1. hobbies and interests
2. getting published
3. freelance writing

THE
KEY
THE
TO
FAMILY
TO
HOW
DEED
CHEST
DECIPHER
AND
STUDY
BEING
OLD
A
DOCUMENTS
GUIDE
TO
ANCIENT
THE
READING
OF
MANUSCRIPTS
BY
E.
(MRS.
THOYTS
E.
JOHN
WITH
HAUTENVILLE
AN
COPE)
INTRODUCTION
BY
C.
MARTIN
TRICE
ASSISTANT
OK
KEEPER
SECOND
II. M.
RECORDS
EDITION
LONDON
ELLIOT
STOCK,
62,
PATERNOSTER
1903
ROW
SECOND
THE
TO
PREFACE
EDITION.
ten
JUST
first
time,
book
this
to
up
work
on
only
pages
the
initial
profess
careful
with
genuine
chapter,
ink,
for
on
paper,
all
such
or
will
regard
arises
question
they
whether
to
handwriting
items
paper
are
and
marks
of
is
great
[v]
present
of
some
over
with.
and
old
is
letters,
or
why
seals,
its
deeds,
letter
useful,
when
manuscripts
the
descriptions
and
small
so
the
the
That
forgeries.
and
and
still
much
with
do
to
the
bring
handwriting
private
to
as
meet
line
every
decided
in
and
that
tion,
informa-
but
beginners
nothing
of
study
especially
are
have
on
been
imperfect
that
books
in
to
help
urged
been
characteristics
any
to
has
subject,
a
its
same
made,
remain,
difficulties
has
It
been
large
so
the
corrections
have
made
written
edition
and
must
many
been
given
second
date
and
remains,
but
exactly
Additions
upon.
have
subjects
have
none
and
a
Although
appearance.
similar
volume
little
this
ago
years
was
importance,
second
of
old
written,
vi
Preface
A
celebrated
recent
which
old
an
registers
have
moment
protected
Old
deeds
trade
quite
years
ago,
in
of
question
book
this
be
posed.
sup-
; it is
books.
Some
of
which
cleared
kind,
sold
number
a
present
clever
if
they
geries
forhad
historical
a
up
a
great importance.
are,
from
and
old
in
genuine,
as
have
who
friends
Many
the
Edinburgh,
would
so
that
as
the
might
and
bought
ful
care-
Parish
of
than
common
now
sold
frauds
in
case,
that
at
not,
are
against
much
as
were
been
altered) shows
and
less
are
Shipway
details is necessary.
not,
far
Edition.
trial (the
minute
to
are
Second
registerwas
attention
which
the
to
helped
alas ! dead
used
I have
these
only
;
I first wrote
when
me
their
extracts
letters remain,
in
revising this
edition.
Mr.
Trice
criticised
and
has
Martin
it, as
still remain,
lenient.
It must,
am
to
met
describe
I
about
HYDE
in old
with
be
MANSIONS,
September,
1903.
read
years
my
it
ago,
readers
remembered
houses,
and
charter
ELIZABETH
W.
not
through
and
if
will
be
that
which
class of deeds
description of
every
PARK
trust
the
EMMA
130,
ten
however,
writing only
usually
did
he
mistakes
kindly
most
I
are
attempting
or
deed.
COPE.
EDITION.
FIRST
the
IN
following
the
I
I
language
all
toiled
on
difficulties
melted
down
write
as
who
others
may,
manuscripts,
and
most
and
by
repeating
like
as
means
the
the
being
to
assertions
avoid
and
writers.
[vii]
as
thus
humility,
old
much
mistakes
to
follow
to
deeds
original
of
to
help
prefer
of
means
the
and
and
fountain-head
trustworthy
this
all
myself,
by
no
knowledge
guide
a
unfamiliar.
dawned
in
possible
research
antiquarian
other
a
in
customs
and
The
away.
understand
to
light
endeavoured,
have
I
gained
degrees
by
;
a
as
Written
times.
strange
was
when,
and
relating
not,
describe
to
me
read
to
bygone
knew
existing,
longer
I
of
tried
puzzled
essayed
records
old
the
which
first
have
I
pages
things
beginner,
THE
TO
PREFACE
AUTHOR'S
and
source
knowledge,
as
of
possible
previous
viii
Authors
the
In
chapter
books
the
have
tried
than
rather
antiquarianism
such
this
write
supply
to
already
repeat
what
growing
creates
subjects,
a
and
has
May,
for
for
all
books
has
induced
book.
STEAD,
1893-
subject,
been
previously
fashion
desire
these
mentary
supplethe
on
named
in
information
E.
SULHAM
and
printed
this
have
I
guides,
my
is
The
explained.
upon
were
what
to
Paleography
on
which
I
pages
Preface.
E.
THOYTS.
kinds
of
treating
me
to
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHATTER
xi
INTRODUCTION
.
I.
HINTS
TO
.1
BEGINNER
THE
.
II.
BY
CHARACTER
.
.14
HANDWRITING
.
.
III.
IV.
OLD
AND
NORMAN-FRENCH
SAXON,
LAW
41
DEEDS
.
.
.
.
-53
TECHNICALITIES
.
VI.
28
LATIN
.
.
V.
LAW
.
ROLLS
COURT
AND
MANOR
.
70
.
VII.
.86
CHARTERS
MONASTIC
.
VIII.
X.
OFFICERS
PARISH
BOOKS
ON
AND
THEIR
OLD
.
.
ACCOUNT
ABBREVIATIONS,
.
.
.13$
.
ETC.
.
112
.127
.
.
.103
BOOKS
LETTERS
.
XII.
.
PALEOGRAPHY
.
XI.
.
REGISTERS
PARISH
.
IX.
.
.
.142
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
SIGNATURE
.
.
EXTRACT
FROM
DOMESDAY
.29
.
.
NORMAN-FRENCH
.
34
DEED
OF
.
.
.
FORM
.23
.
.
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FINE
.
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ROLL
(NEVILLE
.
.
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65
MSS.)
.
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COURT
.76
ROLL
.
ARABIC
.
.
.
NUMERALS
.79
.
READING
ABBEY
.
.
.
CHARTER
92
.
.
ABBEY
READING
CHARTULARY
PAPER-MAKERS'
.
.136
INITIALS
.
QUAINT
LETTERS
.
.94
.
.
SOME
.
FROM
OLD
.
PARISH
.
REGISTERS
137
INTRODUCTION.
written
BOOKS
knowledge
human
by
written
the
used
that
for
the
have
climbed
been
each
step
The
which
of
a
warned
meaning
estate,
or
corporation,
in
those
who
the
to
be
first
found
practical
to
work
way,
they
has
of
dangers
reader
the
and
them.
kinds
of
archives
documents
title-deeds
parish
a
needless
which
will
such
among
of
the
among
without
described
are
a
various
the
among
begin
previous
The
of
likely
are
an
against
gotten
for-
process
and
remembered,
been
and,
which
the
difficulties
the
and
less
or
up
case
cases,
impart,
more
ladder
this
in
that
have
accordingly
have
of
known
they
the
but
;
recent
so
of
most
long
which
steps
in
have
reason,
branch
any
are,
who
persons
knowledge
perhaps
teach
to
nicalities,
tech-
appeal
material
to
out
with-
knowledge.
step,
of
course,
[xi]
is
to
learn
or
to
read.
xii
Introduction.
This
wants
will
regular practice
read
of
documents,
understanding
MSS.
will
be
must
be
thoroughly
be
would
without
of
systems
like
how
knowing
the
attempt
to
without
writings
of
the
trying
to
add
up
scure
ob-
first step
letters,and
abbreviations
to
first
and
this
for
old
to
at
difficult
But
forms
the
student
gradually
mastered,
from
thoroughly knowing
different
really
but
eye,
which
acquired.
information
get
the
the
utterly unintelligible,and
power
to
quick
a
enable
soon
ordinary
any
seemed
and
perseverance
and
keep
tractions,
con-
accounts
column
of
foundation
of
a
figures.
And
all
indeed
There
history.
late Mr.
of
the
science
writers
(he,
read
to
rely
desire
have
to
and
the
editions,
editors'
But
to
an
manuscripts
judge
such
of
which
ought
or
which
occasionally
even
acquaintance
of
able
is of the
age
to
the
It
historians.
be
then
ability
in-
the
are
to
to
detect
mistakes.
is often
and
and
to
his
knowledge
they have,
have, sufficient scholarship
best
of
but
paleographic
edited
use,
knowledge
believe, boasted
I
the
have
little
but
manuscript),
a
on
others, who
they
who
Freeman,
the
like
historians,
be
may
the
is
paleography
this
greatest
is much
judge
which
with
it
whether
branch
to
use
of
biographers
better, for
a
certain
professes,or
ledge
know-
instance,
document
in whose
hand
xiii
Introduction.
draft
of
opinion
of
a
the
in
the
the
in which
and
s
speech
to
In
of
could
merely
the
'
is
MS.
book
had
not
divided
arcam^
VIII., who
after
in
taking
'
mump-
as
pointed
refused
and,
in
to
him.
to
out
VIII.
Henry
himself
the
the
in
his
fact,this
everlasting
an
historian
founder
it
a
native
?
But
the
account
gift
a
eleventh
this
work
chest
ported
im-
or
ornament
or
turning
on
of
to
is
based,
the
the
not
a
chest
of
silver,
as
a
mark
of
silver.
unamarcaargenti.
The
coin
It
one
of
the
what
ecclesiastical
box
of
talks
in
wonders
some
clear.
reads
parish
stupidity.
which
on
the
of
alike, and
in 1545,
was
"
amusing.
very
prayer
was
made
by
strong
ordinary
an
first a,
unam
it
was
a
meaning
The
it
reader
been
document
but
much
times,
chest
have
?
ledge
this know-
sumpsimus
by King
has
The
century.
of
north-country abbeys
silver
a
want
thirteenth-century missal
a
are
recent
more
beautiful
our
had
for conservative
name
accept
story
the
'
Parliament
the
to
Henry
word
to
ignorant priest
'
in
when
referred
was
Mass,
m
alter his mistake
It
King
he
because
stmits,
of
the
read
wine,
old
is the
time
of
canon
the
have
sometimes
and
enough
Familiar
priest
through
made
common,
are
to
else.
someone
mistakes
The
the
treaty is,than
a
was
known
the
noticed
the
instead
words
of
unam
contraction
wrongly,
marcant.
and
writer
over
read
of
the
it
Introduction.
xiv
In
another
ill-treatment
the
house
was
doubt
like the
by
near
*
monk
An
He
the
"
yaf
perhaps
the
have
for
carrying off.
chous
is
'
grimage
pil-
had
of
take,
far
looking
that
abbot's
not
"
he
as
plain
com-
quarrel,
the
cabbages
something
that
the
into
gone
on
to
reason
account
to
men.'
holy
nat
good
his
certain
hen
pulled
been
have
However,
Grehoundes
For
who
very
probably
better
worth
the
at
what
was
is,chiens.
In
MS.
it
read
as
fact,they
the
for
as
of
is
to
the
bad
so
religion.
that
to
But
as
fowel
hunting
for the
before
the
tenants
because
come
swifte
it is said
case
same
suggested,
anyone
hadde
in
flight,
hare,'
fire
asleep
after
coursing.
afternoon's
treatment
farms
he
priking and
perhaps lying
were
long
In
of
celebrated
*
a
forester
reallychens,
no
the
were
a
text
away
almost
was
venerye.
*
hunters
to
found
whose
abbot
the
lovede
in the
a
abbot
an
of
"
forester
taken
likelythings
appears
that
But
and
made
of that
nat
is said
forester
would
The
*
seith
him.
kitchen
forest.
who
is narrated
story
of
outrydere that
That
the
forester
royal
a
"
of
a
Canterbury
to
And
book
similar
no
the
on
one
one
dare
forester
administer
the words
that
the
de
the
of
forester's
the
die there
would
abbey
; it is
not
allow
last consolations
viurir, on
which
the
Introduction.
fuel, which
for
stones
as
The
if it
in
access
petarum
of
form
in
often
of
mode
constantly
found
to
our
come
more
throws
and
of
known,
living
clear
of
public
on
and
ancestors,
and
not
of
dark
T.
to
records,
passages
history.
C.
in
laws
collections
many
in
or
helping
the
our
have
persons,
are
be
selves
them-
may
information,
across
light
they
ography
paleto
interest
private
making
much
is
who
which
of
of
something
persons
generally
not
and
customs
all
possession
work
grand
know
to
documents
the
repositories
of
been
have
to
contracted
a
using
as
mis-reading
remarkable,
For
in the
which
from
desire
very
commended.
be
suggested
peFrum,
were
spreading
is
thus
scribe's
(stones).
petrarum
the
careless
a
represented
are
are
results
this
; but
(peat),
farmers
book
another
coal
merely
are
of demenrer.
writing
In
based,
is
observation
xv
MARTIN.
OLD
STUDY
AND
DECIPHER
TO
HOW
DOCUMENTS.
CHAPTER
HINTS
alterations
the
But
are
;
amateur
and
to
unintelligible
as
perseverance
Every
of
of
writing.
backwards
first
a
feeling
of
despair
generation
Compare,
Egyptian
or
all
when
fronted
con-
deed
or
reduces
the
as
spread
are
past.
changes
old
helplessness
gress
pro-
the
its
us
some
of
hieroglyphics
conquers
to
with
time
verge
Sanscrit
and
home
ally,
gradu-
their
into
handwriting
these
so
recognise
to
brought
the
the
fail
glancing
fashion
for
paper
by
but
everything;
imperceptibly,
so
we
forcibly
very
in
on
go
ofttimes
except
BEGINNERS.
TO
changes
FASHION
that
I.
the
of
pages
out,
as
characters.
familiar
un-
But
difficulties.
has
its
for
own
instance,
particular
type
bundle
any
I
Hints
2
taken, hap-hazard,
of
letters
or
secretaire
bundles
it is
;
in
into
generation
further
;
the
this
masculine
the
into
of the
females
used
guess
writers.
educated
by
with
changed
of
the
succeeding
had
generation
bold, decisive, almost
the
writing adopted
minded
into
also
the
third
desk
them
and
century,
style
old
an
sort
dates,
last
in
developed
to
easy
hand,
freer
the
of
out
position of
Italian
in
early
fashion
of
and
age
flowing
women
quite
sequence
accurately the
The
Beginners.
to
the
by
strong-
more
nineteenth
of the
latter end
century.
Of
certain
for
extent
of
men
a
school-teaching
course,
the
with
is bolder
more
and
distinct
with
characteristics
according
his
to
in
curls
;
in
type
that
but
these
are
each
has
liable
to
will
to
a
often
better, more
still
is
alter
special
change
will
need
the
him
most
clerk
thus, the
longer compels
Self-education
writing
with
So
distinctly after
less
writing
;
pared
Com-
e.
clerk's
and
spersed
lettering,inter-
twists.
found
circumstances
letters
the
use
from
letters
soldier's
its open
and
free
letter
be
no
great legibility
ill-formed
while
rounder,
professionsit will
form
Greek
a
sity
Univer-
writing,
scholar's, the
the
to
exceptions,
simple capital
broken-backed
small
few
of
form
with
flourishes, and
Our
handwriting.
to-day all, with
scholarly
neat
responsible
is
to
a
studied
of
ness.
careful-
vulgar,
style;
Hints
4
Private
a
correspondence,
in
streets
way
Letters
period
existed
London,
who
Authors
books
be
for that
; hence
purpose
educated
under
demonstrated
Middle
the
of
crowds
the
of
were
this
for
neatly
the
original
if any,
exist.
special education
some
monastery
either
foreigners,
either
teaching
similitude
which
French
is
or
clearly
exists
of
manuscripts
the
all
early
went
asserted
backwards
V.
monks
and
and
customs
on
more
centuries, and
people, gained
foreign
Conquest
overruled
styles.
emigrated continuously
still remained
Henry
Norman
previous
Normans
four
or
foreigners
which
the
the
This
shores.
three
to
own
Ages.
of
most
sent
of
between
England
In
a
they
effect
by
Europe
had
foreign monks,
the
Italian, and
over
scribes
profession,being
for their
or
transcribed
comparatively few,
earliest
the
means
their
probably destroyed
for of these
All
notice
address.
dictated
or
afterwards
preservation,and
notes,
that
to
indited
them
had
sent
paratively
com-
the
here,' though this generally
written
letters may
that
a
as
out-of-the-
reads
one
on
to
up
present, in
at
;
carried
was
even,
profession ; writing shops
late
'
Beginners.
to
alien
and
then
and
itself,
among
the
less
or
the
Saxon
the
lower
priories were
forwards
from
to
at
our
least
prejudice against
ascendant.
priests
for
Vast
no
the
In
element,
classes
the
reign
suppressed,
longer
Norman
of
and
travelled
abbeys
Hints
rich
houses
junior
the
to
and
Countries
like
and
into
more
seventeenth
century,
style altered
to
So
long
trained
period
the
;
monastic
soon
so
of
authority
had
marked
of
quality
returned
education
after
learning.
in
sixteenth
was
fatal
scribe
author's
was
art
of
no
;
so
Reformation,
a
that
a
desire
of
cause
printing,which
as
spreading
attributable
longer required
productions
and
marked
very
perhaps
was
handwriting
to
so
the
to
the
naturally
multiply
lawyers
the
in
profession.
to
a
monks
creating
primary
handwriting,
of the
and
munities
com-
and
villages,thus
the
But
century,
introduction
native
off
quantity
The
the
the
disbanded,
the
by
we
of
educated
and
writing.
all classes
among
alteration
of
(as
shaken
had
the
in
place
homeless
their
find
fulness
regularity,care-
a
England
and
took
teachers
by
handwriting
scattered
all kinds
to
do)
the
in
Rome
rendered
nuns,
the
entirely
almost
was
to
as
been
change
the
and
out
institutions, we
formality
but
came
of
end
conducted
least
at
and
the
died
it
when
naturally expect
should
steadily
until
use
education
or
in
which
will
time
character,
written
a
their
them
this
at
Low
rounder, freer hand.
a
as
monastic,
of
use
The
the
from
with
; and
German,
modern
the
more
the
5
England.
here
brought
fashions
and
noticed
first be
in
resorted
Germany,
customs
own
cells
or
who
merchants,
Beginners.
to
and
The
the
public
Hints
6
office
who
clerks
had
formerly
took
change
remained
only
writers.
inventions
and
multiplying
machines
in many
labourers
either
of
these
to
the
us
neither
could
the
slight
very
we
a
"
find
times
as
pledge
Previous
to
places
provided
out
teacher
if any
write
;
of
of the
being
in
now,
exist
people
prove
folk
country
a
teaching
the
the
nineteenth
either
bounty
old
;
frequently
their witnesses
either
resemblance
of
bygone
and
oftener
still
"
old
a
or
Christian
illiterate from
cross,
Saxon
consent.
century,
education
altogether
of the
some
faint
faith and
good
some
the
eighteenth century
by
was
even
of
The
name
use
the
country
the
of
in
been
a
few
perhaps
of
later
or
necessary
bearing
amount
lieu
in
has
which
sooner
using instead
memory
of
place
in
arts.
us)
names,
monogram
initials
to
their
will
type-writers
contracting parties nor
write
eccentric
or
of the
ignorance
the
from
improvements
places, there
the
marriage registersof
were
writing
used
very
read
(to
a
universal.
ago,
out-of-the-way country
ignorant
letters
now
offices,while
years
could
fresh
are
will be
sional
profes-
as
writing, also,
increasing ;
are
hundred
A
living
elaborate
year
class
large
day, maybe,
every
machine
typing by
old
Some
and
handwriting
actual
The
altogether ;
out
the
the
simple capitals copied
printer's blocks.
die
their
In
the
of
out
earned
place.
supplanted by
Beginners.
to
absent
squire or
ignorant
person
in
or
parson,
pre-
Hints
vented
by
a
of
smattering
sewing,
work
the
was
the
at
could
service.
When
opportunities
practice
of
this
how
knowledge,
for want
learnt
had
no
sufficient
they
in
study by themselves, except
of
natural
state
of
cases
still
limited
the
years
that
and
well
can
the
took
the
within
things
writing
hand-
and
ago,
scribe
believe
of
knowledge
of
hundreds
personage,
genius.
alive, we
was
fully understand
important
had
they
had
they
book
in
them
employ
further
to
earlier if
and
years,
to
out
sent
were
placed out,
little
to
those
some
more
ten
or
found
the
was
very
then
plain
though
useful
her
or
stimulation, nor
or
of
memory
his
gaining
capacity
If
nine
the
merely
R's/ which, with
Children
once
exceptional
very
of
be
forgot
soon
mental
of
pursuing
were
qualifications
three
'
whole
age
anybody
of
the
repertoire.
scanty
and
whose
labour, and
active
7
bodily infirmityfrom
or
age
Beginners.
to
was
a
pride
great
can
very
in
his
work.
It
the
is very
letteringof
old
everywhere;
occur
two
or
three
this
but
is
from
written
a
different
or
is
name
on
ways
of
spelling
found
often
the
if
in
erasures
Varieties
easily explained
same
the
work
spelt
page;
was
dictation, especially if pronounced
foreigner.
so
full of
unexpected
no
wonder
or
mistakes
charters.
a
to
by
find
to
rare
that
names
Our
English language being
variations
of
of
people
spelling,it
and
is
places
8
Hints
suffered
with
the
the
the
at
of
to
words
has
course
of
old
words
into
sounds
alter
is
taken
place in
become
very
old
the
writing
is
spelling,but
If
wish
we
the
All
of
task
two
this
must
and
alterations
now
of
the
compared
which
changes
in the
lated
trans-
sense
If it be
an
our
century,
have
past centuries
be
transcribing and
undertaken,
for
which, being
"
;
also
have
we
parts the
language
all such
for
in
changes
seventeenth
Version
tainly
Cer-
being coined,
are
dispute.
evident.
the
made
Bible
in many
of
our
when
mind
only
in the
matter
Revised
the
innumerable
English phraseology,
of
actual
curious, for English
significance.
