1. education
2. school
3. private school

WHY DO THE UNTVERSITIES NOT
FUNCTION?
by
Johan
Galtung
Universit6
Nouvelle
154 rue de Tolbiac
F-75O13 PARrS
January
t9B5
Transnationale
r. Some historical
T he
h i s to ry
' l I7 C )P ar iq
p
the
LL
r
of
they
for
date
social
students
from
the
in
structure
particul-ar.
social
So,
structure
( t his
sor-ie fv
de-centralised,
'-:!L'i'^
WJLrlrll
^--!^
LJ
IJOr
but
not
not
of
with
^! ^
^ ! LqLU
J
entire
autonomous
under
ministries,
significance
of
of
yielded
territory
ministers
the
the
head
rrn inn
uvlJ
rrsqu
penetrate
vll
down to
order,
certainly
independent
sqgmentaLlg_n_of
state
exercising
into
relatively
of
a piece
over
ttre
over their piece
importance
power
the
Gradually
power
overwhelrning
the
powerful
agencies.
and more
a
autonomous
atiVelV
to
western
from
a fiorrre
!ryu!E
naturq
but
relations
from
not
first
between
at
the
inter-personal
through
peopl e
the
cabinet
of
sweeping
lateral
Of
taken
course,
same time
to
personal
refations
very
standardised,
of
a more
associated
rel-ations
essentially
be vafiu.
hiqhly
also
modotlese
one
was at
thls
necessarily
relationship
Grosso
terms
particularismrzdiffuseness
from
specificiLy,
to
to
more
sociological
transi tion
of
gentry
is
t
a
ref
particul-ar.
in
adminis-
territorv.
In
of
of
departmenls,
fanded
exercising
trative
in
the
of
an increasrngly
yielded
the purview
/
segmented
I'rI: noultl
mgptatlOn
gradually
e rrq u
the
structure
departure
that)-
could
centralised,
on top, but
power
relatively
that
short ,
by
structure
with
WILIr
r
and towns
domain
of
ULU=I
- toa
* j SdLrull.
- i1- i nn
Udllf
provinces
society
power
of
to
UItr a-
coloured
transformation
vrLEIl
order-often
ICUUOI
parts
power
limited
is
exercising
the
the
structural
from
In
and the
a point
the
feudal
ihe
Lllg
and were
o ne:
for
Europe.
as
and
in
of
l ong
peopl-e
the
emerged,
they
general
a figurehead
Ur
Ages
fragmented
realIy
bottom
Middle
nr es enf ef ion
ur r r v
\
parts
me t ake
Iet
in
point
A basic
alI
a very
uni versi ti es
u rrr
Romans,
which
not
rhe
t
the
from
fate
is
R nl nan=
-
L2O9
Tuscans,
the
E urope
in
u n i v e rs i ti e s
C a mb ri d q e
I
Lombards,
I4ontana,
in
v
notes
there
the
second
Max Weber
is
a very
to
more
encompassing
abstract
-
nature
generalisations,
( and expressed
from
of
the
type
bureaucratisation.
sociological
level,
universaLrsm/
specified
with
the
still
the
at
the
micro
in
parsonian
and Sorokin)
de-centrafisation/
levelterms
seem
and particularismrzdiffuseness
fragmentation
perhaps
than
more
among families,
relati-ve
Global
reta i
to
space,
ns
m anv
:
rD ^
'tr
- ^^* ^* ' - iion
rIqYlttErrLqLfvlI
of
the
Let
t he
Of
this
then
sFrrmentaf
power
the
a.risto-cgagy,
the
th c
of
r . nr ^r FT- nf
the
t he
the
f vnes
of
"J r "
Their
n n we r
Politics
is
rleepnearrL
n d rrlr g
u
i na
as usual
(nn
Jlr
disciplines
2n
r r ndar n
f ho
n^r ^7ar
to
these
Lhree
layers
i nn
nf
clergy,
case
of
the
aristocracy
mil-itary
scj-ence,
exercise
of
science
could
then
connected
with
raw courd
serve
rate'
ra
Lv
1 '-^
uE
its
l- tv
r yJ
addition
to
inside
exercise
outside
give
rise
to
rneede,
r gsu r
vof!
thc
and
orlu
also
rqt,t,ur
r nnar
at
tLrrs
he
n r r w Fr
yvwsr
those
i nnc
al - n
\
sL9.,/
proportions
systern
kind
country,
fo
( for
rF.ntIale
- u Yr
and
the
internat ional
Military
empiricai
instance
disciplines
ballistics
reasoning.
universities
l
aqqac
vc a'.v
vvv,
the
obvious:
country.
of
the
For
relatively
* :"
of
needed
For
.
law-
that
early
two
"utilitarian",
j_s what
deductive
the
kinds
normative;
the
OO
L W S1.
a number
in
of
the
around
social
the
and mechanics
components
various
( C nrnnrrf
\u vr u v!q L r vl l Jt
here
the
the
C IfC U m StanC eS.
nf
is
of
women.
+!a^^r ^-.'
obviou- s:' jlpteg_y.
is
answer
as an exercise
thr
Lr r.c
i qa
power
geometry
some basic
^t'r dlJc:u
- ^^r
>r
in
of
irza
built
n1- l
- - ,l ef
the
ex er r -
answer
the
and
punitive
regulate
the
r
bottom
three,
be developed
1 - hai
the
nrrnif
IJurlf,Lavc
the
on top,
6tat) ,
was essentially
r nrr u
l
qr
of
the
C
vvrommorr-o
r r r r L L !u u
of
that
tff-*i[rs
on exchange,
and
a1-er vi r rnnc
l,
say
clergy
power
were
mixture
theme
of
to
Mi I i arv
r ol
us
popufation,
the
based
structural
j ews/moros,
exercised
clergy
the
"wc:dJ\1Ie:5b
^-r--^^^
aspect,
with
at
!!psies,
of
the
i nn
and
e s s e n t i e lL!qtrJ
lv
the
case
raw
of
-
Let
order
institutions
Ch
v r r s r vrlrl tr r - h
.
However,
aq
majority
essentially
"remunerative".
second
merchants/burghers
ar is t oc r a c v
merchants
the
then
The power
Lhe bottom.
to
came a social
overwhelming
lLrlg
- hc
be made about
ages
t h er e
^^eS:
qY!
so on.
structure.
then the peasants/arLisans/workers,
q\7el-am f ha
groups,
^"*J
-arginalised
Of course,
the three
on the top
over
o 'i r z e n
yrvgrr
to
turn
stilI
mi rld l a
i on -
and
point
first
states,
1-ha
Of
families,
countries.
nation
JeYrrrErluqLtvrr,
W e then
in
of
machinery,
be the
middle
the
a set
tLllGrr
han
Nations
transformation
of
as
but
and between
inside
Cha r a C t e r i S t i C S
transformatiort
out
units
rlqLrlE!
at her
United
both wj-thin
territorial
considered
around,
a.i
y,
At
would
-"r,,,J
i -.
f
l Se
);
any
have
tO
the
two
as
classicar
relatively
It
f acul-ties
conservative
should
also
and the
sub]ectg
nF
a^A
1 ^,
(rr
^- n
buLl d,rrLr
backed
raw
authorities
to
the
order
to
interest
run
rn
supposed
to
to
f or
establish
no doubt
other.
a basic
stimul us
considerably
for
natural
establishing
their
definitely
the
equivarence
for
instance
caprtal
that
various
capital
here
carry
of
as
in
now as
against
their
the
of
t_rado
u ! qus
Inna
avr
rV
as people
had
in
in
their
emerged
group
c@f.
