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Metagenomics: What is it? What is targeted metagenomics? Metagenomic analysis is ... • 
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A technological breakthrough A culture-­‐independent technique A high-­‐throughput sequencing technology Targeted on bacterial or yeast/moulds DNA Why is it revolutionary?
Classical microbiology • 
Time consuming Laborious expensive • 
1 colony 1 analysis 1 bacterial iden7fica7on 20 colonies 20 analyses 20 bacterial iden7fica7ons But are they the ones being sought ?? If you want to idenDfy one colony, you need to isolate and send this colony for sequencing If you want to idenDfy more colonies, you have to repeat this operaDon for every single colony Why is it revolutionary?
Metagenomics • 
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Bacterial diversity profile Over 5.000 iden7fica7ons 1 analysis amongst the most important popula7ons If you want to idenDfy one colony, you need to isolate and send this colony for sequencing If you want to idenDfy more colonies, you have to repeat this operaDon for every single colony Applica7ons IdenDficaDon of spoilage microorganisms Improvement of the recipe IdenDficaDon of the flora during the shelf life Extension of the shelf life Establishing the impact of a change in food recipes or packaging •  ... • 
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Conclusions
•  Metagenomic analysis offers a new tool to idenDfy microorganisms present in foods and their evoluDon depending on environmental condiDons •  InformaDon given by metagenomic analysis provides a clear picture of the microbial community Metagenomics is a new tool for food industries ARE YOU READY FOR THIS TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGH?