1. What is the difference between HTML and XHTML?
1. What is the difference between HTML and XHTML? HTML is SGML-based XHTML is XML-based. HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the main markup language for creating Introduction web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. Filename .html, .htm extension XHTML XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written. .xhtml, .xht, .xml, .html, .htm Internet text/html media type application/xhtml+xml Developed W3C & WHATWG by World Wide Web Consortium Type of Document file format format Extended SGML from Stands for HyperText Markup Language Application of Application Standard Generalized Markup Markup language XML, HTML Extensible HyperText Markup Language Application of XML HTML XHTML Language (SGML). Function Web pages are written in HTML. Flexible framework requiring lenient Nature HTML specific parser. Origin Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1987. HTML 2, HTML Versions 3.2, HTML 4.0, HTML 5. Extended version of HTML that is stricter and XML-based. Restrictive subset of XML and needs to be parsed with standard XML parsers. World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation in 2000. XHTML 1, XHTML 1.1, XHTML 2, XHTML 5. 2. Explain the basic syntax of HTML and XHTML. 1. <html> <body> <h1>______________</h1> <p>_______________</p> </body> 2. </html> <html xmlns="http://www.td.org/1349/xhtml"> <head> <title>...</title> </head> <body>...</body> </html> 3. Explain the standard xhtml document structure. XHTML Basic Document Structure A basic XHTML document consists of the following main parts: The DOCTYPE (DTD) html document root xmlns attribute for the html element head element with a child title element body element Basic XHTML Document Structure: <html xmlns="http://www.td.org/1349/xhtml"> <head> <title>...</title> </head> <body>...</body> </html> 4. Explain, how to do validation of XHTML documents? The filename of the document to be validated is entered or found by browsing. When the validate this file button is pressed, the specified file is uploaded to the validator server, where the validation system is run on it. The show source checkbox be checked because that causes the validation system to furnish a listing if the document in which the lines are numbered 5. Explain the syntactic difference between HTML and XHTML. The Most Important Differences: XHTML elements must be properly nested XHTML elements must always be closed XHTML elements must be in lowercase XHTML documents must have one root element Some More XHTML Syntax Rules Attribute names must be in lower case Attribute values must be quoted Attribute minimization is forbidden The id attribute replaces the name attribute The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements Example of XHTML basic syntax <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”> <html> <head> <title>simple document</title> </head> <body> <p>a simple paragraph</p> </body> </html> HTML is about displaying information XHTML is about describing the information XHTML Was design to describe data and to focus what data is HTML is design to display data and focus how datas look like. HTML is a Hypertext Markup Language. XHTML is an Extensible Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is a static web page. XHTML is an advanced version of it.we can make the web pages to be displayed dynamically.XHTML is a combination of XML and HTML. XML is designed to describe data, and HTML is designed to display data. We get many advantages of using it. 6. Explain hypertext links in XHTML. A Hypertext link in an XHTML document, which we simply call a link here, acts as a pointer to some resource. That resource can be an XHTML document anywhere on the web, or it may be just another place in the document currently being displayed. It could also be a specific place in some other document. A link that points to different document specifies the address of that document. Such an address might be a filename, a directory path and a filename, or a complete URL. Links are specified in an attribute of an anchor tag (<a>), which is an inline tag. The anchor tag that specifies a link is called source of that link. The document whose address is specified in a link is called the target of that link. 7. Explain the tags for lists in XHTML The tags to specify unordered, ordered, and the definition lists are described below. 1. Unordered List: The <ul> tag which is a block tag, creates an unordered list. Each item in a list is specified with an <li> tag (li is an acronym for list item). Any tags can appear in a list item, including nested lists. <ul> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ul> 2. Ordered List: Ordered List are those in which the order of items is important. Default sequential values are Arabic numerals, beginning with 1. An ordered list is created within the block tag <ol>. The items are specified and displayed just like those for unordered list, Except that the items in an ordered list are preceeded by sequential values instead of bullets. <ol> <li>Coffee</li> <li>Milk</li> </ol> 8.Explain the table creation in XHTML HTML Tables Tables are defined with the <table> tag.A table is divided into rows with the <tr> tag. (tr stands for table row).A row is divided into data cells with the <td> tag. (td stands for table data).A row can also be divided into headings with the <th> tag. (th stands for table heading).The <td> elements are the data containers in the table.The <td> elements can contain all sorts of HTML elements like text, images, lists, other tables, etc.The width of a table can be defined using CSS. Example <table style="width:300px"> <tr> <td>Jill</td> <td>Smith</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Eve</td> <td>Jackson</td> <td>94</td> </tr> </table> 9. What is the use of forms in XHTML? HTML Forms HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form. <form> Input elememts </form> The most important form element is the <input> element.The <input> element is used to select user information.An <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An <input> element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more. 10. Explain the basic text markup for the following: 1.Paragraph: Text is normally organized into paragraphs in the body of a document. Textual paragraphs appear as a content of a paragraph element, specified with the tag <p>. <p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p> 2.Line breaks: When a content of a paragraph element would be displayed at a position other than at the beginning of a line, the browser breaks the current line and inserts a blank line. This is exactly what the break tag does. The break tag is specified as <br />. <p>this is an illustration <br />of break. </p>. 3.preserving whitespace:It is desirable to preserve the whitespace in text,that is to prevent the browser from eliminating multiple spaces and ignoring embedded line breaks. <p><pre> I Have a Black pen </pre> </p> 4.Headings: Text is often separated into sections in documents by beginning each section with a heading. XHTML provides 6 levels of headings specified by the tags <h1><h2><h3><h4><h5><h6>. <h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3> This is heading 1 This is heading 2 This is heading 3 5.Block quotations: If we want a block of text to be set off from the normal flow of text in a document we use <blockquote>. <p> HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display </p> <blockquote>. <p> HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display </p> 6.Font style and sizes: HTML provides a collection of tags to set font styles and sizes.<i> species ITALICS and <b>specifies BOLD <em> specifies that its textual content is special and should be emphasised, <strong> is like emphasis tag. <p><b>This text is bold</b></p> <p><strong>This text is strong</strong></p> <p><i>This text is italic</i></p> <p><em>This text is emphasized</em></p> 7.Horizontal rules: The parts of a document can be separated from each other, making the document easier to read, by placing horizontal lines between them. Such lines are called horizontal rules, and the tag for this is <hr />. <h1>HTML</h1> <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.....</p> <hr> <h1>CSS</h1> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.....</p> 8. Images: The inclusions of images in a document can be done using <img /> tag which is an inline tag, specifies an image that is to appear in a document. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face">
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