite
September, for strong westerlywinds
(moulds.)
for many
to prevail
preying upon the livingpotato plant,
days in succession.
These
winds, coming from the great like lice or other animal parasites
upon
American
desert,are almost wholly the animal species.
seriously
apparent.
final or culminating
The
cause
are
In
suffer
"
Potato
healthier
plants.
follows that,because
a
mildew, it must
by
left to
die,any
it by
But
more
no
Culture.
means
ed
plantis attackbe
necessarily
than
it follows
that,because an animal isinfested with
vermin, it should be let alone to be
eaten
up
by
REMEDY
THE
POTATO-ROT.
"
ounce
cure
once
that
FOR
treatingfor the potato-rot, an
of preventionis worth a pound
In
of
them.
;" for when leaves or vines
dead, they ever remain so.
be done
can
are
All
for potatoes infested
an
apple dusted
at
its first formation
from
strengthening
remain."
The
those
"
writer
was
led to
the
adoption of the remedy proposed by
experimentsmade upon fruits.
has an
who
Every one
apple or
pear-orchardmust have observed that
mildew
sudden
Spots
the
cold
of fruit supervenes
after some
of
change
temperature, cially
espewhen
accompanied by rain.
of mildew
fruit
young
night,when
indicated
form on
invariably
immediatelyafter a
the thermometer
has
and
ground plaster
remained
maturity,
to
came
free
while
but not so
applesgrowing by it,
b
ecame
treated,
scabby and worthless.
also ascertained that a thorough
It was
applicationof plasterdestroyed the
mildew
after it had formed, and that
such fruit came
to maturity. On
the
potato mildew, so far as the writer's
if applied
experienceextends, plaster,
early,is a perfectprevention,and if
not
delayed too long after the disease
appears, is a certain remedy.
vines should
The
is to stop the mildew
from
by destroyingit where it
spreading,
is,and by
things which
mildew
with
and
on
the
be watched
firstappearance
ly,
closeof
the
disease
plastershould be applied; not
ing
merely sowing it broadcast,but dashit over
and under the vines,
ing
bringit in contact
with the stalks,
using
a
handful
three
to
four hills. Plaster
or
for this purpose
should
be very
dry and powdery, and should be applied
when
the air is still. One
is seldom
be renewed
as
it
sufficient;
often
as
cation
applishould
circumstances
Examine
the vines about
require.
three days after a cold night,or about
the same
length of time after a heavy
rain.
If the leaves begin to curl and
wither,apply plasterat once ; and, in
ty-five
change of twenty to twenThis
of
dew
mildegrees.
growth
takes place when
the apples are
the vines show
of various sizes,
from the earliest formation short,whenever
any
of
bites
signs drooping,be the cause
to the size of large marbles.
excessive aridity,
of insects,
These fungousgrowths appear as darkor
sive
excesof
the
colored spots, which arrest the growth
humidity
atmosphere, or
of the apple immediatelybeneath, sudden change of temperature, drooping
indicates
from
whatever
it
cause
become
while
distorted,
causing to
any
the expansion and contraction
bring the approach of mildew, which should
with an
be promptly met
diseased action,
which results in the
on
application
crackingand generalscabbiness of the of plaster. As before stated,plaster
the vines as soon
fruit.
as
they are up, again
the
lastplowing and hoeing; after
that dry-rot (Merulius after
Knowing
cumstances
Lachrymans, (Schum,)another species that, one, two, or three times,as cirindicate.
of fungus,was
remedied
by an application
of sulphuricacid, I thought
the vines are kept
By this method
it might possibly
dew.
of a brightlivelygreen, and the tubers
destroythe fruit milAn
of plaster,
until
are
application
swelling
sum,)
(gypkept
growth is
which is composed of lime and
ed
stoppedby frost. Another pointgainwith the
made
sulphuricacid, was
is,potatoes so grown are so sound
a
happiestresults.
It
was
found
that
and
free from
disease
as
to
be
easily
Potato Culture.
market
kept for spring
without
loss
diggeris the
if the
by
of the
owner
cially
rot.
crop.
plaster
to
to
sulphuricacid,to the
its simplybeing a dust, has
determined.
is well
It
that the fruits of
vineyardor
orchard in close proximityto a dusty
much
and
frequented highway are
remarkably free from mildew, which
the
on
can
only be due to dust settling
known
fruit.
and
trees
a
in the
But
Diggingshould
of
is attributable the
the
been
not
potato mildew
the
on
lime, or
surprisingeffects
the
Whether
of
case
is
ground
small
plow, to
each
side of
only when
dry, that the
clean
out
come
may
be done
turn
a
the
and
potatoes
bright.
lightfurrow
is
rows,
help.
some
Pull
and lay'them
up the vines,
that they will be covered
so
dirt
dug
from
hill.
the
down
by
Commence
side of the hiil; press the hook
hoe down, so that it will reach a
or
trifle below
the
potatoes, and
the writer is inclined to believe
the implement firmly toward
plaster,
is mainly due to the sulphuric Repeat
the
operation, each
efficacy
assisted
tool
the
inches
a few
acid, probably
placing the
by
of dust.
state
a
it matters
may,
that
as
it
result is all
The
not.
this
Be
"
desired; the remedy is
and a
easilyapplied,costs but a trifle,
draw
you.
time
trialis all that is needed
convince
to
the
skeptical
most
of its merits.
grower
STORING
AND
DIGGING
labor of
growing and
securinga crop of potatoes. Digging
is a long,laborious task. Many small
sunk yearlyby inventors
fortunes
are
Is full half the
with and
experimenting
the work
has done
under
except
the
most
properly
favorable
Many
tubers
earth,and
machines
so
so
not
are
yet fully
with
left covered
bruise
the
the'
potatoes will
hill,
many
much
tatoes
injured. Poshould
be picked up as soon
and as fast as dug ; and immediately
covered with straw
other material,
or
from
the light. A
to protect them
few
hours'
the
best
strong sunshine
potato
the
changes
ever
color
besides,
potatoes
injuretheir appearance
in
Light
to
green,
renders
the potato so bitter and
to be wholly unfit to
as
unpalatable
eat.
which
to
way in
often dug, and the
the inconsiderate
potatoes
are
they are
lightto
being transported to
market, the denizens
some
will ruin
grown.
natural
which
overcome.
lost ; and
of
be sacrificed and
cumstances.
cirOwing
Stones,vines,and weeds
obstacles
digging
centre
this method
the toes
potabe bruised ; whereas, if
in the
be commenced
By
will not
the
and
ing
construct-
"potato- diggers;"but, so far,no
machine
are
hill is dug.
further
until the whole
hill,
the
across
or
be
can
singleseason's
in
in
the
one
on
its
lime in
A
from
if ever,
taste
exposed
and
of
this
our
while
while
in
cities seldom,
vegetablein
its
If to be stored
greatest excellence.
in the cellar,the potatoes should be
digging
and keeping qualities.
Undoubtedly,
when
in heaps covered with
the day will come
the great
left in the field,
bulk of potatoes will be dug well and
straw, until the sweating is over, and
the cellar and
to
rapidly by horse-power; but until then be removed
that day does come,
with
the potato-hook lightlycovered
dry sand, or
be used.
must
earth, just sufficient to exclude the
Much
of the back-ache
and general light.
choose
incident to digging is
If to oe buried in the field,
unpleasantness
ing
havavoided,or greatlymitigated,
a
by
dry, sidelingplace; scrape out a
the potatoes large and
sound, slight
hollow, by merely removing the
the
surface soilwith a hoe ; into this,
hill,
pile
turningout a peck to
espeas
to
i8
ten
twelve bushels ;
to
properly,and
toes
with
deep ;
or
Culture.
