".JPtt-l %&%*$ liv **»ryvEQ)rr* Pane Two LOWVILLE LEADER ** •#- How to Save ffeat— vtr •*r-* Well Have to Stretch Fuel If We Want to Keep Warm Robot Gives World laste ir Serious Shortages of Coal, Wood and Oil Make HeatConserving Practices Necessary for All. Coal, coke, ~oil, gas or wood —whatever you burn for fuel —will be short in supply this winter, as*, they all have been for the last three years. They may be even scarcer. The reason is familiar enough— it's the war. There are fewer men mining coal, or making coke, or cutting wood. On the other hand, industrial uses of all fuels, and particularly soft coal, have doubled and SEE THAT ALL storm sashes fit tightly. Keep the storm windows t r e b l e d . Transportation facilities further complicate a closed as much as possible. bad situation. Overburdened railroads cannot haul the usual volume of fuel, and war plants get the first chance at what does come to market. SEAL UP ALL air leaks with compounds made for the purpose. Cracks in the smokepipe and the joining of [ the pipe and chimney should be ; eiled. AIR FILTERS ON forced air heating systems must be kept clean, or the free circulation of warm air will be impeded. i^rWf- •It is estimated that we will be short 38 million tons of coal this winter. Wood will be extremely scarce. So will coke, charcoal and gas—all by-products of these primary fuels. While the production of crude oil will be 15 per cent higher than last year, very little of it can be spared for heating. Most of it will have to go to the gasoline refineries. Nevertheless, nobody needs to be cold. There will be enough fuel to keep everyone warm, if it is intelligently used. This means that all leaks that cause loss of heat will have to be closed. The best possible combustion methods must be used to get every possible heat unit out of the fuel. One way to spread the available coal and wood on an equitable basis among the 45 million families of the nation would be to ration these fuels. This has already been done with oil. But the government believes it can avoid this step. As an alternative, a fuel conservation campaign is being launched by the War Production board, the Solid Fuel administrator, the Office of War Information, and other agencies. Booklets, advertisements, feature articles and radio programs will be employed to instruct householders in ways to get the most out of their coal, wood or oil. Expert Advice. The heating industry, which includes 35,000 dealers and jobbers and many thousands of manufacturers, is volunteering its help. Drawing on their years of experience with heating problems, many manufacturers have prepared booklets on fuel saving. The War Production board recently announced that raw materials are being made available for the production of automatic temperature controls—thermostats and similar devices—on the basis that the fuel saved will more than compensate for the small amounts of steel and other materials necessary to make the instruments. The automatic controls will make possible fuel savings of 15 per cent on the average, the government agency said. Enough materials to make 950,000 residential, commercial, institutional and industrial heating plants have been released for the third and fourth quarters of 1944. One company, the MinneapolisHoneywell Regulator Co., has made 70,628 electric thermostats in the first three quarters of this year, compared with an average production of about 25,000 over the same period in average peace-time years. The "electric janitors," for use on hand-fired coal heating plants, save up to 20 per cent on fuel consumption by accurately and automatically maintaining temperatures at the level selected by the householder. How to Save FueL KEEP SHADES, Venetian blinds *nd drapes drawn at night, and as Some of the ways to save fuel are much as possible during the day. Warm room air chills quickly when the following recommendations of it comes in contact with colder win- heating engineers: Have your heating plant thoroughdow surfaces. HAVE XOUR FURNACE thoroughly cleaned at the beginning of the cold season. Ton can do this yourself with a stiff wire brush. ly cleaned. Remove all scale from heating surfaces in furnace or boiler. Clean the stack and chimney. Every two or three weeks be sure all soot and ash is removed from boiler flue surfaces. Soot'tleposit of one-sixteenth inch thickness results in 34 per cent waste. All air leaks in heating plants should be sealed or caulked after cleaning. Seal smoke-stack connection with chimney. Repair insulation on hot water and steam pipes as well as boilers. Be sure chimney is in good repair. Periodically throughout the heating season remove all air from radiators in hot water systems. You can do this by opening the air valves. In a steam heating system make sure the automatic bleed valves are in working order. Use your fireplace but see that fireplace dampers are closed when not in use. If the temperature at the bottom of the casing in the vicinity of the cold air return on gravity warm air furnaces gets above 75 degrees, a baffle should be installed