English
a
The
fairlyconstant.
words
not
down
wrote
him.
to
very
new
quaint, and
words
with
time
version
present
look
unacquainted
merely
undergone
Old
of
example
who
remained
and
meaning
transcriber
a
sounded
they
us
orthography
in
of
they
as
spelling
and
hands
localities, and
words
in
Beginners.
to
borne
translating
allowance
both
in
must
in
style
be
and
spelling.
It
has
indispensable
deeds
;
this
that
said
been
to
is
really
not
easily with
Legal
Latin
when
once
they
are
consists
these
without
so
forms
any
of
knowledge
would-be
the
antiquarian research,
discovered
a
the
Latin
transcriber
for
case
of
is
old
ordinary
for
the
meaning
only
very
slight knowledge.
entirelyof
are
familiar
set
to
can
forms
the
be
that
reader,
difficultyrecognised,
and
Hints
little liable
so
are
easilyrendered
the
of
for
Latin
English.
and
people
legal
Edward
whether
deeds
languages),
latter
language,
and
written
chiefly
the
the
and
the
into
with
two
in the
usually
are
reign
question
open
met
well
so
easily be
can
of
use
stood
under-
of
slight knowledge
a
the
deeds
which
with
the
than
a
of
representatives
are
of
the
extension
and
never
a
the
correct
in
absent
; bars
be
ensured
Every
or
note
to
stroke
curves
or
are
syllables,
by
or
understand
to
portions correctly,
absolute
knowledge
quick
hap-hazard
abbreviated
is
grammar
words
possible
those
consequence
Latin
eye,
down
with
writing
hand-
modern
letters.
in
it is
Therefore
can
language
dashed
never
meaning
although
with
something
means
pen
into
consists
only illegibleto
are
difference
minute
properly
handwriting;
acquaintance
important
the
work
correctly putting
accident.
the
they
of
help
an
are
few
in
actual
every
of
those
transcriber's
a
unfamiliar
less
and
deeds
the
French.
Indeed,
an
old
tions
descrip-
after the
duplicated
legible that
with
modern
few
very
to
entirely superseded
language
not
were
the
As
to.
it is
are
attention
almost
(although
they
important
most
accurate
transactions
III.
that
The
referred
the Norman-French
of
9
places, with
and
localities
the
variations
any
correct
a
of
names
to
into
points being
Beginners.
to
grammatical
without
study
of its grammar.
rectness
cor-
of the
Hints
io
One
of
the
courthand
of
study
merely
best
first
is
of
means
the
the least
spelling or
old
would
deed,
these
deeds
An
start.
used
in
freer
from
two,
or
catches
were
and
Spread
Then
set
the
words
you
was
first
strange
in
this
to
way
which
to
at
has
in
a
so
many
it is well
of
to
first
the
at
words
groundwork
only
letter
eye.
of
than
parchment
that
your
so
the
chance
form
style
good
out
fact
the
words
teenth
seven-
English
much
the
an
because
or
that
too
a
only
of
the
contractions
with
is
in
learn
attempting
a
in
beginner
even
letters in other
looked
the
discover
mind
letters
It
and
legal language
never
;
the
hand,
with.
the
of
study
phraseology
acquaintance
commence
of
change
a
eighteenth century,
written
not
even
late
often
by
commence
written
are
to
or
all kinds
careful
the
the
manuscripts,
things
new
dot,
in
word.
a
those
give
fairly clear
earlier
of
in the
and
sentences,
you
of
one
into
tected
difference,unde-
For
or
advise
early
or
of
brain
line, will entirely alter
a
meaning
I
Next,
shades
the
to
do, it being
and
eye
read
to
time
will
system
stroke
of
position
short
training the
small
learning
a
by comparison.
except
shorthand
of
devote
to
; any
speedily noticing
in
methods
shorthand
a
Beginners.
to
a
here
work
before
word
and
to
to
or
there
compare
do
know
the
commencement
with
the
you.
that
Egyptian
successfullystudied.
hieroglyphics
Hints
12
to
seems
it would
with.
me
be
supplied by
which
given,
of the
for
reason
abbreviations
these
are.
in
contractions
realized
them
;
even
one
one
connected
letters
into
it grew
its
At
own.
contractions
all, just
Of
these
as
last
originated
time
doubt
modern
are
would
more
first
at
is
full of
older
the
from
plete
com-
the
our
there
than
save
a
no
were
to
have
out
to
was
daily correspondence
may
letters
together.
use,
of
must
few
two
or
nowadays
use
our
"
these
of
system
With
familiar
perfectly
be
the
style of writing
language
a
penned,
was
this
material.
and
system,
it
merely
lies in the
portions
from
not
commence
beginners
missing syllable clustered
The
time
reader
instead
to
missing
often
are
syllable,but
for
whose
the
time, although
groundwork
alphabet
words,
of
waste
valuable
true
contracted
be
much
so
a
The
Beginners.
to
contractions, relics of it,still left lingering
on.
A
few
be
not
examples
of
out
form
of
example,
very
old
assumed
Mr,
in
common
writing
from
so
tracted
con-
difficult
very
or
use,
from
documents
its modern
Latin
the
is still in
which
use.
is not
a
or
after all.
derived
mister
that
showing
as
will
abbreviations
modern
place here,
extraordinary
", and,
of
et,
et ;
can
till
be
the
second
traced
gradually
in
it
shape.
master
; Sr
for
sir
was
formerly
Hints
C",
company
word
Latin
from
with,
'
and
the,
the
"
long
in
full
so,
;
recognised
borne
appear
their
in
in
s.
and
also
;
of
the
for
yr
etc.,
your,
ye
still
we
pence
designate
by
d.
word
'
'
affectionate
with
forms
of
contraction,
the
abbreviations
mind
quite
is
other
too,
difficulties
where,'
obsolete.
now
shillings
Latin
The
others
many
Pounds,
whereof,
which,
abbreviated
formerly
were
letters
three
etcetera.
words
The
first
the
13
(French).
Cie, compagnie
;
derived
etc.,
Beginners.
to
many
a
different
with
less
dread
seldom
written
words
there
when
and
of
light,
of
and
failure.
old
we
are
this
deeds
attack
is
CHAPTER
II.
HANDWRITING.
books
MANY
the
on
of
not
are
'Character
published
by
descriptive
rules
and
this
by
recently
very
theories
the
describing
been
subject
they
but
although
have
means
for
in
detail,
characterclear
both
are
writing,'
Hand-
and
decided.
is
It
now
entirely
write
to
the
with
case
approved
by
formed
*
a
the
from
copied
for
peculiarities
handwriting
was
not
was
one
nearly
as
them
;
fore
there-
longer
were
is
as
after
wrote
set
what
children
copies,
set
children
and
teach
to
who
original
themselves,
'
of
aid
which
characteristic
asserting
the
rule
forefathers,
our
pattern,
possible
as
the
longer
no
in
considered
now
till
developed
late
life.
in
There
of
with
were,
handwriting
the
first
still
and
the
"
the
are,
two
professional
action
[14]
was
divisions
and
or
the
classes
personal
mechanical,
and
;
Handwriting.
in
even
if
few,
exhibits
oldest
the
of
coincide
and
virtues
remarkable
a
degree
personages
known
their
with
detailed
and
criticised
vices, as
writings
hand-
The
celebrated
and
certain
are
plainly shown.
historical
to
there
manuscripts
characteristics
defined
Yet
personality.
of
traces
any,
5
1
their
by
biographers.
the
As
varied
of
art
writing
and
more
Education,
beneficial
effect upon
ideas
creates
time
writer
of
to
from
brain
active
an
form
to
evenly, the
the
to
;
far
a
the hand
give
material, being
the
not
handwriting
less
easiest
was
rule, has
a
form
gradually
as
clearly,patiently and
letters
the
as
fast to
too
wrote
person
himself.
general, its
becoming
more,
each
formal, and
became
matter,
primary
importance.
So,
from
degenerated
into
Of
of
which
; soon,
words
the
longer
;
writing
it is
the
carefully
so
eccentricities
of
join
style
a
If
decided
the
individualityof
subject
of
a
the
exact
sharpen,
breaks
any
distances
and
are
in
no
considered;
sundry loops
grown-up
its
an
curves
in, with
creep
only
be
to
without
measured
twirls,giving the whole
and
round
and
lines
even
resembles
supposed
however, the
letters
disconnected
the
classes,writing
ing
originallyclear,regular letter-
child's
a
course
imitation
its
all
among
style of penmanship.
every
copy-book,
"
increased
study
as
appearance
own.
handwriting
as
a
test
of
1
Handwriting.
6
character
it
or
anxiety
:
the
affect
hazard
can
From
opinion
an
all
In
patient.
will for the
emotion,
writing.
of
cases
mind
strength,the
not
many
paralysis
things
"
with
so
many
causes
should
be
bodily
contracts
mental
a
a
and
childish
the
muscles
ness
feeble-
a
upon
pliability
a
brain-power
ink
and
paper,
strange, then, that
not
which
it depends,
of
test
or
of
calibre
natural
bias
handwriting
closelylinked
very
head
forming
moral
self-satisfaction.
a
and
writing
and
temperament
of
college,through
a
large correspondence
habit
and
status
when
at
health.
hands
whose
have
of vision
upon
school-teacher
Any
usually
the
of the pen,
It is
excellent
an
is
and
is
writing
writing ;
writing materials, pens,
difference.
of his
Writing depends
firm grasp
a
all make
doctor
state
returns, but with
power
a
the
the
patient
of
formerly observed.
the
even
the
power
muscles, clearness
of the
"
the
greatly
moment
mental
its consciousness
recovers
their
so
of
deprived
the
to
as
influence
kind, illness
handwriting
temporarily affected, and
first
of any
found
be
greatly
great excitement
or
violent
any
it will
circumstances
immediate
that
studied
carefully
is
qualifications. The
of
Ignorance
The
opinion
most
the
writers,their social
to
and
show
conceit
their
youthful
A
round,
conceit
uneducated
of
to
as
disposition.
is said
together.
good
conclusions
of the
usually
passes,
own
form
are
and
often
generally
personal
of
writing
Handwriting.
is
therefore, indicative
not,
seldom
capacity, and
needless
All
result
the
yet without
of
and
is
a
its
bar
to
in the
it
and
depth
satisfy
the
the
ideas
but
If these
of
in
the
are
strokes
index
are
short
danger
the
may
do
whereby
strokes, somewhat
brain
upon
the
page
to
known
rush
not
person
mind.
Temper
of the
crosses
judge
to
a
assumed
off
to
subject.
excitable
The
if dashed
quick
every
tranquil
be
all
are
neither
regular through
writer
even-placed temper;
is
over
temperament.
writing,the
quick
a
A
along
persons
in
perception
upon
is
calm, calculating
a
ponder
depends
't'
originality,
quickly enough
haste
such
judgment
is
perseverance,
races
With
frantic
"
is
Genius
fast,one
so
down
becomes
letter
and
glance.
a
sentences
author.
conclusions,
Intuitive
at
pen
understood
once
in too
same
impatience
the
disposition this
nor
and
though
write
cannot
at
membered
re-
little conceit
a
despair prevents
handwriting
another, that
it
success.
any
words
suggests
exaggerated
own
Excitability,hastiness,
seen
are
be
self-appreciationthere
any
of effort ;
lack
a
But
vanity.
egotisticvanity.
overestimate
to
apt
originality.
ambition, the
becomes
excess
general
or
ornamentation
whereas
stimulate
to
necessary
great
fault; that
a
and
virtue
any
talent
any
and
egotism
that
becomes
shows
flourishes
of
of
7
1
of
whole
to
at
higher
page
have
random
than
2
it.
an
"
the
1
8
Handwriting.
letter
itself
is firm
of
but
expected,
short
black,
and
outbursts
quick
"
of
anger
duration, unless
in which
be
may
the
stroke
great violence
case
may
safely be predicted.
Uncertainty
the
by
the
it is
these
and
is firm
cross
each
sentiments
The
and
down
strokes
weakness
of
and
or
shade, too,
The
is
of
branches
of
absence
can
their
the
between
hazard
an
indulges
of
By
them
in
educated
as
line and
in every
of
the
distinction
young
the
sex
of
The
strongly
very
their
daughters
grandstroke
of
is observable
and
men
graphologist
to
as
several
particular line.
one
no
from
whole, but
a
traced
or
mothers
grand-
expected
of
writing
personal
Capital
well
light
strokes.
our
independence
be
vague
these
of
the
tell of
of
gradations
be
next
like
letters
is
opinion
in
the
in
t*
person.
self-assertion
any
Even
nowadays.
of
might
in any
Little
pens.
undecided
sensitive,grounded
study,
The
marked.
an
will ;
'
altogether,
letter
handwriting
and
especiallyso
not
the
observed
what
just
refined
women
use
Italian
sloping
of
be
may
letter
black, then
and
repetition of
and
strength
the
to
it is omitted
opinions
up
is shown
temper
strokes
light; sometimes
with
varying
character
of
variation
Sometimes
time
of
dare
the
wording, avoiding
women
scarcely
writer, but
any
direct
pronouns.
letters
tell
us
many
originality,talent,and
points
mental
of
interest
capacity
Handwriting.
2O
character, together with
known
intimately
conclusions
future
be
drawn
is marked
by
the
of
slope
or
little artistic
feeling
therefore
same
the
affectionate
loops
and
this
for
at
impulsive
three
nature
by
artist.
it is
of creative
is
has
very
fine
arts
;
indicate
poetry,
is
other
soft,
of
and
kindred
accompanies
the
for
;
natural
necessary
the
painting
to
produce
shade
and
Success
ambition,
and
originality,egotism,
all
"
but
art
implies
consequent
; hence
the
often
and
is
genius
writing ;
generally peculiar
loving,
In
complex.
egotism
a
impulse
patient study.
very
and
artist's
able,
unread-
exuberance
power.
and
handwriting.
pattern.
nature,
a
or
music
influence
vanity
Imagination
the
hard
indicate
colour, light
will
its
from
one
absolutely
are
degree
signature
general
a
the
of
also
these
without
kind
certain
or
with
;
Form,
three
any
will
perseverance
things
these
A
which
things
first of
expand
cannot
love
or
painting,
The
replaced
open
'
subjects.
and
arrived
writing.
disposition
and
music,
upon
rules
unimpressionable,
and
unsympathetic
a
and
from
use.
slant
of
and
understood,
and
may
Affection
an
are
personal peculiarities,
capital
The
letters
Over-haste
warm-hearted,
impulse
do
strokes
never
impulsive
person
too
are
follow
is visible
tend
not
in
the
prove
im-
erratic,
copybook
every
feels
to
line.
deeply
A
and
Handwriting.
the
passionatelyat
the
will
produce
the
upon
These
thought.
in
seen
impulse
and
with
The
give
self-torment
running
from
be
the
across
word
one
allowed
silence
;
hence
path
rise
or
merely due,
and
here
employed
point,
this
to
it shows
trivial
of other
details,
people.
lines
even
regular
distances
is very
essential.
to
delusive
lies, or
in
the
writing
there
for
rush
do
not
an
unformed
is
in work
qualities,but
to
letters
which
gives
to
clusions
con-
writing
hand-
often, being
peculiarityvery
evil
the
Untruthfulness
still ; but
not
common-
slight deceptions
lines.
the
this
with
deviation, although slight,from
unevenness
shows
hand
a
fall below
spn
often
unevenness
an
truth, and
of
Tact
practised, white
It is
the
and
another.
to
or
observed.
greater
often
opinions
page
quality requires
This
too
over
to
These
no
straightforwardness give
and
Truth
teristics.
charac-
leading
breaks
worry
to the
as
which
in
it himself.
Without
needless
and
there
and
criticism, combined
of
tected
de-
be
evidently paused
of
power
here
are
found, but if they appear
is
wearying
and
ideas
unaware
of intellect.
clearness
a
a
analytical
handwriting
has
writer
think, although
sense
which
a
of
sequence
of
power
they
generally
qualities may
important
even
is
What
the
and
dashes
effect
the
to
reader.
disjoined words,
be
breaks
regard
judgment
is
lacking
may
without
words
off
writing, and
of
moment
2 1
to
an
unsteady
it is unused.
Handwriting.
2 2
Very
round
closed, denotes
not
are
writing
even
disposition, with
whether
asked
obstinacy
and
for
thought
marked
selfish
a
of
a
plimentary
com-
writing suggests
without
power,
others.
True
inward
of
commencement
of
giving advice,
of
an
vowels
openness
always
not
of
curve
every
in the
for
love
feelings
the
and
Blunt, crabbed
the
gives
candour
unasked,
kind.
which
aptitude
an
or
in
ness
selfish-
bend,
words
very
capital
or
letters.
Perseverance
the
In
and
former
when
patience
the
letter
its stroke
also
that
and
once
Such
writers
and
much
linked
routine
and
of
top,
end, showing
entertained
no
eradicate
or
dislikes
strong
is marked
abrupt
the
it.
without
there
writing
are
exhibits
Economy
by
and
a
no
are
spare
blunt,
of
use
later
faculties,
has
has
writing
curves
frequently
are
in
existence
the
strokes, the
whole
often
more
"
uneventful
straight ;
also
patience
Then
regularity.
are
been
alter
very
blunted
has
romance.
the
curved
the
strongly-defined prejudices,
take
together
adversity
and
has
at
allied.
cause.
Calmness
down
idea
have
to
apt
are
dark
will
earthly persuasion
is hooked
t
a
has
an
'
'
closely
are
round,
life, when
dull
the
or
all
destroyed
short
the
up-andbars
short
flourishes
loops
or
great
neatness
and
living,curiously enough,
of
ink.
leaving
off
The
short.
terminals
Where
;
Handwriting.
only
letters
be
and
'
If the
the
stops
fears
lest his
being
below
the
coupled
the
to
letter
is
i
'
means
details,with
of
mind
instead
The
writer
misinterpreted by
a
bar
tenacity of
;
is
placed
purpose,
perhaps, also,
opinions.
small
the
carried
used
negligence, a
a
is
letter
When
caution
but
on
vulgarity
be
adverse
capital
curves
caution.
means
extreme
*
certain
un-
needlessly
the
writes
Bars
other.
and
be
to
while
this
of
should
signature, it
criticism
found
upper
of
result
each
with
of
dread
tail
sentences
into
run
three
education.
the
are
and
inconstant
be
society
line, there
imperfect
word.
every
in others.
of
the
of
are
will
long
liberalitymay
curve
matters,
stingy
with
below
and
to
'
level.
far
of
M
and
ended,
the
and
3
position,
dis-
not
thus
are
curves,
end
some
fond
person
same
in
liberal
economical
letter
the
disposition
variable, the
"
free
characteristics
these
Where
words
Generosity
in
likewise
circumstances,
the
open,
looped.
are
seen
A
of
some
have
others
while
of
result
is the
economy
2
want
No
dots
of attention
faculty of
obser-
a
Handwriting.
24
vation.
When
neither
above
which
in
nor
placed
are
proximity
random,
at
letter
the
to
impulsiveness
Ambition
whole
lacks
firmness
of
signature
which
the
the
of
rest
upward
an
the
and
is
writing
only
appears
while
upwards,
curves
the
to
Hopefulness
tendency.
ambition,
flection,
re-
anticipated.
gratified happiness give
and
writing
be
may
to
of
they belong, impressionability,want
and
in
dots
the
without
impulsive,
the
much
firmness.
Sorrow
gives
inclination.
show
once
full of
in
written
is
legible
erratic, uncertain,
exhibited
touchy
persons
the
of
cross
the
capital
stand
alone
letters also
and
power
and
clever
The
is, of
safe
or
name.
neat
or
and
the
the
letter
letters.
front
'
'
isolated, it betokens
ideality,such
would
as
and
great
of
letters
the
and
form
as
parts
capital
words,
the
is
only, such
upper
the
is
mind
Irritable
the
and
then
writing
of
flourishes
t
at
mind,
letter
the
line.
When
of
the
confusion
every
will
preoccupied
hence
;
ward
down-
a
affliction
a
the
slope
are
final
creative
an
author
writer.
of
personal part
the
course,
after
writing
little whether
in
in
most
guide
writing :
cares
clearly
the
Temporary
the
trouble,
line of
every
to
it tell
signature, but
character.
a
a
great
The
deal
more
letter
or
it is
alone
lines
document
placed
than
the
not
below
actual
a
Handwriting.
curved
A
of
love
coquetry,
exaggerated,
An
line, ending in
bending
unyielding
determined
of
fiery,and
at
means
and
thought,
ideas.
versatilityof
An
of line
form
gravity
by
caprice, tempered
cates
indi-
hook,
a
ideality.
effect,and
comma-like
5
2
will
draws
"
"
firm
a
the
the
after
line
hooked
time
same
name.
A
with
power,
shows
line
wavy
originality.
is shown
Resolution
caution, with
and
reason
by
wn
To
that
of
his
great
is
to
as
never
a
dependable
of
of
complexity
upon
a
with
everyone
form
cerns
con-
human
But
combination
simple
the
brain-power,
is taken.
appearance
observed
which
limited
a
is
.
will be
alone
matter
view,
:
-
little about
very
with
whereas,
;
care
cares
it is the
"
-
it
briefly,
matter
of
point
every
treme
ex-
effect
calculate
to
dots, thus
and
person
writing
nature
it is
the
up
him
from
line ; and
plain
a
full power
lines
two
clever
a
by
subject
a
sum
mental
in
variety
great
elements,
changes
and
chances.
It is said
takes
place
that
all
character
and
for years
apparent,
seven
every
which
to
a
years.
decided
leave
mind
of
will
innate
have
develop
an
lain
them.
complete change
marks
individual.
virtues
and
Motives
or
dormant,
cumstance
cir-
upon
the
Not
haps
per-
vices
become
awaiting
cumstances
cir-
26
Handwriting.