been
to
words,
to
the
limeright
of
they
seem to
the
could
science
of
s u- LeItU e
OI
the
rt
_gliversiU
B ut
for
rooks
their
rike
chanqe
once
economics
emergence
problems
and exchanqe.
faw
the
to
die
emeroed:
the
engage
3 U St
theorogians
they
were
started
doing,
Scientif
ic
disciplines
corresponding
theme,
but
once
function
can
in
the
they
i-s laqqinq.F_ehind
a discipline
has been
as
have
group
society
assume
-
and
the
after
to
, oy
of
on long
one
future
be to
indeed
it.
be lingering
responsible
would
dq and
go about
said
money
interest
eC On( - - ..^_'-
social
the
and
what
the
only
clergy
people
be
country;
of
God before
to
should
other
theory
f or
estabrishing
not
in
economics
they
explain
after
that
whole
worsh:pping
long
significance.
principle
the
Lile
how they
particularly
into
before
slowly,
in
settfed
course,
uE!ulc
manner
partrcularly
other
the
the
needed
perhaps
can
a systern
capital
in
be
equivarence:
capital,
against
same as theorogy
aristocrats.
of
capital
wake
In
burghers
forms
to
some system
and psychology
need
were
sciences,
human beings,
And one would
than
raw materials,
classifying
enter.
distribution
more
other,
a_rso need
education
in
Eq_tgng_qg were
systems
where
- might
and products
each
the
setting
wanted
one would
is
of
production,
chemist ry .
probably
pov/er
deathr,
of
particularly
this
ultimate
cycles
the
principles.
normative
even
Consequentry
for
are
children
mundane power
against
classification
the
the
factors
be traded
each
up by
on
They want a stable
cycresproduction
law
as God's
and pain,
economic
to
and
based
more
but they also
flow,
substituted
the
construction.
universal/specific
backed
burghers.
expanding
those
to
suf f ering
of
people
a soci_ety
up by
inf lict
and consumption,
that.
even
such 6s theology
disciplines-
theoloqv
seeing
al_so known
any university
that
according
However,
and 1aw,
of
be noted
and specific,
King's
theology
pillars
universalising
be in
of
has waned
a general
social
establrshed
it
will
of
course
aF
th :t
nar ].
serve
i nr r l:r
mu1tiplier
as the
for
the
importance
dr ^r r n
i /q!L
This
leads
two
other
of
gave
rise
to
narlr:nc
ic
P er ha n s
'i t
can
to
also
layers
but
same vein,
the
of
g*psres/1ews,/moros,
in
so many countrieSr
narf
L! U u I q I
icrrlar
Pq!
maybe it
other
to
of
national
d i sr: i nl
i nar v
by women.
perspectives
future
us
forward
in
transform
their
even
of
midst
the
the
that
a
by
free
the
free
way:
access
from
to
King,
the
that
the
that
the
successors
be f ound
can
carriers
brought
of
any
the
much closer
n
:rlPcrr
be seen,
the
And
because
a transt
e
arri
uqIMu
LIUuLa!rJ
these
a bearing
-,;;;
only
are
on the
of
ages:
reality
by
to
e cl
some
of
divine,
social
working
detached
construction
in
factors
made by
who skilfully
ministers.
the
secufar,
@o..
power,
their
This
not
but
these
In
th.
individual
classes
emerges
and products,
mobility.
from
challenges
increasingly
contesting
individuals:
us move
State
cabinet
challenged
production
the
the
aristocrats
landowners
are
1et
Aristocracy
separated,
decreasingly
fl-owof
are
perspectives,
two
are
bourgeoisie
by
individuals
have
carried
mobility,
tl-rrn, challenged
said
n
crhenq
IJErrlo.PJ
to
middle
State
society
flow
geographical
the
Both
vulgarised.
not
these
and
themselves
franeaise
for
from
Church
pillar
as the
in
time
transparent.
and
-
only
to
develocment.
now combine
Church,
the
may or
universitv
Let
remains
not
production
annroar-h
rel ati on
even
being
qyy!vqu11,
this
all
thaL
making
workers
are
knowledge
lrvlrJLru
EVsrl
But
countries
holis t i c
ev en
-
y t
be
economrcs.
somc
VU L
of
urDvrp!!r1q!
also
had
Y
dfld the women, are not
l-"! of transnationalism
|JMlg,
heart
visible,
can
and national-
a way of
all- thre f oreign
dis^;"^r';^^
UIJUf
their
as a science,
economics
soci ol oov
as
society
perspectives
the
that
sai d
of
in
in
peasants/arLisans,/workers
economics
parties,
all
was exercised?
as carrying
seen
social-
of
busrness
be
socialist
the
about
whom power
be
the
that
emergence
the
what
way up?
say
^^Dosed
"_ vt
socialism,
top
could
they
can
ofl the
Maybe one
over
those
disciplines
baggage,
question:
an important
groups,
sociaf
What kind
social
to
including
human rights,
construction
in
classes
other
f ightlng
three.
a very
isthery in
basic
and given
AII
of
this,
then,
essentialty
century,
effectively
revolution
that
rn
run
by
a man's
will
process
this
aristocrats
and clergy
and the
national
universities
and
on the
in
single
a given
of
universities.
+ha
rarl.if
mirroring
the
Thirdly,
the
the
one end
whole
natronal
sciences
!r'-^"^r^
L l rru u vrr
has
structure
they
by
by
of
one
the
corresponding
to
to
knowledge
the
q- lu l^
rs
other;
5 c1y
perf ect
university
emerges,
tend
become
to
f it
cf
be more
and
qllu
holistic
perspectives
and
*^-:.ss
long
r Llu!(
of hindrances
omovement
has
for
for
on the
entered
the
the
system
only
sense
that
each
of ten
faculties
of
aiming
whole
whole
l ad
at
country,
regr_on,
:nrl
pfecl S e.
sta-te
wj-th
exception
that
in
Orzerq,l UVE!-LqyrIIY,
ar,ri nc-
having
to
social
number
specific,
natio,-t
social
(rector,
the
the
do1_ai
af ter
rmprint
the
sections.
conservative
Iaru
rqW
in
with
increasingry
the
of
a limited
sense
valid
v,rit-h the
+LllgvIvYy
t- ^ ^ r ^..V
l;^ ^ .i^ l;- ^ -
!tr>UIPIIIIg>r
the
\/A
vclr\/
y
serve.
disciptines
and
even
J(rrttsLrrrrrY
-.-rmFfhi n.r
A n almosL
might
is
possibly
And they
+L^U
or
segments,
ministries
that
sense
to
unlversity
system
in
take
authority
discipline,
become universalistic,
of
the
segm.ented
cabinet
they
supposed
the
into
construction,
gradually
a single
become
divided
in
become
so doing
are
of
the
segmented,
a centraf
sense
is
of
they
i sed , both
the
this
process,
dominated
concern
made an indelible
feminist
in
of
And in
which
dominated
being
world.
universities
rLIIU
l-'^
that
Further,
they
irnr rcvrLesaqsD
i nar
o lrr Yr
r y
(JI
^E
being
development
from
of
(with
centralised,
dialectical
capitalists
Universities
interests
of
a soc iety
turned
complex
away ) .
structures.
senate ) and
institutes
the
become central
the
BCI
2oth
stage:
merchants
far
building
rr +o be studied
being
and
the
an obvious
country
segment
too
the
time.
a certain
the
servrng
university
of
at
of
an on-going
a lonq
bureaucrats,
specific
they
academic
today
not
characteristics
'1rlu!t
,
the
for
last
we are
in
end
still
police
l-harz l-ronnmo foofs
the
by woman in
intellectuals;
military
themselves,
at
challenged
turned
turned
universalist
society,
the
lL-he
labour
formatiory
sraqe.
the
proportion
the
fight
the
their
S OC i aI
way
movement
and
the
_S.omepr9.b1ems, ".some c.4gf lelg.g.g
Let us now make use
aq annl ied
n rn l .rl
om c
to
nf
this
little
in
order
universities
r
-ontemporary
From what
rather
of
has
been
exercise
universities
.
above,
the
said
In
obvious:
first
order
problern
to
serve
division
production
a segmented system,
a'rr
-qmentatiojl.
into
disciplines
and specialisations
and will
take
knowledge
q,1- r r r
UIlur
^homr.ir fr L!_y
CttlU
- h^
^hIryS
r'--il^P
U-
geochemistry.
and
but
is
this
with
the
not
mother
philosophy,
such,
there
for
to
to
more
I1f9rI
holistic
of
far
when
at
o1d,
wise
person
if
that
among the
of
to
disciplines
next
different
it
there
is
not
to
the
all
fact,
one
yearning
the
does
period
there
is
universities
:m :tanr r i
the
demand is
ch
ah a
not
have
-..-dP,
in
academic
would
be that
be a natural
philosopher
difficult
find
to
the
same as
even
person
that
engaged
picture
are
next
not
sitting
in
work
in
saying
all
kinds
the
that
are
almost
much more
almost
no real
parts
scattered
Universitiit
q
fh
i
L rrrr
each
I r++ardtt€I
sitting
important
workrng
in
in
different
other,
of
city
for
in
the
urban
mav serve
.;
IS-
h^+
not-
on top
of
each
It
as one
.i *ImpOftanL
rl
-,-+
t-nat.
other
geogr:aphical-
contact.
floors,
the
pofnt'
^^..i -r
than
noL working
different
around
Berlin
has
segmentation
institutes,
different
no campus,
that
engaged
to
different
even
llr
.r r ^ vu
r a r!,r e r
lr vwu
are
is
People
I Freie
borders
which
In
broilers
ffaqmentation.
archi- tecture
they
is
young
the
belongs
with
if
It
in
it
sub-conscious
sciences
fact
in
think
as
there.
universities
Even
natural
title.
buildings,
o\
world,
encounter
to
who would
T hey
door
a:temnl
of
today,
not
However,
led
time
been
knowledge
I
fact,
of
has
above:
just
hor-or16
lJcuur
As a matter
his
explicitly
mainly
caqi l r;
EqJrry
w
ill
wrrr
technocrats,
demand is
afso
sr n n lv
DuytJr)/
not
engineering
perhaps
\j
E\:y r r zl ,J
^oanhr
qirrur
-q
r
associated
may derive.
the
geology,
tri-laterally
knowfedge,
over
place
take
what
approach
and approaches.
a faculty
were
in
all
but
bacJ< in
Iife
even
mentioned
not
today
a dilettant.
go that
bilatera11y,
deliqht
views
'Lrrs
he
LIrAL
together
specialisations
that
say
!L ^ !
to
same as a holistic
a conscious
is
L i ^L
that
which
only
nham
i
c +r r r
Lr r C l ttI:'L!y
apart
rich
not
nhr r c .i a- l
LT IIy J ILC II
discipline
that
from
correct
the
to
may be built:
weave
its
with
has
'!r l r 1.
v uL
pl
ufJ v c a
rs
increasing
Linkages
One may try
and held
subdivided
JU
place.
q.rmF crf the
exnlore
to
macro-history
in
is
disciplinary
separation:
the
theory
of
the
carrying
meet.
as
colleagues,
by
is
This
in
well -known:
they
of
in
separated
hours,
different
course
not
does
people
outside
:-+^--ational
^+-^i^
adco
ar
rrhd
at
least
f hor u
f ha
mentally
the
to
associate
side
on the
other
Thlrdly,
earth
than
of
side
the
problem
a major
so big
to
organic
their
speak,
thinos
not
flo w
6 > F F a a r ' ir r a - lr r
af
their
Cambridge,
a little
each
student
left
there
picks
is
them
it
in
the
bigness
for
those
to
But
by
it.
that
the
outside
deep
of
unper sonal
and
inside
C an
to
scientific
tolerated
in
the
everybody
is
relating,
-
at
universities.
not
I
think
it
an organisation
harmful
positive
hence
to
rs
does
aspects.
of
how to
behaviour
station
or
peol:re,
vlork"
Bigness
pride
to
for
in
and cling
with
univer salrsm
is
even
not
God and not
at
vrhat
handrthere
rnay be a source
menber
may be
church
to
each
bigness
and ho"r excessive
one
alI
where
other
essential.
descri-be
On the
the
inside
a niche
an enormous
is
door,
no chairs
impersonal,
which
to
Dialoque
icult
the
Such relaticnships
presumably,
to
of
at
by
be found
comes together
an atmosphere
ysvl Jtc
did
are
build
neonl e
fi nd
chairs
can
helping
rllrq
JL r r r
folding
so
structure
Wi-ttgenstein
Smallness
discourse.
diff
acadernic
a source
like
bigness
railway
a different
aspects
S ti l l
vq r r
and when there
anti-personal
in
on
structure
the
chair
conducive
but
the
up a
and creates
/specificity
same field
universities
of
large
O1.
be easier
bureaucratic
col
trqp-.)no
vvq l JL
t
who understand
and
nr ni eC
tS
I/r v - J u\
a colleaque
a set
room.
nnl
I a:ar r oq
v v r r LqYuur
would
room,
no more
women never
i nn
contemporary
activity
academic
m aoJ i rle
-,,'.'t:,
who run
whatever.
corridor.
orl the
something
of
with
of
They are
:.2u.
become only Loo visible,
is
or
time
o Eyr L L g r l L
^^^nF r Af
a colleague
with
Jq r l r u
ri r rn r
most
in
can weave even
qame qF.rment- of
L l tE
r nr l
tea
their
to
they
on the
vl t
next
men or
academic
i rzo
sit
of
could
luggage
tables,
cup
anr r ac ed
For
the
of
ar F
^^m nr r a1-
conferences.
their
uqDgu
r z eq.
i n
to
different
based
mafias
in
other
field
nl.r a
tend
own j-nstitute:
i ( L q!!q D
f ham qel
n- l
by
people
different
mental
their
mean that
their
IllLg!lLeL.|lqt
kn n r^ r'l
space
enjoying
meet
> LM r Y
where
disciplines
different
Bub
place
the
cafeteria/restaurant,
of
the
of
of
sLZe rnay
are
also
f arne ancl
universicy,
!-^
iJg
nr of e s s o rs
to
.i
r S-
and
d i rre rs i tv
.,
^.i lp
Sflr
-^1r y
the
one
IO
n
l
=n
y I AI l.
l..1nr n
I 'r V L g
j-nto
themselves,
to
to
nrd er
UEI
i_o
LV
oet
YC
rjxn an q
ion
creativity
i
AJ ^
ctIlltUJ
-'rn,^r+L
to
-
everybody
big
university
an d
t hev
and
f ho
extends
har z e
+Lrru
r'^
s om ehow
I
-Laf
-':
nachine
which
purpose
of
Erru
he
the
dissemination
complain:
end
f
is
of
an
I
not
would
should
usually
tal<e that
be perfectly
this
is
A i:roblem
organisations.
a little
spur
so much ea-sier
conversation
of
the
or
mornent;
can
do it
The
inembers
naar"z\g6|g.
i nIry
rr
r r rUII
n
I
the
production
to
end
h
pyr z
fLllE:
ha
avowed
and
so rnany people
rather
in
than
addition)
.
A good
seriously.
three.
