1. No category

Alpha CRS+® Compendium
A Compendium of Scientific References
Supporting the Efficacy of Ingredients
®
Used in the Formulation of Alpha CRS+
Cellular Vitality Complex
The extracts and ingredients in this research compendium have been studied and
shown to have beneficial effects on the cell. Research has shown that these ingredients
are powerful antioxidants and can protect DNA and mitochondria against oxidation.
Studies also show that the extracts included are supportive of a healthy immune
system and inflammatory response and can optimize cellular energy production and
metabolism. In addition, research has shown that these ingredients support healthy
brain function, memory, mood, and cardiovascular health. Regular use of the following
ingredients, along with a healthy diet, regular exercise, managing stress and rest, and
managing exposure to harmful environmental stressors will decrease the likelihood of
the premature onset of some conditions associated with aging.
Health Benefit Claims of Alpha CRS+ Cellular Vitality Complex:
• Provides support to antioxidant defense network*
• Provides powerful DNA protection against nucleic oxidation*
• Provides important factors of cellular energy and metabolism *
• Supports healthy genetic expression of cellular longevity factors*
• Supports healthy inflammatory response to oxidative stress in cells*
• Supports a healthy immune system*
• Supports a healthy brain function, memory and mood*
• Supports cardiovascular health*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
1
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
Table of Contents
1. Boswellia Serrata Gum Resin extract (Boswellic Acid).......................................3
2. Scutellaria Root extract (Baicalin)......................................................................3
3. Milk Thistle Seed extract (Silymarin)..................................................................4
4. Polygonum Cuspidatum Root extract (Resveratrol)...........................................5
5. Green Tea Leaf extract.......................................................................................6
5. Pomegranate Fruit extract (Ellagic Acid)............................................................7
6. Pineapple extract (Bromelain protease enzyme)................................................7
7. Turmeric Root extract (Curcumin)......................................................................8
8. Grape Seed extract (Proanthocyanidins)...........................................................9
9. Sesame Seed extract.......................................................................................10
10. Pine Bark extract (Proanthocyanidins) .......................................................... 11
11. Acetyl-L-carnitine............................................................................................ 11
12. Alpha-lipoic acid..............................................................................................12
13. Coenzyme Q10...............................................................................................13
14. Quercetin .......................................................................................................14
15. Ginkgo Biloba Leaf extract.............................................................................15
16. Peppermint Leaf.............................................................................................15
17. Ginger Root....................................................................................................16
18. Caraway Seed extract....................................................................................17
2
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
1. Boswellia Serrata gum resin extract (Boswellic Acid)
Key Scientific References:
1. Sontakke S., et al., Open, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Boswellia serrata extract as
compared to valdecoxib in osteoarthritis of knee. Indian J Pharmacol. 2007; 39:27-29.
2. Poeckel D., et al., Boswellic acids: biological actions and molecular targets. Curr Med Chem.
2006; 13:3359-69.
3. Kimmatkar N., et al., Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of
osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine.
2003; 10:3-7.
4. Sharma S., et al., Pharmacokinetic study of 11-Keto beta-Boswellic acid. Phytomedicine.
2004; 11:255-60.
5. Ammon H. P., Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Med. 2006; 72:1100-16.
6. Ammon H.P., Modulation of the immune system by Boswellia serrata extracts and boswellic
acids. Phytomedicine. 2010; 17:862-7.
7. Houssen M.E., et al., Natural anti-inflammatory products and leukotriene inhibitors as
complementary therapy for bronchial asthma . Clin Biochem. 2010; 43:887-90.
8. Hosseini M., et al., The beneficial effects of olibanum on memory deficit induced by
hypothryroidism in adult rats tested in Morris water maze. Arch Pharm Res. 2010; 33:463-8.
9. Ammon H.P., et al., Mechanism of anti-inflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic
acids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 38:113-9.