A
collection
curious.
of
Written
old
faded
ink;
authenticated
of
far
biographers
candid
too
two
buried,
dead,
no
the
writing
hand-
from
such
hundred
a
just
evenly
virtues
and
vices.
With
curious
to
contrast
the
and
and
in the
balance
both
it is
biographies
contemporary
of
writing,
hand-
their
whose
knowing
criticism
characters
graphologist's opinion
a
fore
there-
are
calm
historical
given without
of
consequence
personal account,
give
Their
forgotten.
the
so
spirit and
party
and
years
because,
purpose,
all
fear
longer
likely to
the
treme
ex-
in
from
done
three
or
for the
character, weighing
with
be
concerned,
and
more
of
written
are
is
prejudice
to
history lies
character
only
can
great value
they
as
it
is very
childhood
life's
study
to
letters
examples.
letters
are
ago
earliest
veritable
and
fairly
Old
from
a
age,
person's old
any
the
writing
was.
showing
different
introduced
of which
then
old
is
MSS.
interesting,
as
in vogue
at
styles of writing
various
Fashion
periods.
this
on
different
Royal
point.
alien
words
speedily became
slang, remained
disappeared.
New
in
Wars
nations.
into
marriages
into
vocabulary,
our
words
for
a
are
short
tact
con-
lands
strange
naturalized, while
only
had
circumstances
or
foreign princesses brought England
with
voted
the
influence
some
with
of
collection
Any
some
others,
while
and
constantly being
CHAPTER
ANGLO-SAXON,
III.
NORMAN-FRENCH,
AND
LATIN,
OLD
ENGLISH.
A
LTHOUGH
^/~\_
from
us
Anglo-Saxon
told,
are
of
to
go
seek
adventure
forth
in
parts
Thus
one
the
just
of
of
earth.
Saxon
identical
banded
scholastic
language,
base,
together,
form,
was
a
greatly
day
[28]
in
the
collection
of
its
led
form
Englishmen
derived
resembled
construction.
and
although
in
which,
and
instincts
land
fortune
and
posed
com-
Germanic
of
present
fame
Saxons,
rather
but
and
sea
the
at
as
search
the
deciphering
piratical
by
derived
The
tribes
whose
origin,
colonies,
new
of
our
information
towards
nation,
one
aggregate
an
this
documents.
not
were
Scandinavian
them
help
any,
that
directly
forefathers,
if
little,
is
language
Saxon
our
very
old
the
we
of
told
always
are
English
present
that
gives
we
most
utter-
from
dialects
and
educated
German
in
its
Anglo-Saxon,
tnun*
French,
Norman-
etc.
.sctt-
"'
*ft*liairaFi"7^^il^
HttlW
M*"
"* ^M*"'^fUfefef
"-!! o"War.
S,t"
o.\nudU"U"^
^
-""
^V
EXTRACT
From
FROM
photos kindly lent by
DOMESDAY.
Mr.
A.
Harrison,
of Theale.
29
The
Britain
is
settlers, with
first
British
of
above-named
of
added
epoch
of
reveals
full of
so
explain
Library,
Old
a
Sir
of
copy
It
survive),
looks
us,' ' we,'
are
*
have
and
taken
that
poets
obsolete
have
been
the
Manuscript
It is known
his
to
us
are
that
compiled
the
of
Durham
the
in the
as
of
book-shelves,
and
Cottonian
'
Nero
the
he,' him/ and
"
the
personal
of
D. iv.'
Roman
the
hopelessly foreign
The
Anglo-
Department
busts
had
familiar.
'
in
Gospels
formerly
Cotton
Robert
words
Since
prior to
now
given
as
the
was
Museum.
over
few
by foreign
meanings.
in
Emperors
chroniclers
phrases
Prayer,
now
British
a
wards
after-
seas.
back
go
dictionaries
period.
Saxon
the
their
(this is
Book
and
and
Lord's
The
to
all
greater changes still.
words
books
many
to
and
further
were
the
over
three
in
it
or
with
the
printing great changes
language,
our
with
into
the
by
Celtic
having
from
emigrants
pure
thirdly, the
brought
writings of early
The
of
basis, to which
words
new
or
in
the
being
combination
and
;
as
classified
spoken
as
same
Danish
for
invention
place
first
Norman-French,
dialect
invaders
the
languages combined,
addition
Saxon
been
admixture
this
far
(so
has
language
an
secondly,
;
addition
the
headings,
i.e.,the
Anglo-Saxon,
French,
Anglo-Saxon
the
concerned)
distinct
three
under
the
of
language
Great
'
Norman-
Anglo-Saxon,
30
names
only
a
pronouns
'
preposition to,' as
Old
Latin, and
well
the
as
verbs
the
it
of
such
the
counties,
the
before
differ
In
double
following
letter
frequently
used
monastic
and
of the
nature
learning
northern
parts
than
south,
the
fresh
eastern
inland
that
from
the
study
of
a
thence.
reign of King
and
and
an
the
of
consists
The
people,
were
this
more
respect
better
the
on
spreading
be
much
attention
each
northern
and
to
the
supplied
probably by
seems
did
and
colleges,where
country,
Alfred
increased
bold
was
were
There
being
charters.
in
landing
the
of words.
or
caused
w,'
two
by
last
abbeys
; and
'
also
are
industrious
Their
result
of
out
letter
these
or
England
coasts
dying
the
there
books
on
almost
Board-school
existing
now
tribes
of
influx
in
large seminaries
carried
was
other
'th,'represented
practical.
of
and
handwriting
clever
a
is fast
construction
of
and
speaking
'dh/ $,
it
England,
alphabeticalcharacters
"
)", and
of
were
plodding
this
alphabet
letters
copies
Saxons
still
seek
dialect,
parts of
Roman
in the
Most
clear.
Saxon
old
education
Saxon
early
would
we
Dorsetshire,
the
their
additional
The
of
from
p.
if
still,
;
Anglo-Saxon
only
written
the
though
advance
The
science.
quite differentlyto
country-folk
Anglo-Saxon,
pure
but
in several
Devonshire,
as
31
unchanged,
are
resembling
found
easily be
can
and
to-day
living example
a
and,'
*
conjugated
are
English
correct
for
conjunction
English.
no
to
to
doubt
promote
literature,
Norman-
Anglo-Saxon,
32
previouslyneglected except
French,
few
a
among
professed
scholars.
A
learned
his
to
middle-aged
language
native
tongue
He
Saxon
many
which
are
invested
his
within
in literature
setting
efforts
them
always
be
of
the
ground
as
as
and
ideas.
'Volapuk,'
learning.
a
of
this
the
It
of
of
pound
credit
medium
was
understood
every
took
place
is
no
in
himself.
they
;
an
"
must
'ounce
precept.'
it
of
for
by
of
there
results
re-introduction
gradually gained
scholars.
England
for many
heroes,
fellow-countrymen
Alfred's
country
to
into
self-improvement, by
good
King
all
which
his
language
coming
the
like
unfortunately rare
are
time
ecclesiastics
Latin
it may,
towards
worth
into
Latin
the
art
as
stimulate
productive
practiceis
From
this
pleted
com-
him.
to
or
own
have
to
practical example
a
examples
Such
of
did
he
that
make
to
Be
his
resembles
from
with
tradition
foreign
a
to
hard
popular hero, and,
era.
himself
in nowise
translations
by
improvement
educate
to
toiled
accredited
a
was
possessed
difficulties of
which
have
must
the
Alfred
doubt
Latin,
as
able
construction
in
fashion
extraordinary thing for
the
master
the
have
must
an
be
opposed
so
Saxon.
was
to
man
sufficientlyto
was
It
energy.
naturally set
Alfred
subjects,and
immense
a
would
King
found
exchange
centuries
all who
Learned
it
venient
con-
of
thoughts
the
accepted
professed
any
Old
Latin, and
Rome
from
centre
light of
the
was
whence
disseminated
Careful
Europe.
The
legates
learning
with
emissaries
carried
and
was
of
enlightened parts
tated
necessi-
the
of
with
either
Pope,
as
civilized
over
the
them
and
Greek
both
missionaries, spread all
or
Europe,
and
of the old authors
study
acquaintance
an
Latin.
less
33
world, the
Western
the
religion
the
to
English.
learning
of
their age.
between
Intercourse
checked
somewhat
home
at
a
large body
Normandy
whence
of
security
loans
large grants
hence
with
country
French,
to-day
out
of
his
sprang
up
in
who
they
had
adopted
the
which
as
court
differs
ancient
of
much
as
modern
from
French
of
was
makes
from
the
upon
of
England
repaid by
kingdom
new
their
over
in
their
;
filled
England,
teach
as
of
large sums
brought
sciences,to
of
abbeys,
amply
and
knowledge
to
and
came
wealth
expedition
arts
language
The
land
foreign monks,
language,
easy
of
both
chief
possession
honestly
wars
borrowed
his
he
was
Conquest
its rich
had
future
abbeys
new
in
fit out
his
of
the
The
William
to
money
monks.
invested
was
Duke
These
of
France
and
dissensions
by
abroad, but with
and
and
England
the
new
The
own.
necessity Normanfrom
the
French
English.
these
of
But
early
a
deeds
understand.
lower
orders
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36
Nor
man-
French,
of
the
deeds
duplicate copies
were
languages
period, a
of
year
the
law
the
use
but
"
of
English language
led
to
all alien
of
shores
;
it
so
that, after
was
of
time
continued
the
throughout
scholars
among
the
be
to
country,
and
The
introduction
changes
wrought
the
pre-existing
language
was
form, and
century
it
law
began
business
The
it
until
and
held
was
still
learning
its
ground
lawyers.
of
Reformation,
the
by
of
course
about
the
and
more
finally,the
printing, and,
things.
end
more
disturbed
The
down
English
into
of
the
to
be
its
fifteenth
used
for
transactions.
law-Latin,
greatly;
and
of
seats
our
centuries,
monasteries
gradually settling
present
of
stopped
to
Ages,
Latin
and
Provisors
monks
out
principal
claims,
This
died
the
Reformation,
the
foreign
suppression
four
Middle
the
the
their
nearly
language
During
forgotten.
the
Italian
and
Norman-French
the
the
French
and
to
Mortmain,
foreign cells.
prioriesand
influx
of
date
commenced.
of
resistance
as
this
out,
English
finallyin
Praemunire, and
and
Latin
from
have
to
the
Statutes
in the
culminating
the
steady
a
said
of
short
thirty-sixth
upon
died
be
may
the
realm, and
the
dislike
growing
in
deciding
Norman-French
of
prelates
III.
Edward
King
both
comparatively
a
passed
being
statute
language
The
for
only
in
became
as
used
in
England,
interspersed
with
degenerated
words
of
and
Latin,
origin, Latinized
native
rolls
dictionaries
yet the
occur,
The
of
Latin
legal
mechanical
into
the
this
of
may
help
or
series
a
translated
were
careful
a
the
of
study
of
eighteenth century
it is the
that
of
class
last
at
reason
deed
a
will show
English
same
word
merely
finally,
; these
For
English.
the
Although
unknown
became,
forms
wording
in
many
usually explain
will
context
now
are
too,
; so,
meanings.
an
court-
significance.
its
towards
there
and
here
course,
words
there
their
explaining
37
Old
lawyer.
obsolete
public rolls, but
the
of
English.
the
by
full of
especiallyare
are
Old
in
document
of
counterpart
older
its
Latin
form.
Latin, like
and
Act
to
dying
was
be
used
the
law
for
obsolete,
become
Finally, by
out.
of Parliament
language
work,
and
far
so
lawyer
a
old
remained
The
on
double
written
names
in
of
beginning
fifteenth
century
English
documents.
criminal
charges
J",
*
we
for
th,' will
'
th.'
it
Even
cerned.
con-
once
"
a
quarian
anti-
an
Anglo-Saxon
centuries.
many
be
has
is
Latin
found
chartularies
find
I
made
of
relic
monkish
with
Latin
become
now
language
our
letter
copies
has
One
profession.
ordered
was
now
legal
day
III.'s
practicalwork
as
"
its
George
native
Understanding
necessity for
had
had
Norman-French,
so
for
late
in
the
placeas
the
in
freely employed
a
possess
against
De
copy
la
of
the
Pole, Duke
38
of
Suffolk, for
the
high
'
other,'
written
words
of
this
change
that
some
of
be
'
y
a
mistake
'
late years
the
have
I
local
what
to
as
in
a
the
ought
Western
A
this
would
also
course,
has
towards
so
more
Field-names
for
altered
much
;
that
been
give
handed
it is
subject
Berkshire
South
the
the
North
clue
down
;
Spelling, of
no
safe
guide
pronunciation
a
or
Southerners
errors.
phonetic
likely to
have
from
spoken by
word
account
derivation
is
a
be,
to
Northern
the
Country-folk
dialects.
the
maps,
ceived
precon-
this
from
man
comprehend
to
understand
cannot
word
fails
England
in
paper
been
their
On
or
being
from
names
th,'
vowel
a
have
in
incorrectly.
many
*
as
documents
mistakes
the
to
dialect, or
ArcliaologicalMagazine.
of
by
Surveyors
it.
through
letters,
old
by
quite possible
either
absurd
the
formerly
wrote
f.'
Ordnance
down
set
'
an
many
mistaking
ideas
in
not
am
unaccustomed
other
'
'
tinued
con-
altered
occurred
person
r,' ph
I
been
it is
followed
usually replaced by
who,
curious
century.
have
it for
be
must
consonant
by
last
may
for
easy
to
'
the
lettering,but
changes
J"
made
look
'
place-names having
any
It would
Of
words
printed y,' which
was
until
use
aware
the
in such
'
some
in
p,' or
j" appears
the,' etc., which
'
'
J"in
Saxon
Throughout
1450.
o]"er,' )"t,')"e.'
*
The
that,'
'
French,
man-
treason,
Saxon
the
manuscript
as
'
Nor
Anglo-Saxon,
to
the
of
a
origin.
orally from
generation
been
after the
The
may
surroundings,
found
it is very
people, long
have
disappeared.
fields
the
or
from
field ;
fed
words
field-names
the
"
:
Aifesne,
or
oats
or
who
Saxon
ALbesn
Ata, Atih, tares,
pasture;
have
ordinary
animals
following
ALcer,
to
illiterate
occurring constantly as
fruitful ;
curious
sounds
words
The
39
phonetic
their
named
meadows.
be
ALcne,
of the
meanings
or
the
an
among
Saxons
things,
in
faithfullythe
preserved
English.
; and
generation
to
how
observe
Old
and
Latin,
latter
common.
were
Birce, birch-tree.
Cyrc,Cyrce,Cyrice,Circ, Circe, church
most
common
Ceorl,churl
Ent,
a
Culfre, a
;
Ened,
or
Fearras, Ferris,
dove
last two
Cealc, chalk
;
;
husbandman.
or
giant ; Eorisc,
Enid
the
"
bulrush
a
duck
a
oxen
;
;
;
Emn,
Fearh,
Errich,
;
even.
little
a
stubble
pig
; Fearh-
Cwcel, swine-fever.
Halga,
saint
a
measure
a
lots
up
Holt,
;
(meadows
a
to
the
////
Yrnth,
arable
;
///, a
hide,
a
grove
;
in
;
land
or
Hleotan,
to
lots,or
of the
Enclosure
Halm,
stubble.
sow.
a
Hurst,
;
early period, and
time
Hluton, part allotted
Hyd,
;
held
were
very
Goat.
a
homestead
home,
wood
from
Yat,
or
kalig, holy
;
Ham,
;
Hyrst,
cast
; Gat
fortress
Getreminc,
ments,
allot-
so
tinued
con-
Acts)
;
4O
Anglo-Saxon,
Ley,
Lea,
Neolnes,
On-cel,
Leaze
Norman-
Lay,
or
etc.
meadow
or
spelt Neowlnes,
properly
more
Lyet
French,
land.
grass-
abyss.
an
burning.
a
harvest.
Riip,
Sul,
plough
a
Stret,
;
Street,
or
street
a
or
public
highway.
Wong,
going
As
during
more
of
out
whole
a
the
have
brought
and
accounts
for
the
past
;
it is the
words
same
has
than
the
any
time
telegraph
foreign
in
changed
into
kingdom
introduced
in every
at
and
alterations
are
enclosure.
language
with
intercourse
constant
an
Railway
of
Wegleast,
willow;
Wer,
century
ages.
all parts
a
;
way
English
the
New
customs.
out
of the
preceding
contact,
die
Welig,
meadow;
a
countries
language
and
language.
closer
old
and
ones
a
IV.
CHAPTER
DEEDS.
OLD
old
AMONG
with
by
by
the
first
;
the
monks,
deeds,
property
into
their
estates,
after
the
through
the
took
ignored,
place
the
of
name
is
property
The
money
usually
King
by
must
these
the
;
or
grants
or
formerly
monastery
of
many
lost
in
of
the
the
the
of
irrespective
claims
such
managed
distribution
King
of
gifts
monastic
were
new
whose
in
the
a
by
owners,
although
and
The
destroyed
search
to
grants
Office
and
possessed
having
Dissolution,
the
accounted
land
charter-book.
were
confusion,
former
the
these
Augmentation
deeds
general
lands
entered
of
meet
than
be
of
to
rare
back
may
instead
who,
through
original
this
amount
enormous
is
further
all,
of
it
papers
dating
many
Reformation
for
family
were
totally
deeds
of
owning
gift
the
named.
have
realized
transactions,
large
which
were
of
sums
carried
Old
42
and
through,
out
from
the Crown
from
the
to
granted
away.
deeds
Norman
the
Conquest,
Norman
had
noblemen,
Book,
and
1085.
1080
previous Saxon
instances
William
I. and
reign, about
A.D.
then
it
manorial
'
rights
English
the
revised
whole
but
the
improving
interesting
manorial
and
in
very
few
be
obtained
has
been,
subject
of
the
far
so
legal
of
customs
*
published
See
Appendix.
to
the
Acts
of
; he
matters
laws, retaining
A
early English
is
I.,
called
existing arrangements.
account
; but
regards
as
innumerable
national
King's
fixed
was
rightly
of
of
time
of Edward
are
legal era
passed
century.
dates*
memory
customs,
He
on
to
this latter
deeds
that the
King
Solon.'
Parliament
made
the
between
legal
family
was
This
commence.
only
I.; from
1179,
earliest
usually the
because
Richard
famous
said, between
information
exist
the
the
is therein
; but
when
among
is
at
the
to
time
in
or
period
prior to the eleventh
do
deeds
the
to
it
Reference
certain
but
sold
back
go
described
as
private property
Private
to
distributed
compiled,
any
confiscated
reliable
rather,
possessors
can
land
immediately
to, is
or,
direct
royal property,
as
oldest
been
Domesday
of
the
refer
may
lands
little of the
almost
from
begin
sioners
commis-
usually granted
not
been
his
of,
names
retained
was
have
appears
which
the
; very
abbeys
to
in
agents, and
or
But
Deeds.
by
the
most
law
and
Selden
Old
44
made
from
the
place, soon
mites
readily
rapidly
make
but
The
usual
mice
garret
riot
ran
and
birds
the
papers
brought changes,
in safer
keeping, or
were
consigned
The
quality
"
century
of
and
texture
else
to
even
its
as
removal
placed
course
rubbish.
That
much.
the thirteenth
pieces,woolly
In
the
in
teenth
six-
larger, smoother,
colour
in
and
understood
better
was
they
usual
useless
about
are
whiter
preparation
or
shade.
sheets
as
either
varies
those
and
generations,
most
as
was
rats
out
were
brown
yellow, becoming
and
deeds
parchment
the
century
thing
any-
collections
till death
the flames
"
these
deeds
for several
alas! the
"
dark
a
all
"
old
and
written, is in small
are
"
the
and
early deeds
which
upon
in
untouched
of
surface
such
flew
Forgotten, perhaps,
lay
accumulate
stable-loft,where
or
damp
a
offensive,
dust
of
for
liked.
old
in
cleanly occupation.
a
storehouse
unused
some
and
hoards
or
kept
become
woolly
among
pleasant
a
and
it,dirt
external
search
a
if
sheep),
decay
to
attack
its
on
of
skin
begins
Deeds.
more
and
practised.
Vellum
from
Of
was
the
it
adorned
skins
the
with
which
vellum
occur
a
was
in the
finer
of very
old
sort
manuscript
required
skins
from
a
still-born
books
and
of mature
flaws
were
miniature
fine, smooth
the
prepared
parchment
or
young
illuminations
free
of
which
animals.
animals.
made,
ings,
paint-
surface, and
frequently
Old
With
the
nothing
thirteenth
Paper
described
the
in
work
Prou
of
Continent
it
the
but
states,
work
does
it
the
teenth
four-
examples
vellum
"
of
us
are
manufactured
used
was
tell
not
the
as
England
before
silk
of
place
in
known
made
being
On
abroad.
earliest
have
we
early
as
employed
The
as
known
for law
if ever,
century.
45
paper-making
was
but
century,
seldom,
was
of
history
do.
to
Deeds.
for illuminated
at
least, so
any
notable
examples.
history of English-made
The
of
enlightenment
by
must
educator
of
Magazine,
having
of
at
Dartford,
a
German,
in
1588.
mill
a
and
the
written
in
wheel.
This
1460
to
that
the
1496.
paper
John
of
Tate
for
the
about
paper
mill
existed
This
used
same
by
'
double
for
star
a
circle.
have
to
printed
1496.
It
on
was
upon
it
de
was
thirty-fiveyears
account
the
as
Bartholomeus
mark
His
Rerum.'
being
stated
year
entitled
Saturday
early paper
first book
the
This,
is named
a
is here
Latin, and
Proprietatibus
given
within
younger
paper
English-made
is
in
popular
the
Hertford, his device
enclosed
the
that
in
generation,
account
at
points
for
wrong,
past
short
a
Tate
made
the
first
erected
water-marks,
five
John
be
the
that
state
young,
was
Speilman,
however,
its
the
paper-mill
English
and
for the
Ordinary lesson-books, published
obscure.