But
they
and my ov/n experience
ln
smaller
bc
solved
a meeting
the
its
f
of, for
do all
to
done,
this
tends
fael
ds
too
able
well
to
rgEf
teacher
complaint
individual
harze to
uv
I ilza
administrator,
a bad
may
it
fit
, rrJ ! 9 9 v Y t v I
t
short,
administrator,
be meaningfuJ-\zand
that
the
In
thelz
ar
; 6 'c r r r l
chaos".
mal<e use
organisation:
l<nov ,'Iedge.
f rom
anarchy,
rlrqurMlg
in
cOntraction-
a
f ar
the-
they
v,rriting,
rrqvL
machine-
e n o r m orrrvu>
us
to
in
researcher
gllvr
manner
oht
we
WE
llrf
ni
L
yrr
with
contract
periods
routines
creative
supposed
he becomes
(and
rnost
elr
whole
researcher.
academic
of
u!
is
in
lock
to
orEanisat.ions
administrative
to
the
even
rcsul-t
havc
organisation
Iarger
rz
Ir r VU q U !y
rS
U
to
:r r nhaF r l
other
so that
uV
do
VVg
this
LlllS
we
and the
f icult
they
^re
a small
In
dif
or
TI hIIE!
ero
schedules
a predictabl-e
an unnediated
I anrrl- hq
In
presupposes
like
is
In
.
rvarze
rearrange
efse
As a result,
the
,
size
rIso
aqaAr
c hor c
!q !vIIL !D
orally
Ii
uLUIAlvY^ l o c r t t e
UOUN
qr ^v
,
in
others,
r ^- ^r -
not
some periods
and
afirong universities.
acLivity
i on
m
l tl qAnt/
l ty
nev/ insights.
rhythms
better.
j-^?ssible:
f lttl/UJJf
Uf
E,
" 1!if
for
is
in
a)
vI r
at
^^r
f CEU
be possible
should
that
f rom predictabl-e.
f ar
^+
m
l i l v-nql
u _
and touch
r hv i- hr n
i rnr i q
i r avtl r
fr
J rn
!qur
o l rz
funds
increarsing
is
meditate
I
L
n:
there
may attract
Creative
almost
arrive
expand
Uf
qL
r -lhqrar ri,
ul
e>rperience
order
in.
be a key
refations:
supremacy
Creativity
V
V l l U l s Lr gaf
r],
^nn/-
the
f or
race
sets
i nn
LJfvuu9Lr vlr
Bigness
.
ho'""rever, with
rigidity
have
uy
the
hand,
* - ^. lr r r ' t
q-
tr l
and
IrQIl
-^r l
flexibility.
.:^
have
f
.mgy also
symbiotic
more
to
^.i
^lP.r c]Ji
in
other
a certain
in
a
indicator
bureaucratic
rJtt^-r-
{
Brgness
al i ke.
hence
and
more
On the
'I .:
s tu d e n ts
problen
that
is
than
in
immediately
bigger
Lhrough
can
lce convened
noL
transforrned,
on
even
perverted,
fragmented
for
centre
and
segmented
del-iberation
endless
or
with
appropriated
d.elayed
As a result
one passes time in
none at all.
'-^^! ; *^^ -r i ^^r'rssi no nroirl erfls of other
institut,es
L
rlrY
has
uf,
J
DU
uJ
t he
thaf
a fornrula
the
The likelihood
is
problem
the
the
Europe,
interaction
between
teacher
l- r r z
pJ
nhallonnor
]
ur
r qr r Lr r YUu
there
budget
universities
d-uties
even
l o:r na!uqr
r r ul
been
administrators
because
perforined
And the
bi-gger
tend
come out
rnore and rnore spe cialised
a conp-le;'< or
at
the
institutions
smallest
iase
' li-o^ .1
s p e c r all_
assistants
a big
clever
least
can
adm inrstration
what
to
.Ic,..,,,,- d m in .iq ]_
and
alI
quv!
e !r efnrq
l r.arzi nrr
of
even
+-ho
the
bottcm, tut
the
more
needed
Of
pursuits
can
a niche
in
the
the
to
is
run
only
in
arnateur-ish
highly
1-a
nrnfoc
course,
do,
niargirraliss
everything
It
f >q'l :q
i + .'
rrorf
vL r L fu Aa fU y. i .-l
eliminating
together.
academic
firding
lcut
this,
adnrinistrative
of
are
no time
away f rorn the
at
size,
he
ltnowing
i nr-rrreq.i nct
on top
his
that-
is
rnore artisan-1il<e,
that
J,
reason
and
only
units,
rul
r ni
r r nrLc i fi ac J I L ! g J
l IVU
ul I
ma.chinery.
operate,
students,
units
university,
complicated
in
that
fIr U Iu q Jr r r y
skills
e)<ccssive
cxtent
running
the
a
conveying
Prof essors,
not
only
symbiosis
there
teachinq
are
st-udents
vrill
teacher:
fu l l s!sU
hcrol
r.,,z
)
-
and
smafl
nr nr l r r nl - i an
tJ !uuuuLf
as possible,
watches.
r,vas a basic
in
simple
possible.
ba1l,
f rom lnany parts
Lo the
r ttqJ J
case
group,
teacher
the
mininiurn of
the
The
further.
for
per
as quiclily
af ter
have
.
mal<e it
is
The obvious
T
Il In
with.
for
scholars
procesq
live
at their
generale
stuCents
with
tO
.gq*.re.e_l,
a srnaller
studiun
to
impossible
would
Lo escape
In
=h I e
a rubber
size
one
l<icked
vrhich
condition
vri+-h the
the
in
down like
tight.
rnany learners
too
that
Lend
low.
in
fhp
absolutely
are
and
learner-
and
and gror,ving
is
a ri€Cessary
be very
can
become too
rvhere the
been
msnbers lookirg
not
v;hich
l-ra
conflict
although
Lhem together
could
insights
to
have
cannot,
by faculty
restriction
tying
in
university
university
r,vithout
open
this
hiqh
betv;een
cla.ssical
form,
the
cerLainly
sufficient,
of
minh+
r - r a r i ruzi
up and
tend
that
}/s!
party
a third
solved
):igger
third
nartieq
universities
so the
distance
a
bouncing
than
Fourthly,
more
that
continues
rather
watched
problems
insight;
hone
wit h
^nm^ rrn,,il_h
'i q
ro
ro
mal<ing
faculty
vr a u l l
tJI
no knowledger
rrn sfa ir s
of
llIY
o
the
dccision
or
I t t gg
by
even
l;lega-machine,
-i sors,
this
rs
inside
calling
it
an institute,
( a h o u se)
maybe wit h
runni-ng it
a m i nimum umbilical
ca n b e come very
p r o d u ctivity
as if
cord
with
h e lp
them build
i nter n a tional
with
to
less
funding
the
ma c h in e .
but
they
proc e s s .
internation a l
u n iversities
s u c h in s t it u t es
But then,
on the other
a g a in
in t e rn a t io n a r
s e c u re
a t t e n t io n ,
t h e m u n c le r
u N o rg a n is a t io n s
T ra n s n a t j-o n a lis a t io n ,
are segme n t e d a n d f ra g me n t e d
not
above,
b ig
a comp b in a t io n o t h e rwis e re f e rre d
p re s u ma b ly b e c a u s e t h e y
I'fh y ?
a n d verticar
structure".
"alp h a
im p o r tant
bui-Iding
a d d it io n
blo c k s
fu n d s.