2. Scutellaria Root Extract (Baicalin)
Latin name: Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria macrantha (synonym)
Common names: Chinese or Baikal skullcap, skute, huang qin
(Note: Scuttellaria baicalensis, or Baikal skullcap, is NOT the same as scutellaria lateriflora L.,
or blue skullcap, which has had reports of possible hepatotoxicity.)
Key Scientific References:
1. Song H.R., et al., Scutellaria flavonoid supplementation reverses ageing-related cognitive
impairment and neuronal changes in aged rats. Brain Inj. 2009; 23:146-53.
2. Zhou B.R., et al., Baicalin protects human fibroblasts against ultraviolet B-induced
cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation. Arch Dermatol Res. 2008; 300:331-4.
3
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
3. Min W., et al., Inhibitory effects of Baicalin on ultraviolet B-induced photo-damage in
keratinocyte cell line. Am J Chin Med. 2008; 36: 745-60.
4. Li-Weber M., New therapeutic aspects of flavones: The anticancer properties of Scutellaria
and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev. 2008;
35:57-68.
5. Wang F., et al., GABA A receptor subtype selectivity underlying selective anxiolytic effect of
baicalin. Neuropharmacology. 2008; 55:1231-7.
6. Kim D.H., et al., Short-term feeding of baicalin inhibits age-associated NF-kappaB activation.
Mech Ageing Dev. 2006; 127:719-25.
7. Chou T.C., et al., The antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of baicalin in carrageenanevoked thermal hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003; 97:1724-9.
8. Shen Y.C., et al., Mechanisms in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin and
baicalein in human leukocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 465:171-81.
9. Gao Z., et al., Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from
the radix of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1472:643-50.
10. Lin C.C., and Shieh D.E., The anti-inflammatory activity of Scutellaria rivularis extracts and
its active components, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin. Am J Chin Med. 1996; 24:31-6.
11. Cao Y., et al., Neuroprotective effect of baicalin on compression spinal cord injury in rats.
Brain Res. 2010; 1357:115-23.
3. Milk Thistle Seed Extract (Silymarin)
Latin name: Silybum marianum
Common names: Milk thistle, Mary’s thistle
Key Scientific References:
1.Shaker E., et al., Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts
prevent liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48:803-6.
2.Wu C.H., et al., Silymarin: a novel antioxidant with antiglycation and anti-inflammatory
properties in vitro and in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011; 14:353-66.
3.Haddad Y., et al., Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Silibinin in a Rat Model of
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011:1-10.
4. Kiruthiga P.V., et al., Silymarin protects PMBC against B(a)P induced toxicity by replenishing
redox status and modulating glutathione metabolizing enzymes--an in vitro study. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2010; 247:116-28.
4
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
5. Vaid M., et al., Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of photocarcinogenesis by silymarin, a
phytochemical from milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Int J Oncol. 2010; 36:1053-60.
6. Deep G., et al., Antimetastatic efficacy or silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic
potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010; 29:447-63.
7. Lee S.H., et al., In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of
chicken lymphocytes and macrophages. Br Poult Sci. 2010; 51:213-21.
8. Ahmed-Belkacem A., et al., Silibinin and related compounds are direct inhibitors of hepatitis
C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:1112-22.
9. Wagoner J., et al., Multiple effects of silymarin on the hepatitis C virus lifecycle. Hepatology.
2010; 51:1912-21.
10.Chandler D., et al., Effects of plant-derived polyphenols on TNF-alpha and nitric oxide
production induced by advanced glycation endproducts. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010; 54:S141-50.
11.Abeneavoli L., et al., Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010;
24:1423-32.
12.Vessal T., et al., Silymarin and milk thistle extract may prevent the progression of diabetic
nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ren Fail. 2010; 32:733-9.
4. Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract (Resveratrol)
Latin name: Polygonum cuspidatum, Fallopia japonica
Common names: Fleece flower, giant knotweed, he shou wu, itadori, Japanese bamboo,
Japanese knotweed, Japanese knotwood, Japanese fleeceflower, Mexican bamboo, PCWE,
Polygoni multiflora, tiger cane.