Kent,
is somewhat
paper
a
"
to
say
early printers
bore
goes
on
Old
46
fifteenth
an
hand,
shield
few
a
in his
that
middle
the
above
and
England
glove
it
and
some
garter
bull's
or
The
orb
as
a
and
1301,
as
found
is
Its date
of
The
1450.
with
found
On
device
raised
encased
had
star
in
in
a
five
sometimes
the
in
manufacture
actual
hand
a
star
a
both
fingers were
was
for
from
arose
hand
This
for
used
size
name
open
points.
used
head
; about
appears.
earliest
:
whitish-brown
coarse
was
Faust's
sheets
other
wrist
the
are
initials.
maker's
On
six
others
at
The
gauntlet.
or
an
the
blessing, sometimes
the
convenient
a
Germany.
Sometimes
varied.
an
Book,' also gives
usually
was
than
crown,
mark.'
finger.
certainly older
was
;
collared
a
a
early
as
shears
many
mentions
kind
of
;
it ;
Everyday
legal writings.
or
\ the
star
a
:
horns, late
bend, and
known
It
documents.
J
above
existing
is the
water-mark,
its
'
He
'oldest
Hand-paper
court-rolls
letter
a
century
the
by
with
marks.
it is the
early
black
trefoil
a
foreign paper-mark
says
between
star
charged
other
bull, fifteenth
a
surmounted
Hone,
devices.
:
the
;
with
dog's head,
a
the
century
open
orb,
marks
with
oxhead,
the
of
variety
great
Deeds.
there
the
This
was
no
date
same
is
printed books.
of
paper
found
These
distinction
a
or
of
some
detached
were
then
bull
a
on
1465
between
book
letter paper.
A
careful
study
of
paper-marks
would
be
interest-
Old
valuable
and
ing
of
and
produce
and
of
fraud
Paper
far
muster
this kind
is
century
; therefore
its way
into
in
only
is
ink
the
Supposing
that
The
reach
fourteenth
it found
date,
this
quently
conse-
not
that
improbable
it like
and
the
or,
oldest
rough, scarcely sized
if so,
paper
all,so
at
that
blotting-paper, making
that paper
even
and
produced
here
meet
of
foreign
have
; hence
tax
with
interfered
its
Netherlands
The
paper-producing
the
royal patron
so
by
of these
used
a
this
ancient
crest
means
tities
quan-
inadequate
supply
was
comparatively
a
English
paper
may
production.
countries.
or
and
chief
until
on
and
water-marks
small
the
even
The
England
centuries, the
very
manufacture
period.
recent
were
in
made
was
sixteenth
demand
the
to
some
an
antique,
did
until
quantities.
fifteenth
in the
the
it is
into
to
impossible.
erasures
and
It
1130.
small
sank
deceive
France,
till after
and
coarse
in
England
very
much
so
required
would
Normandy
as
tion
ques-
well-nigh impossible.
used, before
north
be
veritable
a
known
not
was
would
which
as
the
though
old
of
age
arises,for
ever
ingenuity
pass
not
as
doubted,
were
manuscript
a
47
authenticity or
forgery scarcely
knowledge
adept
if the
drawings
or
papers
Deeds.
Germany
It
was
were
or
the
the
were
a
State
either
badge
privilege,
the
of
great
of
arms
the
facturer,
manu-
precise localityof
manufacturers
may
be
ascer-
Old
48
The
tained.
country
in
one
Dutch
i.e.,the
"
The
history
Chaffers
such
the
and
quarianism
the
In
December,
old
on
1895,
the
to
I
were,
a
small
old
the
of
published
book
a
written
and
I wrote
marks
were
ing
belong-
papers
These
death
of
papers
uncle,
my
Bart
work.
Mr.
Mr.
making,
paper-
costly
by
anti-
that
articles
family
the
and
it
followers.
The
Gresley Puleston,
paper
has
nor
attention
now
Emral.
after
a
No
November
two
seen
paper.
Pulestons
regards
Sotheby
from
fear, burnt
late Sir
As
of
water-marks
chieflycollected
the
be
needs
matter.
some
for
magazine
may
sabre
fashionable, this, like
so
sciences, will find
Antiquary
sadly
the
Perhaps,
the
other.
attempted,
with
met
becoming
kindred
other
been
deserves.
is
the
(?) in
ever
the
holding
investigatethe
to
of
arms
paper-marks
hitherto
subject
demands
old
has
collection
the
rampant,
arrows
Cripps
a
or
lion
of
bore
paper
the
and
paw
Deeds.
There
Richard
S. L.
is also
in
Herring
1863.
Another
which
with
important
it
part
of
Each
written.
was
ingredients being oak-galls
Many
chemicals
for faded
the
ink,
possible,as
they
parchment,
and
should
these
are
end
had
his
sulphate
as
be
make
principal
of
iron.
restoratives
avoided
liable to stain
in the
ink
it,the
recommended
are
but
and
is the
scribe
particular receipt for making
own
as
deed
a
and
matters
as
far
disfigure
worse.
Old
Deeds.
49
Familiarity with particularhandwritings
after
practicewill
out
enable
the
reader
words
unintelligible
than
without
faint
is very
ink
harmless
is
restorative
its loathsome
smell
the
;
enough
to
risk
the
in
the
inks
for
employed
blue, and
red-lead
The
blue
from
and
the
else
it,too, like the
Illuminating
that
finished
the
of
to
if ever,
of these
use
of
in
a
scribe.
mere
these
use;
either of
composed
was
green
were
from
copper,
lapis lazuli finelypowdered,
prepared
was
green,
sometimes
the
was
a
from
or
an
be
The
charter
then
handed
for
had
illuminations,
was
over
fanciful
scroll-works.
unnecessary
missal
or
with
adorned
these
profession apart
separate
scribe, and
elaborate
and
was
like
seldom,
The
iron, the
writing.
the
by
artist
letters
yet
smell,
a
of copper.
oxide
from
scarcely good
horrible
so
instead
red
of
oxide
or
is
were
were
green
colours.
is very
cloister,requiring manipulation
illuminator
an
mineral
the
to
gotten
easilyfor-
MSS.
pigments
or
most
; but
consequence
legal documents.
restricted
by
is not
repetitionof
a
and
of ammonia
result
it is liable to affect the
Coloured
simplest
endured
experiment
repeated, for
Red,
other assistant
any
sulphate
once
seldom
was
wise
other-
powerful magnifying glass.
a
If the
and
make
to
some
to
capital
Such
mentation
orna-
legal documents,
fancy headings, which,
were
put
in
after
4
the
Old
50
writing
finished,
was
of
omission
where
they ought
These
are
There
Office
Record
sional
occa-
left
is
space
filled in.
been
deserve
are
words.
The
earliest
small
very
some
Museum
few
a
have
small, and
very
the
by
gradually.
use
seals.
in the
have
to
proved
although
them,
into
came
deeds
is
as
sealing-wax
and
Seals
Deeds.
signific
in-
fine
very
seals
the
(formerly
Rolls
Chapel).
It is said
that
noblemen
could
employed
the
use
faith, and
The
of
regarded
destroyed
fraudulent
The
old
his
after
use
from
of
to
Saxon
and
time
fifteenth
Many
few,
any
of
to
deeds
was
a
approved
was
signet was
its
good
approval.
always
It
possession.
avoid
signet-rings is
time
to
attached
been
and
or
sacred
most
(stillin
pledge
itself
seal
instead
cross
consent
being
to
very
used
ancient.
was
for
parts of
in various
deeds
devices
of
the
Many
been
signet-ringshave
private seals bearing
Small
their
deed
man's
death
the
appendices
the
but
purposes.
Roman
up
as
A
as
their
that
proof
executed.
and
in
seals
of
sign
Norman
nor
names,
own
as
illiterate)
witness
Saxon
the
their
Christian
to
use
further
but
sign
the
among
neither
appear
dug
England.
to
fourteenth
have
and
centuries.
of
the
large wax
alas
! in
state
of
seals
are
private collections
perfection.
The
very
of
wax
beautiful,
deeds
used
exist
for
Old
52
often
was
formed.
centuries
the
ink
early
Many
preservation
materials
used.
but
minute,
than
on
each
deeds
of
some
when
later,
Deeds.
which
less
they
letter
are
those
attention
were
carefully
was
in
far
written
was
indited,
better
several
paid
or
to
the
CHAPTER
TECHNICALITIES.
LAW
THE
chief
two
deeds
such
as
of
of
but
secure
written
were
merely
graphum,'
would
fit
when
each
two
other
latter
the
fact
of
to
"
'
very
parchment
such
portions
exactly
a
duplicates
through
required
that
ticity;
authen-
testing
strip
divided
kind
land.
These
copies,
[53]
being
"
copy.
two
person,
indented
of
a
settlements,
from
afterwards,
that
the
of
or
single
the
so
evidence
a
a
asunder
between
written
had
this
the
is
one
marriage
method
on
cut
Of
vandyked,
was
party
indenture
called
so
primitive
each
the
transfers
or
was
edge
upper
as
sales
indenture
The
by
law
are
former
made
parties.
trusteeship,
and
mortgages,
The
bond,
a
all
classified
roughly
parchment,
or
which
into
indenture.
several
deeds
are
its
of
will
a
work
the
be
the
piece
square
divisions
may
and
deed-pole
V.
word
a
'
as
be
chiro-
produced
and
indisputable
words
evi-
of
dence
A
their
its
opening
facta
form
the
curia
in
follows
which
are
whole
with
of
sum
black
they
them
lettering, making
the
concludes
the
property
These
other.
parchment,
with
covered
difficult
first
at
;
deeds
any
of
closely
are
of
deed
strips
narrow
of
seller
amount
than
amateurs
to
after
warranting
figures.
not
concordia
and
the
for
paid
words,
;
of
the
purchaser,
money
are
number
in
two
from
accession,
After
'
Fines
among
Sovereign's
buyer
description
puzzling
more
'
in
the
of
the
etc.
its
to
this is written
The
full
finalis
est
year
of
tenements,
the
are
the
names
a
for life
with
met
Regis ';
with
property,
deed,
Hie
'
:
Domini
the
acreage,
of
genious.
in-
and
simple
'Fine,' technically so-called
sentence
name
the
originality, both
common
very
title-deeds,is
to
Technicalities.
Law
54
decipher.
This
transfer
first from
establish
of
course
of
form
'
A
"
word
puts
other
of
clear
a
time
the
wording
puts
says
end),
end
only
not
controversies
fine
'
by
the
which,
that
but
the
custom.
'
is
(from
suit
when
once
suit, but
concerning
means
it; in
to
discontinued,
Blackstone,
to
title
at
to
by this
lands, and
was
to
originated
commenced
law
indisputable
end
an
finis, an
an
the
at
retained
'
'
by
suit
suit
was
fine,"
it
because
land
actual
an
possession
recover
to
of
the
same
called
so
the
Latin
decided,
also
to
ail
matter,
Technicalities.
Law
for
this
by
all
and
by fine
Sale
are
said
invasion.
We
it
probably
and
of
is
effected,
was
the
upon
property
known
were
prior
Saxon
custom,
certain
a
the
to
or
it
in
dispute
title
imperfect
an
was
devised
avoid
to
from
Norman
that
was
means
arising
disagreement
Instances
therefore, conclude
may,
as
date.
ancient
very
be
to
old
an
times
later
of
claims
previous
sale
void.'
made
of
absolute
an
means
55
possession.
There
these
several
are
lies
interest
whose
only
localities
mentioned,
changed
its
technical
varieties
little consequence
of
are
legal
and,
ownership,
dates, and
the
land
little about
the
long
cares
which
by
process
antiquary,
names,
so
fines,'but
the
to
the
in
'
of
as
the
transfer
was
made.
Another
effect
legalizeand
*
known
that
of
The
as
a
law
One
form
of
it
man
he
of
the
desired
man
was
to
This
sell
to
a
claim
third
in
also
sisted
con-
books
most
a
nutshell.
land
which
purchase,
upon
where-
certain
to
was
complicated.
lies in
matter
purchaser
pretended
affair
found
be
to
as
imaginary.
very
anxious
would-be
the
was
to
are
so
sale of property
by Recovery.'
subjects,but
the
stage
Sale
title
good
a
complete
a
prescribed
another
which
making
law-suit, at first real, then
Explanations
on
of
way
issued
the
party,
a
land.
not
writ,
At
really
in
this
con-
pi
"'-i
s
=
it-iM*
J^fc^-|"i
|
feji|t"ff
Wltf
pi]
" J "6i
oYa
"S1?i!
"
B
,
!".
-TWJ1
fi"jjiixr
Ijcrlfiii
4jlilJ4C9"
Technicalities.
Law
cerned
in
any
forward
came
the
to
that
the
purchaser
and
of
; and
of
fell
of
squares
heading
these
scroll-work
in
added.
Part
of
hand,
The
the
and
monarchs,
which
I
of
with
A
the
any
reign
beginner
between
deeds
much
sale
or
with
Generally
with
those
of
of
of
time
deeds
by
the
the
appear.
dis-
of
Recoveries
the
VII., but
as
was
Stuart
the
end
the
graved
en-
engraving.
of
the
is
done
steel
to
an
Sovereign
was
after
in date
The
ornamented
towards
Henry
large
on
white.
and
are
works
quite
courthand
relating
of
the
concluded,
was
well-executed
early
of
paid by
are
are
mention
finds
be
reigning
but
these
any
as
equivalent
ink.
deeds
statute
find
money,
ornamentation
century,
oldest
of
completed
rest
George
The
met
this
especially
seventeenth
transaction,
smooth
the
elaborate
most
second
of
whole
in
and
pen
portrait
the
letter
capital
of recovery
deed
deeds
written
parchment,
title
legal farce.
recovery
are
and
A
bargain
the
on
ship
owner-
undisputable
land, should
the
then
proving
an
sum
here
They
art.
the
of
to
who
owner,
witness
thus
;
certain
the curtain
Some
real
rehearsing
a
value
a
forward
brought
established.
was
issued
agreeing
to
property
land
then
was
the
bringing
his
to
it, was
of
title
the
warrant
in
way
57
ment
commence-
I
have
not
this.
difficulty in
appointment
of
deciding
trustees
Law
58
for
the
safe
custody
and
deeds
portions
deeds
are,
nearly
identical
them
the
at
in
once
; the
he
of
size
marriage
secure
All
and
these
general
experienced lawyer
only
needs
of
which
of the
relative
the
wading
three
outline,
detect
can
what
study
to
document,
is called
avoiding
the
through
and
Serjeant
of
sale
any
technical
from
its
and
deeds
is
the
as
by
VIII.,
Henry
simplicity, speedily
superseded
known
invented
of
reign
with
met
that
method
a
the
in
of
land
Release,'
Moore
popular,
forms
commonest
the
to
Lease
which,
to
involves.
phrases
One
time
land
mortgage.
of
point
;
of
of
operative part
waste
'
Technicalities.
became
other
very
of
forms
sale.
The
principal
Release
is
found
generally
parchment,
in
being
The
rent
the
parchment
the
of the
or
premises
difference
years
The
and
'
the
yearly
Release,'
or
formal
a
but
the
between
in
lease
this
rental
are
each
other.
drawn
up
for
lease
of
mention
no
in
both
expressly
larger parchment,
any
and
the
a
the
herein
it, and
sale -lease
latter
larger
granted by
was
is made
money
ordinary lease, for
the
land
or
purchaser,
of
sum
of
it
these
kept together,
be
parcel
was
parties ; by
the
to
owner
and
of
the
within
to
and
Lease
a
smaller
up
had
two
reality part
between
The
wrapped
the
as
smaller
year
referring to
in number.
two
are
deeds
term
is
an
of
named.
is dated
a
Of
with
course,
deeds
but
the
of
last above
two
sale
with
forms,
documentary
there
other
are
variations
described
of
wording,
those
are
legal
generally
with.
met
The
oldest
fine/
from
a
both
being
first
was
while
a
'
A
'
simplest
by
other
is
It
the
and
all
of
term
while
in
lieu
peppercorn
equivalent,
mortgage
of
a
yearly,
or
ordinary
lease
given
in
a
which
make
be
of
fusing
con-
mastered
by
and
deeds
differs
a
above
from
the
usually absurdly long
thousand
the
some
nominal
the
"
perhaps;
years,
of
rent
one
equally insignificant
In
demanded.
was
is
is
money
before
the
particulars: firstly,
several
or
required
unnecessarily
deed
it
effected.
was
kinds
mortgage
in
which
legal matters,
several
and
times
its wake
only
on
granted
years
in
so
can
books
A
hundred
deeds
the
of
nine
an
old
leases
or
Uses,'
oldest
later
in
formalities
legal
of
study
enumerated.
of
follow
to
intricacies
comparison
sales
'
satisfactorysale
of
; their
the
handwriting,
the
was
; but
deed
a
these
reading
careful
grant,
or
deeds
permanent
form,
in courthand.
of document
form
followed
many
indited
was
of
or
appearance
its earliest
lawyer type
set
feoffment,'
'
feoffment,'
little in
regards
as
'
a
small, closely-written deeds;
the
fine
differs
it
least
at
very
in
'
was
of sale is called
form
Externally
grant.
in
Technicalities.
Law
60
real
full, with
place
reason
the
of
the
of
date
rent
the
and
Technicalities.
Law
parson's house,
the
as
the
would
No
sides.
ones,
soon
if
those
then
nineteenth
small
centuries,
became
owners
their
holdings, until finallythe
sold
to
satisfy
join
small
These
bit
had
holdings
bit
by
of
out
the
old
tradition
being
a
chimney
could^ be
with
a
claim
undisturbed,
his
land
the
to
the
boundaries
demanded
by
the
of the
a
was
squatter
;
but
lord
a
debts
upon
to
if
that
be
his
been
landed
would
estate.
lated
accumu-
primitive dwelling, or
settler
up
in
First, perhaps,
waste.
the
rigged
even
what
of
area
to
that
large
probably
the
refer
creditors, the
price for
the
the
itself had
the
as
of
money
nearest
better
a
complete
and
to
on
paid
of
the
purchaser usually being
proprietor,who
land
demands
the
raise
to
older
of
and
involved
difficulties,
being obliged
and
both
Most
are
papers
cottages, showing
or
interested
dis-
a
destroyed
finished.
family
pieces of land
the
the
was
among
and
eighteenth
small
transaction
found
old ;
probably
were
fraud,
on
are
or
sidered
con-
against
justice done
deeds
they existed,
the
as
see
mortgage
perhaps
witness, being
a
as
borrowed
vicarage,
"
guard
clergyman
party,
the
chosen
additional
an
that
and
Often
was
the
when
and
repaid.
be
is to
money
where
place
appointed
61
roofed
a
erected
in
hut,
dwelling
night
one
thereby established.
would
small
of the
encroachment;
gradually
rent
manor
these
extend
generally
was
as
If
an
ledgment
acknow-
little holdings
Technicalities.
Law
62
called
are
'key-holdings,' and
all parts of
At
of
said, 'repeats
proprietors ;
itself
periodically.'
worked
without
on
accumulate
to
apt
small
the
scale.
of
Many
silent
the
witnesses
of
old
land
perience
ex-
be
to
seasons
out
with-
outlay
begun
once
worked
a
be
can
of bad
are
are
cheaper
by bit, as
failure comes,
will
up
balls of
roll
into
large
quicksilverseparated
deeds
of
of
gradual decay
the
families.
off trusts,
in the
effects
can
study
homes
were
ancestors'
surprise us,
for
of furniture
amount
to
Among
render
family
deeds
of
parchment,
enclosed
with
in
:
a
a
to
money
pledged
furnished
a
Our
;
very
considered
such
small
sary
neces-
habitable.
is often
there
papers
altogether
of
formerly
fall
down-
facts.
what
show
and
of his household
queer
scantily
was
house
a
inventory
they
and
He
dowers.
many
sad
are
raised
squire
legacies,and
; and
we
mortgage
The
his mansion
often
Former
in acreage,
debts
it is
for awhile.
only
lists
;
Bit
of
pieces
fashion,'
continuous
all trades
properties again, like
pay
in
increase
to
holders
succession
return
;
wholesale
a
a
loss and
compensating
a
small
capital;
immediate
causes
*
result of small
the
land, however
no
desire
growing
a
small
showed
;
is
there
number
failure
found
England.
present
the
be
to
are
one
huge
rough
is
small
a
seal
tin
case
another
class
square
piece
attached
or
box.
; this
These
is
Technicalities.
Law
deeds,
advowson
are
in
are
hands.
private
antiquity ;
great
church
to
the
than
but
of
cases
tary
heredi-
are
it of
deeds
private family
period,
livings
originallyan
are
property
Jacobean
Church
many
was
there
Church
seldom
found
very
seldom
and
very
ring
referearlier
old
as
that.
as
The
earliest
presentations
parochial duty
with
but
the
it
or
were
Norman
considered
was
erect
This
To
granted
avoid
the
Beckett
clergyman
should
a
the
monasteries
be
often
disputes
existed
in the
was
and
on
from
whom
it may
gift, previously
this
a
the
have, by
rested.
ting
officia-
an
being
patrons.
order
to
to
a
that
no
living without
but
;
Few
there
bourhoods
neigh-
somewhere
monastery
religioushouse
nearest
selected
by
custom
Some
private
a
the
subject.
claimed
manor
matter,
permission
probably
rightof presentation was
with
rebuild
the
of
;
lay interference,
first
instituted
without
locality,and
candidate
of
the
was
bishop's approval
were
of
by
and
proximity
appointment
encroachment
a
Thomas
lord
ecclesiastical
an
to
the
The
priest became
often
closer
perhaps originallyas
chantry.
or
secular
religious privilege to
a
generally undertook,
chapel
the
into
merged
to
purely ecclesiastical,
accession
church.
a
appointments
or
doubt
no
affairs
ecclesiastical
a
of
It
and
property,
of
presentation
or
gifts
The
preferment.