Potato
clean
cover
placethe
straw,
the
over
straw
of better flavor in the
fully
care-
six
inches
small
a
remain
so
carry
air that
foul
from
it is
be
that,if
are
leaves
instead
used
of
be
straw,
potatoes
buried,
such potatoes will be of better flavor ;
j
to
cover
if nothing
further,
and
in contact
comes
twofold
with
keep
to
is used
of
purpose
chamber
the tubers
for the
air-
securing an
frost,and
out
the earth from
prevent
but
dry earth
them, they will
better still. Straw
be
be
may
add
me
woods
the
to
until the sweating
is completelyover, or so long as
prudence will permit; and when cold
earth
weather fairly
sets in,add more
to keep from
freezing,
leavingonly a
of
straw
wisp
protrudingthrough to
off any
here let
And
opening at the top ; over this opening
place a board or flat stone, elevated a
littleon one
side,to lead off the rain.
Let them
springthan
possiblefor potatoes to be which
cellar.
kept in a common
with four
five inches of earth,except
are usually
properly
buried
Potatoes
pota- j
them
cover
to
minglingwith
openingthe pits.
on
generated.
TO
THE
INJURIOUS
TATO.
POintensely INSECTS
but lightly
cold, it is best to cover
There
distinct speciesof
ten
are
with earth,say five or six inches deep;
insects
preying upon the potato-plant
and when
vere,
freezingis becoming sewithin
limits of the United
the
States.
spread over the heap buckwheat
j
of these ten speciesare
fined
conto the depth j Many
straw, or coarse
manure,
within
Certain
mits.
li!
in
inches.
is
geographical
six
There
of
danger
Their
habits
and
differ
history
especially
covering very deep at first,
Where
if the
winters
the
are
should
autumn
attack the potato
very widely. Some
both in the larva state and in the perfect
warm.
prove
kept too warm, rot is sure to ensue.
or
winged state ; others
Experience shows that any vegetable
perfector winged state alone
tain
keeps better buried in pitsthat conothers again in the larva state
than
twelve
ten
not
or
more
If
each.
bushels
are
large quantities
Where
buried,it
is advisable
shallow,broad
to
open
to
a
be
every
long,
a
potatoes
these
put
and
A
straw
more
keep
so
few
on
furrows
assist in
to
a
six inches
and
them
;
covering;
and
make
a
of
method
separate;
and
any
time
opened at any
market, without
others,
section
to
be
can
be
taken
to
these
turn
employed
The
ten
out
to
of
two
Where
;
and
a
be worthless
Stalk-Borer,*
no
its
specieshas
mode
cessful
suc-
will
when
againstthe remainder.
tela,Guenee.) This
*
while
;
tender
and
will prove very
some" of them
"
endangeringthe
rated
gene-
borer,exclusively
a
enemies
against
often
leaves
potato
which
of attack
'\
two
largerstalks.
lead off the
of
ter
rains,which is a matthe first importance. By this
each lot of potatoes is kept
the
insect
peculiar
drain
from
year
belonging to preceding
Eight of the ten feed
the
Each
side
each
on
singlebrood
remaining
the
every
burrow, like
in the
sects,
in-
females
of
stems
until the trench is full.
plowed
are
alone.
broods, each of them
externallyon
of earth ;
potatoes
more
year;
of
broods.
desirable
place about
straw
then
as
one
while
by
quantity of
to
soon
as
dug ; next
little straw; against the
by placing a
is but
and
;
of these
seven
there
three
to
of
case
there
three,
trench,leadingup and
if possible,
to secure
hill,
good
either
at
end,
drainage. Commence,
down
the
In
in the
hair-lines
life-size.
represented
are
(Gortynani(Fig.2,)
larva
given,the
insects
are
Potato
in the largestalks
burrows
commonly
Culture.
It occurs
also in the
of the potato.
in
those of the
stalks of the tomato,
dahlia
aster, and
and
It is sometimes
flowers.
through
the
the
ing
bor-
dian
growing Inpartial
particularly
the
of
stem
found
cockle-
common
bur, (Zanthiumstrumarium;}and
would
only
itself to
confine
of
friend
a
than
is
an
yearly becoming
destructive.
an4 more
is
great
a
numerous
particularly
Mississippinorth
River.
The
of
is found
of the Ohio
larva of the
stalk-borer
leaves the stalk in which
about
and
the
descends
the
a
it burrowed
latter part of
littlebelow
in
earth, where
it
into
July,
the surface
about
three
the
days
changes
pupa,
state.
chrysalis
The
winged insect (Fig. i,)which
extensive group
belongs to the same
of moths
{Noctua family,or owlet
moths)
which,
to
or
all the
cut-worm
moths
from
der
unappertain,emerges
from
the
end
of
ground
August
the middle of September. Hence
to
it is evident
that
events, of the female
the
few,
some
moths
must
at
all
there is
no
young
for
them
to
plants,
the
autumn,
die out
in
a
the
potato,
lay eggs
whole
breed
injuryto
or
live
it is numerous,
the
in
in the
larva
potato crop
stalk of the
out,
bores into the heart of the
and
alway proceeding
the root.
When
it is
fourth
one
is
length,and
stalk,
toward
full grown,
than
more
downward
of
a
tle
lit-
inch
an
soft,whitish,legless
Hence
grub, with a scalyhead.
it can
always be readilydistinguished
the
which
larva
has
of
the
stalk-borer,
sixteen
invariably
how
matter
a
it may
small
legs,no
be.
Unlike
this last
it becomes
in
a pupa
insect,
interior of the potato-stalk
which
the
it inhabits
and
it comes
about
the
:
beetle state
out
in the
last of
August
beginningof
September.
by the larva
dies. The
wilts and
perfectbeetle,
like many
other snout-beetles,
must
of course
live through the winter,to
reproduce its species the following
spring. In Southern
Pennsylvania,
some
tensive
years, nearly every stalk of exfields is infested by this insect,
the
causing
premature decay of
the vines,and
giving them the appearance
or
The
stalk
of
inhabited
havingbeen
districts of
some
has, in
crop
ruined
vines
This
having
a
In
the potato
Illinois,
some
by
scalded.
been
seasons,
terly
ut-
this snout-beetle,
many
dozen
larvae in them.
insect attacks
no
the
plant but
does
than
The
Potato-
Worm,
^-maculata, Haworth.)
known
insect,the larva
3,)
(Fig. is usuallycalled
"
Potato-Stalk
potato.
subsequentlyhatches
insect, potato.
is generallysupposed.
The
The
other
upon
would
This
singleyear.
in sections where
more
which
its beak
winter,in obscure
through
places,
the plantsthey infest
to layeggs upon
the following spring; for otherwise,
as
about
of country; and
in the valley from
extent
of the
moth
a
in
numerous
It
female
of this beetle deposits
single egg in an oblong slit,
one
eighth of an inch long,
it has previouslyformed
with
The
It
enemy.
more
over
such
weeds, it might be considered
noxious
more
if it
in
totallyunknown
New-England.
garden
of
cob
It is
corn.
to
other
be
to
appears
Weevil,
trinotatus,
Say.) This insect worm,
(Baridius
is more
a southern
species, allied
particularly
"
occurring abundantly in the Middle
States,and .in the southern parts of
and
Indiana.
It
Missouri, Illinois,
is
more
tomato,
common
the
on
(Sphinx
This
of
the
the
wellwhich
potato-
closely
leaves of which
off very
particularspots in a
it
in
completely
single night.
often
clears
When
about
which is usually
full-fed,
Culture.
Potato
the
August, the potato-worm
ly
the ground,and short-
last of
burrows
into the pupa
pupa is often
transforms
The
(Fig. 5.)
dug up in the springfrom
state,
where
tomatoes
grown
in the
most
ground
the
potatoes
or
were
and
preceding season,
persons
that the
it suppose
with
that meet
instead of two,
so that,
yellowline,
three black stripes
each
on
are
in
often
and
the same
wing-case;
der
under
afterward
21
singularjug-handled
there
noticed
be
field may
all the
diate
interme-
grades; thus proving that the
individuals do not form a
four-striped
distinct
as
was
species,
supposed by
European entomologistFabricius,
the
but
are
varieties of
mere
the
same
dividual
inappendage at one end of it is its tail. speciesto which the sixth-striped
it
is
the
In reality,
appertains.
however,
tonguecontains
the long, pliable
The
and
der
stripedblister-beetle lives uncase,
will
various
moth
and
feeds
which
future
the
ground
tongue
upon
ers.
roots
during the larva state, and
employ in lapping the nectar of flowitself (Fig.4) was
moth
The
to attack the foliageof the
emerges
co-worm
tobacit has passed into
with the
potato only when
formerlyconfounded
naeus,) the perfector beetle state.
moth, (SphinxCarolina,LinThis insect,
it
in common
with our
which
resembles,
very closely
series of orangeother blister-beetles,
has the same
having the same
perties
proside
domen.
abof
the
each
the
colored spots on
as
imported Spanish fly,
will raise just as
and
of them
any
and
black
blister
that
The
as
does, and are
markings, good a
gray
nally
intertaken
however, of the wings differ percepequallypoisonouswhen
tibly
in
the
and
in
in the two
doses.