Key Scientific References:
1.Pearson K.J., et al., Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional
aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span. Cell Metab. 2008; 8:157-68.
2.Harikumar K.B., and Aggarwal B.B., Resveratrol: a multitargeted agent for age-associated
chronic diseases. Cell Cycle. 2008; 7:1020-35.
3.Rocha-Gonzalez H.I., et al., Resveratrol: a natural compound with pharmacological potential
in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008; 14:234-47.
4.Das S., and Das D.K., Anti-inflammatory responses of resveratrol. Inflamm Allergy Drug
Targets. 2007; 6:168-73.
5
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
5. Barger J. L., et al., A low dose of dietary resveratrol partially mimics caloric restriction and
retards aging parameters in mice. PLoS One. 2008; 3:e2264.
6. Lagouge M., et al., Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against
metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Cell. 2006; 127:1109-22.
7. Baur J.A., et al., Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet.
Nature. 2006; 444: 337-42.
8. Baur J.A. and Sinclair D.A., Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat
Rev Drug Discov. 2006; 5:493-506.
9. Labinskyy N., et al., Vascular dysfunction in aging: potential effects of resveratrol, an antiinflammatory phytoestrogen. Curr Med Chem. 2006; 13:989-96.
10. de la Lastra C.A., and Villegas I., Resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging agent:
mechanisms and clinical implications. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005; 49:405-30.
11. Bradamante S., et al., Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol. Cardiovasc Drug Rev.
2004; 22:169-88.
12. Dong H.H., and Ren H.L., New progression in the study of protective properties of
resveratrol in anticardiovascular disease. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2004; 105:225-9.
5. Green Tea Leaf extract
Latin name: Camellia sinensis
Key Scientific References:
1.Brown AL, Lane J, Holyoak C, et al. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and
obese men: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Brit J Nutr. 2011;106:1880-1889.
2.Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The effects of green tea on weight loss
and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. Int J Obesity. 2009;33:956-961.
3.Maeda-Yamamoto M. Human clinical studies of tea polyphenols in allergy or life stylerelated diseases. Curr Pharm Design. 2013;19(34):6148-6155.
4.Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, et al. Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on
glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr.
2013;97(4):750-762.
5.Johnson R, Bryant S, Huntley AL. Green tea and green tea catechin extracts: An overview of
the clinical evidence. Maturitas. 2012;73:280-287.
6.Hodgson JM, Croft KD. Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health. Mol Aspects Med.
2010;31:495-502.
6
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
7.Venables MC, Hulston CJ, Cox HR, Jeukendrup AE. Green tea extract ingestion, fat
oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):778-784.
8.Wolfram S, Raederstorff D, Preller M, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation
alleviates diabetes in rodents. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2512-2518.
9.Nagao T, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and
cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity. 2007;15:1473-1483.
5. Pomegranate Fruit Extract (Ellagic Acid)
Alternate name: Punica granatum
Key Scientific References:
1.Khan, N., et al., Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits UVB-induced inflammation and
proliferation by modulating NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathways in mouse skin. Photochem
Photobiol. 2012; 88:1126-1134.
2.Makino-Wakagi, Y., et al., Ellagic acid in Pomegranate suppresses resistin secretion by
a novel regulatory mechanism involving the degradation of intracellular resistin protein in
adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm.. 2012; 417:880-885.
3.Lansky, EP. and Newman, RA. Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for
prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 109:177-206.
4.Albrecht, M., et al., Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth,
and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J Med Food. 2004; 7:274-83.
5.Nair, V., et al., Pomegranate extract induces cell cycle arrest and alters cellular phenotype of
human pancreatic cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2011; 31:2699-2704.
6.Fard, M.H., et al., Cardioprotective effect of whole fruit extract of pomegranate on
doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rat. Pharm Biol. 2011; 49:377-382.