Their
othe r
co r p o r a tions
( pr iva te
at
in
or
state
ad m in istration
in
alty
hope
To
e xten t
call
p e rrn it t . in g
la rg e ,
tune or
at
the
le a s t
p ip e
wj-ll
teII
the
On the
somewhat na lv e ,
by having
a h u n d re d
more or
sand-box,
less
at
occasiona lly
and amenab le .
o wn
and for
not
T h e y e < p e c t lo y -
know that
criticism.
a ls o
p ip e r
other
f lo we rs
to
s o me
v rh ic h t u n e s
h a n d , wis e
they
b lo o m,
get
the
I e a v in g
o wn g a me s , wa t c h in g
t h e ir
p ic k in g
That
engage
Sonethirrg useful
much cutslnken
ard not to
crisis,
to
t h e ir
b u re a u c ra c ie s .
be st
se e m p r omising
at
by the
bure a u c ra c ie s
the
often
and control
and wise
in
in t e lle c t u a ls
v e ry
cor p o r a tions
i ntelle ctuals
at
taxes
c o rp o ra t io n ,
the
r esults
i
t wo p a y in g
by the
to playr is
no t
for
he who plays
that
ra t t e r
and profit
of
times
re c ip ie n t s
t h e ir
tJrey o<pect scrnething in return.
pr o duction
even
t h a n p u b lic
t h e p u b ric
the
p a y in g
citize n s
purs u it s ,
intellectual
discretion,
fo r
wit h
ones
o n t h e b a s is o f n o n e y re c e iv e d f ro m t h e
ds corpora t io n
c u s t o me rs p a y ln g f o r g o o d s
I n return
the ir
s a me f ie ld ;
a re
c o n s t ru c t io n .
ra t h e r
has four
a s an
to
public)
larger
a n d ser vices
in
the
and bureaucrac ie s ,
versus
pu b lic
p riv a t e
wit h
ro
t o b e c o me
state
t h e mo re imp o rt a n t
knowledge pro d u c t io n
interlectuals,
tend
t h e n a t io n
in
The y a re !$igggl,
at leas t
if the y may be run basicarly
they
) , e v en
i
n a t io n a l" i s a t 1 o r .
a c c o rd in g
w ha t h as been said
in
their
a n d p a rt ic u la rl y
in s t a n c e
possibilities.
Often
wit h
o n t h e ma c h in e ,
n e t wo rk s ,
( for
a u t o n o mo u s ,
ma y h a v e t o p a y f o r
ma y a t t ra c t
umbrerras
s e p a ra re n e s s
we re t o t a rry
lev e ra g e
productivity
their
it
productive,
on the budget-making
ha n d ,
g e o g ra p h ic a l
out
one or
them
a f e w wh o
a p p ro a c h ma y n o t
y ie ld
the
11
sam e quantrty
to
move in
as can
the
sane
yield
considerably
often
under
more
being
sciences
in
exercised
the
the
disposal
of
sport
f s not
for
their
own;
supposed
country.
in
i-nternational
are
not
may be
since
they
naLion
miEht
perhaps
even
are
efforts
in
are
often
referred
then
in
Dubrovnik,
efforts,
inherent
hampering
to
come,
are
rather
and the
less
in
the
l- r ar
do thcy
e><pression
and
resist
the
enough,
such
' ' r i + l- r t - hem
is
terin
this
tLh
IT!Eg
ree
cause
universities
gg!r_e-n_A]
universalActually,
("uni";,
in
The transnational
and holistic
to
to
There
be made.
in
is
rnain
the
these
are
and transdisciplinary
university"
p o rnt
in
they
number
continue
g€rrerdtions
or
incorporate
six,
in
them.
spite
univcrsities
LIere they
of f icial
vlill
yearsr
socicty,
U IIIU Iq fTJ
only
The contradicLion
and bureaucracies,
l IIq Tl I
Centre
Tokyo,
But
Paris.
for
but
multiversity"
"national
University
production
marginariscd.
tLhe
IIL
are
together
stilr
"national
corporations
other
the
however
receive.....
position
a central
tsglatqci,
they
but
mention
that
"academicg.lerrj-llas",
and
in
discipline
any
"university".
transnational
funds
is
gIobal
Transnationale
more
any
such as trelnter-university
irlations
human J"nowledge
l<novrledge for
rna nf
United
the
Strangely
having
direction,
i\ouvelle
becorne the
of
that
t.erms,
team
to
are,
producing
constituting
I v
).
are
many disciplines.
than
university,
institutions
national
not
to,
the
),
adecluate
pretentious
the
disciJrlines
("multi"
be more
for
global;
coverrng
these
ailart
not
neans
as they
control
count::ies
in
for
of
bring
the
universities
coiltpetition,
of
of
to
team
own country,
usually
(an
academies
other
national
lVhat this
sense
a freedom
teaching
for
sense
more
UniversitS
cornpete
may
struck,
The national
the
the
be
teaching
the
be mobilisabre
and trans-disciplinary
use
its
that
but
can
as opposecl
state.
international-
do not
keep
the
in
in
rather
of
is
the
conf lict.
r-u.r-ycrsr-!ls€
they
means
supposed. to
universal
for
r predominantly
this
should
of
than
freedom
Lo worl< for
f ield
any
research
intellectuals
a plan,
freedom",
ultirnately
They
to
"academic
countries,
the
alf
Bargains
relative
what
forcing
according
universities
any
is
for
by
quality.
of
sociari st
over
Ultimately
the
better
obtained
example
at
direction
banner
the
easily
be obtained
recrlcrn
r e U vYIIr D g *
ieccl
n
i
T.
I I ars
L2
modern,
of
Iess
^^^-1-.;--f llY
hrr
i
rug^^
l
d
i nnq
from
hustle
that
only
is
above
society
sides
of
or
the
tribal
students
are
a
n faurirrv
ruq
Jvu
r t'
rl.anr
qlr :JUaYCJ,
^:- rng
":- .a S S OCI- atl-
t
the
intellectuals
is
Viord,
the
producers
the
in
a certain
sense
of
servants
in
status
a posit.ion
for
of
the
classical
t6
Lv
tha
Lf l9
!fir qf
aI
hol-ders
althru
indeed.
r
of
together
gh
the
u
IJvIIIL,
the
liord.
latter
also
f roril
feeling
of
-
the
roots
of
twin
easily
focus
of
V'/hat is
at
the
the
of
ic
IJ
due
and
still
to
second
to
tlso
important
in
are
have
the
nore
suf fered
successful
estates
much related
L IJg U
perr,ritted
produce
is
of
also
and third
nr :nrqi cU ^^
yr
only
also
carriers
orders,
They
and very
not
but
been
nev,/ are
].1
nc
o']l
v ..\'l r .r
r vr
r Ys!
ItI omen are
the
intel-lectuals
thc
Secondly,
probably
are
ultinately
nrentioned,
top
in
1:racticc.
monastic
centuries,
r -s IcIvq
, elJi har - r z
u
has
the
society,
tv.zo pillars
over
to
acadenics
on verbal
formsi
including
of
And Lhis,
monl<s as
as written
Obviously,
enter.
isol-ation
mediaeval
on top
s^\r
v di
r 'l
f amily
a
talk
t^- Li +IIOU ILJ T
^
sub-tribe.
In
this
hovr to
an* :r 3l
r r c luLuor
r,c
i nl - al
\,Vith the
r,.,rith intellectuals,
the
that,
perf ormed,
learn
pndr
s Ir uU- YOl i l uU J
:m ^n,r
-"y
do not
o::der.
nnint_
idea
arc
they
isolation.
clergy,
were
v;ithdrawal
academia
ril-es
der Zc pl
uLv
Iv nn
I,
nev,z l<nowleCAe.
of
whereas
a decline
the
as \^rell
oral
aspects:
fiqht
w i thdraw al
than
the
above
same disciplinary'
m onasteries,
the
the
f Or
and
campus may
the
a detachr,rent
with
ancl oral- r ds opposed
Historically,
seer:
is
rituals,
frrrr r-rlmnaf ihle
rJrittcn
acLivity,
paid
feeling
+ha17
U IIs J
experiences
onlv
LJ
easily
lawns
isolation
sectariary
into
)
to
price
, cven
m ar r r ;i nn
the
in
norracademic
I
cultivatron
the
rel-ation.