in the furnace to eliminate heating of the cold air return. This will promote better air circulation through the furnace and thus make your home easier to heat. Keep Air Filters Clean. Air filters on forced air heating systems must be kept clean. A good rule is to change the filter every year. The dirt that accumulates on the filter even in comparatively clean neighborhoods interferes with circulation of the warm air. In any warm air system, keep rugs and furniture away from warm air delivery ducts and cold air returns, so that free circulation of air can take place. This may seem elementary, but it is disregarded in many homes. Insulate the heating plant if the basement of your home is warmer than the upstairs rooms. You will thus save heat which otherwise is being wasted. Cut off heat in unused rooms. If rooms are subject to temperatures below freezing, have a plumber drain the radiators. Shutting off registers in a warm air system may disturb the distribution of heat to other rooms, particularly in a forced air system. In this case, have your dealer re-balance the system. All glass in both regular and storm window sashes should be tight and should not rattle. Keep the storm sash closed as much as possible. Experiments of government fuel conservation agencies prove that storm windows are an important aid to fuel saving. Seal all chimney openings not in use. The women of the household may object, but remind them that considerable heat loss can be saved by closing the kitchen ventilator for the winter. Sleep With Windows Closed. Many people prefer to keep the bedroom windows closed at night and close off the heat supply. This really conserves fuel—and after all, if the windows are opened for a few minutes before retiring there will be a sufficient fresh air supply with normal infiltration to last throughout the night. If bedroom windows are left open all night, doors should be closed and the space under the doors sealed. The cold air passing under "doors will cool the rest of the house and require the use of more fuel. A felt strip which can be attached to bottom and sides of doors can be purchased in most hardware stores. Turn off all radiators and close warm air registers. Keep shades, Venetian blinds and drapes drawn at night and as much as possible during the day. Warm room air chills quickly when it comes in contact with colder window surfaces. Maintain as low a temperature as consistent with health. Uncle Sam figures that you will have to keep your house at 65 degrees, under average conditions, if you are going to have enough fuel to last all winter. Tests -show that each degree the temperature is raised above 65 degrees results in a 3 per cent increase in fuel consumption. If you heat your home with stoves you can still apply most of this advice with benefit. A well-insulated house will save a great deal of heat. And by keeping the house a little less warm than you are accustomed to, you can stretch out your fuel considerably. If we all follow the program of fuel conservation, we will get through the winter in comfort. Production Rate of Coal Mines More Than Doubled Since 1918 bituminous, of course, is estimated at 616 million tons for the year. Soft coal production has been running at the rate of about 12 million tons a week during 1944. The nation hasbeen burning about 11,409,000 tons a week so far this year, so production is slightly ahead of consumption. This would look like a sound and safe situation. But it- isn't. The squeeze comes because of several reasons. Despite the splen•£ iSr'tofaT putput .of coal, mostly did job theirailrpads jand water car- If it weren't for 'the efficiency of tfie* highly mechanized coal-mining Industry, the fuel situation this year would be a lot more desperate than it is. If we had to depend on 1918 production rates, for instance, we'd • just have to shiver through the winter. In 1918, a war year, it required-942,000 men, working 18,319 -:mines, to dig 579,000,000 tons. Last rjealp-lB^Oeo miners produced 589,'i0O0^ptts,_ from 6,972 mines. riers are doing, the great volume of freight they must handle forces them to sidetrack coal shipments for'4ays-and weeks. Thus many localities inay be in need of coal, but unable to get it quickly. '• Another factor is the uncertain but huge demand of the armed forces. Great quantities of coal must be shipped to liberated countries, both for American military establishments and tor the countries' jpwn utilities. Destructive Power of New Weapon May Be Turned Against Both Armiea and Civilians in Future Conflicts. By BAUKHAGE News Analyst and Commentator. WSV Service, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. By the time this reaches print, the true story of the robot and the whole story, including the last chapter, may be revealed. Perhaps it will be withheld until Germany is on her knees and the heavy censorship which has descended over the last, desperate blows of the cornered animal can be lifted. The part of the story which is now being revealed is that of a menace which dropped to a low in August of this year, when