6. Pineapple Extract (Bromelain protease enzyme)
Latin name: Ananas comosus, Ananas ananas, Bromelia ananas, Bromelia comosus
Common names: Pineapple
Key Scientific References:
1. B
raun J.M., et al., Therapeutic use, efficiency and safety of the proteolytic pineapple enzyme
Bromelain-POS in children with acute sinusitis in Germany. In Vivo. 2005; 19:417-21.
7
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
2. Buford T.W., et al., Protease Supplementation Improves Muscle Function after Eccentric
Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41:1908-14.
3. Chobotova K., et al., Bromelain’s activity and potential as an anti-cancer agent: Current
evidence and perspectives. Cancer Lett. 2010; 290: 148-56.
4.Bhui K., et al., Bromelain inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of MAPK
regulated NF-kappa B against skin tumor-initiation triggering mitochondrial death pathway.
Cancer Lett. 2009; 282:167-76.
5.Secor E.R. Jr., et al., Bromelain treatment reduces CD25 expression on activated CD4+ T
cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009; 9:340-6.
6.Contreras A., et al., Effect of bromelain on milk yield, milk composition and mammary health
in dairy goats. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2009; 41:493-8.
7.Fitzhugh D.J., et al., Bromelain treatment decreases neutrophil migration to sites of
inflammation. Clin Immunol. 2008; 128:66-74.
8.Onken J.E., et al., Bromelain treatment decreases secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
and chemokines by colon biopsies in vitro. Clin Immunol. 2008; 126:345-52.
9.Guimarães-Ferreira C.A., et al., Antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo and mechanisms of
protection against melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cells by fastuosain, a cysteine proteinase from
Bromelia fastuosa. Neoplasia. 2007; 9:723-33.
10.Báez R., et al., In vivo antitumoral activity of stem pineapple (Ananas comosus) bromelain.
Planta Med. 2007; 73:1377-83.
11.Secor E.R. Jr., et al., Bromelain exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an ovalbumin-induced
murine model of allergic airway disease. Cell Immunol. 2005; 237:68-75.
12. M
assimiliano R., et al., Role of bromelain in the treatment of patients with pityriasis
lichenoides chronic. J Dermatolog Treat. 2007; 18:219-22.
7. Turmeric Root Extract (Curcumin)
Latin name: Curcuma longa
Common names: Curcumae longa, curcumae longae rhizoma, curcumin, halada, haldi, haridra,
Indian saffron, nisha, pian jiang huang, radix curcumae, rajani, rhizoma
Key Scientific References:
1.Jurenka J.S., Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma
longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research. Altern Med Rev. 2009; 14:141-53.
8
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
2.Ejaz A., et al., Curcumin Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Angiogenesis and
Obesity in C57/BL Mice. J Nutr. 2009; 139:919-25.
3.Srivastava G., and Mehta J.L., Currying the heart: curcumin and cardioprotection. J
Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 14:22-7.
4.Thomas-Eapen N.E., Turmeric: the intriguing yellow spice with medicinal properties. Explore
(NY). 2009; 5:114-5.
5.Wongcharoen W., and Phrommintikul A., The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular
diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 133:145-51.
6.Pari L., et al., Role of curcumin in health and disease. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2008;
114:127-49.
7. Aggarwal B.B., et al., Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007. 595.
8.Menon V.P., and Sudheer A.R., Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007; 595:105-25.
9.Holt P.R., et al., Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci.
2005; 50:2191-3.
10.Ringman J.M., et al., A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease.
Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005; 2:131-6.
11.Satoskar R.R., et al., Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl
methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol.
1986; 24:651-4.
12.Gupta A., et al., Curcumin, a polyphenolic antioxidant, attenuates chronic fatigue syndrome
in murine water immersion stress model. Immunobiol. 2009; 214:33-39.