63
;
finally,the
the monastery,
or
by
education
deed
of
and
a
Law
64
of
knowledge
education
monks
Technicalities.
Latin
almost
was
their
or
his
appeals
any
the
forgotten
of these
the
abbots.
also
; numberless
been
and
;
bequest,
often
These
been
distinct
perhaps
although
into
merged
There
a
and
to
the
the
and
and
many
still uncertain, and
to
their
are
own
teries
monas-
being
sites
of
even
chantry
points
some
appointed
left
the
for
their
have
to
parish
priest,
eventually
may
have
same.
times
have
to
bodies
orders
all
on
which
viewed
by
the
and
more
lose
sight
of
early
questions
an
existed
waxed
influential,we
yet needs
matters
made
chapels
however,
from
monastic
history there
according
soon
Cathedral
contention,
decide
away,
money
earliest
wealthy
more
Church
as
the
possess
office
between
; but
the
and
from
seems
jealousy
monks
of
one
With
ruins, the
appear,
the
be
might
appointment
of
sums
ing
avoid-
so
unbeneficed
always
maintenance.
entirely
and
chantry priests were
and
retaining
lost.
the
recounting
interest
passed
fall into
to
rare,
which
small
having
now
priests are
by
or
allowed
Deeds
Pope
as
subject of
of
means
a
the
chantries
then
were
the
on
the
to
Beckett,
a
episcopal hands,
to
legates
his
by
of
in
institutions
as
priest,and
a
confined
Thomas
mandate
parochial presentations
such
for
entirely
pupils.
issued
Archbishop,
essential
was
impartial
at
writer
present
different
are
writers
particular religious bias,
^^'"'^^^V^^^H^'11
MW4^%y.?*vi
9iu"^.r ^^ Ai.gtj^tt
ftffiftp
"^"VJ^JB"j
^
L^tfl^^^^BAbtt^^raS^K^Wl
J^^Kl44t$^^
fl"i
yg".
J
*H^i*fti^i
Altti/4|Ci"4JL
SHERIFF'S
ROLL
(NEVILLE
MSS.).
(Are /a^
66.)
5
Law
66
whether
they
Technicalities.
Anglican
hence
;
prejudiced
too
are
Roman
or
be
to
history
as
relied
entirely
upon.
sheriff
A
formerly
in his county,
personage
of
representative
the
directlyby
the
day
written
the
chosen
in
be
to
to
to
it ; his
be
his
was
the
pointed
ap-
present
are
presented
the
of
sheriff
to
or
gentlemen
really the
previous
man
follow
names
adding
fresh
a
erased
being
own
to
turn.
deed
of
appointment
strip,with
parchment
narrow
at
name
out-going
his
served
He
even
to
the
pricks
list
formal
The
county
supposed
each
the
having
as
three
sheriff; but
sequence,
name
a
who
King,
ambassador
Sovereign.
;
and
down
the
being
important
most
the Crown
of
names
the
was
office
from
discharge
a
sheriff
as
was
fine seal attached
was
a
portant-look
unim-
very
document.
The
sheriffs
incurred
in
roll
the
representative ;
King's
interesting,although
appointed
men
which
might
would
have
many
rolls
worth
his
to
are
be
before
he
attention,
broad
over
local
through
extracted
and
such
strips
much
a
of
his
may
expenses
sheriff
not
are
there
offices
the
wade
to
they
and
local
to
interest
expended
long
here
bill of
by
name
rule
a
as
yearly
the
was
the
very
of
names
facts
appear,
historian
but
;
he
of
the
contents
any
information
time
search.
have
would
These
parchment
or
rolls
stitched
Law
68
being granted
only
be
and
a
the
guessed
of
sources
high
if
treason
is
bond
to
that
deed
to
of
date
years
half
years
reckoned
These
it
at
was
the
pay
money
and
the
the
year
of
is reckoned
period
of
he
from
are
which
actually
the
the
year
II.
of
are
name
the
reign
remembered
both
puzzling,
the
from
previous Sovereign.
1422,
death
only
was
it
the
on
King's
reckoned
from
till his
of
out
be
must
the
generally
papers.
made,
both
"
legacies ; they
or
the
and
death
"
made
with
Charles
;
one
Latin
conditions
begin
It
on
"
in
due
were
end.
and
the
half
stanch
been
other
family
not
civil wars,
whole
in
part
any
parchment
for mortgages
or
does
VI.
VI.
Henry
of
charges
have
the
on
among
reign
Henry
probable
Crown.
take
or
Bonds
English.
found
owing
the
Latin,
in numbers
in whose
or
repay
sale of property,
If the
religious
all
from
to
paper
English,
is in
in
the
to
known
were
among
civil wars,
exempt
chanced
small
in
promise
written
or
from
centuries,
were
can
English history,
assigned
against
treason
a
written
will be
be
This
prohibited religion.
to
bond
occur
of
help
bygone
they
affairs
adherents
the
the
reason
families
old
Few
the
committed.
by
at
of
controversies
side
offence
disputed accessions,
many
A
the
or
probable
public
Technicalities.
"
and
includes
forty-nine
thirty-eight
King.
Charles
and
and
a
II. is
1649.
principal
kinds
of
deeds
a
met
Technicalities.
Law
with
legal
family
among
forms.
If
character
they
investigation
when
or
be
being
papers,
others
should
found
are
be
practice
submitted
69
of
aside
put
has
to
the
given
an
expert
commonest
unusual
an
for
closer
greater
for
perience,
ex-
amination.
ex-
CHAPTER
MANOR
AND
oldest
THE
puzzling
the
antiquary
obsolete
and
Manor
rolls
to
derivation.
a
into
insight
the
the
showing
and
regular
The
the
County
Court
judges,
modern
for
means
raised
trivial
of
as
by
County
to
an
[7o]
I
an
ment,
govern-
before
into
a
existence.
position
the
and
magistrates,
Councils.
by
would
us
lawlessness
excessive
misdemeanours
justice,
local
under
the
occupied
and
give
of
came
undertaken
now
are
kept
were
jurisdiction
work
themselves,
which
in
court
manor
complaints
fines
laws
in
form
contain
through
They
manner
magisterial
local
did
of
of
disregard
they
study
a
called
documents,
recognisable
primitive
most
of
because
are
and
records,
class
not
be
to
purchase
private
overlooked.
hitherto
subject
of
deeds
own
is
estate
an
curious
most
a
words
local
from
its
from
ROLLS.
of
not
but
rolls,
court
COURT
account
obtained,
mortgage,
VI.
When
imposition
any
advise
of
the
these
com-
plainants
dogs
pigeons,
or
Nor, unless
was
a
close
one
meant
the
forth
meting
lord
the
of
this
the
common
ninth
dealt
the
of
revenge
against
of
wrongful
into
near
well-being
Nor
hands
the
to
direct
of
twelve
Certainly
for
unfair
This
quarrels.
the
of
the
was
the
court
information
in
been
possible.
as
before
neighbour
have
means
petty
far
as
and
The
itself.
a
mission.
per-
so.
not
must
court
to
laid
A
very
the
was
by
opposition
man
a
to
the
commandment.
There
Court
lord's
rather
opened
brought
his
against
the
item
accusation
his
other.
but
manor,
formed
and
allowed
drawn
;
the
he
was
were
of
impounded.
justice left solely in
of
guarded
was
two
were
Leet
with
contained
the
welfare
fighting,for
arbitrary
tenant
another
self-government
influence
and
They
with
who
jurymen
very
one.
connection
one
sounds
this
landlord
between
very
without
kept
woods, stealing
was
marriage
longer
no
if he
become
reality it probably
; in
bond
fined
freedman,
a
in
All
severe
stray and
to
he
give
or
marry
for offences
imposed
illegalfishing,for
animals
allowing
71
rolls, wherein
court
for trespass in the
for
brushwood,
Rolls.
villager was
The
punishable.
old
some
the fines
read
be
may
study
to
Court
and
Manor
other
and
offences
much
was
sections
the
Court
committed
that
is
occupied
of
Baron.
by
the
entertaining
with
courts
manor
the
The
"
the
former
tenantry, and
and
tenants
curious
and
;
their
Manor
72
of
holdings,
account
of
lord
tenant,
a
admission
the
to
find
lease
notices
from
the
old
of
have
some
estates
feudal
of money
On
farms
many
of
farm
yearly,
in
ours
cheese
manorial
The
back
very
in
no
might
for
that
way
of
sums
money
the
took
far
was
form
be
in
attempt
the
limit
each
small
a
had
give
to
and
dog
a
give
to
In
tenant
did
foundation
or
the
coals, keep
we
England
to
the
Perhaps
of
settlement
appropriating
rule
rent
cheese.
or
of
it
is
same
part of the
history
towards
the
rule,
a
as
a
his landlord.
beginnings.
laid
the
small
geese
cart
earliest
who,
On
compounded
eventually
Cheshire
yearly,
fighting-cock for
us
was
these
rent.
landlord
the
it
due, but,
in
into
or
we
due
services
abeyance.
been
just
out,
rolls
indeed,
;
into
still
are
passed
service
finallydied
and
fallen
payment,
money
lands
generations
many
old
for
life added
these
In
lease,
wholly extinct, though
yet
heriots
fresh
a
other
certain
frequently
for
a
and
not
are
they
by
of
or
the
landlord
the
to
time.
to
heriots
tenants
customs
have
time
of
expiration
premises,
the
Upon
manor.
made
give
to
year
every
the
the
were
from
Rolls.
had
of
or
the
to
Court
they
presentments
new
a
which
the
to
death
and
of
as
and
the
would
carry
it to
trace
first step
very
Saxon
distributing the
hereditary ownership.
to
how
many
parish. Clearly
manors
the
its
tribes,
land,
There
there
parish
was
older
the
of
old
have, in
to
derived
the
from
names
affix
the
of
two
:
way
The
of
tenant
Middle
tenant
on
his
family
far
the
natural
chial
paro-
the
land,
the
close
this
first start
the
squire
in
out
freehold.
as
of
it with
the
those
the
birthplace.
the
time
a
and
no
What
squire should
one
was
provide
old
of
assistance
After
days
The
place, living
married
sons
around
it
sublet
generations bought
some
almost
In
in
for
powerful nobleman,
dependents.
the
that
for his children
of
other.
further
were
at
close
in
each
the
fusion
the
living
manors
and
upon
own.
from
than
double
Where
was
farming
up,
grew
away
manor
resident
and
of their
homes
supplanted
having
accounted
after
looked
children
a
were
land, and
the
be
tracts
vast
which
was
to
wealthy
some
outright, or
Ages
of
owner
who, owning
manors,
than
older
are
though
which,
easily
subdivided,
with
directly
yet totallydistinct from
were
the
During
names
were
Few
or
without
addition, showing
races,
proximity,
two
Almost
names
previously.
Norman
a
the
used, the first is usually Saxon,
are
being
into
manorial
land.
possessors.
in existence
those
of
for many
or
period, perhaps
Norman
the
creation
the
instances, varied
manorial
these
exception
73
can
way,
some
the
held
who
family
the
nor
;
affixes
The
ones.
known
are
Rolls.
subsequently splitup
were
lesser
two
in any
dated
be
manors
more
of the
division
manor
a
Court
and
Manor
the
needed
moved
more
homes
manor-house,
Manor
74
and, dividing off
boundaries, give
This
?
farmhouses
The
which
of
certain
into
Society
years
foreign grain
in
corn
unknown,
that
are
should
left
be
The
the
the
long pedigree
of
in
his
consequently
money
every
;
the
human
known
to
their
native
seldom
subdivided
three
or
ably
comfort-
the
land.
affect
No
the
prices
Competition
a
was
quiet, uneventful
of
footsteps
have
has
their
died
fathers.
fore-
about.
come
out
few
the
;
that
forcibly regret
us
hundred
live
to
of
to
changes
make
the
manors.
led
yeomen
and
preserved,
out
the
with
conservatism
places.
this
case.
; he
a
of
man
belonged
English society,called
was
investigated, will
possible
people
was
yeoman
if
imported
was
parishes.
country
the
living
a
of
race
large,old-fashioned
were
then
Gradually
old
tenance
self-main-
primitive two
existence, following
The
for
lesser
country
and
portion
sections
as
was
make
manorial
most
of
proof
very
It
the
farm,
recognised
ago.
and
in
boundaries
was
by
for the
each
regarded
except
a
found
curious
Rolls.
property
each
to
be
to
a
manors
of
the
accounts
history
furnish
Court
and
'
had
few
character
being
on
the
to
middle
profession ;
he
education
good
largest
class.'
seldom
opportunities
and
the
The
section
ture
Agriculleft
of
home,
spending
personal history
place
was
him, for the villagers lived
villages.
and
roads
were
of
intimately
and
died
in
bad, there-
*"
4*h
\l"
,
4" xll
^IP'-lf
I'l
?v,
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V
Every
roll has
court
the
of
name
of
lord
the
the
by
number
of years
since
essonium,
the
work
In
the
are
The
latterlyonly
;
employed
speak, of
to
without
of
rate
are
Any
damage
ale
id.
for
are
found
is the
sum
usually the
held
were
; the
fine
assize
this
By
in check.
privilege not
a
each
ale.
and
the
of
be
to
imposed
was
illegalbrewing;
the
generally women.
animals
by
was
was
to
fences, highways
or
crops
in
repair,quarrelsending
seized
tenants
attention
bread
penalty
the
the
adulteration
and
offenders
which
this
Following
of offences
consider
the
who
presentment
first thing to
infringed
at
items
right of brewing
The
for
present, and
sitting.
fraud
means
the
rolls
leases
licensing,so
"
throne.
jurymen
its annual
at
court
the
jurymen
court.
twelve
and
day
begins.
principal
their
and
the
older
the
the
of
name
abbreviation
the
namely,
"
from
of
names
the
then
excuse
an
the
is the
Visus
'
:
and
name
ascended
margin,
absence
pleaded
are
the
the
the
on
or
thus
of
King's
he
the
this is the
date
the
followed
on
the
manor,
77
above
read
After
curia.'
month,
Esson.,
either
words
opening
franciplegiicum
Rolls.
its commencement
at
written
manor
The
margin.
Court
and
Manor
permitted
were
the
hayward
chronicled
total
or
received
bloodshed, neglect by
court
in
stray and
to
pinder
in the
ing
need-
"
all such
roll.
become
offences
Last
of
fines,signed by
all
the
Manor
78
of the
names
the
and
Court
officers
two
Rolls.
appointed
superintend
to
assize.
A
roll is
court
without
handwriting,
From
work
of
had
a
learnt
the
erasures
as
write
rolls
must
from
rough
Up
the
be
to
the
for
until then,
a
future
court
to
oldest
a
there
rolls
would
form
time
of
the
the
which
the
;
hence
find,
we
of these
and
occurs,
only
a
yearly
casual
No
preserved.
guide
unless
complete
be
rolls
court
records, providing
reference
Arabic
leisure
at
dictation.
valuable
is
or
the
; moreover,
period
break
and
Mistakes
; therefore
fairlyperfect sequence
rolls,after which
here
being
as
Latin.
fairlyconstant,
from
Reformation
standards
roll
is
surnames
cherished
were
the
scholar,
thirdly probably
detected
at
if written
not
Latin
a
the
have
must
carefully copied
made
notes
learnt
one
tures.
signa-
or
clerk who
as
in
generally
are
and
be
to
been
have
spelling of
or
first
"
he
before
seldom
are
would
writing, they
accountant,
an
throughout
private marks
any
education
regular
to
written
professionalscribe
a
secondly
always
is
numerals
given
the
and
explained.
The
Roman
numerals
writing figures
called
Arabic
introduced,
Gerbert,
(he
died
Europe,
but
figures (reallyof
superseding
the
known
as
otherwise
in
in
the
are
1003), is attributed
oldest
gradually
Indian
the
so-
origin) were
former
style.
Pope
Silvester
their
of
method
To
II.
introduction
Manor
the
from
twelfth
into
East
to
the
century,
The
use.
xiith century,
Court
and
o
xiiith
the
West
Arabic
;
century,
79
from
anyway,
numerals
rapidly
invented
not
was
Rolls.
before
xivth century,
xvth
the
came
the
century.
"
"
""
i
I
""
"
t/
2,
X
""
r
"-
A
".
0.
twelfth
between
Our
older
A
century.
the
curious
figuresof
resemblance
the
alternate
present style of figures has
ones,
but
is bolder
is
in outline
grown
and
able
trace-
centuries.
out
curve.
of the
The
Manor
8o
figure
5 has
6, 8 and
9
Style
passed
have
It must
still used
present,
in
corrected
2nd
September
The
back
us
the
lost
our
eleven
to
uncertainty
long
after
the
I have
a
of the
Many
principal
Some
with
though
English
by
named
days
seem
days
no
saints:
the
date
be
to
and
Lady
Continent
before.
style
old
calendar
In
find
used
fusion
con-
for
the
This
Day.
before
old
Give
'
In
1750.
maintained
was
are
but
are
in
of
1483
red-letter
unknown
court
to
us
; in
days.
either
rolls
only
the
as
those
on
mentioned
sat.
court
months
saints'
of
cry
On
veritable
are
legend,
saints'
the
which
days
saints
or
name
the
curious
very
skits
1752.
year
saints'
the
by
places
country
many
contemporary
observed
be
may
I4th.
registers we
Christmas
between
months
and
by September
place long
year
was
omitted,
popular
church
actual
the
the calendar
days.'
taken
had
English parish
as
the
of, as it does
were
it, and
echoing
alteration
some
it
followed
was
numerous,
days
fore
there-
year
instead
Old
the
1752
The
When
eleven
all.
before
25th
1st.
bewailed
people
are
March
1752
at
England.
January
on
variation, while
most
that
in
on
Rolls.
altered
scarcely
commenced
at
through
remembered
be
was
Court
and
than
means
to
have
others.
been
The
complete,
more
favoured
following list,
gives
the
chief
and
Manor
Rolls.
Court
81
January.
i.
Circumcisio
Domini.
13.
St.
Veronica.
13.
St.
Hilary.
25.
Conversion
St. Paul.
of
February.
1.
St
2.
Purification
Bride,
Bridget.
or
of
the
Virgin,
or
mas
Candle-
Day.
24.
the
St. Matthias
Apostle.
March.
1.
St. David.
2.
St. Chad.
4.
St.
Lucius, Pope and
14.
St.
Benet,
1
8.
or
Martyr,
A.D.
253.
Benedict
St. Edward.
19.
St.
20.
St. Cuthbert.
25.
Annunciation
Joseph,
the
Virgin's husband.
of the
Virgin.
April.
23.
St.
25.
St. Mark
George.
the
Evangelist.
Lady-Day.
Manor
82
Court
and
Rolls.
May.
1.
St.
St.
and
Philip
James
the
Less,
Apostles.
2.
St. Athanasius.
3. Invention
(or discovery) of
the
Holy
Cross.
5. St.
Hilary, Bishop
of this
saints
this
St.
26.
St.
name
Hilary
English
Aries.
of
is
are
The
two
confusing, but
rarely mentioned
in
documents.
Augustine.
June.
ii.
St.
Barnabas,
13.
St.
Anthony
22.
St. Alban.
24.
Nativity
Apostle.
of
Padua.
St.
of
John
the
Baptist.
Day.
29.
Sts.
30.
St.
and
Peter
Paul, Apostles.
Paul, Apostle.
July.
2.
Visitation
of
the
15.
St. Swithin.
22.
St.
Mary
25.
St.
James
25.
SL
Christopher.
Blessed
Virgin.
Magdalen.
the
Great, Apostle.
Lammastide.
summer
Mid-
Manor
84
and
Court
Rolls.
November.
1.
All
Saints'
2.
All
Souls'
Day.
Day.
n.
St. Martin.
Martinmas.
16.
St. Edmund.
21.
Presentation
22.
St. Cecilia.
25.
St. Catherine.
30.
St.
of
Andrew,
the
Blessed
Virgin.
Apostle.
December.
6.
St. Nicholas.
8. The
Conception
13.
St.
Lucy.
21.
St.
Thomas,
25.
The
of
the
Blessed
Virgin.
Apostle.
of
Nativity
Blessed
our
Lord.
Christmas.
26.
St.
Stephen.
27.
St.
John, Evangelist
28.
The
29.
St. Thomas
days
saints'
The
in many
ways
of
covered
names
Holy
"
the
given
church
at
Apostle.
Innocents.
a
in
Beckett.
brought
were
in the
churches,
and
before
village feasts, or
the
mural
walls,
baptism.
In
and
the
the
the
people
tion
dedica-
paintings
which
in
the
old
rolls the
Christian
date
Manor
of
the
feast-day
Saints'
most
business.
month
is
nearest
days,
convenient
Court
and
as
days
it
being
for
principal
instead.
used
holidays,
85
the
mentioned,
never
to
Rolls.
were
assembling
probably
together
the
for
CHAPTER
VII.
MONASTIC
CHARTERS.
of any
abbey
EVERY
tulary
in other
"
in
possessions
the
within
collected
one
of
spent
one,
at
or
and
black
neatness
letter
printing
was
and
after
most
"
ever
the
index
in
headings
the
was
the
as
them
finished, as
[86]
than
more
formation
elaborate
to
for these
is
tinuing
con-
Great
another.
perfect
an
of
most
Each
or
have
handwriting
by machinery.
with
leges
privi-
must
work
all
scribe
the work,
over
one
"
and
who
its
carefully
the
by
be the
men
and
done
writing
to
used
even
or
life
replaced by
was
emphasized
the
of his
two,
until
on
entered
of
land
a
"
all the benefactions
rarely found
are
volumes
establishment,
hours
many
books
the
of
grants
char-
a
catalogue
a
of
more
or
foundation,
the
secretary
words,
copies
compiled work, giving
of
importance kept
care
of
each
exact
charter
capital letter,
were
proved
filled in
by
the
Charters.