only 4 out of 101 bombs aimed at London reached their destination, began to rise again after that until, at this writing, V-ls are falling on the British capital and vicinity three times a week. What is more, only the V-ls are being mentioned. Although the V-2, a rocket much larger than the V-l, was described for a while, and a more mysterious V-3 was mentioned some time ago, today no word is spoken of either. What is mentioned is that war damages are being repaired in London by some 132,000 laborers. This total is 40 per cent of Britain's total building personnel. Only 40,000 men were employed for this work in 1941 during the battle of Britain. The attacks now going on, like all of those since the Allies took over the invasion coasts and captured the launching sites, are made by robots launched from the backs of planes piloted by live pilots. It is generally admitted that they will keep right on coming as long as Germany is in the war. The robot war isn't over. Londoners are still moving nightly in the shadow of death. The British Information service has released a film which tells the story of what happened when the V-ls were coming over from the launching platform. It is a terrible human document. As one woman correspondent who has just come back from the front remarked: "That is worse than anything in France." Broke Full Force Of Attacks A man who knows robots pretty well from first-hand contact told me "If the flying bombs (V-ls) had been launched as the Germans planned to launch them, in the quantities in which they were then able to produce them, and from the launching platforms already ' installed, they would have been sent against London at the rate of a thousand a night, every night." That, of course, would have meant the annihilation of any city. Briefly, the developments which broke the German plan were these: In April of 1943, British secret agents sent in vague reports of German plans for some type of longrange bombardment.. Intelligence service discovered a new weapon being developed on the Baltic coast; the RAF made photographs. Many pictures were taken and finally a large factory was discovered at Peenemuende, an island in the Baltic, with a miniature airplaneshaped thing on the ramp. Scientists deduced that the weapon was a pilotless, jet-propelled plane. Peenemuende and other manufacturing sites were destroyed. By winter, 100 ramps were discovered similar to the one at Peenemuende all along the French coast. They were bombed, repaired, rebombed. By the following summer new ones had been completed. Secret service pieced together a description of the bomb. Defenses (barrage balloons, etc.) were prepared. The first robot attack began at the time of our invasion of Normandy. In the first month only 40 per cent of the bombs were brought down by defense. The defenses were changed; the defense belt was moved to the coast so the gunners could get an uninterrupted view of the oncoming robots. By July, 74 per cent of the robots were being brought down. The RAF with speedier fighters helped to get many. The situation improved until August. . . . All this is highly condensed and only suggests the tremendous work involved as well as the loss of 450 British and American aircraft including many heavy and medium bombers, involving approximately 2,900 pilots and aircrews. That is past history. The future, as I say, is shrouded in mystery. As for the present, the method of carrying the robots on the backs of live-piloted planes makes it possible for the enemy to approach their targets from any direction. So the attempt is made to stop the thing at its source and so-called "intruder" planes try to linger over the German airdromes where it is known the pick-a-backs take off and destroy them as they rise. Some are destroyed there. For the rest, it is an endless patrol of the North sea and the Heligoland Bight, searching the whole heavens for the planes themselves or trying to spot the robots after they are launched and dive-bomb them down or pick them off with ack-ack, or hope they will entangle themselves with the wires from the captive balloons. The robot has not yet said its last word. • • • Hits 'Inconsistent' Diplomacy of V. S. Before we can get any sort of international organization working, we, the United States of America, must have the confidence of the other nations of the world. We, "US," have a pretty good reputation, a "reservoir of goodwill," as Wendell Willkie called it. But we have also a few blots on our escutcheon. And it might be well for all of us to read a book which, although I cannot agree with all its conclusions, fascinates me. It is called "Our Jungle Diplomacy," and was written by a former member of the American foreign service, William Franklin Sands, in collaboration with Joseph M. Lalley. It made me think. Mi-. Sands' thesis is that our diplomacy has been operating "in a jungle of our own creation" and he cites in detail certain specific examples to show where he believes our diplomacy has led. His findings are startling: Japan's annexation of Korea, he says, follows the pattern