8. Grape Seed Extract (Proanthocyanidins)
Latin name: Vitis vinifera
Common names: Activin, black grape raisins, calzin, draksha, enocianina, European wine
grape, extrait de pepins de raisin, flame grape, Folia vitis viniferae, grape, kali draksha, muskat,
oligomeric proanthocyanidins, oligomeric procyanidins, OPC, OPCs, PCO, PCOs, petite sirah,
proanthodyn, procyanidolic oligomers, purple grape, raisin, red globe, red grape, red malaga,
sultanas, white grape, wine grapes.
Key Scientific References:
1.Sivaprakasapillai B., et al., Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with
the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2009; 58:1743-6.
9
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
2.Nassiri-Asl M., and Hosseinzadeh H., Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera
(Grape) and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2009; 23:1197-204.
3.LaRiccia P.J., et al., The effect of OPC Factor on energy levels in healthy adults ages 45-65:
a phase IIb randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2008; 14:723.
4.Sano A., et al., Beneficial effects of grape seed extract on malondialdehyde-modified LDL. J
Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007; 53:174-82.
5.Shenoy S.F., et al., Effects of grape seed extract consumption on platelet function in
postmenopausal women. Thromb Res, 2007; 121:431-2.
6.Daroczy J., et al., [Microcirculatory changes in patients with chronic venous and lymphatic
insufficiency and heavy leg symptoms before and after therapy with procyanidol oligomers
(laser-Doppler study)]. Orv Hetil. 2004; 145:1177-81.
7.Vogels N., et al., The effect of grape-seed extract on 24 h energy intake in humans. Eur J
Clin Nutr. 2004; 58:667-73.
8.Li W.G., et al., Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape
seeds. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001; 22:1117-20.
9.Yamakoshi J., et al., Oral intake of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds improves
chloasma. Phytother Res. 2004; 18:895-9.
9. Sesame Seed extract
Botanical name: Sesamum indicum L.
Key Scientific References:
1.Carvalho RHR, Galvao EL, Barros JAC, et al. Extraction, fatty acid profile and antioxidant
activity of sesame extract (Sesamum Indicum L.). Braz J ChemEng. 2012;29(2):409-420.
2.Tomimori N, Tanaka Y, Kitagawa Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of the sesame lignans,
sesamin and episesamin, in healthy subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2013;34:462-473.
10
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
3.Dar AA, Arumugam N. Lignans of sesame: Purification methods, biological activities and
biosynthesis- a review. Bioorg Chem. 2013;50:1-10.
4.Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Nadoushan MRJ, et al. The sesame lignan sesamin
attenuates vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin diabetic rats: Involvement of nitric oxide
and oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;698:316-321.
5.Ide T, Azechi A, Kitade S, et al. Combined effect of sesamin and alpha-lipoic acid on hepatic
fatty acid metabolism in rats. Europ J Nutr. 2013;52:1015-1027.
6.Phitak T, Pothacharoen P, Settakorn J, et al. Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects
of sesamin. Phytochemistry. 2012;80:77-88.
7.Shivaprasad HN, Bhanumathy M, Tamer C, et al. The beneficial effects of SesaVitaTM on
lipid profiles and blood glucose levels in subjects with prediabetes and mild-to-moderate
hyperlipidemia in India. J Food Res. 2013;2(5):104-110.
10. Pine Bark extract
Botanical name: Pinus massoniana lamb
Key Scientific References:
1.Wang M, Ma HL, Liu B, et al. Pinus Massoniana bark extract protects against oxidative
damage in L-02 hepatic cells and mice. Am J Chinese Med. 2010;38(5):909-919.
2.Ma H, Liu B, Feng D, et al. Pinus massoniana bark extract selectively induces apoptosis
in human hepatoma cells, possibly through caspase-dependent pathways. Int J Mol Med.
2010;25:751-759.
3.Cui YY, Xie H, Qi KB, et al. Effects of Pinus massoniana bark extract on cell proliferation and
apoptosis of human hepatoma BEL-7402 cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(34):5277-5282.