Ol
l ul
- nz
contributes
]-rrrn-
the
(although
Iife
much more
society
initiated
4:].vLLLJt
ina
C-
city
cornpatible
too
tovrn-qolvn
On canpu-s,
th-is
of
shape
latter
and
signs
the
course,
freedOm
of
and bustle
i \7i + r
presupposes
--"--l
But the
f ror n cof leagues).
society
Of
er-ademi
qLts
c
ou
|
^r ^)
on the
cl-ear
being
-s
the
Far
-
soil
grow
.
^
l-n
to
f.)r
! vr
L (]
!rry
-^ + Lri n
YUvLa
the
than
s-'1^h^a^^
upposeq
Ara
^^^^
-
q
rather
mind
for
police
the
are
may take
an encIosure
JPson
I
and
there
it
Physically
marginalisation.
1-i+^,^II.'
^
LCi
CrrrJ
udILIPLl>
IA
the
military
And yet,
as PilJarst.
applauded
of
of
(Lhe
society
western
am ^nn
AIttU TIY
to
+LIIE
ha
reproducc
J<nowledge
a slovr pLocess
l3
And yet
in
the
They
the
sense
have
that
nore
institutions
in
In
together
that
rnatter.
the
al:e lil<e
shops
they
or
customers
railway
and
leave
tr-r uS!
universities
that
by
from
a conmon
large
1I
I
i .,
^rr^
nr
r-
gone
character
time
end users
or
control-
university,
, or
or
lcnowledge?
nature
of
be knowledge,
Can one
the
^- eCiSe
decades,
say
its
m an n e r
--J
bv
tension
tensions
all
derrve
not
clearly
do with
to
a
product
( for
which
even
about
we all
of
profit
enjoyrnent),
will
and
produce
lfhat
kind
of
thinl<
Of
the
one can,
theSe
to
more
of
Lhe g!:g!Sl9]ggy,
a consequence
5se
natronal
and distribution
production
users.
rnalcincJ
the
rnarginalisation.
therasel-ves
I
structure:
localit.y,
production
its
other
mentioned?
rlay
fabour:
and detached,
to
the
something
as
are
and
consumpi,ien,
l-rnorvlcdge,
just
Iast
society
to
staff
aL large,
their
the
f or
it
public
thc
tremendous
in
disiribute
leaving
There
the
fow
) who presumably
characteristics
ra lafir r o' lr r
to
be
i sed .
of
content
to
rnernbers of
for
and yet
the
simply
us !
through
sLze
to
and
from
sonething
have
the
high
to
fhe
And they
and rlarginal-
above
only
insiitutl-ons
of
detachable
are
f ragrnentation,
(stucients
knowledge,
they
staf f
there
possibly
universities
the
the
for
The permanent
say:
resolved.
and
assume
in
through
denominator:
now turn
to
setting
been
have
yoints
of
the
the
i solated
segmentation
users
have
-
us!
institution
the
is
anywhere,
c>rtent
us
voices
there
no means
Let
and muted
support
So,
integratcd
r,vilI
in
while
mainrifv
students,
the
be solne revolt
us!
to
The overwhelnincr
institution,
who ultimately
say:
two
a service
To r,vhorndo these
who pay will
even
on and on,
diploma
wi1I
even
is
up their
Those
could
Universittes
a short
return.
iilord, the
other
togethcr.
for
in
of
congregatiory
each
- There
staying
stations
the
the
of
grow
al-so
churches
generation,
be tired
might
of
) coming
belong?
the
liord,
and professors
some fees
sav:
the
one
service
the
( students
picl<
behi nd
with
only
explored
urg
of
sender
time,
might
adminisLraLors
serv iced,
to
a long
not
problems
the
of
places
kinds
than
churcires,
?hey
but
all
general
in
strange
strange
very
cornmon with
for
process,
are
are
rnrr +he receivers
live
of
often
today
yesteryear.
,rri acf
universities
thc
structural
and
S i ><
in
a
S t r U C tU r a l
those
I4
c har a c te ri s ti c s ,
/\ ! / I )
one
Q a n ma n + a ti o n
Sne
u! J s u! qIci
I J LJalis t s
netivorks,
on top.
n arcrr aniir z o
HU!
JYU V
U:
the
leaSt
having
have
aS
i r: annroa.che
q - yl :,_
s.
;Llrr
F/U >>a JJ- f
even
the
specialist
nOt
i st
r r vr r r u r u
r L L vr u
ru !JU
1 irsI/!!rr -r giJtn 1 i - ^ -
within
decisions
at
W U
of
hol
nore
u
tLhr r v!!o i r
sense
that
top
On
the
in
!r !
nevertheless
guarantee
would
counteract
Fr
r^re
C r L t ir
s ! YFr
s
in
l:ut
one.
w o ul d
wor
WV U r Ur ld
universalising
by
discipline.
will
to
world-encompassing
Thrs
renain
on tap,
be r.rade frorn
narfo1/
aS
not
a more
holistic
mOnOChrOmatiC
a
'
universiLy
nrrhl
i c
af
I ara^
a decision
rwlM
^ zOh n
iq
f han
a
The
fra rrm enf
net
f
L/quue!:r
aIl,
and not
n rr'F
i n, r I r li
trusted:
the
universitl',with
(3)
Given
wi I I
l-re on f"-LoD of
rarel y
structure
the
such
and
of
in
the
law:
sub-fields
they
until
God and JusLice
IaiC
the
out
by
that
lrrrd,
-^n\7
.,r
except
the
the
for
into
very
be
in
sorted
organogram
Surprise-free.
etc.
forced
would
to
the
com pete
administrationr
will
tilt
also
apply
sub-f ields
a Iove
in
Can
been
as philosophy,
into
aL
---JCt
means that
\,./ill
This
rvanes and disappears
wi 11 be
;rrof essors
problens
disciplines
point
they
. r r n mi f+aur .e
LULJ,
vvr !r r r r r
)/
administrators
professors
institutional
be subdiviclecl
inarv
into
and
This
as
f
fath e1.
tuhr r rrvuoYrr r o h
institutes,
administration
Same direction.
wilI
built
administration.
irolistic
cfassical
have
/teac.hors:
of
weight.
already
the
but
.i
researehers
the
ob/n fields
their
anr-i rzifrz
,
will
baS i S
l abour.
UniverSitieS
faculties,
be maintained,
can
sheer
its
size
the
be on top
within
boxes
f i r =d
activiLy
thiS,
production
knowledge
of
l r vu
hrrrinol*q
teaching
the
the
L^'r'i
^+i ^
ITU IIJL I\
di vi si on
Solidi
by
The expert
n i u l - t i - d i s r - i n 'lo u r l Jr r l r q t
rinn
or
damncrA -\7
on campus,
GiVen
predictable
in
be
elite
u sl l r vu L a v) :,
-.f
Jp g 9 !q fIJL t
is
groulrs
nSt it Ut iO nS.
the
qnpr-i ar'i ^F
A
q
often
with
di f
L L r r L vL
thi s
( - ) n s^L.\oqf
rlc-
integraLed
the
advance
research
by
be l:roader.
+ h-eaten
will
^!i'^) g
snrrl.r^l
uos f s r _Lr
rila rgr - na- L,
IeS S
q. o . r m F n f - a t i o n
of
Tr l€r €
even
nlr^ihal
,.rn rr' r
^
t
Fr n
ef ion,
seriinars,
of
r-^
LLU
tal<en
luro
than
Urrqlr
fa thef
! q U rr g I
YgllErqIfJU
f ra
qo
Y r im
!urr e n f
!