Where
the
species;
ed
striplarge
there is always
blister-beetle is numerous,
it is a
moth
tobacco-worm
a
less faint white
or
more
the centre
dot, near
is
which
of the front
species. The potato-worm
the Northern
States,in
and
States.
plant in
In the Southern
and
Mexico
the
the true potato-worm
it is the tobacco-worm
tobacco-grower
potato-worm,
to injurethe
has
wing,
often feeds
the leaves of the tobacco
on
a
with in the other
met
never
spot, or
to
dies,
West-In-
is unknown,
that the
fight.
however, is never
potato crop
to
The
great pest and very destructive
potato
any
In
Striped Blister-Beetle,
leaves
so
plant finally
places they are
plants (withbushes) on
some
the
straw, and
hay or
been
of them
burned.
driven
a
Some
off
pileof
have
in
successful
ridding their fields
tween
by placing straw or hay be-
the
settingit
of potatoes, and then
it is
The
insects,
rows
on
this
and
The
the
the
loss of sap and the want
of
sufficient leaves to elaborate its juices.
said,by
extent.
that
dies from
known
ous
seri-
It eats
crop.
holes
full of
the
to
quickly,does
fire.
means
are
stroyed,
nearlyall deburning very
the
straw
not
injurethe
vines.
insect
This
(Lytta vittata,Fabr.)
Blister-Beeern
The
a southAsh-Gray
(Fig.6) is almost exclusively
This spein
some
cinera,
Fabr.)
occurring
tle, (Lytta
species,
cies
years
is
the one
the potato-vines
monly
com(Fig. 7, male)
very abundantly on
in the more
in Southern
found
souri,
and also in Misnortherly
Illinois,
and according to Dr. Harris,it
States,where it
parts of the Northern
is occasionally
in Newfound
even
usuallytakes the place of the striped
It
mentioned.
blister-beetle before
England. In some
specimens the
broad outer black stripe
is of a uniform
the wingon
ash-gray color. It
"
cases
is divided
lengthwise
by
a
slen-
attacks
not
only the potato-vines
but
Ctilture.
Potato
22
I but
honey locusts,and especially
also the
the Windsor
Though'
in
conjunction| large
with the rose-bug,
(Macrodactylussitb- appears
to swarm
damage
Linn.,)
spinosuS)
upon every
known,
been
it has
object to
not
particular
years
In
bean.
does
of
extent
diet of tato-leaves
pofound
over
a
a
it seldom
country,
in numbers
large enough to
potato crop materially.
it goes under
blister-beetles,
the
orchards in Illinois, Like other
in some
apple-tree
but gnawground to pass into the pupa
not only eatingthe foliage,
ing
and attacks the potato only when
into the young
apples.
in
mage
dathe perfector winged state.
considerable
This beetle does
in
the potato crop, especially
the
Like
States.
the North- Western
state.
it is
to
ground
it lives under
only
species(Fig. 8,)
is
males, of
asserted
black
by
species.
lath
the
blister-beetle is
It
is
the
that
authors
some
to
injurious
of the three-lined leaf-beetle may
from
be distinguished
all other insects
excrement.
This
"
Olivier.) The
(Lema trilineata,
larva
the potato by its
prey upon
habit of covering itself with its own
CSnte.)
entirelyblack.
is a very similar species,the
There
black
blister-beetle,
(Lytta atrata,
blisterwhich
black-rat
the
Fabr.,)from
ing
beetle is distinguishable
only by havfour raised lines placed lengthwise
and by the
upon each wing-case,
firstjointsof the antennae
two
being
in
the
greatlydilated and lengthened
(Lyttamurina,
Le
tle,
Leaf-Bee-
which
state.
tle,
Blister-Bee-
Rat
Black
The
the
in
perfector winged
in the
when
while
is troublesome
state, and
lava
(Lytta)family,
of the
other members
Three-Lined
The
the
is shown
grown,
Figure 10, #, this larva
both full and half
profile,
covered with the soft,
greenish
In
in
excrementitious
which
matter
from
time to time it
discharges.Figure 10,
magnified view
c, gives a
of the pupa, and
Figure10, /;,shows
of
the last few jointsof the abdomen
from
the larva,magnified and viewed
somewhat
The
above.
will be
last joint,
so
is
figure,
surface of the
the
on
larva, as
this last
from
seen
situated
the
of
vent
upper
that its excrement
falls upon
rally
natu-
its back, and
by
potato ; but I can not see how it could
do much
damage to that crop, as the
until
insect
does not
perfect
appear
surface is covered
late in
the
several other larva,feedingupon
is
reach.
August,when
nearly out of its
however, with
beetle,which
business
the
is
Not
black-rat
hand
on
early in
potato crop
the
so,
blister-
ready
for
This
season.
dischargesis crowded
toward
its
head, till the
plants, which
forward
whole
upper
There are
with it.
wear
cessive
suc-
cloaks
of
other
this
strange material.
ject
that the obsuppose
is to
of the larva in all these cases
Many
authors
considerable
insect
does
whole
of the Northern
damage to
protect itselffrom the heat of the sun.
the potato in Iowa, and neighboring In all probability
the real aim of nature
in the case
States ; it is also found,though in not
of all these larvae is
from
them
the attacks of
so
to defend
great numbers, throughout the
The
Margined
States.
birds and
tle,
Blister-Bee-
There
of cannibal
are
two
and
broods
sects.
inparasitic
of this insect
The firstbrood of larvae
(Lyttamarginata, Fabr.) This
every year.
found
the potato-vinetoward
be
on
at
once
species(Fig.9) maybe
nized
recogmay
of
and
the
the latter end
June,
by its generalblack color,and
the ash-grayedgingto its wing-cases. second in August.
The firstbrood stays under ground
It usuallyfeeds on certain wild plants,
"
Potato
Culture.
and
potato-bug, (coryphorajuncta, Germor,) which has existed throughout
great part of the United
a
States from
leg
is
spot
on
the
black
front of
pale,except
entirely
middle
the
of
the
Both insects are figured,
the potato.
need not be mistaken
for
that one
so
thigh. The eggs (Fig.
Fig. 15, "/,d) are yellow,
14, a, a,
and are always laid on the under
side of the leaf in patches of from
those of the bogus
twenty to thirty;
of a lightercolor.