4.Zhang JH, Feng DR, Ma HL, et al. Antitumor effects of Pinus massoniana bark extract in
murine sarcoma S180 both in vitro and in vivo. Am J Chinese Med. 2012;40(4):861-875.
11. Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Alternate names: Acetyl carnitine, acetyl-levocarnitine, ALCAR
Key Scientific References:
1.Ruggenenti P., et al., Ameliorating Hypertension and Insulin Resistance in Subjects at
Increased Cardiovascular Risk. Effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Therapy. Hypertension. 2009.
11
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
2.Malaguarnera M., et al., Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigue.
Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008; 46:181-90.
3.Memeo A., and Loiero M., Thioctic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of sciatic
pain caused by a herniated disc: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Clin Drug
Investig. 2008; 28:495-500.
4.Torrioli M.G., et al., A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with
placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys. Am J Med
Genet A. 2008; 146:803-12.
5.Rossini M., et al., Double-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl l-carnitine with placebo in
the treatment of fibromyalgia patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007; 25:182-8.
6.Zhou X., et al., Effect of L-carnitine and/or L-acetyl-carnitine in nutrition treatment for male
infertility: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007; 16:383-90.
7.Calabrese V., et al., Acetylcarnitine and cellular stress response: roles in nutritional redox
homeostasis and regulation of longevity genes. J Nutr Biochem. 2006; 17:73-88.
8.Zanardi R. and Smeraldi E., A double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-Lcarnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;
16:281-7.
9.Cavallini G., et al., Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual
dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male aging. Urology. 2004;
63:641-6.
10.Ames B.N. and Liu G., Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Ann N
Y Acad Sci. 2004; 1033:108-16.
11. Rump T.J., et al., Acetyl-L-carnitine protects neuronal function from alcohol-induced
oxidative damage in the brain. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010; 49:1494-504.
12. Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Alternate names: Thioctic acid, ALA
Key Scientific References:
1.Poh Z., A Current Update on the Use of Alpha Lipoic Acid in the Management of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009; 9:392-8.
2.Becic F., et al., [Pharmacological significance of alpha lipoic acid in up to date treatment of
diabetic neuropathy]. Med Arh. 2008; 62:45-8.
3.Ghibu S., et al., [An endogenous dithiol with antioxidant properties: alpha-lipoic acid,
potential uses in cardiovascular diseases]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 2008; 57:165.
12
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
4.Gonzalez-Perez, et al., [Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-lipoic acid. An antioxidant synergy with
potential for preventive medicine]. Rev Invest Clin. 2008; 60:58-67.
5.Maczurek A., et al., Lipoic acid as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective treatment for
Alzheimer’s disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008; 60:1463-70.
6.Singh U., and Jialal I., Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2008;
66:646-57.
7.Hager K., et al., Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease--a 48
months follow-up analysis. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2007; 72:189-93.
8.Magis D., et al., A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thioctic acid in
migraine prophylaxis. Headache. 2007; 47:52-7.
9.Vincent H.K., et al., Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in peripheral arterial
disease: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2007; 13:577-84.
10.Alleva R., et al., alpha-Lipoic acid supplementation inhibits oxidative damage, accelerating
chronic wound healing in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun. 2005; 333:404-10.
11.Bernini R., et al., Synthesis of a novel ester of hydroxytyrosol and a-lipoic acid exhibiting an
antiproliferative effect on human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Eur J Med Chem. 2011; 46:439-46.
13. Coenzyme Q10
Alternate names: CoQ10, ubiquinone, ubidecarenone
Key Scientific References:
1.Balercia G., et al., Coenzyme Q10 treatment in infertile men with idiopathic
asthenozoospermia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2009;
91:1785-92.
2.Teran E., et al., Coenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of preeclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009; 105:43-5.
3.Mizuno K., et al., Antifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigue. Nutrition.
2008; 24:293-9.