Of
-^.:e
def initely
v/ill
d a n o fa liSt
!
( 2 \
\L
I
f h r n ,r ^ h
! L {! Y V
for
q
IrJhether
discipline.
both
and
the
to
theology
and
sub-
Knowledge,
insignificance.
t5
(4)
The verticality
of
labour
those
:
those
lower
people
they
of
here.
Totalry
the
of
to
that
capable
breal<ing
But
regardless
remafn:
holders
of
carriers
of
nothing
no truth
at
all.
conservatism
And,
own paradigrns,
them.
and
the
part,
rn
for
solid
a nev,/ type
The whole
by
thinking.
reality
of
tendency
Theor:iq=;
than
approacir,
(5)
The national
the
iLs
national
in
in
for
hard
to
character
that
tsy that
language
the
I
to
the
scene
is
in
of
knowledge
only
of
tied
to
forms
of
usefulness
is
arrival
so dramatic.
indeed
than
reinforced
both,/and
prurai,
rnaicing
supplementing
seems a rnuch more
at
natronal
of
the
and why the
rather
other
as
survival
of
dir:ections,
the
after
towards
their
arrive
do not
has - which
cosrnology as f har,eref erred
each
and
modes and
insights
different
young
as car::iers
and
either/or
plurarrand
but
lcut
consequence
product.
tor,vards
are
thern.
ine><tricably
foster,
may
reLationship
because
beyond
yet.
tv;o observati-ons
in
l-n socrety,
to
are
regaidless
there
tendency
l-he academic
tend
substitu.ting
valid
as
woufd
have
seelr:gr themsel-ves
others
are
a
people
all.
conr'IicLuaf
interest
on long
on
at
this,
why certain
group
thinl<ing
of
reasons
that
linger
transparent
rather
vested
explains
power
pattern
a general
the
arflong other
this
production
any
of
young
and
aLl
a Eeneral
techniques
l<nov;ledge
of
and the
then,
is
indeed.
surrounding
paradrgrns
truth
there
breal<throughs
combaLrve,
but
them
wafls
intellectual
new theories,
a9€,
affordecl,
truth
dif ferent
because
lcnowredge
of
the
the
numerous,
a later
social
general
in
new paradigms
are
in
theories,
theories
with
rule
theoretical
an unnecessarily
betlr een
one's
are
the
of
develop
themselves
the
if
then
with
drvision
producing
paradigm,
to
original
r.raking
the
those
to
they
throuEh
pyramid
tr,ventieg
entitled
nothing
of
to
their
set;
mal<e for
Fiowever,
rTlay corne at
wha-t opportunities
people
in
exceptions
vrith
the
stick
launch
new insights
l:e imitators
to
already
will
data.
Those
entitled
course,
structure
up in
deverop
paradigms
quite
not
hi gher
a tendency
contradiction
their
the
down collecting
have
f rameworl<s
of
in
this
idiorn
considerable
it
elsewhere
of
criraate.
production
is
mean the
is
type
has
ref lecte<r
im1:act
the
- but "deep
rn
an essav
in
language",
on
or
l6
styles,
mention
to
so penetrating,
tall<
gallic
teutonic,
saxonic,
four
but
fraceo
aced
national-
idiom
one
because
simply
nations),
f h arr
r.l I
probably
that
a cfoali
hide
the
heavy
been
and
is
net
saying
that
it
of
cultural
exposed
to
-
-
colonialism
because
it
is
transnational
operations
organisations
rather
Yv
!
anr l
nr i I i t ar "
er ]
nnl
om _
is
good
or
r! | ! v r: l '
of
i na \
6f
.)nF
although
than
is
in
concealed
there
the
to
has
world
process,
than
beforc
niuch s l-ro nger
people:
bureaucracies
by
n:rt
a n Oth e f
\ 4 u rL \
symbiotically
after
colonisation
"inter-
retained.
This
stronoer
the
i .Uf
and
bureacracy
natiOn
af
of
because
bad,
rather
oUIUIIYeI
by
group
i c. crrri f g
!J
is
international
and
other
idi
triest.
carrieC
than
the
ir:rperialism
.ltruurl
rrrr:h
PTUUAUTy
(or
essentially
f rom the
* - ^^1- ^ 'h r "
itself
to
styles,
course,
on others
diversity
which
of
honogeneous,
be made use
becomes
itself
Salne
Lhis
intellectual
in r-idc nt allr u
\
the
good:
is
hypocrisy
r^
IJ
v;orl-d
any
i eq, -
oISCr_r*
discrenanr-
lool<s
the
dose
lllUausllLArlJ,
(wi th
result
that
are
rnelhocrology
superinposes
should
of
stronE,
may superimpose
in
between
such
sucn
wftrr
with
end of
say
so
scientific
t r ai n e d
diversity
a dialogue
under
been
am not
I
would
But
one
intelfecLual
The dif ferences
idion
nation
the
from
h: r z a
matter.
I
that
so that
subjective"
them.
unj-versal,
mero I v rhef or ]car
ical
that
of
Lhe national
a general,
of
and nipponic
State
alone.
(6)
The
castrated
Above
character
^^- i nt s
empirical,
hv
deal
critical
ino
te a c h i n g
most
( note
\r r vLe
-
,
the
for
two
wiLh
teaching
with
in
have
been
fragmentation
lamented.
th(1
nade:
tv,lo
tri
re s e arch
closely
and
anq
bel ong
thi
!i
r__
s
f h r= s .nara1-.i on
ul r v
some benefits
and
practice
for
is
is
connection
between
. l _e a r - h
the
buL by
tw o
and
done
in
i n cr .
beLween
we
i n +- a n r 2 l i 6 n !
recogni sed
:+ i ' .^
posl _Lfve
in
the
Iarge
But
).
Obviously
is
a
L Sq U TIIIIYt
separaLion
f r:r
a' l readv
of
this
research.
crrzinc
in
U sL Vvg g II
related
together
rcsearch
mainly
In
q
enaration
o L u q r q u IvII
anoleq
soraewhat
1<nowledge product.
the
and
and the
v lit h
and
h o u z e rre r -
found
and constructive
her e
a peculiar,
a consequence
discipline
be
rrn i rre rs:s
i titrre
es s
countries,
both
c an
and practice,
research
T hat
in
and nations
n+ l- r nr
Are
as
often
segmentation
institutes
rr.zn
has
isolation
the
schools
^j
s].gn
soci al i st
trernendous
costs
integraLion
of
of
engineering
L]
and
schoors
fr:inin n
of
nredicine.
frrfrrr,.
f nac ha- q
pedagogy . only
sam e applies
schools
the
the
nore
smuggre
is
al'"rays
bad,
doctrines
of
LrrEJ qrE
fhorz
are
strange
e Y r r l i r -it-
necessariry
f ho'
reigns,
values)
varues
can
recede
into
front.
the
ro:q^nq
in
criticar
it
on e is
left
with
rrn
UIJ
s ix
a feelin g
of
medicine,
health;
of
of
maki_ng them
c a r n c|/E
i
uqr
any
deductively;
of
theories
)
Lo cone
as they
up
in
are
in
( integrating
and practice
and constructive
;
from
enpirical
approaches);
a refatively
high
'o
_L5llt
on how certain
Lo struggle
architecture
r i ^IUi
l-litljII
.
point
the
one
t-nni
-
L
and,/or
certain
accorclcd
al
.rianfc
eULS
ULJJ
withour
thern or
from
of
a
l aai ]-i mrfa
!eyf
uf
TLLOLc:
interconnected.
s t ru c t u ra l
only
because
rrridst
(speculating
Ontta1.tS tt
niost p e o p re
aq
qJ
furru
he'
affairs
teaching
only
their
rnstead
and technical
b OfdefS
summing up these
for
are
approaches
universities
irr
inductively
light
lil<e
enough
h o n :r r Se
e p istemology,
three
research,
characteristically
position
the
discipline
beginning
approaches,
in
science,
H encq, for
uqIluUI
nder
of
ree"
as values
sone
Lhe bacl<ground, and have
ol:viously
very
a state
Under
construction
and constructivism
a full-fredged
the
and theory
be rearised
seen
or
etc.
then,
data
(evaluating
of
not
]-horn
ullslit
b
v! r u s
urrrsq
hed
activity)
practice
false.