laid down by the United States in regard to Hawaii. Pearl Harbor, he boldly traces back to Panama! Mr. Sands has some rather jolting ideas on power politics. He says that although the United States has no consistent foreign policy, we have, nevertheless, indulged in power politics. But, he hastens to add, power politics is not per se, unwise or immoral. (It depends on the power.) But whatever has been the longrange effect of our diplomatic conduct in South America, Sands believes that "the chief fruit of our jungle diplomacy is the disastrous war in which we are now engaged." I would not go so far as to say that a less jungular diplomacy on our part alone could, under existing world conditions, have preserved the peace in the face of a confirmed aggressor, but I must admit that our statesmanship has not acted as much of a pacifier so far. Sands quotes the famous saying of the great military authority, von Clausewitz, to the reflect that "war is the continuation of a nation's policy by forcible means," and then he says that since we had no policy to extend, the war in the Pacific is an extension of Japanese policy. Sands says (and makes a very convincing argument) that that point was clear when the Japs took Korea 40 years ago. And then he comes to this striking conclusion: "Two courses were open to us . . . we might have prepared to challenge the rising pew'er of Japan . . .," or we might have adopted a policy "of gradual retreat in the Pacific and of genuine conciliation in the Americas, which might have enabled us to avoid the clash of power politics in the Far East, might have made our intentions plain, and might have made our moral position less equivocal in Latin and Asiatic eyes." Read "Our Jungle Diplomacy" as an astringent to inflated national egotism, if for no other reason. It is a refreshing mental menthol. B R I E F S . . . by Some 11,000 practical farmers in two-thirds of the nation's counties, cooperating with the department of agriculture extension service, are checking land values and other agricultural facts in preparation for service as,personal advisers to veterans interested in farming. • * * Jai-anese .'papers now number only two pages a day. Baukhage The median level of education of American soldiers in this war is the second year of high school. In 1918 it was the sixth grade. • • • The Japanese have announced that they are planning to manufacture large quantities- of "synthetic beer" that will be shipped to the fighting front to "comfort" Japanese soldiers. Feed Pigs Irradiated Yeasj: for Qmck'Gains Released by Western5Ne§spaper Union POSTWAR AGREEMENTS STILL UP IN A I R - . WASHINGTON. — Put .together what has been made-public in .Moscow, London and Washington recently upon the postwar program, and you will have an understanding of the situation which repudiates most of the oratory on the subject, now filling the American ether with such a din as to exclude any solid fact. Mr. Churchill returned from Moscow announcing to commons no agreement had been reached on the Balkans or Poland with Stalin, but a working arrangement had been perfected foi Moscow-London cooperation during the remainder of the war. His words indicated, and indeed all official pronouncements confirm, that Russia maintains the upper hand in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Jugoslavia and perhaps Hungary while the British have kept it in Greece. Churchill said agreement would be impossible until he could get Roosevelt together with Stalin, and they have met only once, at Teheran, almost exactly a year ago, where the results were about the same—namely a military agreement for war and a complete delay of political agreements. RUSSIA NOT AGREED Since then Russia declined to agree on the new league of nations formula at Dumbarton Oaks, maintaining it wanted unanimity required of the Big Four powers to act against any future aggressor, or she (or us) could veto any war moves against aggressors involving her or us even though all the other nations wished to act. At that time Churchill hoped a new agreement at the undersecretary level would be made immediately, but it has not been forthcoming. Now Moscow announces through her newspapers she will not send delegates to the international civilian aviation conference at Chicago, because the "fascist nations"' of Spain, Portugal and Switzerland have been invited. We have all tried to assume that the objections continuously advanced by Moscow only relate to "details," but the only actual postwar agreement reached of any importance has been the Bretton Woods ' financial arrangement, .which may be only partly confirmed (the exchange arrangement will be ratified if the rate of the dollar is properly fixed but the Morgenthau bank will have tough congressional sledding.) If Russia does not enter a civilian aviation arrangement for the new air world, she will remain an isolationist nation which no one is permitted to fly over without special arrangements, the same as before the war, when her isolationism enabled her to conceal from Hitler and us the size of her