4.Zheng A., and Moritani T., Influence of CoQ10 on autonomic nervous activity and energy
metabolism during exercise in healthy subjects. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008; 54:286-90.
5.Caso G., et al., Effect of coenzyme q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with
statins. Am J Cardiol. 2007; 99:1409-12.
6.Niklowitz P., et al., Enrichment of coenzyme Q10 in plasma and blood cells: defense against
oxidative damage. Int J Biol Sci. 2007; 3:257-62.
13
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
7.Pepe S., et al., Coenzyme Q10 in cardiovascular disease. Mitochondrion. 2007; 7:S154-67.
8.Quinzii C.M., et al., CoQ10 deficiency diseases in adults. Mitochondrion. 2007; 7:S122-6.
9.Gvozdjakova A., et al., Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces corticosteroids dosage in
patients with bronchial asthma. Biofactors. 2005; 25:235-40.
10.Sandor P.S., et al., Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized
controlled trial. Neurology. 2005; 64:713-5.
11.Linnane A.W., et al., Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10: effect of CoQ10
supplementation on human skeletal muscle. Free Radic Res. 2002; 36:445-53.
14. Quercetin
Alternate names: Meletin, quercetin dihydrate, sophretin
Key Scientific References:
1.Perez-Vizcaino F., et al., Antihypertensive effects of the flavonoid quercetin. Pharmacol
Rep. 2009; 61: 67-75.
2.Bischoff S.C., Quercetin: potentials in the prevention and therapy of disease. Curr Opin Clin
Nutr Metab Care. 2008; 11:733-40.
3.Boots A.W., et al., Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J
Pharmacol. 2008; 585:325-37.
4.Edwards R.L., et al., Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr.
2007; 137:2405-11.
5.Nieman D.C., et al., Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive
exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39:1561-9.
6.Katske F., et al., Treatment of interstitial cystitis with a quercetin supplement. Tech Urol.
2001; 7:44-6.
7.Morrow D.M., et al., Dietary supplementation with the anti-tumour promoter quercetin: its
effects on matrix metalloproteinase gene regulation. Mutat Res. 2001; 480-481:269-76.
8.Shoskes D.A., et al., Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary
prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Urology. 1999; 54:960-3.
14
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
15. Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract
Latin name: Ginkgo biloba
Common names: Maidenhair tree
Key Scientific References:
1.Haruyama T., and Nagata K., Anti-influenza virus activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. J.
Nat. Med. 2012; [Epub].
2.Al-Attar A.M., Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by
Thioacetamide in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012; 2012:1-9.
3.Yoo D.Y., et al., Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on promotion of neurogenesis in the
hippocampal dentate gyrus in C57BL/6 mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2011; 73:71-76.
4.Hoenerhoff M.J., et al., Hepatocellular carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice treated with Ginkgo
biloba extract for two years differ from spontaneous liver tumors in cancer gene mutations
and genomic pathways. Toxicol Pathol. 2012; 00:1-16.
5.Eckert A., Mitochondrial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Int Psychogeriat. 2012; 24:18-20.
6.Blecharz-Klin K., et al., Pharmacological and biochemical effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on
learning, memory consolidation and motor activity in old rats. Acta Neurobiol. 2009; 69:217-231.
7.Marques F., et al., Stimulation of DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Ginkgo biloba
leaf extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49:1361-1366.
16. Peppermint Leaf
Latin name: Mentha piperita
Common names: Bo he, brandy mint, Chinese peppermint, corn mint, menthae, lamb mint,
menta piperita, menthae piperitae aetheroleum, menthae piperitae folium, menthe, menthe
poivree, mint, mint balm, paparaminta, western peppermint
Key Scientific References:
1.Ford A.C., et al., Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of
irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2008; 337:a2313.
2.Cappello G., et al., Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a
prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2007; 39:530-6.
3.Inamori M., et al., Early effects of peppermint oil on gastric emptying: a crossover study
using a continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system). J Gastroenterol. 2007;
42:539-42.