Each
female
are
of the true Colorado
potato-buglays,
the other.
accordingto
a
time
This
immemorial.
latter
insect,
on
however, feeds almost exclusively
the horse-nettle,
carolinense,
(Solarium
is
Linn.,)and
Figure
known
never
b, b, b, gives a
14,
Colorado
the larva of the true
bug, in various
of
Figure
firstjointbehind
edged
is
a
the
along
the legsare
double
behind
j
I
is
pale and
only that
"
spots
side of the
body ; and that
In the other larva,
black.
the
(Fig. 15, It,)on
is of
the
a
contrary,
the
eggs.
into larvae,which
seventeen
the
to
ven
se-
days
feed
the
potato plant
days ; they then
ground, where they
into pupae
The
change
earth.
the
six
In about
foliageof
descend
potato-
of black
row
about
Schirmer, about
Dr.
hatch
the eggs
the
on
stages
black,and
behind
hundred
potato-
that the
once
the head
with black
there is
head
at
seen
of the former
and
of
15, b, b, of
Colorado
bogus
It will be
bug.
head
the
view
positionsand
of its existence.
that
injure
to
the
the
at
surface of
perfect beetle
pears
ap-
days after
is formed, begins to pairin
the pupa
about
teenth
seven
days,and on the fourday begins to deposither eggs.
about
ten
to
fourteen
three broods
There
are
every
year.
pale color,the first joint turkeys,nor
is tingedwith dusk
the larva of
the head
Neither
this insect
of
geese,
ducks,
barn-yardfowl will touch
the Colorado
potato-bug
them, and there
edged
authentic cases
is but a singlerow
on
cord
reare
numerous
have
ed
scaldside of the body, and
who
the legs are
where
persons
of these larvae,
to death quantities
pale.
of their bodies,
inhaled
exhibits
and
the
fumes
the
true
Figure 14, d, d,
and even
Colorado
have been taken seriously
ill,
potato-bug; Figure 15, the
for
their
each
confined
beds
Colorado
of
been
to
bogus
potato-bug;
many
its natural size. Figure 14, "?,shows
It is also reported
days in consequence.
the leftwing-caseenlarged,and Fighave
to
ure
produced poisonous
dled
hanseveral persons who
15, e, an enlargedleg of the latter. effects on
it will be perOn a close inspection,
with
naked
them
incautiously
ceived
that in the former
Various
been
(Fig.14, hands.
plans have
e) the boundary of each dark stripe tried to destroythis persistent
enemy
the middle
the wing-casestoward
bore
helleof the potato plant. Powdered
on
and
all round
is studded
with
with black ; there
of spots along the
confused
and
punctures, partlyinside and
outside the edge of the dark
that it is the
third and
lar
irreguly
part-
In
is the
and
feet
are
second
and
the outside,that
It should
the
with
wet
is
a
its
of
have
been
be
dusted
foliagewhen
dew.
used
with
destroyingthe
of
the
on
and
plant is
Hellebore, however,
of
dangerous remedy on account
poisonous qualities.A mixture
one
part salt,ten
parts soap, and
twenty parts water, applied to every
is
counting from
part of the plants with a syringe,
and
united behind, quiteeffectual. Several cannibal
"
are
means
under
the contrary, it
third stripes not
"
a
as
pest.
black.
fourth
effect
dark
Figure 15, d, on
the third and
is said to
stripe
;
fourth
that
countingfrom the outside,
stripes,
united behind, and that both the
are
knees
it is offered to
when
Potato
killing
all,
range the fieldsand forests,
from
the
the
to
crow.
the larva of the Colorado
humming-bird
to-bug,
potamade
enactments
and the eggs in vast numbers
Legislative
ly
express-
insectare
parasitic
one
upon
are
Culture.
by
eaten
known
to
prey
birds
speciesof lady-
several
to
their larva.
and
protect the insectivorous
are
day
every
One
The
time
the American
to
INSECTS.
ON
REMARKS
GENERAL
far distant when
is not
farmer
It is
a
insects than
hitherto.
he has
fact that noxious
well-known
Close
observers
"
fruits of various
calculate that
kinds
and
can
no
serves
"
more
varieties
him
near
man
but
purpose
to
propagate
"
bark-
"
caterpillars," codling
for his neighbors,and,
"
tent
moths," etc.,
of
matter
a
neighborhood
the
course,
with
swarms
whole
noxious
If all cultivators would
insects.
with
and
in concert
might be
rapidly.
punity.
im-
plantsan orchard
to destroynoxious
curculios," canker-worms,"
as
sters
song-
with
orchard, but his orchard
an
lice,"
are
"
also has
"
increasingin a rapid rate
land.
throughout every part of our
The country is becoming so
buggy
is
the
that eternal vigilance
priceof
the soil.
every thingproduced from
insects
man
all he
insects ; another
obliged
destroy
will be
put forth greater efforts to
noxious
does
and
violated
reduced
in numbers
moths
Most
act
will, insects
a
very
night-flying
and destroyed
of
insects are attracted to
annually destroyed or rendered
worthless by insects than are gathered by small bonfires kindled in stillevenings
months.
The cotton-worm,
the
and used by man.
summer
during
the wheat-midge, the canker-worms,
Bottles half-filled with sweetened
each every year
the potato-bugs,
are
water, hung here and there,will trap
destrucand
countless bugs. Strong soap-sudsapincreasingin numbers
plied
is
hatch
tiveness.
after
immediately
they
ses
Molascurculio
alone
The
destroys a sure remedy for plantlice.
are
"
"
millions of dollars' worth
of fruit annually.
and
water, to which
a
littlearsenic
added, placed in shallow
cine
is good mediall thingscondishes among
the vines,
sidered,
It is a safe estimate,
all
insects
all
if
of
and
noxious
for
bugs in
that,
potato-bugs,
hilated general. A lightedlamp pla.cedin
be annidescriptionscould at once
of a common
the centre
milk-pan,
throughout our country, and
of various classes be effectually
mildews
partlyfilled with water, the whole
held in check, the cost of living elevated a few feet from the ground,
to our
people would, in a short time, will,on a still evening, attract and
third of its present
be reduced
to one
destroy the wheat-midge and similar
The
lations
calcuIt is dishearteningto see
insects in great numbers.
amount.
ling
codand
of grains,
the
curculio
of
what
amount
vast
a
fruits,
moth
and vegetablesis annually eaten
are
brought to naught by
up
into
to eat
the orchard
the
the
or
larvae,
turninghogs
appropriatedby
by
the
and
it
insects
various
fruit
of
the stung
falls,
ly
mereas
classes,
perfect
for the sake of propagating their
larva that depasturesupon the leaves
stroyed
in
abominable
view
of
of the current
and
species. Yet,
gooseberryis deall the devastation,
but feeble effort
by syringingthe plantswith
is made
evil.
of soap, salt,and water.
abate
the
mixture
to
Birds, a
ingly
seemspeciesof which nature
many
OF THE
POTATO
AS CATTLE
to
designed on purpose
keep VALUE
FOOD.
insects in check, are
wantonly shot
has
been
"
"
"
"
by lazyboys and
indolent men,
who
The
constituents of the potato arer
Potato
different
accordingto
follows
Culture
as
authorities,
0.4
Sugar
3.2
Fat
0.2
Fibre
Mineral
75.2
1.4.
18.9
3.6
0.9
3.2
matter
Of
0.9
the
when
high
of
value
in connection
used
food, there is not
All
Or economically:
Water
Flesh-formers
Fat-formers
Accessories
Mineral matter
1.4
15.5
shadow
a
experimenters and
the economy
that they
are
but
must
they
of food
of
potatoes,
with
of doubt.
observers
whose
from
those of the root.
"
our
constituents
cows
than
They
raw.
for horses
save
of
are
and
boiled,
never
hogs.
need
they
for
steamed
otherwise
them
dealingwith them
boiled
serve
Bechelbrunn
at
have
never
other
different
are
potatoes, and
raw
upon
mode
with
seems
be
saying
highestutility
them;
;
used
food
in
in
agree
the
be
other
this
means
by heat.
Boussingault,in speaking of the
of cooking potatoes, says,
economy
The potato is frequently
steamed
or
boiled first;
yet I can
say positively
that horned
cattle do extremely well
to
75.2
of the most
bules
:
Water
Casein
Starch
Dextrine
broken,and one
of doing
are
efficient
the
food
of
roughly
tho-
so
they
to
are
The
man.
boiled potatoes
or
best
is to steam
be
never
when
as
The
ed
crush-
are
analysisshows
The
that potatoes
between
two
rollers,or simply
broken
with
wooden
a
fat-producingprinciples
spade, and
surpass
the nutritious or flesh-forming
in
mixed with cut hay or straw
or
chaff,
such proportionsthat they could not
It may
before being served out.
no*
alone sustain the composition of the
be unnecessary
observe
that by
to
blood; for an animal fed alone on
steaming potatoes lose no weight ;
these tubers would
be obligedto conconclude
that the nutritive
hence we
sume
such quantitiesto provide the
equivalentfor the boiled is the same
with
blood
the requisite
proportion as that of the raw tuber.
of albumen
if the process
that the
that,even
Nevertheless,it is possible
of digestionwere
i
s
rendered
not
more
discontinued, amylaceous principle
there would
be a superabundance of
and that
easilyassimilable by boiling,
fat accumulated
the
this
come
the
tubers
means
beyond
actuallybeby
power
in
the
"
of
the
to
oxygen
would
albuminous
substance
thus
be
endless
caused
check
a
connection
roots
change
most
be
doubt
some
authors
when
tubers
affirm to
potato
nourishment
is
starch
in
incapable of affording
until the
containing
glo-
can
rably
admi-
in this way they answer
for fatteninghogs, and
in
Done
the
oven,
even
potatoes
be
cattle."
