CHEM 240 Who am I?

CHEM 240
Who am I?
Thermodynamic studies Course
for Engineering Students
Dr. Mohamed Abdel Salam
Assistant Professor of Physical Chemistry
King Abdul Aziz University
Jeddah KSA
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•
•
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PhD in Nano Chemistry, Canada (2007)
M Sc in Electrochemistry, Canada (2003)
PhD in Physical Chemistry, Egypt (2001)
M Sc in Physical Chemistry, Egypt (1994)
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How to reach me
• Faculty of Science – Chemistry
Department, Room 411.
• Email me at: [email protected]
[email protected]
• Leave a message at mail box –
Chemistry Department – third floor
• www.kau.edu.sa/mabdelsalam
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Grading System
Text Book
• Any Physical Chemistry Book
• Selected textbook:
• Physical Chemistry R.A.Alberty and R.J.Silby.
Physical Chemistry G.Barrow.
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Lab work
25%
Quizzes
10%
Attendance &
participation
10%
Midterm exam
15%
Final Exam
40%
Chemistry 240 Syllabus
Topic
Numb
Period
er
1 3 Day
3 Hour
2 3 Day
3 Hour
Grading System
95 – 100 % A+
90 – 95 % A
85 – 89 % B+
80 – 84 % B
75 – 79 % C+
70 – 74 % C
65 – 69 % D+
60 – 64 % D
< 60 %
F (Fail)
Title
Whats is due ?
week no.1
Introduction Kinetic theory of the gases important equations deduced from the theory
week no.2
Van der Waals eq.
and the critical states the real state eq.
the chain rule.
3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
week no.3
Work and heat in physical chemistry Joules experiment the first law of thermodynamic solve some
problems
cyclic integral cyclic process exact and inexact functions solve problems
week no.5
work of compression and expansion change in state at constant volume and pressure periodic Exam.
1
3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
week no.6
Heat capacities adiabatic process Carnote cycle heat engine solve some problems
week no.7
Kelvin and Clauses theories Entropy and the second low of thermodynamic change in entropy
week no.8
Entropy change in rev.
process Combined first and second low Mid-term exam.
9
3 Day
3 Hour
week no.9
Entropy change in irrev.
process and entropy mixing third law of thermodynamic entropy for chemical reaction solve some problems
10
3 Day
3 Hour
week no.10 Thermodynamic derivatives for closed systems Maxwells relations Effect of temperature and pressure on
free energy.
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3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
3 Day
3 Hour
week no.11 Fugacity and free energy Fundamental equations for open system Partial molar quantity solve some
problems
week no.12 Phase equlibria water system and binary solutions second peiodic exam.
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3 Day
3 Hour
week no.14 Activity activity coefficient ionic strength Debey-Hukel law Electrode potential chemical kinetics (first second
and third order reactions).
15
2 Day
2 Hour
week no.15 Final Examination
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4
5
6
7
8
12
13
week no.4
week no.13 Miscible and immiscible binary mixtures Intoduction for electrochemistry Electrochemical cells and EMF
measurements thermodynamic relations for elect
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Can we get power from the
heat?
What’s in a name?
• Thermodynamics
• thermo = heat
• dynamics = power (mechanics)
• Study of the relation between heat and
mechanics
Yes
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Can we get power from the
heat?
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Can we get power from the
heat?
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Introduction
Can we get power from the
heat?
Physical chemistry establishes and develops:
principles of chemistry
concepts used to explain and interpret observations on the physical
and chemical properties of matter
Central theme:
• systems
• states
•Processes
Topics of physical chemistry:
othe study of the macroscopic properties of systems of many atoms
or molecules
othe study of processes which such systems can undergo
othe study of the properties of individual atoms and molecules
othe study of the relationship between microscopic (atomic or
molecular) properties and macroscopic properties
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Main areas of physical chemistry
Example of a thermodynamic system: water, pure
H2O, say 1 L at ambient pressure (1 atm)
ice (solid)
• Thermodynamics
0 oC
water (liquid)
100 oC
vapor (gas)
What is the processes?
• Heating up the system; sharp transition from
solid ice to water at 0 oC and from liquid water
to water vapor at 100 oC.
• The macroscopic properties changes, but
there is no change in the molecules or the
forces between atoms.
• Quantum mechanics
• Statistical mechanics
• Kinetics and transport
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• Can we understand these changes?
• Can we predict the transition temperature, i.e., the
melting temperature Tm and the boiling temperature Tb,
or the macroscopic properties of the different phases,
e.g., the molar volumes, or the dependence of the
transition temperatures on pressure on impurities (e.g.
salt), etc.
• Can two or more different phases exist for the same
external conditions?
• carbon:
• 1) diamond: transparent, colorless, hard;
• 2) graphite: black, slippery, soft;
• 3) buckminsterfullerene:
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Process
• Processes (transformations, reactions):
melting ice, evaporating water, burning
methane, . .
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Process
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that
predicts whether a state of some
macroscopic system will remain unchanged
or will spontaneously evolve to a new state.
• 1) Can it occur?
• 2) Will it occur spontaneously?
Kinetics is the branch of science that
deals with how long it takes for a system
to reach that new state.
• 3) How fast will it occur?
• thermodynamics: 1) and 2); kinetics: 3)
Mechanics is the branch of science that
deals with the motions of small numbers
of particles.
• How can we influence a process?
• applications: reactor design, catalysts,
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corrosion, . . .
Applications of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
• → Describes macroscopic properties of equilibrium
systems
• → Entirely Empirical
• → Built on 4 Laws and “simple” mathematics
• 0th Law → Defines Temperature (T)
• 1st Law → Defines Energy (U) and its conservation
• 2nd Law → Defines Entropy (S)
• 3rd Law → Gives Numerical Value to Entropy
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Kinds of Systems
Definitions
Surroundings
System
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•
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System: The part of the Universe that we choose to study
Surroundings: The rest of the Universe
Boundary: The surface dividing the System from the Surroundings
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• Open system: exchange of energy and matter
• Closed system: exchange of energy but not matter
• Isolated system: can exchange neither energy nor matter
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Describing systems requires
Two classes of Properties
• Extensive: Depend on the
• • A few macroscopic properties: p, T, V, n, m,
…
size of the system and will
be double if the system is
duplicated and added to
• • Knowledge if System is Homogeneous or
itself (n,m,V,…)
Heterogeneous
• • Knowledge if System is in Equilibrium State
• Intensive: Independent of
the size of the system
• • Knowledge of the number of components
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Thermal equilibrium
(T,p,ρ, molar volume…)
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The Zero’th Law of Thermodynamic
• If two closed system with fixed volumes are
brought together (thermal contact), what will
happened?
• Changes may take place in the properties of
both and finally a state is reached in which
there is no further change, i.e. reach
equilibrium and both system will have the27
same final temperature.
• If the volume of one of these systems is held
constant, its pressure my vary over a range of
values.
• If the pressure of one of these systems is
held constant, its volume my vary over a
range of values.
• Thus,
V
and
P
are
independent
thermodynamic variables.
• When one of the systems reach equilibrium at
a certain P and V, all its macroscopic
properties have certain characteristic values.
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• It is concerned with thermal equilibrium
between three bodies, A, B and C.
Consequences of the Zero’th law:
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