military establishment. Without considering the right or wrong of Russia's positions so far developed, does not our own oratory sound fully silly? STALIN HAS RESISTED Stalin would have answered all negatively. Indeed he already has by his actions. He has resisted agreement before the end of the war, is obviously against acceptance of the league without the reservation his associates demanded at Dumbarton, and is clearly not letting any -agent-get <tne power of sending his army anywhere in postwar. Now no one wants to let these disagreements get beyond redemption, although Moscow is plainly less skittish than we About the possibilities of any disagreements helping the Germans because they announce ' theirs to the press. However, as Churchill p.uts it, the Nazis "most important hope is thai division will arise among th« three great powers." In truth, the Nazis are only liquidating both themselves and their country by continuing to resist in such a stupid hope, because political disagreements are everywhere considered secondary to the necessity of Nazi destruction. At the same time there is no need that we be fools. Obviously a great number of our people are thinking and talking in the past. They still think this is 1919 and all this country must do is to want a league in accordance with their theory. The possibility of secret armament should be eliminated. An uncontrollable international committee should have the'right to inspect not only ours, but Russia's, and should make constant public reports. They should have access to plants, being prohibited Only from exposing business secrets -aJad purejy nftnmilitary processes. Then'all'would know^the realities of peace and war prospects. ' If we could get Russia to open up and coftsent to^tbis^ae/ stejj Germany and Japan could be well managed under the same open rules. Vitamin D Feeding in Winter Is Profitable The winter feeding of irradiated yeast to pigs should become a "must," following experimental work conducted at the University of Wisconsin. It was found that pigs that were fed four ounces of irradiated yeast in each ton of feed, and had access to cow manure, outdistanced all others. The yeast-fed pigs made average daily gains of 1.51 pounds per head and required only 375 pounds of feed to produce each 100 pounds of pork. The pigs used in the investigation were allowed to run outdoors, indicating that winter sunlight is not always sufficient to prevent vitamin D deficiency. Despite the high price of irradiated yeast, the feeding of only four ounces to a ton of feed, makes it very economical to use. Recent investigations indicate that rapid bringing to maturity of from 200 to 240 pounds will prove the most profitable weight under present conditions. Type of pigs arriving on the market would indicate that there is considerable room for breed improvement. Produce houses < V "•". """'L2 report that too many rangy pigs are still being bred. Well managed pigs should produce a net profit of a t least 86 cents per hundredweight, after all overhead, labor, food profit and other items are considered, i r radiated yeast should increase this margin of profit considerably. Agriculture I n t h e News By W. J. DRYDEN Grow Castor Beans The castor bean crop has proved to be a profitable one on the light s o i l s in m a n y parts of the country, and is being grown commercially. Castor beans should produce 600 pounds to the acre, selling for from $32 to $38. While the castor bean has given a notable performance in Florida, California and other of the southern: states, it has done almost as well in the northern states. Only about 10 per cent of.the castor oil produced is now ased-medicinally. The balance is u s e d "for ^-lubrication of airplane engines, a substitute for tung oil, solvent in paints, lacquers and varnishes, agricultural insecticide, the stalks made into paper and wall boards and the fiber into sacks and ropes. While it is growing it proves an ideal shade for poultry. It will be an excellent crop for many in postwar years. Heat Soybean Meal When soybean meal is properly heated, its power to promote animal growth through the nutritive value of its proteins can be improved by 40 per cent over that of the-raw bean. If the soybean meal is heated toolittle or too much, the improvement will be much less. It should be subjected to a temperature of 550 degrees F. for a little over two minutes in order to make its proteins more digestible. Proteins of wheat and oats are definitely impaired by heat. New Turkey Breed A new breed-fcf^turkey, the?JeRse? Buff, has been introduced by the turkey research farm of me^ffeimfersey Agricultural college; T3»e breed has been described as streamlined, small-bodijSiij '- bMad-breastea' and quick-maturingi iff- is particularly suitable for: consumers wJfcT like a fresh,-KttJed Jfcarkey of 15 , t o . 18 pounds, it Is said to malce. i n . excellent b^oflj^ tiuWat JSLJV'^m at ag§, ajfaet ; |Ba££pen^ ft.newjeddjtor jtajkei i lsr§|reri.i/ ' _ "*L;<1 .-??«^ is •v--S8&.-"><. ^BiS^.': hi. J^UT A AJ**f-*****&-***bto**&J -^ W-SflX, J j > f l . VI