The
remarks
apparent contradiction
in the
observed;but
dent
the evi-
will be
leaning in favor of cooked
shows
theory that
cooked
attended
to
was
with
attention
the
contained
to
is not
food
ruminating as to
evidentlyalmost
those which
tatoes
po-
though
Boussingault,al-
that
payingsome
it is well
contained
have
potatoes in the oven,
be littlequestion that
brought to a state in which
they may perfectlysupply the place
and other
in feeding horses
of corn
of
the contrary.
this on
prove
possibleto
principles
philosophical
; for
the
are
there
oxen.
cooked, although
seems
that
and
heated
the
that the
value
the
in
grain,or with other
ment
eleflesh-forming
to
predominates. There seems
no
known
value
Some
proposed to roast
may
fed
nutritious.
more
of
with
in which
most
It
its
would
transformations.
regressive
Potatoes,then, to be of
food for cattle,should
be
the
in the tissues in the nutritive
matter
as
in the
from
part of
a
vital elements,and
and
which
consume,
successivelyabsorb
same
other
rally
genebenefit
animals,
convinced
an
the
that
abundance
Culture.
Potato
in
of
starch
be
rendered
action
the
given
in
of
cases
in
is
to
molasses
the
to
coating
drench
juice
by
used
the
of
first
of
the
a
wash
are
milk
parings
of
to
which
is
all
for
kept
is
die
the
and
then
decoction
of
water
kill
the
or
hogs
as
in
a
often
on
potatoes
one
pound
two
eating
cattle-food,
considered
of
them
of
amount
much
state.
are
be
which
experiments
potatoes
by
raw
as
in
potatoes
vermin
will
they
to
from
as
of
of
quantity
the
way
derive
that
hay.
fat
thirds
cattle
from
of
properly
the
two
triment.
nu-
monstrate
de-
horned
In
but
purposes,
animal
fact
on
consumption
made
is
lay
;
when
some
possible
greatest
Repeated
expressed
the
may
a
kind
hay
on
fattening
in
are
any
that
the
fed
are
of
show
should
to-juice
pota-
and
stock
for
that
occasion
quantities,
principally
used
tubers
they
pected,
sus-
small
experiments
mersed
im-
from
stomach,
A
tonic
cooked,
parasites
with
quantity
as
the
animal
the
bots
administer
decoy
in
good
fed
potatoes,
in
practice
common
a
potatoes.
boiling
small
placed
and
ally
the
been
hours
Raw
potato
ed
decid-
have
where
horsemen,
are
medicine
turpentine,
of
when
hence
;
with
.a
spirits
instantly
almost
which
stock
and
with
twenty-four
live
to
a
as
"
Bots,
posed
ex-
to
effects,
hidebound
"
when
state
raw
horses
to
benefit.
known
a
their
in
laxative
cattle.
must
heat.
of
in
fed
Potatoes
often
nutritious
more
to
are
constituents
their
given
a
cooked
entire
point
the
tity
quan-
of
pounds
equivalent
triment
nu-
of
to
28
How
to
the Potato.
COOK
TO
HOW
Cook
FURNISHED
PIERRE
PROF.
Professor
'BLOT
PIERRE
PROFESSOR
SIR
DEAR
a
COOKING
on
I write
this note
a
Prize
the
note
following
POTATO,
THE
to
I
whether
to ask
Feb.
do this with
can
housekeepers
I remain
to
entire
your
approval.
truly,
very
DEAR
SIR
You
:
authorized, with
are
named
Select.
the above
with
the book
To
the eye
cutting off
very inferior.
and all of them
potatoes.
Boil.
Being
"
except when
in order
to
better, more
baked
better
be
to
naturally watery,
ing
by boil-
be cooked
never
wanted
When
size
cook
are
or
the
Use
intended
they are
for croquettes.
of an even
them
or
good
very white, as
boiled whole, put
much
as
possible,
evenly. They
them
as
steamed
mealy, when
tfutthose who
;
have
no
minutes
and
off all the water,
fire for five
slow
well covered
;
then
use
the
To
of
made
Steam.
"
Place
boilingwater,
for that
been
have
them
in
purpose,
a
above
kind
and
a
tle
ket-
of drainer
adapted
to
drainer
cook
of
made
as
be covered
must
fast
heat
steamed
When
by boiling,
as
being
the
the
same.
is very
skin
easily
removed.
Prepare.
To
steamed,
or
wash
to
If
"
If wanted
them.
frying,etc.,
cuttingoff the germs
then
boiled,
peeled,
by
commence
eyes ; if young
skin
off with
or
the
tender, take
and
to be
they are
sary
baked, it is only neces-
or
for
as
a
scrubbing-brush,and
drop immediately
keep them white ; if
old,scrape the skin off with a knife,for
the skin
the part immediately under
in cold
water
contains
more
and
wanted
to
nutriment
drop
than
cold water
in
it ; for if kept
drop
air,they turn reddish
qualities.
1'Allemande.
A
a
If
"
a
bowl, dust
little milk
turn
well with
all over, and
fifteen minutes
; serve
that
they
to
lose their
Steam,
little butter, and
them
cut
exposed
and
Cut some
slice the potatoes.
bread
and
thin slices,and
fry
in
the middle,
also.
cut, either in dice,or like carpels
of oranges, or any other way,
of cold water, so
above
a bowl
with
potatoes.
The
tight. They
the degree
into
er
steam-
boil them.
Cover
must, of course,
with cold water, set on the fire and
them
boil tilldone, then pour
a
put the pan back on
the kettle.
kinds,
sound
when
soil.
proper
those
that
or
prefer,
potatoes should
are
several
are
a
kind you
fit for the way
served.
To
a
There
from
P. BLOT.
the followingselections
authority,
general rule, the
a
the better the
are
greatest pleasure.
the
piece from the larger
if they are
sound ;
end, you ascertain
be white, reddish, bluish,
they must
etc.,according to the species. If spotted,
they are not sound, and therefore
coming
15, 1870.
Feb.
KITCHEN,
:
As
"
smaller
By
T. WYLIE.
T. WYLIE:
In accordance
from
CENTRAL
ing
Hop-
the potato for the table
prepare
yours
BROOKLYN,
W.
15, 1870.
on
W.
REV.
to
the cultivation of the potato, I wish to
be taken from your Hand- Book of Practical
Essay
article may
aid our
American
palatableand wholesome
manner,
more
BROOKLYN.
NEW-YORK,
with
that such
in
OF
BLOT,
:
In connection
:
article
publishan
Cookery.
BY
of friends,I addressed
suggestionof a number
Blot, which, with his reply,is appended :
the
AT
POTATO.
THE
the
tritive
nu-
peel, and
bread
in
potatoes
the whole
sugar, pour a
bake
for about
warm.
How
1'Anglaise. Steam
A
Put
two
of butter in
ounces
a
slice
then peeland
quart of potatoes, and
them.
boil about
or
"
to Cook
fire,and put the potatoes
in when
melted, toss them for about ten
minutes, add salt,pepper, a littlegrated
and
nutmeg,
Broiled.