Monastic
fact
these
that
is
probability
The
artist
another
in with
of persons
names
English
in
the
but
;
'
Monasticon
impossible
for
records
religious house
although
more
a
may
and
public
lesser
much
search
to
deeply
still be
ascertained
of
first
to
have
abbeys
early Church
England
in detail
to
religiouswork
Later
on
in
permit
or
the
us
does
to
its method
Saxon
ing
existevery
manuscripts,
regard
it
not
of
abbeys
the
was
a
encouraged
; but
centres
taken
state
to
foreign abbeys.
the
information
still,
;
was
with, much
start
therefore
rather
bishoprics than
; it
Anglo-Saxons
organizing
the
Therefore,
from
cells to
the
among
foundation
at
to
on
as
into
enough
private,particularly with
missionary undertaking,
seem
work
a
England.
foundation
out
Sir William
concerning
valuable
or
point
to
largest work
information
religioushouses
and
special
undertaken
was
throughout
Christianity
the
Book,
extensive
so
too
mark
to
The
pen.
chartularies
compiled by
was
in
quill
a
oldest
used
places.
or
pencil,the
embellish
to
Domesday
monasteries
Dugdale
*
in
as
or,
with
have
to
hair
or
of
work
appear
employed
colour, usually red, is only
passages,
and
brush
work, but
the
ornament
the
were
executed
sometimes
is
they
a
been
writing having
Colour
that
completed.
never
illuminator,
or
sketched
been
sometimes
were
87
exist
these
form
of
to
the
as
sufficiently
clearly the
actual
working.
partook
rather
of
Charters.
Monastic
88
the
of
nature
large training colleges,where
carried
was
The
on.
of
mission
monastic
St
extent.
hither
of
It
foreign
the
between
Augustine
and
system,
wider
spread
also
English
priests, a
entirely to
have
English abbeys
The
Great
feud
sprang
honest
William's
for
him
over
of
of
their
of sins.
expiation
the
of
its
solidity of
must,
interiors
in wild
skill
abbeys
indeed,
have
At
and
and
not
the
fertile state, and
lived
on
soon
its
ing
buildfor
the
always
the
of
remains
with
us
of
beautiful
their
design.
when
the
corresponding
monks
were
of the
unfrequented regions ;
industry, they
take
to
is
work
always
given
brought
undertaken
with
first the
given land,
loans
elegance
up
Duke
Church
surprise
been
ings
offer-
while
monks
day
and
fitted
were
were
this
structure
magnificence.
they
To
kind.
Norman
old
They
Voluntary
religion
armada
and
often
quest.
Con-
votive
as
the
his
of
Norman
territories.
new
seems
their
of
priests
religiouswork
a
the
gratitude,
of
foreign
never
lands
repayment
hundreds
was
of
equipment
the
possession
best
token
resort
these
manifested
of
a
largest number
after
by bestowing large grants
in
and
The
up
invaders
the
to
rivalry existed
which
out.
the
Christianity
bishops
died
extended
encouraged
monks.
missionary
and
ing
learn-
but
best,
"
often
by frugality,
brought
produce
poor
and
it into
the
a
gifts
Charters.
Monastic
their
of
wool-dealers,
cloth
of
goodness
monks,
for
toil
at
were
miniature
of
over
in
Augustine
Norman
centuries.
of
others
all kinds
subdivided
largest
into
The
abbots
their
vassals
of
the
at
rounded
sur-
monastic
centuries,
later
Black
this Order
even
arrival
with
still,
the
those
long
in
their
from
had
had
its
in
dictine,
Bene-
Gasquet
of
the
the year
the
gives
the
number.
more
England,
Englishman
head
by
in
own
of
most
156
as
had
the
was
popular
an
Harding,
previously.
monks
Cistercians, even
the
approved
poverty,
having
held
many
(Cistercium) about
been
The
these
who
"
founder, Stephen
of Citeaux
of
regulations
having
into
orders, each
as
in
sunk
places.
Monks,
arose
place
had
oldest
monasteries"
probably
took
in their
arisen
or
years
indolent
royal state,
many
or
need
The
history
597,
The
communities,
only placed
Large abbeys
peculiar rules.
order
A.D.
the
invasion.
Changes
severe
is
its
time
into
over
almost
very
if its commencement
of St.
sank
The
for
of
landowners.
court.
extends
England
abroad
hard-working
in
English
rich.
kings, ruling
their
much
became
they
dependents, living
by
From
course
wealthy
became
been
In
over,
instead
they
and
and
great
were
how
home
labours,
being
;
know
we
quality.
their
by
affluence
and
and
prized
was
Cistercians
The
patrons.
89
as
their
Monastery
1
125.
This
Pope twenty-five
the
names
of
86
Monastic
go
Cistercian
houses
and
Carthusian
each
its
in
less
were
principally of
it stated
White
The
Nuns
the
Benedictine
that
there
in
England,
Leicestershire,but
As
Cistercians
there
the
arose
also
the half-educated
to
about
the
being
story of the
unable
against
the
monks,
under
The
founded
1215.
first order
founded
of
Dominic
They
A
in
in
severity,
when
these
austerity,
known
marked
possess
They
;
went
it
against
friars
monks
was
itself
preached
opposed
of the
downfall
to
country
divided
the
friars
These
neither
The
as
three
the
rivals
VIII.
Henry
by
house
and
in the
and
the
stand.'
to
clergy,ending
*
of
Dieu,
piety and
oath
preaching throughout
old
relaxed
enjoy luxury.
to
nor
money,
Grace
clergy.
by
have
house
one
eloquent preachers,a
mendicants, bound
nor
I
missionaries
contrast
were
correct.
for
wandering
were
land
of
forward,
Friars, who
were
that
longer conspicuous
no
were
only
was
These
Order.
Order
came
older
the
nunneries
was
this is not
the old Benedictine
the
of
number
had
above
the
as
than
popular
26,
as
orders
large (Gasquet gives 140).
very
seen
lesser
rules, but,
distinctive
own
of monks.
also
These
9.
Cluniac
the
England,
as
figures show,
orders
Charters.
wore
few
the
These
friars
A.D.
a
years
of
was
1204,
brown
later
Grey Friars, called
came
to
England
confirmed
and
habit
St.
Spanish origin,
of
coarse
Francis
after
A.D.
in
cloth.
hair-
of Assisi
him
1224,
ciscans.
Franwhere
i'Mu
mm
*
I
K
ijk4""*")"
IraiS
iinii
iijl
J
-s!
i
I Ii
--
SHI
it
it
^^y^'
AL"
^
~A
II
!
1
"
fi
-iJJi
Monastic
it
In
the
written
are
bit
possessions given
families
whose
church,
for
also
vestments
of
books
the
disappeared,
volumes,
have
to
the
in
missal
a
in
of
instance
total
of
destruction
wanton
that
says
they
Maskell,
Mr.
*
than
250,000
use,
and
prevent
forefathers.
A
Prymers,' the
in the
Henry
The
*
A
must
of
Reading
this
Gasquet
once
sold
the
of
of
this
at
for all kinds
have
been
service
been
of the
service-books
March,
uses.
Ecclesiae
have
Church
the
period,
of
Ritualia
must
only
valuable
speaks
more
books
in
destroyed
interestingarticle
of
Two
hours, said
Reading
was
list
long
how.
or
list
long
a
following the worship
most
Antiquary
of
'
on
to
their
Ancient
people, appeared
1892,
written
by
Mr.
Littlehales.
originaldeeds
seldom
are
of
the
abbey library,were
there
they
from
men
of
sold
volumes
that
where
Monumentae
Anglicanae,' reckons
desired.
is
in
manuscripts
were
abbey
curious, and
disappearance
manuscripts.
monastic
and
the
the
were
books
Nor
1889.
in
libraries
book
a
part of the
been
auction
by
the
and
those
There
knows
one
no
generally by
very
abbey
All
Leominster.
and
are
the
Vast
buried
described.
are
from
I.*
prayers
of relics
inventories
The
souls
whose
"
lay
ancestors
lands
by Henry
bit
by
93
of
grants
foundation
second
Abbey's
Charters.
met
of land
grants
among
to
abbeys
private documents.
of the Chartulary was
copy
of the Earl of Fingall.
complete
the kindness
with
or
made
by
me
through
'UV3-
sjgr
Charters.
Monastic
The
donor
interestingdetails
very
of
priest to
a
lands
from
derived
celebrate
and
offer
or
else
the
day
except
that
Mass
given
the
or
bishops attestingthem
with
the
the
diocesan
bishop.
The
episcopal
of the
names
important
are
are
but
neither
of
as
appear
there
the
Wright's
'
in any
nor
Norman
witnesses
to
Bishopric :
were
archbishop
other
is
or
bishops
of
undated
of the
names
Court-hand
bishops,*
Name
:
who
the
King's reign
date
Restored,'
book
is mention
who
frequently
charters.
monastic
Bishopricsof Normandy
Archbishopric
of
names
latter the contracted
all given in
sees
made
the
Of
charters.
the
are
written,
were
English archbishops and
supplying
as
abbeys
witnesses
of the
year
in money.
to
the
up
salary
a
once
the
present, although sometimes
given, or
at
they
year
and
return
Crown
conclude
they
the
ment
appoint-
from
dated
from
the
Original grants
seldom
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gathered
dead, receiving in
for the
prayers
be
of
good
chantries, with
of
deeds
foundation
for the
gives
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ordinary
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of his ancestors.
souls
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and
his soul
the
that
grant, except
of
that
differs little from
wording
95
of See.
', etc.
Modern
Name.
Rothomagensis.
Rouen.
Baiocensis.
Bayeux.
Abrincatensis.
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Lexoviensis.
Lisieux.
"
,,
*
or
list of French
A
in
'
Neustria
Pia.'
Bishops
will
be
found
in 'Gallia
Christiana/
Monastic
96
Name
Charters.
of See.
Modern
Ebroicensis.
Evreux.
Cadomensis.
Caen.
Sylvanectensis.
Senliz.
Bellovacensis.
Beauvais.
Atrebatensis.
Arras.
Constantiensis.
Coutances.
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S^ez.
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Ambianensis
or
Samarobrivensis.
As
of
Conquest
help
I
the
A
same
affixing the
append
of
fourteenth
of the
Amiens.
towards
chancellors
to
bishops
Stigand
a
charters
undated
and
the
be
likely to
a
list of
England
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Beckett
...
...
Richard...
1114-1122
1123-1136
1139-1161
1162-1170
1174-1184
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1191
...
...
...
1193-1205
...
...
...
Joscelin
Walter
Stephen Langton
1093-1109
...
Baldwin...
Hubert
of
1070-1089
...
Corbeil
Fitz
few
...
...
...
Reginald
a
1052-1070
Theobald
a
the
..
of Escures
Thomas
from
period.
Anselm
of
bishops
arch-
rchbisJiops
of Canterbury.
...
William
date
the
; also
century
Lanfranc
Ralph
Name.
1185-1190
1207-1229
Charters.
Monastic
Richard
le Grand...
Edmund
Boniface
Robert
of
Savoy
Kilwardby
...
Robert
Winchelsey
Next
Canterbury
to
of
...
...
1229-1231
1234-1240
1245-1270
...
...
...
...
1273-1278
...
...
1279-1292
...
...
latter
Sherborne,
and
further
subdivided,
Wells,
and
the
the
into
Winchester
all
the
chester
Win-
which
were
Sherborne
Sarum,
Thus
and
Selsey
reunitingin
Old
of
chester
Dor-
at
sees,
into
see
large
very
two
705,
Salisbury, 1218.
Winchester
bishoprics,
a
latter into
powerful bishopric
to
important bishopric
was
A.D.
(Corvinensis);
removed
1294-1313
diocese, originating first
634, dividing
A.D.
Ramsbury
the
came
The
London.
powerful
that
...
Peckham
John
the
...
Rich
...
and
97
1075
Sherborne
others
being
offshoots
Salisbury
commenced
were
into
eventually
it will be
and
and
seen
the
chief
of
later
creation.
The
Bishops
Herman
of
(died 1077), previously known
Sherborne
under
Bishop
as
(Scirburniensis).
Osmund,
died
Roger,
elected
Jocelin
de
Waverley
of
Dec.
3, 1099.
1102,
Bailul, died
Abbey,
consecrated
a
Cistercian
1107,
Monk
1184.
7
died
at
Monastic
98
Hubert
Charters.
1189, translated
Walter,
to
Canterbury,
1193-
to
Herbert
Poore,
1
Richard
Poore,
1217.
New
Sarum
Robert
Giles
of
de
The
York,
1246.
Bridport, 1256.
de
La
Robert
de
Wykehampton,
Walter
Scammel,
Henry
de
William
Wyle,
1263.
Braundeston,
de
La
1287.
Corner, 1289.
Longespe'e,
1293.
of
Ghent,
Roger
de
Mortival, 1315.
of
1271.
1284.
Simon
Bishops
transferred
1228.
Walter
Nicolas
then
see
Salisbury.
or
Bingham,
William
194.
1207.
Winchester
who
Chancellors
were
of
England.
Giffard, introduced
William
Monks
Nicholas
John
tercian
Cis-
intoJEngland
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Orlton
William
Order
Edyngdon,
of
the
Winchester
this
1100-1129
1268-1282
...
Sandall
Adam
of
Ely
the
...
first Prelate
Garter
have
;
the
Bishops
tained
re-
honour
...
1333-1345
of the
since
ever
1316-1320
...
1345-1367
Monastic
100
William
de
Warren
Charters.
and
Richard
Fitz
Gilbert
...
Lanfranc,
...
Archbishop
Geoffrey, Bishop
Count
Robert,
of
of
of
...
Canterbury,
Coutances,
and
Mortain
...
Odo, Bishop
of
William
St.
de
Bayeux
...
...
Carileph, Bishop
...
Le
Roger
of Durham
Bishop
Robert
1094-1
...
Earl
Beaumont,
de
...
...
of Leicester
Luci
...
...
...
Hugh, Bishop
of
Durham,
of
William
Durham,
1180-1189
of
...
and
of
Coutances,
...
1190
...
1190
Archbishop
of
Rouen
Hubert
Geoffrey
Peter
...
...
Fitz
des
...
Peter, Earl
Roches,
native
...
of
Bishop
...
1194-1198
...
1198-1213
Essex
of
chester,
Win-
of Poitiers
...
de
Burgh
...
...
...
Stephen Segrave
...
...
...
Hubert
1191-1193
bury
of Canter-
Walter, Archbishop
...
89
William
Ely
...
167
...
alone
Longchamp
Walter
154-1
1 1
...
Bishop
Longchamp,
1
William,
and
...
Hugh, Bishop
1107-1139
1154-1179
Essex
of
1100-1107
...
Glanville
Ranulph
100
bury
Salis-
of
...
de
Richard
Bishop
Poor,
...
Earl
...
Bloett, Bishop of Lincoln
Robert
1087-1088
1088
...
Flambard,
1078
of
Durham
Ranulph
1073
1214-1215
1215-1232
1232-1234
Charters.
Monastic
101
Hugh
Bigot
1258-1260
Hugh
Le
1260
Despenser
1261
Philip Basset
Thornton
de
Gilbert
1273-1289
Hengham
de
Ralph
1289-1295
Brabazon
Roger
1295
...
Chancellors
Bishop
Herfast, afterwards
afterwards
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de
of
1068
Exeter
of
1070-1074
bury
Salis-
...
...
of London
Bishop
Maurice, afterwards
William
of
Bishop
...
...
of Elmham
Bishop
afterwards
Osbern,
of England.
Beaufoe, afterwards
1078-1083
Bishop
Thetford
...
...
...
1083-1085
...
...
1086-1090
Giffard
William
...
Bloett
Robert
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1094-1101
...
...
1101-1103
...
...
...
1103-1104
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
Giffard
William
Le
Poor
...
Giffard
William
Walderic
Ranulph
Geoffrey
Roger
Rufus
...
Le
Philip
a
de
...
...
Poor
...
Thomas
Ralph
1090
...
Walderic
Roger
1074-1078
...
...
...
...
...
...
Beckett
...
...
...
...
Warneville
093
1104
1108-1123
1124-1135
1135-1139
1139
1154-1162
1173-1181
Monastic
102
Geoffrey,
William
the
King's
Longchamp,
Charters.
...
of
Ely...
Grey
des
Walter
...
...
1197-1199
...
...
...
1199-1205
...
...
...
1205-1213
...
...
...
1213-1214
...
...
...
Roches
Grey
Richard
de
Marisco
de
Nicolas
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1263
...
...
1265
...
...
...
1265
...
...
...
1267
1261
Ely
...
Cantelupe
Walter
Giffard
Godfrey
Giffard
Richard
Middleton
...
Walter
...
...
1272
...
...
1273-1292
Burnell
...
John Langton
...
1292
...
...
1302
...
...
1304
...
...
Greenfield
William
William
of
Hamilton
Baldock
Ralph
...
...
The
witnesses
officers,with
were
few
a
sometimes
be
the
is not
county
of the
1269-1272
...
Merton
de
Robert
name
1226-1244
Merton
de
Thomas
the
1214-1226
...
...
Walter
the
1214
Neville
Ralph
of
1189-1197
Walter
Walter
Peter
...
Bishop
Eustace, Bishop of Ely
Hubert
1181-1189
son
contents
the
But
on
the
place, together
of
the
This
magnates.
guide
named.
is written
county
of
valuable
a
King's
the
from
chosen
local
1307
...
charter.
to
as
a
will
locality when
rule
margin,
with
chief
a
the
and
brief
name
also
index
VIII.
CHAPTER
PARISH
from
former
for
are
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The
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period
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in
antiquary
latter
'
old
';
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modern
of
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and
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registers
deeds.
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of
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begins
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of
study
THE
REGISTERS.
all
to
clerks
educated
men.
Parish
registers
information
contain
Sometimes,
there
for
the
volumes
keeping
of
them
the
inserted
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could
1652,
deputy,
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original
undisputed
remained
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parish
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pleased.
[ 103]
books
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obtainable.
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merged
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Registers
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;
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As
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Public
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and
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expressed
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and
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Registers.
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original,'
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Nevertheless,
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to
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Whether
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Registers.
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time
which
second
made
at
of
James
bination
com-
chapter.
of
time
are
seldom
I.'s
reign,by
had
language
a
personal
the
religious ceremony)
the
performing
the
the
in
(/".,entries
entries
and
law-hand
set
mentioned
handwritings
Original
old
the
parish registersis
of the
handwriting
The
fallen
into
disuse.
of
These
village (1653).
often
were
able
to
regulated
duty
This
books.
write, and
and
read
alone
especially when
him
of
Act
devolved
of
in
have
Parliament
No
been
the
work
again
upon
the
of
register
keeping
and
death
registrar
appointed,
for
the
until
second
clergyman
cretion
dis-
ill-performed,
office
provide
and
and
the
men,
being
infirmity overtook
duties.
to
of
Act
every
of
zeal
but
often
and
his
case
whose
keeping
continued
in any
seemed
the
was
age
registrar, who
relieved
an
illiterate
consisted
only accomplishments
whose
passed
appointing paid registrars to
Parliament
the
Government
Commonwealth
The
such
the
nor
did
a
tingency,
con-
registers
his assistant
clerk.
several
For
the
registers
erratic.
The
years
after
Restoration
irregularly kept,
were
old
the
race
of
educated
of
and
clerks
1660
very
was
Parish
1 10
have
clerkships may
in
the
glad
Until
kind
any
far
the
masses
charitable
of
the
uneducated
clerk.
lies
in
of
capable
knew
and
were
their
persons,
appeared
in very
with
the
of
capacity
of
part
the
variety of
old
the
forms
the
and
pronunciation.
own
surnames
the
have
as
commonest
strange
and
people
tradition,
the
parish
it sounded
different
a
the
oral
was
laxity of
The
upon
name
name
a
to
by
registers
forms.
jotted
to
down
find
at
guises
dis-
unrecognisable
random
of
their
Wells.
became
items
on
often
names
Eeles, Yeeles,
unusual
to
effect
they finally crystallized into
before
information
to
then, that
in every
variety of
sounds
as
not
few
were
content
latter
indited
are
down
different
It is
the
passing through, owing
wrote
and
modern
of
be
in
serve
entirely dependent
clerk, who
him,
to
those
little benefit
to
of reading
difficulty
English spelling
only
wonder,
immense
the
These
No
obliged
of
writing.
chief
The
classes, except
people.
were
or
schools
of
century
illegiblybad
small
few
very
be
registers
seventeenth
adrift, were
could
men
The
educated
men
livelihood.
bequests.
and
between,
began,
priests'chaplains
for the poorer
existed
ill-paidclergy
very
of
by
turned
as
means
last century
provided by
and
a
as
the
when
who,
first
registers
filled
themselves
employ
to
the
been
monasteries,
private tutors
the
when
Formerly,
gone.
Registers.
miscellaneous
by
the
clergy-
Parish
man
the
among
deaths.
of
of
events
and
rare,
in
their
are
now
The
useful
most
the
catalogue
is
reference
the
enter
births,
under
taking
the
day
month,
law
or
time
the
from
would
originals only
blue-books
Parliamentary
Society
every
catalogue
have
to
parochial
pamphlet
useful
up
of
subject
the
the
been
as
is
few
issued
day
as
have
of
all
printed
the
without
of
required
for
signed
purpose
a
direct
from
the
evidence.
issued
and
Parish
giving
it
dates
been
the
for
with
the
registers,
by
years,
possible
present
made.
received
to
below
but
only
which
the
register
copy
clergyman
be
in
way
heading,
to
are
books.
deaths,
being
for
and
investigations,
certificate
each
last
these
items
and
year,
and
trouble
or
parish
a
the
out
! such
troublesome
marriages,
occurring
names
of
write
traditional
as
register
least
and
places,
impossible
modern
all
were
country
time
Alas
contents
to
in
rendered
the
kind,
any
long
a
annals.
of
columns
printed
of
and
floods,
disastrous
snow,
importance
for
remain
in
marriages,
births,
storms
local
great
landmarks
of
falls
drought,
would
and
of
entries
Heavy
periods
Registers.
as
most
Register
complete
of
registers
copies
a
on
or
which
i
a
CHAPTER
PARISH
OFFICERS
the
AMONG
reality
of
the
Some
aside
an
these
day
worthless,
as
antiquary's
in
residents
the
and
lowest
;
with
the
further,
parish
of
middle
class,
parish
officers
of
of
great
they
give
from
of
sooner
;
parochial
as
later
if
paupers,
charity.
