What is in a Process Model beyond Structure? Jan Mendling
What is in a Process Model beyond Structure? Jan Mendling Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik, HU Berlin Joint Work with Remco Dijkman, Fabian Friedrich, Marcello La Rosa, Henrik Leopold, Frank Puhlmann, Jan Recker, Hajo Reijers, Sergey Smirnov, Mark Strembeck, Matthias Weidlich What is wrong with this process model? Deadlock Release and execution of measure to be triggered Budget is assigned Lack of Synchronization Project Release Unclear Initial Marking Unclear OR-Join Semantics Project is released Funds for anticipated costs are to be set aside Reserved funds are to be reduced Actual costs incurred are known Stock material is to be reserved Manual Funds Reservation Material withdrawal is to be posted Internal procurement to be triggered Accounts payable/ down payments to be triggered Internal Activity Should Be Allocated Internally Need for trip has arisen Posting error from primary system occurred Direct Activity Allocation Reservation Processing Statistical figures are to be entered Manual Entry of Statistical Key Figures [Investment Project] Statistical key figure was entered for reference object Cost Reposting Internal Activity Was Allocated Posting was rejected due to budget overrun Open item is based on order Goods issue is planned Funds are reserved Material is reserved Manual Funds Reduction Reserved funds were reduced Goods Issue Processing [Stock Material] Goods issue is posted Open item was detailed Wrongly-assigned object entered Object to be assigned was debited How bad is this process model? Deadlock Release and execution of measure to be triggered Budget is assigned I can‘t read the text. Project Release Lack of Synchronization Unclear Initial Marking Unclear OR-Join Semantics Project is released Funds for anticipated costs are to be set aside Reserved funds are to be reduced Actual costs incurred are known Stock material is to be reserved Manual Funds Reservation Material withdrawal is to be posted Internal procurement to be triggered Accounts payable/ down payments to be triggered Internal Activity Should Be Allocated Internally Need for trip has arisen Posting error from primary system occurred Direct Activity Allocation Reservation Processing Statistical figures are to be entered Manual Entry of Statistical Key Figures [Investment Project] Statistical key figure was entered for reference object Cost Reposting Internal Activity Was Allocated Posting was rejected due to budget overrun Open item is based on order Goods issue is planned Wrongly-assigned object entered Object to be assigned was debited CRAP Funds are reserved Material is reserved Manual Funds Reduction Reserved funds were reduced Goods Issue Processing [Stock Material] Goods issue is posted Open item was detailed Natural Language Processing Grammatical Analysis: Stanford Parser The Stanford Parser is able to determine a syntax tree as shown in figure 8. Lexical Databases: WordNet Lexical Databases: FrameNet Text and Model Understanding Which model is easier to understand? Labeling Styles Labeling Styles • Verb-Object Label: Receive Application • Action-Noun Label: Application Reception • Rest: Application Identify Labeling Styles Automatically Refactor Labeling Styles Naming of Process Fragments Process Model Abstraction X Dominating Element Material Price Future Material Price must be activated Start Event Activate Future Material Price Activate Future Material Price Conjunction Activate and Change Material Price Batch input has been created for price change Change in Material Price Main Activity Change Material Price V End Event Change Material Price Material price has been changed Revaluation Document has been created End Event Create Revaluation Document Action Patterns Action Patterns • Derivation of abstract actions from activities • Mining of abstract patterns between activities in a repository • Co-occurrences and behavioural relations • Usage of these patterns for modelling support Matching Activities Lead-to-Order Process with Correspondences ICoP Architecture •Architecture for the creation of matchers •Multi-step heuristic approach •Reuse of matching components •Adaptable & extendable •Concrete matching components •Exemplify and evaluate the architecture •Generalise existing approaches Generating Process Models from Text Claims Handling Description of Claims Handling Process The process starts when a customer submits a claim by sending in relevant documentation. The Notification department at the car insurer checks the documents upon completeness and registers the claim. Then, the Handling department picks up the claim and checks the insurance. Then, an assessment is performed. If the assessment is positive, a garage is phoned to authorise the repairs and the payment is scheduled (in this order). Otherwise, the claim is rejected. In any case (whether the outcome is positive or negative), a letter is sent to the customer and the process is considered to be complete Heaps of Challenges Claims Handling Generated from Text Statistics on the Approach Summary Text and Model Understanding Labeling Styles Naming of Process Fragments Action Patterns Matching Activities Generating Process Models Stanford Parser WordNet Framenet References • • • • • • • • • • • H. Leopold, J. Mendling, H.A. Reijers: On the Automatic Labeling of Process Models: What's the Name of the Frame? CAISE 2011. Accepted for Publication. F. Friedrich, J. Mendling, F. Puhlmann: Process Model Generation from Natural Language Text. CAISE 2011. Accepted for Publication. H. Leopold, S. Smirnov, J. Mendling: Recognizing Activity Labeling Styles in Business Process Models. In: Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures - International Journal (EMISA Journal). Accepted for Publication. R.M. Dijkman, M. Dumas, B.F. van Dongen, R. Käärik, J. Mendling: Similarity of Business Process Models: Metrics and Evaluation. Information Systems (IS). Volume 36, pages 498-516. 2011. J. Mendling, H.A. Reijers, W.M.P. van der Aalst: Seven Process Modeling Guidelines (7PMG). Information and Software Technology (IST). Volume 52, Number 2, pages 127-136, 2010. J. Mendling, J. Recker, H.A. Reijers: On The Usage of Labels and Icons in Business Process Modeling. Int. J. of Information System Modeling and Design (IJISMD). Volume 1, Number 2, 2009. J. Mendling, H.A. Reijers, J. Recker: Activity Labeling in Process Modeling: Empirical Insights and Recommendations. Information Systems (IS). Volume 35, Number 4, pages 467-482. 2010. S. Smirnov, R. Dijkman, J. Mendling: Meronymy-based Aggregation of Activities in Business Process Models . In: 29th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2010). H. Leopold, S. Smirnov, J. Mendling: Refactoring of Activity Labels in Business Process Models. In: 15th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2010), June 23-25, 2010, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. M. Weidlich, R. Dijkman, J. Mendling: The ICoP Framework: Identification of Correspondences between Process Models. In: 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE 2010), Hammamet, Tunesia, 07-11 June 2010. S. Smirnov, M. Weidlich, J. Mendling, M. Weske: Action Patterns in Business Process Models. In: 7th International Joint Conference on Service Oriented Computing (ICSOC 2009), Stockholm, Sweden, 24-27 November 2009.
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