Steam, peel,and
"
the slices
Lay
place it over
potatoes.
and
over
as
on
butter, and
melted
have
slice
a
gridiron,
slow
added
be
may
over
done, dish, salt,
hot.
them
serve
vegetablespoon,
a scallopedknife, or
an
ordinaryone, or cut in pieces
in dice.
carpelsof oranges, or even
dry.
cut, drain and wipe them
be done
must
quickly,so as not
like
When
allow
to
Have
the
a
towel
the potatoes into
them
turn
them
to
potatoes
coarse
a
ready, then
a
colander,and
a
in the
be eaten
must
times
three
in
as
size at
a
long
to
as
fry
fried,turn
the fat
light
into
over
into
and
it takes
time, as
fry them
sliced
swelled.
or
when
or
them
again
back
one
have
two
way
in
a
slices
or
called
a
to
it is
may
the
on
put
onion
much
as
three
do
are
;
two
of
them
the
on
a
fire for
the
on
of
to
a
and
a
and
in
thickness.
proper
two
three
or
while, and
dish, smooth
knife
or
Set
minutes,
warm.
serve
with
them
scallopthem,
a
Put
Baked."
and
stewpan
hot,add
cording
ac-
after,put
prepared,
two
set
ounces
it
on
the
of parstea-spoonful
ley
a
little salt ; five
a
tatoes,
quart of pocooked, peeled, and
chopped fine, and
minutes
yolks of
enough to
milk
fancy.
Mashed
a
in
it
mashed, as directed ; then pour on the
whole, littleby little,
continually
stirring
with
milk
in
a vegetablespoon,
they
fran$aise.
Potatoes
cut with a vegetablespoon
and fried,make
a
good as well as
them, and
cover
of butter, two
ounces
eggs, salt,pepper,
Potatoes
from
la
to
boil gently
littlesalt ; set
in the
back
till done, drain, put them
them well and mix them
mash
saucepan,
sometimes
are
about
quarter
onjthefire and
fire ; when
cut
It
ble
vegeta-
no
potatoes.
and
is necessary
than
minute, and
when
than
Peel
are
pintsof potatoes, as directed ; put
with more
water
in a saucepan
of butter
; there is
it. It is as
butter, as
more
"
in the very
simple.
fried
la Parisienne
with
two
frying-pan
a
gentlytillthe potatoes
fine,light-browncolor.
a
require more
colander, salt
in the
known
fillets and
called
in
melted
toss
all fried of
tatoes
pohalf a
If the fat is very
into it for the second
as
in
not
add
ounces
stir and
the back
hot.
serve
easilydone
have
the potatoes and again
of butter ; salt, pepper, and
done, when
When
hot,when dropped
swell
time they will certainly
other
used, either
quart of potatoes, put
a
of butter
the
only about
minute, then put them
hot fat,stir for about
them, and
When
"
fire ; leave
in the colander
cut
about
ounces
make
in
cut
colander, and
the
brisk
a
is
If you
chopped.
stirring the
To
liked
any
cold potatoes, steam
boil some,
or
let
them
cool, and peel and slice them.
them
'in
fillets.
no
or
that fried toes
potahot as
possible. with
when
pieces as
them
be
not
can
Potatoes
"
as
absorbs
towel, shake
them
in mind
Bear
Fry only one
put
slices
Mashed.
diately
imme-
When
hot.
serve
cut
onion
turn
quicklydrop
them
done, turn
salt
on
colander, sprinkle
them,
fat.
it
and gravy,
sauces
much
reddish.
turn
and
little,
a
hot
of fat
mings
skim-
tasted.
'
This
fat ; no matter
kind
what
it lard,beef suet, or
than
used, be
as
are
in slices,with
with
more
you please,either sliced or chopped,
half
filin lets,
into the pan, and fry it till about
be fried,the potatoes
To
"
either with
cut
expensive than in fat. They
also,but it is still
ter
expensive than oil,and is not bet-
more
and when
fire,
to taste.
Fried.
or
be fried in butter
may
For
little butter
A
dished, according
when
dish of meat
a
Lyonnaise are
prepared accordingto taste, that is,as
some
butter
may
Lyonnaise.
fire ;
spread
spread
When
side.
the other
and
and
over
They
of
the slices of potatoes with a brush ;
the under part is broiled,turn
as
soon
each
be fried in oil also,but
slice the
rather
a
for
is
hot.
serve
sightlydecoration
offish.
it is
ing-pan
fry-
a
the
on
the Potato.
in
a
wooden
a
spoon,
whole
and
when
the
;
and
becoming rather
a
pint of good
ed,
is well mix-
thick, take
the fire,place on the dish, then set
for five minutes, and
brisk oven
serve.
a
Sautees.
"
Take
a
quart of young
and
How
tender
and
slices.
in
in
butter
till of
them
on
a
dish
a
They
color
according
Soufflees.
"
and
mix
set
the
on
of
of
milk,
is
in
stir
and
thick
a
until
;
dish
the
them
with
them
put
proper
Cakes.
In
steam
the
of
yolks
stew-pan
melted,
a
wooden
it is
the
in
five
eggs,
fire
only
the
well
stirring,
water
;
the
put
little
for
about
With
Put
fine
of
butter
few
add
the
if
very
a
;
tin
handy,
of
mould
on
in
it ;
the
at
in
a
as
quick
and
fire
with
the
first
in
boil
a
move
re-
skim
;
It
five
and
is
warm.
and
in
butter
fire
;
;
of
of
pint
a
milk
or
er,
long-
fire, sprinkle
in
and
sugar,
a
add
minutes
ten
of
with
then
;
a
when
pinch
a
stir
minutes
the
them
serve
possible.
Sauce.
sprig
a
and
on
thyme,
of
pepper,
potatoes
in
of
two,
them
two
boiling
onions,
basil, two
sweet
;
wash,
in
potatoes
sprigs
two
Clean,
"
of
quart
a
salt,
pour
prepared
parsley,
half
mash
of
salt
from
with
them
and
tea-spoonful
a
and
White
the
dish,
it
stirring
bay-leaf,
serve
in
keep
as
water,
cut
till
broth
entremets
as
good
a
chopped
nutmeg,
throw
take
boil, drop
pepper
of
Peel
on
table-spoonful
a
cloves,
ble
considera-
and
;
With
a
of
one
warm.
well
ounces
it
spoon
warm
and
serve.
of
potatoes,
while
oven
posed
com-
cooked,
serve
when
two
sprinkle
cream
off;
a
it.
son
Sea-
and
pint
a
Milk."
set
same
take
Fashion."
English
potatoes
the
and
greased
salt
till
as
potatoes,
grated
half
; then
in.
seasonings
and
or
Put
melted,
when
flavor
thirty-five minutes,
or
quart
orange-flower
good
place
Cream
of
the
mix
in
dinner.
wooden
of
of
any,
four
dice
parsley,
gently
breakfast,
at
in
seasonings
of
half
bunch
Set
about
potatoes
of
Boil
With
of
the
on
the
about
fat,if
flour,
as
whites
to
take
a
it with
soon
as
and
stewpanand
in
ter.
but-
great
a
potatoes.
cut
bay-leaf;
a
cooked.
; when
the
and
with
pork
sprigs
and
the
fire
bunch
a
the
a
white
leave
;
and
drops
a
butter
;
necessary
in
washed
fire
the
on
them
of
beaten
add,
gives
water
of
with
lemon-rind
a
salt
two
water.
for
a
and
"Peel
Pork
of
quart
the
fried, put
taste,
off
Salt
or
on
of
potatoes,
in, stirring
together,
Butter,
salt
quart
well
whole
with
it
time
a
it
mix
;
continually
cold,
nearly
a
by
cook
of
half
stew-pan,
the
whole
a
mixture
spoon
of
all
salt,
on
absorb
They
a
fat
with
or
or
absorbed
warm.
of
knife,
a
till
and
half
ounces
set
the
put
of
now
Bacon
When
to
fire, stirring gently
about
thyme,
milk
nutmeg
set
have
them
put
butter,
;
they
saucepan
tle,
lit-
rather
oven
ounces
four
and
the
little
a
and
with
butte-r.
served
eggs,
four
Put
sugar.
quick
them
five
and
grated,
;
smooth
back
a
serve.
mash
and
peel
of
pint
a
turning
are
and
till
off, peel,
saucepan,
slow
ounces
by
half
after
Prepare
"
quart
a
it, little
longer
a
rather
With
them
take
a
and
pepper,
deal
saucepan
with
about
the
and
in
ley,
pars-
potatoes,
a
potatoes,
in
color,
in
into
they
scallop
and
quart
while,
little
of
butter
fire, pour
stirring, the
when
whole
quarter
a
ounce
an
done,
Serve
serve.
without
them
mash
Potato.
sprinkle
taste.
Steam
the
then
them
and
on,
;
fry
place
;
salt
fire
in, and
served
to
and
peel
then
and
be
of
butter,
any
also
brush,
quick
a
golden
parsley
may
on
potatoes
without
chopped
two
the
hot, put
when
Put
frying-pan
a
a
ounces
with
them
peel
potatoes,
cut
Cook
to
when
cooked,
carefully, peel
out
place
a
them
white
on
a
sauce,
and
warm
and
BELLEFONTE,
REV.
T.
W.
WYLIE
SIR
DEAR
I inclose
:
February
from
extract
an
the
1870.
report, suitable,I think, for the pamphlet.
H.
COLLEGE
AGRICULTURAL
OF
instructive
interestingand
of
N.
MCALLISTER.
PENNSYLVANIA.
the Professor
of Agricu ture to the Board
report
AgriculturalCollege of Pennsylvania,for 1869, in relation to the results
with that institution,
experiments made upon the three several experimental farms connected
make
the following extracts
of
we
touching the Potato, verifyingand illustrating
some
principlesset forth in the above essay :
From
an
of the
of Trustees
of
the
1st."
Of
of
upward
Rose, and
WEIGHTS
CENTRAL
FARM.
bushels
fourth
bushels
of
3d."
Combined
Preparing
No^
n
large and
to
278
between
Diversity
OF
and
per
Goodrich
"
"
239
Sub-soil
and
"
all
Letting
between
and
Grow
Sprouts
208
bushels
per
and
acre;
acre.
"
Diversity
tubers,yields 500
pounds, equal to 234
cut
"
tubers, yields410
Common
soil and
FARM.
The 4 plots,Nos.
16, 116, and 416
u,
216
the 2 plots,Nos.
bushels
pounds, equal to 221
per acre;
yields1845 pounds, equal to but 131 bushels per acre.
CENTRAL
6200
GKOUNI).
Seed.
pounds, equal to
bushels
Soil
the
Early
"
whole
tubers, yields419
tttbers,
yields486 pounds, equal
small
Plot
Early Goodrich, Ear'y
AREAS
EQUAL
of
acre;
per
medium-sized
acre;
per
Modes
Different
One
"
286
pounds, equal to
"
UPON
SEED
OF
2d.
the
experimented upon,
most
prolific.
and
the best
among
are
Varieties.
varieties
thirtydifferent
Harrison
LIKE
4th.
12,
:
Thinning
and
Plowing.
sub-soil
and
to
316
plowing
"
yields
ing
plow-
"
common
Three
in
each
Hill.
whole
not
:
Monitors; large
tubers, 2i-|-pounds;
Philips'ssuperphosphate; yield 1174 pounds, equal to 168 bushels per acre.
whole
Plot No.
's
tubers, 23 pounds ; thinned ; Moro
Philips
; large and
209 : Monitors
superphosphate ; yield 1042 pounds, equal to 149 bushels per acre.
Plot
tubers, 15 pounds; not thinned ; stable
No.
210:
Monitors;
large and whole
bushels
860
to
manure
equal
yield
pounds,
124
per acre.
;
Plot No. 211
:
Monitors; large and whole tubers, 14! pounds ; thinned ; stable manure;
yield839 pounds, equal to 119 bushels per acre.
EASTERN
thinned
;
FARM.-
Plot
Plot
No.
Moro
5th."
bushels
"
Plot
No.
222:
per
acre.
223
:
Diversity
Monitors;
Monitors;
cut
front
cut
at time
tivo
Time
weeks
of
Cutting
the
Seed-Potatoes.
beforeplanting; yield 580 pounds, equal
of planting;
yield819 pounds, equal to
117
bushels
to
83
per
acre.
Plot
bushels
Plot
per
Early Shaw;
220:
per
221
cut
two
weeks
beforeplanting; yield 764 pounds, equal
to
100
acre.
:
Early Shaw;
cut
at time
of planting;
acre.
Massasoit.
32
yield907 pounds, equal
to
129
bushels
JZresee's
Peerless,
JVb.
or
6.
This
for the main crop.
seedlings
seed-ball
the Garnet
a seedling of
Chili,and originatedfrom the same
the
Rose
skin
as
dull white,occasionally
russeted ; eyes shallow, oblong ;
Early
;
flesh white, mealy ;
and a half
one
grows to a largesize,often weighing from
of
to two
pounds, and enormously productive. At a trial before a committee
THE
latest and
best
of all Mr.
Bresee's
is also
the Massachusetts
votes
more
to
as
Society,in September last,this varietyobtained
any other of Bresee's seedlings.
Horticultural
qualitythan
EXPERIMENTS.
OF
TABLE
JRY
IT
JlESULTS.
DEPORT
AND
Ibs.
pounds large-sized
potatoes, planted whole
Two
oo
"
"
"
"
cut
into
"
"
"
"
cut
to
singleeyes
"
"
"
"
cut
to
singleeyes
"
"
"
"
quarters
oo
oo
and
fifteen
planted in drills,
planted four
inches
in
between
a
hill
oo
.
the
.
sets,
pounds small potatoes, planted whole
Two
"
Two
pounds
cut
"
To
"
"
to
"
"
these
productof
add
each
cut
singleeye,
such
other
in
and
two
oo
oo
pieces
worked
oo
in
ridges
kept flat
the surface
experiments
.
as
may
be
and report weight,average,
carefully,
33
oo
oo
interestingto
size of each
you.
Weigh
the
lot,and quality.
IZrezee's
King
of
the
lEarlies.
net
Brezee,of Hubbardtown, Vt.,from a ball of the Garand
leaves
of medium
Chili. Vines
bearing no balls;
height,or a little less,
flattened ; eyes small,and
large; tubers largeand handsome, roundish and slightly
somewhat
or
dull,pinkishwhite ; flesh white, cooks
pinkish; skin flesh-colored,
and
for
the
table.
is of the best quality
Has proven thus far very hardy. The
well,
will not be sent out until the springof 1870.
variety
Raised,in 1862,by
THE
Originatedin
Albert
EARLY
Michigan,in 1866,from
flattened at the ends.
"shape,
MOHAWK
a
cross
Skin lightpink,with
POTATO.
of the Peachblow
pink blush
near
cooks dry and mealy, and of superiorflavor. Ripens from
six to ten
size,and but few small ones, and perfectlyfree from Core or Hollow
variety.
and
Brick
Eye.
It is of
oblong,roundish
the eye.
sunken, flesh whitef
Eyes slightly
days earlierthan the Rose, of uniform large
Heart,
and
a
superiorWinter
and
Spring
Itrezee's
This
Mr.
Prolific.
with Albert
Brezee, Esq., of Hubbardtown, Vt., in 1861.
varietyoriginated
the
the originator
of
was
Early Rose, the seed producingboth that and
and both are
net
Prolific,
seed-ball,
seedlingsof the Garbeing from the same
Brezee
Brezee's
Chili.
vines
The
of Brezee's Prolific
spreading,and
with
of medium
are
leaves
very large
large,regular in shape, and
Tubers
flattened
dull white, inclined
skin
;
;
as
very
to be
height,quitebushy, and
have
produced
yet they
smooth, slightly
oblong, and
russeted
;
eyes
no
but
somewhat
seed-balls.
very much
little depressed and
pinkish; flesh white, rarelyif ever hollow ; cooks quickly,and
slightly
and of excellent quality. Yield very large,maturing three weeks
later
is very
than
mealy
Early
the
Rose.