[
112]
the
life
centuries.
flung
now
in
importance
lists
of
squire
social
giving
clue
if
who,
their
were
the
to
the
of
compared
a
served
all
status
when
inhabitants
or
and
value
of
are
the
in
original
past
the
showing
registers,
residence
length
recipients
be
poorest,
and
each
will
but
into
the
account-books,
parish,
safely
papers,
and
glimpses
during
for
and
curious
old
eyes,
be
to
importance,
or
with
classes
poorer
deed-chest
parish
books
yield
information,
of
scraps
other
to
BOOKS.
supposed
interest
likely
very
the
are
found
little
of
seemingly
THEIR
of
registers
often
are
AND
contents
wherein
kept
IX.
to
the
of
the
turn
entered
as
as
Parish
Previous
road
overseers,
held
office for
annual
from
one
vestry
to
the
governed
widows
or
in
represented
were
woman's
the
to
fresh
some
This
statement
of this
looked
upon
find
possible to
labourer's
seems
fit
considered
son
in addition
it has
to
a
for
son
in the
act
to
died
elected
goes
sickness, old
age,
'
from
on
death
or
'
caught
was
out,
sary.
absolutely neces-
arrangement
those
old
for
is
his
as
the
by
up
days, when
viewers
re-
and
most
is almost
if then
"
capable
strange that
the
elementary
of its
of
now
and
it
and
was
directing
few
so
post, when
taught drawing
education
reading
even
sciences
office of churchwarden
lost
has
yearly change
able
men
affairs,it
The
case
deputed
was
tenants,
which
in
serve,
tenements
their
by
rental
or
certain
sparsely distributed,and
writing
local
on
book, but, nevertheless,it is perfectly
Surely, if in
so
else
or
once
until
year,
renders
was
of
custom
churchwarden
a
true.
carried
name.
Now
year
to
sitpposed
yearly income
rotation
neighbour
near
some
and
liable
were
the
at
opposition.
rule of
election,
is
usually
is
post
without
some
elected
re-election
now
the
year
Apparently
;
3
constables
parish
only, being
year
place, but
year
and
1 1
churchwardens,
the
century
surveyors
Easter
take
to
this
to
Books.
their
Officersand
are
day-
every
essay-writing
studies.
is very
prestige,and
forgotten except
on
old.
the
the
Now
warden
church-
Sundays
8
1 1
Officersand
Parish
4
when
collections
took
a
day
he
made
are
himself
would
each
formerly
;
interest
personal
Books.
their
affairs
in
which
some
called
be
probably
villager
to
upon
manage.
The
rival
the
his
The
most
of
Law,
of the
proper
shape
of
all
distribution
of the
with
giving
of alms
Laws
Poor
alive.
and
dead
to
the
the
system
responsibility
cations
applimooted
were
III.
till
in the
came
of
disposal
paupers,
forbade
but
men,
of
overseer
him
to
Edward
invented
were
consider.
present
also
able-bodied
officer
public funds
him
to
and
the
legacies;
and
questions relating
both
the
fell upon
relief,and
for
before
rested
parson
Each
uphold
hands
the
:
tenants.
to
however,
bequests
parish represented
a
inhabitants
his
and
duty
in whose
poor,
its
interests
onerous
Poor
the
squire
clients'
had
of
interests
the
versus
of
churchwardens
two
the
regular
no
VIII.
Henry
was
King.
first Acts
The
Laws
passed
were
Elizabeth's
to
new
make
some
directed
dispersed
sold,
rendered
the
towards
fresh
relating
It
conclusion
and
their
still more
by
Queen
sary
neces-
statutes
applicable
to
the
their
of
absolutely
of the
most
Poor
to
was
of affairs consequent
state
or
and
Parliament
long reign.
Previously
were
of
upon
the
charity had
monks,
lands
unfortunate
dependent,
seized
and
by
tion.
Reformabeen
all
tributed
dis-
after these
the Crown
dependents
and
the
the
were
severe
Parish
6
1 1
left very
were
the
of
Officersand
much
overseer,
scrutinized
at
accounts
to
the
in
entered
in
keep
"
were
year
the
Sometimes
of
entries
a
of
whose
roads
matters
in
pews
they
business
lying
as
the
were
it
between
forward
came
the
further
books
had
'
was
rival
for
sideration,
con-
handed
to
books
passed
the
constable
supplied
the
that
was
'
the
at
all
nearest
presiding magistrate,
repairs
used
for
empounded
in old
the
manor
pound,
allowing
among
court
as
the
visible
places.
the
among
to
are
county,
in rural
punish petty
The
; fines
law
replaced by
now
the
by
done
to
drunkenness.
is
found
entry often
mending
the
be
to
miscellaneous
upon
neighbouring squire.
representative of
of
in
signed by
parish
policeman
check
made
some
The
entries
Questions
over
and
was
become
importance
edifice,by whom
and
cussions
dis-
elected, and
being
Sessions
was
parochial
ensuing
accounts
One
yearly
and, finally,the officers for the
Perhaps
who
books.
distribution
certain
order
honesty
these
sufficient
parish
the
to
and
churchwardens.
new
the
vestry, when
and
all such
parishes
the
were
done, boundaries,
be
to
accounts
the
ownership
church, repairs
to
whose
considered
were
be
the discretion
discussed.
were
to
to
Easter
the
Books.
their
old
accounts
village stocks,
quently
fre-
offences, especially
too,
often
animals
the
rolls.
to
needed
stray and
most
In
many
frequent
places
hayward
a
this
whose
purpose,
reclaimed
its
until
paid,
for
damage
or
pinder,
the
beast
the
deliver
not
the
tally, proving
had
been
for
expenses
as
defray
brought
did
he
were
to
hayward,
who
the
they
sold
produced
owner
well
as
the
for
capture
until
or
person
compensation
that
to
was
owner
land, and
his
on
beast
the
tally to
found
them
Berkshire
In
a
to
their
by
expenses.
gave
it
attend
and
animals
duty
7
1 1
officer
regularly appointed
a
was
Books.
their
Officersand
Parish
keep
properly
its
during
detention.
so
far
elections
their
to
his
regards
as
incurred
to
the
in
in
to
taking
clothe
the
of
out
forms
Cruel
a
stray
as
their
of
soon
sixpence
to
really
are
children, the
the
as
paupers,
bought
garments
which
distant
villages.
own
their
and
to
which
lists of
it seemed
of
expenses
taken
antecedents
accounts
so
As
glimpse
his
list of
journeys
to
by
in service
earning
keep.
long
which
in
delinquent parishioner
the
back
paupers
apprentice
placed
of
consequence
casual
a
a
of
mentioned.
even
some
overseers'
those
"
read
into
them
not
of
road
not
are
books,
account
only get
we
gaol, or
It is the
curious
often
we
enquire
they
of
and
poor
waywarden,
are
old
conveying
county
places
or
when
duties
nor
the
are
constable,
the
called
antiquity ;
great
the
of
overseer
latter
the
surveyor,
any
of
offices
The
children
they
were
towards
be
to
send
to
old
were
capable
their
out
own
such
Parish
8
1 1
Officersand
children
young
kindest
and
that
thing
them
gave
chance
a
themselves.
of
the
end
system
of
in
done
for
of
and
return
than
teaching
I
for
Law
believe
the
to
far
a
"
of
trade
a
Poor
juvenile apprenticeships
practical method
it
working
education,
eventually
for
them,
modern
our
schemes
shall
reality, the
thoroughly learning
all
and
we
be
Books.
was,
independent
With
organization
it
could
becoming
so
in
work,
to
their
old
more
class
mere
any
instruction.
Maybe
bundle
a
the
among
orders
for
the
At
the
books.
These
of
'home,'
the
and
forced
paupers
removed
back
prevent
fraud,
written
home
and
obtained
'
settlements.'
prove
a
The
of
of
certain
parish
their
with
their
length
officers
charges
:
themselves,
work
the
;
the
originated
Charles
were
the
to
had
II.
manded
com-
if
to
be
called
back
removed
for
proper
to
are
papers
district
own
to
parish, and,
paupers
now
the
provide
to
as
their
they
so
that
while
when
for the
best
they provided
trifle for
road
are
be
to
can
of residence.
did
spinning-wheels,
on
their
; these
Paupers
workhouse
the
penalties
the
produced
first
officers
proofs
of
residence
or
back
passed by
into
together
may
custom
a
parish
by
rolled
paupers
Parliament
time
same
of
removal
called
Acts
some
are
account
villagethey
by
of old papers
the
the
they
men
failing in
old
could
were
health
welfare
women
earn
a
set
to
they
Officersand
Parish
tended
were
doctor
by
Cheltenham
or
For
waters.
lingered
till
on,
burying Goody
Any
public
the
by
in
are
time
according
Tudor
Edward
VI.'s
hangings,
the
first
the
despoiled, till
and
remove,
books
left
are
the
introduced
The
destruction
be
caused
used
first
Ministers
later
the
later
books
of
of
pews
of
altar
rails
Then
and
came
of
country
catalogued
rich
;
under
on,
ments,
vestare
Queen
further
were
the
Puritans
only
old
the
religious instruction
chronicle.
to
1287
as
was
after
an
the
and
screens
the
vessels
lists
early
as
by degrees
instead.
and
churchwardens
erection
only
altars
in
instances
the
notices
little left for
was
and
to
Although
record,
there
varied
many
churches
parish
settled
un-
during
numerous
list,but
that
of
power,
were
and
be
to
sure
State
in town
of
in
service
both
is
the
dynasties)
goods
Elizabeth,
to
in
Sovereign
church
altar
for
paid
be celebrated
to
(those
religion of
wrought
far-famed
expenses.
books
The
order
named
old
Stuart
to
sent
entry
bells
ordinary
the
the
to
and
places.
the
when
alterations
by
the
the
annuitants
old
required
church
the
among
There
the
of
the
9
So-and-so.
which
event
by
last
the
Goodman
or
ringing
mentioned
read
we
were
these
years
many
they
cured
be
to
1 1
if sick
and
nurse,
Sometimes
them.
saw
Bath
parish
a
Books.
their
on
are
innovation
Reformation.
the
removal
communion
tables
the
of
terrors
of
to
civil
Parish
I2O
the
Upon
war.
of
Officersand
burials
Such
but
the
on
churchwardens
for
burial
providing
often
not
were
of
boundaries
carried
out
battle
of
a
old
an
expenses
parishes ;
this
was
it
was
but
the
and
for the
slain
A
responsibility
therefore
was
public duty.
After
on
find
we
and
zeal
scruples ;
aroused
enforced
should
by
the
disobedience
inflicted
was
called,
Any
fees
Fees
custom.
or
the
The
treated
and
heavily
Act
taxes
was
varied
Prior
fined
taking
soon
to
great
for their
noted
different
in
of
of
Parliament
the
too,
The
are
Puritan
church,
at
Elizabeth,
test
from
injudiciousattempt
Recusants,
of
time,
further
was
of the
Sacrament
conformity
;
for
excommunication
churchwardens'
with
were
fresh
a
as
Later
work
attendance
punishment
upon
bishop.
the
to
that
regarded
be
II.'s
; and
order
an
this
their
persons.
by Queen
first commanded
restored.
arms
at
by James
Catholicism
restore
II. the churches
resigning
excommunicated
of
was
royal
the
parsons
some
nonconforming
notices
of Charles
Restoration
the
repaired
were
to
battle.
Commonwealth.
the
interment
providing
duty
churchyard,
warfare,
public calamity,
a
was
the
in
parishes, the
in
as
the
slain
in
both
custom
late
as
devolved
soldiers
being defrayed equally by
probably
tJieir Books.
as
application
papists
severity
were
and
justice,
in-
religious beliefs.
with
in the
reference
parish
books.
places, according
eighteenth century
to
fees
to
for
burial
within
the
church
but
afterwards
churchwardens,
These
perquisite.
books
lead
may
interments
the
paupers
of
3d.
on
was
forgotten.
The
each
burial, as
not
enforced.
more
obnoxious
death
and
marriage,
made
to
act
as
The
window-tax
houses
pierced
was
blocked
to
avoid
up
In the
for
the
or
army
navy
his
away,
of
for
Georges,
but
of which
heavily
that
are
none
on
were
the
birth,
clergyman
old
on
manor
windows
and
windows
were
children
his
for
father
by charity, and
of payment
entries
seized
men
and
for
ment,
Parlia-
levied
the
many
many
the
churchwardens
tax
payment.
; when
wife
the
of
than
innumerable
last century
release
Act
by
for
;
unwilling tax-gatherer.
then
It
rate
and
expenses,
people
fell
skylights.
and
strangers
higher
a
were
most
with
parson's
vaults
of
Taxes
taxes,
a
of
burial
levied
the
to
the
churchwardens'
the
at
the
the
under
things
was
the
for
the
to
parish register,and
in
noted
parish paid
many
became
in
121
payable
identification
the
charged
always
Books.
were
entries
to
not
consequently
was
their
Officersand
Parish
service
of
family
a
left
were
to
first payment
the
release
was
in
in
the
went
be
by
end
the
vided
pro-
the
the
cheapest.
A
list of
the
obsolete
rails
(speltusually
churchyard
custom,
rail in the
fence
reminds
one
'
ing
rayles ') surround-
of
another
that
of
each
person
next
to
his
property
almost
repairing the
or
for which
Parish
122
he
Officersand
liable.
was
The
land, though
the
or
Last,
the
entered.
rates,
with
his
doubt
origin of
the
social
the
of
each
means.
is obscure
the
in
varying
gave,
;
Sacrament
relief
the
to
of
name
collections
at
duly
more
the
In
were
position and
offerings given
bundles
briefs.'
'
as
he
owner
repairs.
were
were
for
sum
church
devoted
always
the
such
collections
voluntary
accordance
The
know
collections
and
do
the
to
the
chest
parish
all church
given
attached
to
Originally
of
is
the
Books.
whether
person
technically
books
account
donor
the
was
papers,
nature
decided
least, in
not
old
of
liabilitywas
custom
occupier
their
of
no
were
and
poverty
distress.
To
collections
no
these
issued
to
for
all
principally
set
alight,were
curious, but
volume.
would
The
deserves, but
; and
seldom
complete
old
the
has
not
and
believe
now
of
were
disasters,
being
then
buildings, once
total
early briefs
met
a
issuing
Briefs
from
extensive
so
and
without
extent.
the
list of
subject
I
; but
rescued
be
made
fire, there
by
levying
passed,
emergencies
damage
offices
insurance
A
of
sorts
be
'brief
a
of
right
were
to
alarming
an
for
no
be
called
license
the
Parliament
allowed
was
grew
restrict
of
Acts
collection
proper
it
and
regulate
to
as
with
it is
lition.
demo-
would
fill a
the
be
large
interest
beginning
to
studied.
The
churchwardens
probably kept few,
if any,
Parish
124
To
inhabitants
had
have
of
Rev.
rector,
Thomas
Government
the
in
of
descriptive
to
resigned
his
old
home
living in
Brief
1687.
for loss
1689. Loss
East
"
condition
the
book
a
inhabitants.
rector,
the
Restoration
for
here
had
; he
of
two
his
Stafford.
Town
of
Bungay,
the
the
1703,
brief
St.
George's,
in
the
of Southwark.
of
Town
small
one
Wilts.
Lavington,
Suffolk.
of
parish
collections
in
Aylesford.
Bishops
at
of
In
Five
fire in
by
Smithfield.
borough
In
1665
its
of
at
"
Town
In
1690.
fire
by
1690. Ditto,
made
and
son
the
thereon
wrote
country
another
into
by
out
born.
were
sons
the
his
returned
he
and
Morland,
Martin
inquire
to
former
a
sent
was
may
Morland,
of
son
Morland,
1655
Waldenses,
Samuel
the
baronet,
a
Books.
village this
in that
interest
made
their
Sulhamstead
keener
a
afterwards
of
Officersand
fires
for
parish
for
St.
in
within
refugees
Ives, Huntingdonshire.
different
a
in the
year
counties
!
Principality of
Orange.
After
the
1703
givers'
names
are
longer
no
entered.
The
the
parish
doctor
In
churchwardens.
Sulhamstead
was
made
regularly engaged
was
1774
and
the
agreement
signed by
the
by
for
doctor,
Parish
Officersand
that
witnessed
and
for
the
yearly
hard-worked
these
that
relied
more
talent
they
The
five
of
sum
did
of
perambulation
of
entries
of
the
tithe also
parson
the
on
have
fees
of
Any
within
all
dry
subjects
of
ale,
an
item
the
parishioners
before
came
the
the
register to
have
to
dispute
been,
to
seems
vestry's jurisdiction,and
washed
were
places
some
his
the
gotten,
for-
now
tion
commuta-
in
ought
or
was,
occurrence.
come
The
with
Visitation
tithes.
disputed
recovered.
agreements
Registry
another
was
field-names,
sending copies
annual
an
for what
discussed, and
was
subject.
Diocesan
education
rested
old
be
made
vestry, and
skill,and
parish bounds
which
tithe
often
may
wonder
possess.
vestry question, upon
In
excepted,
No
'!
of
lacked
physicians
practice than
upon
bones
guineas
125
business
the
do
broken
apothecary,
and
surgery
'should
he
Books.
their
down
with
entered
regularly
plenty
the
among
expenses.
it
Perhaps
urchins
came
up
of
extermination
the
vestry
claim
rewards
offered
vermin,
their
instinctive
at
was
to
sport being further
of
gain.
the
Foxes
are
the
seem
prices paid
very
The
developed by
the
among
list, together with
for
that
stoats,
this
the
their
animals
for the
love
love
named
of
on
etc., and
sparrows,
wholesale
village
destruction
high.
spelling of
many
of
the
old
account
books
Parish
126
is
they
to
their
information
of
guide
such
of
books
The
written
of
these
are
too
as
one
history
if the
books
often
their
explain
thrown
will
a
parish
books
not
can
are
fully
aside
to
as
need
what
to
class
except
give,
all
for
The
missing.
appreciated,
a
the
others.
properly
never
useless
whole
a
They
yield,
resemble
closely
parish
is
as
endeavoured
parish
as
kept.
meanings
pages
I have
of
but
original,
neatly
and
legible
are
nothing
and
phonetic
decidedly
Books.
their
and
Officers
and
rubbish.
be
value
they
CHAPTER
BOOKS
ON
X.
PALEOGRAPHY
AND
KINDRED
business
of a guide-book's
T)ART
JL
to
people's attention
likely to
Few
aid
of
only
writers
English
books
looked
subject
the
French,
for
works
the
in
of old
of
'La
is
graphy
paleoFew
in
genius
Abroad
and
public
Thus
de
[127]
valuable
many
The
type
expensive
and
; small
little known,
libraries
seventeen
1'Ecole
quired
re-
valuable
many
rare
books.
Bibliotheque
and
the
this country
in
compiled.
issued,
in
with
sciences.
language
with
collections
works
studied, especially by
more
consequence
met
their
not
the
abbreviations
being only
direct
elements.
many
of
one
been
were
similar
subject,
; it has
whose
have
to
learnt
expended
been
in
only
are
as
has
it
on
editions
have
upon
the
books
of
handwriting
on
the
on
combination
a
be
can
book
one
other
is
them.
to
use
accomplishments
is
been
of
be
SUBJECTS.
des
or
among
volumes
Chartres,'
Books
128
in
published
Paris
1886, will fetch
Paleographie
la
'
between
much
as
above,
useful
was
Alphonse
and
33.;
book,
Auguste
Aubry,
best-known
Rue
Abbreviations
50
is the
Archives
the
by
;
Paleographie
XVII.
au
published
16, Paris.
by
The
subject, however,
volume,
et
than
in Paris
XL
du
the
on
Latines
'
Dictionnaire
des
Francaises,'par Alphonse
published by Jules Martin,
Paris,
centimes
two
Bonaparte
'
Chassant,
book
Haussmann,
francs
Rue
82,
Dauphine
paper-bound
Chassant,
des
expensive
this
Alphonse
cheap
small
less
Manuscrits
des
de
ros.
still than
et
la
de
Wailly,
dditeur,
par
a
de
Picard,
Chartes
and
1839
Elements
'
;
by Prou, published
Siecles,'
is
; 'Album
written
cheaper
des
"30
Muse*e
'
1838, "3
very
years
Natalis
par
Nationales,' 1872, "1
A
as
and
the
(Quantin, 1887), "6
Paleographie,'
volumes,
Paleography
on
the
at
; it has
low
19,
price
reached
already
vard
Boule-
a
of
2
fifth
edition.
There
German,
with
met
Now
also
are
Spanish
in
let
towards
The
list will
It must
separate
Saxon,
and
paleography
on
Italian, but
these
written
are
in
seldom
England.
us
done
books
be
see
what
our
elucidating our
not
be
borne
languages
a
long
in
are
Norman-French,
countrymen
own
national
have
manuscripts.
one.
mind
that
first of
all four
required, namely, AngloLatin
and
Old
English.
Kindred
worth's
be
may
copy
dictionary;
Anglo-Saxon
all
Norman-French,
For
first
is
start
familiarity
a
Any
will
assistance, and
of
dictionary, Lacombe's
in the
to
to,
Supplement
a
Handwriting,' by
beginning
of this
worth
or
kind
every
three
for
it advertised
and
Astle
; it
is.
facsimile
glossary
resorted
each.
and
the
the other.
handwriting
and
A
Progress
good
is
copy
I have
book
deals
This
6d.
writing from
other
of
old
Hebrew,
of each
seen
with
was
besides
mens
speci-
in
started
contain
valuable
Sanscrit,
century.
documents,
are
now
its earliest existence.
languages,
volumes
of
in the
sovereigns,though
They
its
together, the
published
was
century.
charters
yearly
of
"\
be
upon
Origin
facsimiles
are
English
their
the
may
from
Paleographic Society
The
Roquefort's
on
studied
work
The
I2s.
