Define the following key terms: Birth Rate
St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Define the following key terms: Birth Rate Death Rate Life Expectancy Total Fertility Rate Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Death Rate – the number of deaths per 1000 people per year Fold along here Birth Rate – the number of babies born per 1000 people per year Life Expectancy – the average number of years a person is expected to life for Total Fertility Rate – average number of children a woman is likely to have in her lifetime www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Ageing Population - a population in which there is a high number of people over the age of 65 Define the following key terms: Ageing population Youthful population Dependency Ratio Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Youthful Population – a population with a very high proportion of young people under the age of 15 Fold along here Dependency Ratio – the ratio between economically and noneconomically active population – normally expressed as a % www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com The people who are not working and are therefore dependent on the economically active population (ages 0-14 and 65+) Fold along here What is meant by the term ‘dependent population’? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com The number of infants dying before the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year Fold along here Define the term Infant Mortality. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Population Distribution – how a population is spread out over an area Define the following key terms: Population Distribution Population Density Population Explosion Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Density – the number of people living in a given area 2 (people per km ) Fold along here Population Explosion – a very rapid increase in population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here What does DTM stand for and what is it used to show? DTM stands for The Demographic Transition Model – this is a model showing population change over time in relation to changing birth and death rates and the consequent change in overall population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Natural Decrease – the fall in population caused by deaths exceeding births. Define the following key terms: Natural Decrease Natural Increase Depopulation Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Natural Increase – the rise in population caused by births exceeding deaths Fold along here Depopulation – a decline in the numbers of people living in an area due to out-migration or changes in birth and death rates. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Population Growth Rate – the increase in population over a year – normally expressed as a % Define the following key terms: Population Growth Rate Population Structure Population Pyramids Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Structure – the age and sex composition of a population Fold along here Population Pyramid – a diagram used to show the age and sex of a population (also known as age-sex pyramids) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population – The Gambia (Africa) Fold along here A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population – UK – East Devon (Torbay) A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC – Philippines, Brazil & Germany www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate An example of a densely populated area of the UK A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate – China’s One Child Policy An example of a densely populated area in the UK – London and the South East A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) – Singapore’s “3 or more Policy” An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK – Scottish Highlands www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION - Describe the world’s population distribution (you should include named areas) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population - The world’s population is unevenly distributed Some areas have a high population density eg, Asia / 2 Europe (75+people/km ) Other areas of the world have a low population density 2 e.g. Canada/Greenland and Russia (<10 people per km ) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Western Europe – (i) has a moderate climate (temperate) ideal for growing crops. (ii) has large areas of flat fertile land providing good areas for agriculture and easy to build on. (iii) excellent communications with many international airports and excellent road and rail links, encouraging industry and supporting high employment. (iv) industry and jobs supported by availability of rate materials. (v) many major centres of administration (e.g. London and Paris) Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Name a densely populated area of the world and give reasons for its population density Java (Indonesia) – an area with volcanic soils (i) Java – pop density – 970 /km2 fertile volcanic soils (due to minerals released as volcanic products and ash weather) – encourages lush agriculture (e.g. slopes of Mt Merapi – rice farming is dominant. Could also have been NILE VALLEY www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION - Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Name a sparsely populated area of the world. Sahara Desert (Africa) Himalayas (India) Antarctica www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Explain why there is a very low population density in Antarctica. (i) More than 99% of Antarctica is covered in ice and therefore permanent settlement is very difficult – only population is research scientists (for a number of months a year) (ii) freezing temps and lack of water (cold desert) – average precipitation – 50mm/pa. (iii) No agriculture supported and vegetation very limited (only some mosses / lichens and algae on exposed rocks). www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION (i) The Himalayas have an extreme / harsh climate (above 4800m o – always above freezing); mid-Himalyas – summer 15-18 C and winters below freezing; Give reasons for the sparse population density of the Himalayas. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population (ii) steep, rocky slopes make it impossible to build (iii) mountains make communications difficult (iv) poor, thin soils, lack of precipitation and very cold conditions mean that agriculture is not possible. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION ( Give 3 reasons why the Sahara Desert is sparsely populated www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Can include any of the following: St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give 5 points to describe China’s Population Distribution Extreme climate with Sahara Desert – very hot and a lack of precipitation Lack of soils and the harsh climate means that crops cannot be supported Lack of water and extreme heat makes survival difficult. - China’s population is unevenly distributed (some very densely populated areas and some uninhabited) - 90% of the population live on 50% of the land - Area of high population density in E China (greater than 25 people/km2 & in places over 1000 / km2) including major cities like Beijing and Shanghai - High concentration of people around the coastal areas in the east Fold along here - Sparsely populated area to the west of china around the Himalayas and Gobi Desert (<5 people/km2 average) - Belt of medium population density (25-250 people/km2) towards the NW www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com of China. St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Fold along here Give 3 physical factors which help explain the high population density in Eastern China Main area of lowland – easier for building houses / developing industry Areas with the most fertile soils – due to fertile floodplains of major river (e.g. Yangtze) – these areas have intensive agriculture Areas of high rainfall (in places over 1500mm /yr) – ideal for agriculture Coastal locations on East enable navigation for trade www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give 2 human factors which help explain the high population density in Eastern China www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population Excellent communication links which has encourage growth of industry and therefore led to growth in population due to availability of jobs SE coastal areas – major trading ports – therefore became centre of industry – led to economic development www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Fold along here Give 5 reasons for the low population densities in Western China Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com High mountains (over 5,000m) – e.g. Sacred mountains – make settlement difficult and communications are poor. Lower rainfall totals and in the mountains most precipitation falls as snow A number of deserts in the west (e.g. Gobi desert) – rainfall less than 300mm / yr and temps may reach -40oC in winter and summer temps may reach +50oC Large areas of dry grasslands in NE are uninhabited Lack of fertile soils and extreme climates in these areas make agriculture difficult. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com 1. Average population density of London is 500 people / km2 2. Average population density of the UK is 243 people / km2 3. Average population density of the Scottish Highlands is <10 people/ km2 Fold along here 1. Give the average population density of London 2. Give the average population density of the UK 3. Give the average population density of the Scottish Highlands. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Flat land – excellent for building on – great road links – M25; M1; A14; M11 (attracts industry) Excellent communications – as well as road links – international airports (e.g. Heathrow) and rail hub (Kings Cross) Mild Climate – Jan 3oC and July 18oC – 1500mm precipitation/yr – pleasant & ideal for agriculture London – Capital city – has prestige and high status which attracts businesses Close to Europe – direct rail link from St Pancreas via Channel Tunnel – excellent business links Tourism – many attracted to London – heritage & history – Buckingham Palace etc.. – provides many jobs in tertiary sector Major centre of administration – houses of parliament etc. here. # Give 6 reasons for the high population density of London and the SE (give place specific detail) Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give 5 reasons for low population density of Scottish Highlands Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Poor climate – July max 14oC / often below 0oC in winter; >2000mm rainfall Thin, acidic soils – upland soils, infertile – not good for growing crops Steep relief – difficult to farm and difficult to build on / develop industry – due to mountains etc.. – communications are poor Lack of job opportunities – most jobs – primary industry – farming / fishing & seasonal in tourism Remote and isolated highlands – tv/phone/ internet reception are poor. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department – GCSE REVISION One Child Policy was put into place in 1979. Back in the1950s – China had encouraged large families to create strong nation – by 1970s – many born in 1950s reaching reproductive age and 2/3 population under 30. Rapid population growth became a real concern & therefore government implemented One Child policy to try and reduce population growth, enable economic reform and ensure an improvement in living standards. Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here When was China’s One Child Policy put in place? Why was it needed? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Benefits awarded to those who suck to policy – e.g. priority housing, free medical care; free education; cash bonuses, longer maternity leave etc. Free contraception and sterilisation were made available. Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Give 2 benefits / incentives which were given to people to stick to China’s One Child policy? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION sn Give 3 examples of penalties imposed on those who failed to stick to China’s One Child Policy. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population heavy fines for those who had more than one child (heavy fines x4 annual wage) some forced abortions some forced sterilisations www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Describe some of the things put in place by the Chinese government to encourage people to stick to the one Child Policy ‘granny policy’ used to monitor people and check on who was pregnant and which women were using contraceptives Propaganda used to remind people – wall posters / advertising Marriageable age set to 22 for men and 20 for women A number of incentives (benefits) for people to stick to the policy and punishments for those that didn’t (see notes in books). www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION What have the successes of China’s One Child Policy been? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Birth rate has fallen from 34 per 1000 in 1970 to 13 per 1,000 in 2008. Fold along here Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION What problems have resulted from China’s One Child Policy? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population A generation of ‘little emperors’ as parents have spoilt their ‘one-child’ Have been incidents of infanticide (due to cultural preference for males and sex-selective abortion) Gender imbalance – 32 million more men than women under 20 – shortage of women of marrying age (led to battering for bridges and in some cities an increase in prostitution. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION May include any of the following Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Give 3 incentives offered by the Singaporean government as part of their ‘3 or more policy’ st nd $3,000 cash gift for 1 and 2 child 5 days of childcare paid for each year Entitlement to buy larger flats (those with no children – flats only max of 3 rooms) Couples with children under 12 get $95 for a maid nd th 2 -4 child – have a Children Development account – savings account where any money saved will be matched www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com by the government. St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here What was the policy put in place by the Singaporean government in 1987 in relation to population control and why was it needed? In 1987 a ‘3 or more’ policy was put in place Needed as the government were concerned that if birth rate continued to fall there wouldn’t be enough workers to support the economy. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Look at the 3 population pyramids below, suggest which stage of the Demographic Transition Model each is at. A – early stage 2 B – typical of stage 3 C – Typical of stage 5 www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Look at the population pyramid below for Germany – what are the implications of this population structure for government future planning? Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here . - negative growth When current young people become of working age – fewer people to support economy / pay taxes higher dependency ageing population – demand for resources associated with elderly (health care / nursing homes / pensions etc.) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department – GCSE REVISION Look at the population pyramid of the Philippines below. Describe 3 characteristics of its population structure Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Can include: St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give 2 examples of things which are being done to respond to the problem of a youthful population in The Gambia. High Birth Rates / high fertility rates – large number of below 14 (youthful population) Low life expectancy – small number of elderly High death rates – linked to low life expectancy High natural increase Contraceptive awareness campaigns and adverts to educate people about family planning Cheap contraceptives subsidised by the World Health Organisation Free vaccinations for children to try and reduce the Infant mortality rate. Programmes to improve standards of living – eg, improved sanitation. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION 1. 2. 3. 4. The Gambia has a GDP per capita of ___________ Birth rate in the Gambia is ___________________ More than _____% of the population are under 15 Life expectancy is _____ per 1000 live births / yr year Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Fill in the missing blanks (in relation to The Gambia – our case study of a youthful population) 1 - $496 2. 40 per 1000 population 3. 50% 4. 75 per 1000 live births/yr. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Give 4 disadvantages of a youthful population in The Gambia Strain on economic resources (high dependency) to support large number of young in terms of education, health care and food Many unqualified workers (due to lack of education) – led to more on streets begging Financial problems for individual families – not enough money to support and feed large families – malnutrition common Widespread disease amongst children – e.g. diarrhoea and measles – and high infant mortality. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com May include: St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION - Give 3 ways in which the needs of the elderly can currently be met in the UK St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give an example of how the government may have to respond in the future in relation to the growing ageing population Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com - - www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com ~ Fold along here Yr 10 - Population - State pensions provided People encouraged to take own private pensions Social services provide sheltered housing, welfare benefits etc. NHS provide free health care (paid for by taxes from the economically active taxes) Heating allowance for over 60 and free TV licence for over 74’s Free prescriptions, free eye tests and free bus passes . Raised retirement age (eg, 66 by 2026) Increase taxes paid by the economically active Abandonment of state pensions and reliance on people having their own private pensions. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Give 4 advantages of an ageing population in the UK www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population ‘grey pound’ – supports economy – more people in 60s / 70s involved in leisure industry – and support retail industry as paid up mortgages and increased leisure time Elderly help out in community, providing time free of charge – eg, in charity shops / child minding Elderly have wisdom / expertise to pass on (often made use of by DIY stores such as B&Q) Lower unemployment rates as the % of elderly increases www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION High dependency ratio – may force taxes paid by the economically active to increase High number of elderly – increased need for pension funds – strain on economically active Challenges for health service – old suffer more problems – need more hospitals / doctors etc. Cost of providing social services – eg, meals on wheels / care homes is very high May have to transfer some funds from young people (e.g. school funding) to be used for the elderly Greater demand for housing as people are living longer. Give 4 disadvantages of an ageing population in the UK www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here What happens at Stage 5 of the DTM? Birth rates lower than death rates – therefore country experiencing negative growth (i.e. natural decrease) – e.g. Germany / Sweden www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Greater access to contraception Lack of family planning education Cultural preference for large families Yr 10 - Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here How will the following affect Birth Rates? www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION Any relevant answer – which may include: www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Give 4 examples of things that may cause a reduction in death rates. Yr 10 - Population Fall in Birth Rates Increase in Birth Rates Increase in Birth Rates Improvements in sanitation Improved access to clean water. Improvements in diet Increase vaccinations Improved medical care / investment in hospitals & doctors www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department - GCSE REVISION What is likely to happen to Birth rates at the end of a period of extended war? What is this called. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here Yr 10 - Population A rapid increase in population – a Baby Boom www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com
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