15
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
4.Kligler B. and Chaudhary S., Peppermint oil. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75:1027-30.
5.Grigoleit H.G. and Grigoleit P., Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome. Phytomedicine.
2005; 12:601-6.
6.Kline R.M., et al., Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of
irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr. 2001; 138:125-8.
7.Liu J.H., et al., Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel
syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 1997; 32:765-8.
8.Tate S., Peppermint oil: a treatment for postoperative nausea. J Adv Nurs. 1997; 26: 543-9.
17. Ginger Root
Latin name: Zingiber officinale
Common names: African ginger, ardraka, black ginger, cochin ginger, gan jiang, gingembre,
imber, Indian ginger, Jamaica ginger, jiang, kankyo, kanshokyo, nagara, race ginger, rhizoma
zingiberi, rhizoma zingiberis, rhizoma zingiberis recens, shen jiang, sheng jiang, shoga, shokyo,
shunthi, srungavera, sunth, sunthi, vishvabheshaja, zingiberis rhizoma, zingiberis siccatum
rhizoma, zinzeberis, zinziber officinale, zinziber officinali
Key Scientific References:
1.Nicoll R. and Henein M.Y., Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a hot remedy for
cardiovascular disease? Int J Cardiol. 2009; 131:408-9.
2.Ozgoli G., et al., Comparison of Effects of Ginger, Mefenamic Acid, and Ibuprofen on Pain in
Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2009; 15:129-32.
3.Ozgoli G., et al., Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. J Altern
Complement Med. 2009; 15:243-6.
4.Alizadeh-Navaei R., et al., Investigation of the effect of ginger on the lipid levels. A double
blind controlled clinical trial. Saudi Med J. 2008; 29:1280-4.
5.Wu K.L., et al., Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. Eur J
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20:436-40.
6.Pongrojpaw D., et al., A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the
treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2007; 90:1703-9.
7.Gonlachanvit S., et al., Ginger reduces hyperglycemia-evoked gastric dysrhythmias in
healthy humans: possible role of endogenous prostaglandins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;
307:1098-103.
16
Alpha CRS+® Compendium
8.Willetts K.E., et al., Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised
controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003; 43:139-44.
9.Altman R.D. and Marcussen K.C., Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with
osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44:2531-8.
10.Arfeen Z., et al., A double-blind randomized controlled trial of ginger for the prevention of
postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995; 23:449-52.
11.Fischer-Rasmussen W., et al., Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991; 38:19-24.
18. Caraway Seed extract
Latin name: Carum carvi
Common names: Anis des vosges, apium carvi, carraway, carvi fructus, cumin des pres,
haravi, jeera, jira, kala Jjra, karwiya, krishan jeeraka, krishnajiraka, kummel, kummich, roman
cumin, persian cumin, semen cumini pratensis, semences de carvi, shahijra, shiajira, WiesenFeldkummel, wild cumin
Key Scientific References for Caraway & Caraway/Peppermint Combination:
1.Madisch A., et al., Management of functional dyspepsia: Unsolved problems and new
perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11:6577-81.
2.Goerg K.J. and Spilker T., Effect of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastrointestinal
motility in healthy volunteers: a pharmacodynamic study using simultaneous determination
of gastric and gall-bladder emptying and orocaecal transit time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2003; 17:445-51.
3.Micklefield G., et al., Effects of intraduodenal application of peppermint oil (WS(R) 1340)
and caraway oil (WS(R) 1520) on gastroduodenal motility in healthy volunteers. Phytother
Res. 2003; 17:135-40.
4.May B., et al., Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway
oil in patients suffering from functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 14:1671-7.
5.Micklefield G.H., et al., Effects of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastroduodenal motility.
Phytother Res. 2000; 14:20-3.
6.Madisch A., et al., Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and
caraway oil combination preparation as compared to cisapride. A multicenter, referencecontrolled double-blind equivalence study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999; 49:925-32.
17