Greek, Latin, and
of
'
of known
There
be
may
English
is called
whole
two
modern
dictionary
and
Ducange,
verbatim
translated
standard
The
as
English
and
being
one
the
at
difficulties.
solve
Latin
later
words.
required
with
Burguy,
to
is
old-fashioned
good,
language.
be
that
Anglo-
the
dictionary of
the
besides
language,
the
It contains
of
alphabet and grammatical peculiarities
Saxon
is Bos-
second-hand
a
8s. 6d.
for
bought
129
work
standard
these, the
first of
the
For
Subjects.
exact
but
as
1873,
sentations
repre-
these
having
transcript side by side,
9
but
cost
the
as
Books
130
yet they have
Paleography
on
selected
only
considering mediaeval
Bosworth's
is the standard
Some
in
work
this
on
work
of the
being
director
of
the
W.
selected
Anglo-Saxon
This
work
A
4
of
Rolls
county
student
to
been
of
centuries
A.D.
1049.
charters,
issued
in
Other
printed and
is
the
Anglo-
translated
has
an
been
reproduced
but
still
obtained
are
not
advantage
more
studied
four
also
been
contains
a
written
upon
a
and
volumes
abbreviated.
in
separate
a
given
than
than
it.
; this
for
otherwise.
Translations, explanations
have
by
clear
extremely
published in
translations
subject
This
has
and
be
is rather
Book.
*
three
742
been
type,
can
The
volume.
No
the archives
among
has
; it is also
readable
more
Each
The
2s.
been
process,
well executed
the
have
lations
trans-
Saunders.
-
volumes.*
two
Survey
photographic
a
with
times.
Domesday
in
"2
Abbey,
in
documents
various
at
'
Cameron,
early Anglo-Saxon
Abingdon
Series
Saxon
of
Rolls, the
the
they give
as
the
upon
General
Basevi
fetches
collection
those
Queen,
history, A.D.
now
published
Survey,
those
were
dictionary
were
of
by
Canterbury Cathedral,
of
the
Ordnance
by
sideration.
con-
subject.
Master
undertaken
added
charters
of
of
worthy
manuscripts
command
recommendation
deeds
charters, not
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon
1878 by
old
very
English
and
day
Domesand
These
good glossaryof Anglo-Saxon
words.
tionaries
dicare
Books
132
all
in
facsimiles
styles,
writing, with
words
and
paleography, giving
necessary
Since
then
(1892)
fuller
and
Record
other
A
the
fourth
volume
edited
Dunelmense,'
the
in
Hardy,
their
The
of other
legal formulae,
All
the
writers
give
work
law
'
Commentaries
Jacobs'
book
;
*
Law
also
Nicholson.
they
may
by
is the
Dictionary
New
Law
But
these
books
chance
be
6d.
I2s.
Duffus
and
words
6d.
old
plicity
multi-
a
customs
complicated.
malities;
for-
these
explain
far
so
the
as
is concerned,'
these
'
they
Blackstone's
known.
A
'
yearly
Palatinum
IDS.
upon
law
; of
best
from
the
were
procedure
methods
taken
in its train
antiquated
now
and
ancient
the
brings
the
upon
these
Chronicles
price is
of which
some
'though
actual
Its
subjects bearing
and
will
list of contracted
a
deeds
'
The
'
late Sir Thomas
of
a
with
among
Series
Rolls
of old
provided
Registrum
the
by
deeds.
amateur
Society, price
The
explanations.
study
is
the
compiled
abbreviations
also contains
Memorials,'
and
'
all
old
The
6d.
Rolls
of
book
text-
reader
has
issued
Pipe
of obsolete
glossary, called
if he
was
English
valuable
a
the
Martin
list of
Rolls
of
volumes
The
Mr.
books
volumes.
Pipe
of
studying
elaborate
more
no
the
for
Interpreter,'los.
need
all classes
translations, a glossary
information
two
of
place-names, supplying
to
and
Paleography
on
met
'
is
similar
another
Dictionary,' by
are
out
now
with
at
J.
of date
sales
or
on
;
Subjects.
Kindred
bookstalls, where
they
shillings.Perhaps
an
and
Of
guides
various
to
in the
a
few
Exchange
successful
in
obtaining replies.
branches
of
archaeology there
since
plenty lately issued
are
for
bought
ad vertisement
be
might
Mart
be
may
133
the
became
subject
fashionable.
various
the
into
and
derived
from
How
to
How
the
History
the
write
of
work, useful
similar
a
be
to
of
History
Family,' by
a
genealogists.
Parish,' by
a
LL.D.
might
extended.
be
with
They
realityindices
in
in the
put him
archaeologistand
last
remodelled
advantage
are
three
in all these
contained
information
books
and
books
likely to
of information
class
write
to
J. C. Cox,
The
of
manuscripts.
Phillimore, is
*
Rye, gives a glimpse
collections
public
the
MSS.,
'
W.
Searching,'by
Record
'
help
to
of
way
and
the
obtaining
information.
A
by
Mr.
Registers,price
33.
been
written
a
possess
'
Illustrated
by
all the
of them.
Notes
cathedrals
churches
A
On
two
very
*
are
good
information, has
Waters,
Parish
upon
Every clergyman
Qd.
Arthur
Rev.
English
celebrated
Chester
of it.*
copy
recently published
called
full of
little book,
charming
Church
very
on
Lane
and
History
good
is.
English
; small
there
are
volumes,
Church
tory,'
His-
engravings
handsome
many
given, but
should
no
and
descriptions
series of Diocesan
Only procurable second-hand.
of
Histories
Books
134
has
been
at
by
is.
derivation
better
no
out
of words
authorities
and
;
bought
'
Taylor's
Words
also
Bosworth's
than
quantity
and
these
both
recognised
become
have
there
place-names
'Place-names';
and
trustworthy,
are
and
than
guide
be
now
may
volume.
per
Edmunds'
Places,' and
Society for Promoting
the
These
Knowledge.
second-hand
is
Paleography, etc.
brought
Christian
For
on
Anglo-Saxon
dictionary.
rather
Quality
antiquary's
in
motto
his
should
of
choice
l?e
library,but
a
books
antiquarianism and archaeologyrequire many
it is well
of reference, and
likely to
most
wasting
room
work
Upon
lately issued
Manorial
Customs.
are
much
All
there
the
the
is
a
very
Society
information
new
the volumes
issued
are
on
by
this
edited
by
F. W.
Maitland.
many
very
interestingbooks, mostly published by
Burns
and
Gates, London.
list of
A
Upon
useful
books
especially
Archaeology
varied
of
more
enough
him
a
is
a
to
be
if
brought
there
are
extended
up
science
to
gleaned
definitel
indate.
from
antiquary usuallyis possessed
than
possess
History
might
cumulative
The
sources.
brains
Monastic
of
after
Selden
interesting. They
very
books
instead
use
Rolls
by
those
required
not
Manor
ii.). It gives
(volume
society
permanent
volumes
upon
first reading.
clever
of
be
know
to
the
but
money,
both,
never-ending
source
a
if he
is fortunate
large librarywill
of
amusement
be
to
CHAPTER
XL
OLD
THERE
always
were
and
work,
Writing
employed
was
slums
to
be
may
address
this
which
to
letter-writing
after
till
in
in
1
a
Pot
Letter
England.
uniform
paper,'
the
brief
a
sheet,
from
jug
its
or
being
of
general
of
paper
;
it
water-mark.
water-pot
But
it
I
society.
post
folded
shop
a
then
even
account
or
written
become
;
in
directed.
not
classes
given
it
scribe
now
Letters
*
be
century
upper
IV.
square
slightly,
the
to
Chapter
used
sixteenth
cate
communi-
Even
to
did
and
rare,
teenth
six-
professional
of
may
less
the
as
to
letter.
refers
chiefly
late
as
a
notice
letters
was
the
restricted
the
for
correspondence.
necessary
the
write
writing
hand-
mechanical,
and,
distance,
a
seen
though
here,'
of
at
persons
less
was
of
employed
private
it
when
century,
with
for
profession,
a
was
hand,
freer,
a
used
style,
careful
divisions
two
formal
the
:
clerk's
LETTERS.
the
was
have
paper
made
known
was
This
being
was
much
as
varied
more
Old
136
in
elaborate
Letters.
examples.
some
from
abroad, either the Low
each
separate
shape
makers'
; the
the
band
nor
so
factory very
far
as
I know
manufacturers
or
their
The
old
be
to
are
difficult
are
known
anything
above
three
letters, and
more
careful
dates
of undated
study
upon
read,
to
about
the
names.
marks
good
are
;
distinct
a
found
(1563)
(1561)
Germany
or
likelyadopted
pot, but
is
principally
came
Countries
initials
the
across
It
(1623)
taken
are
of
types
of water-marks
papers,
and
be
from
kind;
their
would
some
show
a
the
safeguard against
a
forgery.
The
writing
chapter
between
on
of old
letters I have
registers,because
the
clerical
and
the
placed
latter
after
forms
a
the
link
personal handwritings.
e
/IP
"
n
SOME
QUAINT
LETTERS
FROM
OLD
PARISH
REGISTERS.
Old
140
and
posts
messengers
spies were
;
did
suffer
to
not
all
freelyon
for their
tion
inspec-
sides, and
theless
opinions,never-
risk their necks
to
care
safe from
not
were
employed
afraid
not
men,
Letters.
needless
by
imprudence.
The
earliest
filled
be
to
'
News
letter
place
of
adverbs
'
to
seems
of the
has,' and
the
;
commencing
letters have
verbs, the
sentences,
both
too,
and
fitly called
of
'
hath
'
in
of all unnecessary
The
longer.
are
winding
in the past
changed
of
account
on
use
final
the
seventeenth-
a
strange
us
the absence
words
of
gence
intelli-
latest
were
phraseology
left
column
the
These
news.
conjugation
blank
a
with
sender
letters.' The
century
the
the
by
local
or
had
newspapers
of
up
hundred
two
years.
With
the
eighteenth century
changes gradually settlingdown
the
modern
the
and
written
the
forms.
abbreviated
in
its
German
The
fixed
letters
; the
for
English
'and/
by degrees
each
any
is
it may
be
as
difficulty,
well
'
the
the,'
fc
remain,
given
are
for
ye
and
still
generation
from
dates
without
character
"
old
altering into
and
antiquated shape,
writing of
marked
The
these
see
we
(d)
but
up.
distinctly
most
approximately
the
as
age
and
of the writer.
It has
been
postage,
and
said
that
the
immense
correspondence,
typewriter
is
has
the
ruined
introduction
increase
of
handwriting,
quickly becoming
of
cheap
everyday
while
the
universal, and
Old
for
banished
the
with
read
beyond
the
except
the
letters.
of the
be
in
is
pity, for
a
writer
said
and
them
makes
when
of
peculiarities
examined
aid.
among
old
their
farm
accounts
but
what
and
we
descriptionsof people
some
hundreds
are
These
papers.
long-lostfield-names
history ;
Old
of years
are
other
should
and
ago.
best
the
old
the
ing
letter-
no
book
guide-
ancient
interest
new
the
subject of
gives facilitywhich
a
letter
a
his times.
the
on
teenth
seven-
preserved
are
characteristic
trifling,
books, and
the
carelessness
production,
reading
assume
by
will take
correspondents
explain ; letters, both
will
the
by
In the
letters
; few
unique
a
familiar, and
modern,
of
spondence
corre-
out
and
chief
topics,which
Practice
could
the
were
is little to
There
people
correspondence.
procurable
evidence
benefit
similar
of ideas
paucity
be
always
must
the
century,
men
such
on
few
years
of business
matters
for
when
; now,
parents
grand-
our
of the nineteenth
opening
century
on
which
of
Looking
calligraphyin
of
comparison
manuscript compositions.
marked
a
see
bear
not
diary-letters,full
printed, for
typewriter or
to
will
undertaken, it is copied
is
trouble
home
at
True,
composition.
compile
to
wont
left
relations
to-day
141
descriptions,
scenic
were
of
art
voluminous
neat,
graphic
we
the
ever
letters of
short
the
Letters.
and
the little
writer
are
receipts,expensefound
valuable
details of
prize now
places
as
in
plenty
as
giving
parochial
would
they
be
existed
XII.
CHAPTER
ETC.
ABBREVIATIONS,
IN
books
most
forward
the
as
study
to
intended
by
the
regarded
as
a
they
till
complexity,
of
not
which
may
waste
of
require
notes
be
time
MS.
with
been
the
letters
never
At
be
first
then, by
space,
well
as
the
of
advance
as
vention
in-
which
disappeared.
frequently
most
the
at
arrived
extracts
was
it is
should
they
and
the
puzzle
to
it
multiplicity
upon
to
arrived
certainly
altogether by
words
necessary
has
meaning
time
in
scribe
;
put
are
themselves.
banished
contracted
always
that
in
save
printing,
professional
The
scribes
language
to
part
carefully, but
increased
degrees, they
the
old
used
were
them
handwriting,
contractions
important
most
necessary
ancient
and
abbreviations
the
of
treating
from
of the
of
sense
without
at.
Many
public
after
persons
offices
contracted
It
word
take
word
are
sentence,
them.
a
over
the
used
is
a
its
who
rough
; these
Abbreviations,
time
its
word
the
left out,
letters
m
or
Later
on
mean
the
letters
the
This
line
was
or
'
the
over
Verbs
end
the
Latin
for
a
the
grammar
sentences
verbs
person,
if the
limited
to
signs
or
may
words,
the
extending
of
Comon
at
can
be
The
over
given
of
to
as
line
may
above
to
the
is
contractions
a
often
added
are
proper
that
one
tracted
con-
may
matical
gram-
knowledge
The
meaning
deciphered
without
conjugation
correct
afterwards
this with
line
of
verb
a
the
and
meant
class
knowledge
in the
word.
a
necessity.
the
and
its
curved
over
to
be
late
a
of
it is
Here
indicate
word, it
end
was
common,'
'
If
where
one
until
meant
came
words
second
use
a
word
the
contraction
student's
accomplish
In
troublesome
most
conjugation.
of
in
syllable,according
any
of the
is
a
n.
placed
syllable of
the
are
words,
mean
a
portion
a
straight
commendation.'
letters omitted
more
that
above
and
m
continued
eighteenth century.
comendation
line
duplicated
were
and
absence.
the
of
words
context.
clue
no
else
or
straight
the
letters
omitted
but
or
straight line
a
is
n.
represent
these
the
indicate
is present,
only
are
; these
curve
a
word
the
to
or
contraction
of
forms
there
abbreviation
for the
supply
often
will very
oldest
when
practice the opening
; with
meaning
143
home,
at
in dictionaries
seek
to
sentence
a
afterwards
extended
be
can
etc.
of
by
another
Latin
is
accuracy.
fairly constant
too
Certain
in
their
Abbreviations,
144
meanings,
always
syllables.
Thus
will be
H
found
taking
bold
a
the
of
place
special
above
apostrophe
indicate
to
etc.
the
line
er,' ir,'' or,' re.'
'
'
'
ur.
=
^
=
et,
"
=
ram,
f
=
In
us.
'
Domesday
'
et
is written
7.
ris.
ras,
is.
9
OUS,
US,
=
small
A
letter
letter
in old
used
p
p"
pre.
In
old
est
'
shows
that
this letter formed
had
p
deeds
a
also
and
part.
of its own,
system
in old
syllable
a
frequently
letters
:
por.
per, par,
=
=
'
'
word
a
over
of which
is left out
The
OS.
rolls
court
'
'
as
appears
'and'
is
written
'
and
"V
-r-,'especially in court-hand
law
deeds.
A
line
also the
means
with
double
in
contain
letters
period.
as
'
i
*
and
W
'u's,'and
joined
that
of other
of
letter
the
letters,as
is apt
names
our
'
alphabet
letters
many
'
head
be
to
'
t
'
ts, e, etc.
confused
tt.'
'
said
is
It
two
addition
contraction
This
the
through
drawn
'
j
'
is
together,
indiscriminately.
have
to
always
while
In
at
as
until
'
'
u
old
been
and
a
derived
written
so
formerly
not
present.
identical
were
is said
did
in
old
'
'
v
manuscripts
were
the
The
recent
from
deeds,
used
short-
Abbreviations,
letters
stroke
*
'
w,'
i,'are
to
and
solve
the
was
rolls ; this
will
In
of
the
accustoms
only
or
the
than
In
in
the
result
of
the
system
of
such
mediaeval
in
court
surnames
'
'
as
their
as
Shep.'
writing
the
with
upwards
decide
kinds
the
early in
the
inscriptions,
other.
several
minals
ter-
long
a
resemblance
to
Here, again, practice alone
Anglo-Saxon
as
single deed
a
carried
gradually
come
correct
perpetually
'
to
other
significance,and
In
employed
whether
word
a
is
not.
and
observed
;
Practice
the
have
Coup,' Shepherd
are
eye
in
names
noticed
marks.
abbreviation
Dots
to
these
especiallyamong
on,
confusing
are
In
with
styles of
words
and
complete
'
written
certain
sweep,
be
lies
observed,
Even
carried
abbreviation
'
be
may
copying.
Couper
be
to
these
spelling.
forms
different
all
for
names,
in their
clerical
u,'
of words
only guide.
likelywords
difficultyof
of
rendering
changed
'
knotty point.
chief
The
*
of
knowledge
a
is the
n/
of
any
side in the formation
by
strokes
the
count
'
minims, difficult
or
particularlywhere
side
occur
145
alike ; thus
strokes
merely
distinguish,more
letters
formed
were
etc.
well
dot
as
is
to
Domesday
of stops
into
use
writing
their
in
use
of
in
these
is
have
present
less
now
the last century.
manuscripts,
freelyused
divide
this
as
Roman
denote
to
the words
is also
in
tractions
con-
from
noticed
10
each
;
but
Abbreviations,
146
with
later
used
in Norman
lines
or
the
is
of
printing
first observed.
invented
of
some
observed
Sooner
later, in any
and
or
of
sources
of
that
kinds
of
the Elzevirs
reversed
semicolon
manuscripts.
some
antiquarian search,
information
will
found
unfrequently
not
are
in
in favour
various
our
The
them.
is
as
syllables. Upon
It is said
commonly
printed
point, such
or
for the abbreviated
curves
are
dot,
times, fell into disuse
introduction
stops
the
manuscripts
etc.
be
exhausted,
be
to
the
worthy,
untrust-
especiallyexisting county histories,which,
being compiled by
detail
minor
confuse
in
large
so
of the
places of
into
minutely
places
be
and
plenty,
read
one
become
for
subject opens
out
hitherto
certain
unless
fresh
clues
light
new
is
unnoticed
a
to
exist
studied
able
he
has
obtained
give
personal
others
of
the
search
equal
continually being
points ;
personal investigationcan
that
untrust-
Manuscripts
in
of
-knowledge
correctly, only
; whereas
thrown
be
enter
original source
little value
and
and
a
possible
professionalreaders, although
importance,
only by
the
book
more
desired.
desired
upon
after awhile
some
of
are
quickly
information
and
to
histories
parish
insufficiencyof
but
personally ;
to
separate
every
history to
county
a
as
is it
Nor
names.
Thus
discovered,
of information
in
the
people.
and
worthiness
will
similar
with
naturally liable
locality,are
subject
a
unacquainted
men
the
moreover,
antiquary
exactly what
he
APPENDIX.
MEMORY.
LEGAL
RECTORY,
\VHITCHURCH
KKADING,
'
4
"DEAR
I
'
I
'
must
even
in
was
legal
Law
a
put
the
It
'
is
mothers
'
and
the
Now
Norman
the
but
"
but
who
Saxon
not
had
would
me
will
of
"
had
why
"
upset
try
title
to
just
is
great
And
all.
no
a
recover,
like
with
follows
as
Saxon
many
voidance
the
on
but
of
the
their
being
why.
told
this
not,
satisfied
be
be
bad,
or
will
sex
your
why
Conquest
Norman
good
signs,
grandmothers,
fact,
estates,
the
that
times,
present
told
of
he
afterwards
tell
not
asked
once
fact.
the
one
I
shortly
could
to
why
reason
though
and
was
he
Bench,
knew
only
and
the
I.
question,
Lecturer,
upon
he
the
Q.C.
for
Richard
with
began
reply
perplexity.
your
searching
1892.
12,
instant
an
you
satisfy
to
years
memory
been
send
order
many
eminent
an
the
THOYTS,
note,
your
to
Miss
October
his
right
own
and,
I
suppose,
:
The
titles
of
hand,
not
a
Appendix
by
unfrequently succeeded,
spot and
putting
more
this
much
*
By
A.D.
then,
in
Courts, that
Now
'
offer
vol.
ii.)does
in
Realm,
court
not
vol. ii.
but
of
leets and
High
the
court
I have
speak
of
Court
intra-manorial
High
not
not
go
Yours
read
THE
Justice
Row,
of
the
regulations
SLATER.'
END.
Stock, 62, Paternoster
it,
law
manorial
sincerely,
'JOHN
may
Selden,
(i.e.,
it
of
you
barons.
'
Elliot
and
it was
and
in the
what
with
that
"
to
mean
the
of
respect
down
should
title you
of
solution
this
I
least
at
Saxon.
a
inconsistent
in Selden,
but
they
date.
this is not
read
have
questions
above
the
behind
inherited
kin
later,agreed,
rather
the
on
while
things began to settle
Saxon
to be amalgamated,
perhaps
or
shoes
1179
and
Norman
for
contempt
"
being
49
litigations,because
endless
Norman
distant
the
of
reason
the Norman's
on
Hence
warm.
were
1
London.
of