Worth
leads
"
I. As
work
and
to
me
"II.
and
Obsewing.
lay down
the
"
An
following
as
experienced cultivator
safe rules
earlyas possible,
layyour plans for
in advance.
ground
accordingly,
your
the best seed, even
Secure
less valuable
if it cost
"
My
experience
:
the
you
says,
season's
next
two
or
planting,and
five times
as
much
as
manure
a
mon
com-
sort.
it has been tested and proved.
as
as
soon
Always get a new, improved variety,
it gets so comRemember
the profitis mainly made
When
mon
by the earlycultivators.
will
sell
too.
can
have
to
cheap,
that_y0tt buy cheap, you
IV.
Buy only from reliable dealers,and be sure
you get i\\Qgenuine article.
V.
if you possiblycan, in the fall or winter ; you thus
BUY, or at least ORDER,
the spring rise of prices.
save
"III.
"
"
"
VI.
Liberal
in money,
outlayfor seed,manure,
as
well
as
satisfaction."
tools,and
work
givesten-fold
the
turn
largestre-
THE
GLEASON.
seedlingof 1860,of the Pink Eye Rusty Coat, No. 15, which it closely
When
two
described it thus :
years old,Mr. Goodrich
Longish,rusty,
vine's
and
dark
leaves
flowers
white ; a very hopefulsort."
green ;
coppery ;
tember
Sepin the hill;
29th, 1863, at digging time, he added:
"Very nice; many
The two
disease."
no
1865 and 1866,under Dr. Gray's cultivation,
this
seasons,
of
four
hundred
the
at
rate
bushels
to
the
varietyyielded
acre, being more
tive
producThis variety
than the parent.
gives the best satisfaction. The tubrse are not
but numerous
solid flesh,that cooks white.
For
fine-grained,
; have
overgrown,
It is a good keeper,and has a fine,rich flavor,
this kind is excellent.
winter use
when baked.
especially
Also
a
resembles.
"
Willard.
J. J. H. Gregory
"
The
Willard is a seedlingfrom the Early
says of this potato :
and is a
half
be
to
a
earlyvariety,enormously productive,
Goodrich.
It proves
potato of
good promise.
The
flesh is white
It is of
a
rich
rose
"
36
color,spotted and
splashedwith
white.
EARLY
THE
ROSE.
net
seedlingof the Garoriginatedin
Chili,that was
1 86 1, by Albert
Brezee, Esq., an
of Hortonville,
farmer
intelligent
I have
Vt.
experimented with it
It is
"
a
years, and
for three
been
have
it that
pleased with
purchased all Mr.
well
so
I have
could
Brezee
years, and
of his
whole
for the last two
spare
have
engaged
the
crop for another year.
It has a stout, erect
stalk,
small
"
height; largeleaves
of medium
flowers
;
freely
tuber is
The
bears
;
fruit.
no
quitesmooth, nearly
varying to flattish at
cylindrical,
toward
the centre, taperinggradually
each
end.
Eyes shallow,
stronglymarked.
sharp
thin,tough,of a dull bluish
and
but
Skin
tle
white,solid,and brit-
color. Flesh
rarelyhollow
:
boils
through
of
is very mealy, and
table quality. It is as
quickly;
best
the
;
healthy and productive as the
about
Early Goodrich, matures
and is its supeten days earlier,
rior
The
for the table.
good
excellent
and
"
a
beautiful
this
of
outline
is
cut
sort.
it the most
I consider
ising
prom-
very earlypotato with which
I am
acquainted,and I have tried
nearly all the early sorts of the
country.'
ffow
In
an
^Double
to
Tour
ordinaryhot-bed
split your
When
or
potato, and
the sprouts
side
lay it cut
four
are
Crop, when
cold frame, put
or
six
some
about
down
and
JYew
have
you
of
inches
three
'RareJCinds.
good, loose,rich
inches
under
high,liftthe potato, slipoff
five inches
the
"
soil ;
surface.
the sprouts, and
plant them.
You
then
can
the tuber
cut
the sprouts will
this with
much
or
valuable
By
farmer
secured
a
ripen two weeks
handful of potatoes.
more
than
I
did, if he
singleeyes,
into
before
the others.
Every
secures
and
reader
a
few
usual.
plantas
I made
is welcome
pounds
The
crop
$40 this year by trying
to
of the
it,and
may
and
newer
W.
carefully
from
make
observing
improve
his
his
the
own
of
experiments
method
fields.
37
and
add
others9
largely
the
to
as
costlybut
kinds.
^()ill
from
judicious
the
income
Goodrich.
Early
A
"
seedlingof
Round
the
of
Cusco
longish; sometimes
to
1860.
crease
a
In
1862, Mr.
Goodrich
the insertion of the root
at
bright lilac ; (produces)many balls ; yieldlarge.
good. This sort is No. I everyway."
in the springof 1864 :
He
said to me
faction
satisThis earlysort givesme
more
Table
described
; white
;
it-
flowers*
qualityis alreadyvery
'*
than
grown."
as
yieldsfrom
to
never
I noticed
1
7th,)every
potato in
cracked
had
a
by
S.
to-day,(Nov.
largedishful
most
peeled-itself
had
skin
perience.
ex-
my
from
skin,^and
its
the
of them
dinner
at
;
superiorquality.
fullysustained
is
per
disease
any
description by D.
above
The
ever
bushels
350
shown
is white-fleshed,and of
Heffron
have
varietyripens early
Kidney ; on rich soil
250
; has
I
as
the Ashleaf
acre
other
any
This
W.
half off.
of
3)ixon,
I?.
W.
"Rer.
Pine
Grove, gives the results of his rience
expein the following
note
:
"
"
A
me
gave
PINE
GROVE, MERCER
September
)
1868.
j
year ago last spring,a friend
three earlyGoodrich
toes,
pota-
which
I
planted four
hill,and
last fall I raised
bushel.
I had
in the
Co., PA.,
20,
lot.
same
about
the hill as
Our
the
four
the
in
over
one
a
Buckeye planted
The
Goodrich
times
as
duced
pro-
much
to
Buckeye."
country may
well honor
experimentsand
should
eyes
stimulate
the memory
of Rev. C. E. Goodrich, who,
has
patienttoil,
produced such wonderful results.
every
farmer
to
make
a
similar line of
by
vering
perse-
His
cess
suc-
experiments.
total potato crop of the State of
State."
The
Crop of New-York
The six great potato counties are
York, this year, is about 25,000,000 bushels.
St.
Lawrence, and Genesee.
Washington, Rensselaer,Saratoga,Monroe,
Only one
other
county (Oneida) produces 300,000 bushels ; three others, 600,000; one,
Potato
New-
500,000;
six,400,000.
New-
York
crop of the State,25,000,000
three counties in the State, which
county
returns
a
bushels,is raised
crop
on
of 1700
254,403
bushels.
acres
The
of land.
tire
en-
The
produce the most
potatoes, join each other,viz.,
Washington, Rensselaer, and Saratoga their aggregate productionreachingwithin
than one
fraction of 2,500,000 bushels, or more
a
eighthof the total product of the
"
whole
State."
TV. Y. Observer.
38
CLIMAX.
It has
a
stout,erect
of
stalk,
full medium
internodes
height,
of medium
length,,
and
leaves ; the tuber is above medium
in size,
quitesmooth, in form of a
very large
short cylinder
swelled out at the centre, occasionally
ing
and terminatflattened,
slightly
and
; eyes shallow,
sharp,sometimes swelled out or projecting,
abruptly
denned
skin
netted
medium
or
thickness,considerably
russet,
always strongly
;
and never
hollow,and it boils,
tough, white ; flesh entirely
white,solid,
heavy,brittle,
with no hard core
at centre or stem, is mealy,of floury
whiteness,.
throughquickly,
and of superiortable quality.
rather
*Prince.
Early
in 1864.
of the EarlyYork, and was propagated
seedling
than
the
as
to
ten
earlier
EarlyRose, far as
days
It has provedto be from a
are
concerned,and from two to three weeks earlierin quality.
size and solidity
THE
Early
'Prince
is
a
week
40