"varue-f
val-ues.
s om e h o w
rvrtrLlrvvv
or
harbour
of
no such
some kincl of
practice
is good
true
of a scientific
alr
who
expresslon,
But
consensus.
l i ni ncl
arrrllrY
to
connecting
criticism
view
ar e
are
to
fh
om
urrurtt,
adhering
l- har n'
ls
of
alvrays
engineering,
relative
ard as parts
enquiry
what
universities
r r .z;r ln r in cr
is
mcst
students
system.
opt,imise.
h^-
for
that
virginity
the
Dy a- neavy
efficiency
neans
is
that
1-.'
nrnfan{_nA
This
there
view
The
theology,
ancr for
Lerribfe
"objective",
accepted
yruuecteo.
ara
technical
aF
'heutral",
of
(a
or
of
school-s
activity"
of
of
schools.
adventurous
and therc
a question
only
attached
humanities
into
maximlse
n
rar-tir-p
yrquLIUg
for
point
sorrrc prac Licc
those values
of
holistic
essent ially
n
trvo
almost
qrrrrvru
even
or
except
goal-directed,
not
the
sciencesr
one wanLs to
is
law,
of
-
f aculties
have
"extra-curricurar
to
varue
schools
sclences
rxanage as
t.here
universities
sociar
natural
from
few
to
of
Eveir in
schools,
marginal
among other
.
in f lu e n c e s
id e n t ic a f
o n u n iv e rs it y
wi1 -h e p is t c n o lo g y ,
s o rn e t h in g u n re le a s e d ,
t 9 g . ! .g _ - o } I [ t ,
s o mc t hi n g
IB
tied
up by
partly
very
often
philosophical ly
high
gone
has
energy
into
principles
results
of
the
wounded
by
huniliating
school,
work
n Fr
o
lilat ur r t y
,Rrrf -
hr ^r r nr er z er f haf
into
the
use
I
trap
industry
quaint
611 F
vrrs
in
possi.ble
agree
r r ne:- :l- r r Y
vyE!qL.r
with
l-rc-
whaf
;r nd
qr
r !!
-
iS
f inal
.arr1'
us
as to
hr Li Lm
. . ./har
/ qol
f
nOt
in
word
it
asii
faIl
tO
m.ode
the
that
will
nat'Ler.
aII
look
themsel-ves
under
airnl
Lqr
r r r) r/
rn^f
rvu
which
f
knowledge
constraints
rv^l
i I I
v a!r
author
l-rl rz
r.--
proouction,
r,vill
the
an expressron
university
the
of unreleased
some l<ind
nal qqi
,
childhood,
via
as
irlnorl-6nl
peoplc
see
a human being
as
a generation,
lur
- hor
r s Jr
present
e
xcep1^1'^^nf
in
only
Then
this
means of
sense
to
of
is
the
any
not
inc
the
t
prociucts
and outnocled.
rwqr r Aq
lnnl
r ( J.rrndr
J Oz u y
perhaps
hence,
was ever
]-ng
rcgarding
as
all
defend
ve
and the
today
A century
r lav
of
production
of
to
can be denived frqn
infancy
shape
much
unreflected
lil<e
frorn
into
whipped
they
is
expericnces,
c onv r nc
,
It
unreflect ed,
although
partly
the
history.
f anrily,
ano
j f r zr r
of
whims
show that
merely
not
often
untenabfe
to
efforts
having
r r n:l- r r r
rathcr
and are
personality,
constraints,
self-imposed
horv it
vrhich
.'
i 'l /
rnar LUaquJ J=rq!II)
these
constraints
are.
1?\
\
,
Irinr'l'lrr
L
/
have
LILuLLJ
l-fhinl<
I
much too
oeneral:
above
all-
producLion
or
the
labour
is
perhaps
The
input
maliing
scene
the
up to
equi pment
The
for
of
for
into
inputs
work
the
input
of
jump
in
thc
data
vrhole
in
to
J:ecause
general
is,
and
othcr
product
the
and
sense
impressions
ds fresh
inputs
articfes
and
The
and process
analysis:
thc
input
of
and analysiq
and data
presurnbably,
the
arrival
processing
the
input
so
input
data
of
by
a sinple
feed.
enormous
proc€ssing
upvrards
researchers
known
also
steps
is
boolcs,
who collect
those
first
laboratories,
of
appreciated,
r i€searchers,
are
universities
students
.l_hen
am thinl<incr
any
nature
form
the
are
collectionr
computers
f
for
the
staff
using
cdpital
from
thc
in
of
capital
fabour,
inputs
brought
a quanturn
of
J<nor,vlecige as
nature,
on whj-ch researchers
forth
l:e Lrue.
l<nor,vledge production,
The
as processed
hardly
and university
of
specimens
be rnade that
a point
is
rnav nerzortheless
adm inistrators.
and
it
il-
fron
should
L
particular
in
funcLion
inputs
with
ooj-nt
much money.
vice-chancellors
in
fhe
of
them,
assist-ants.
research
recently
on the
in
particular.
of
tl'ie
L9
creative
or
"rnal<ing the
mind
imposing
it.
is
adr.rinistration
^t
Ur
r 1 ^ ..: ^
LrrIJ
frora
transition
a An a
research;
+ hn
but
him.
of
between
the
forms,
nnra
nrn'i
;-
the
rrre
the
-i a
lS
1- :l
c i+ f jnn
nn
vrl
tLvI'
on
if
goods,
Lhen Lhe
background
and
activity.
Thus,
rna dv
m ade
ls qu]
and the
in
adninistercd
:hlo
nexl
to
can
be brought
nf
t he
intensive
y-
n
vramiflq
LrJrqr{r!LrD
There
Lhese
each
is
creative
other,
r Ji _nno r r ,
nrnr:lrra{-
-ciuc
The
in.
only
Then,
a---is 5 - Ls. t - a n t
s
researcher
n
rnrjrir-ino
}Jrvuu9!r1Y
i n Si g h tS
tLrrsvrsL
henrc,J__iCal
pyrami os .
has long
produclion
in
and
r
r - tf
into
of
amounts
way by
the
inn
data
a
u r r'l I
-
t
of
and
this
professional
becone
increasingly
( \r d:
l - ho
capital
of
creativity-intensive
i n 1 _e i - n r e l - a f
r;iIl
form
this,
Iike
been
wane
in
be enormous
f hei
the
gradually
wil-l-
predictable
1:nnr .zlodc a
to
manu-facture.
than
The conclusions
fr nm
where
be a decline
a highly
adninistrators.
creativity-
philosophy.
to
injected,
f or
l/!vY!
only
e r n n l a f _-^rg
i r
conf
r,ri tht
mada
will
there
i ntenS i V e
production.
mode of
tIt-
wilf
there
not
of
disLinguish
i-ha
researchers
nr r r . r r ^r . r nr eq
firclllg
rra l i n f
is
aLOf
a
perhaps
soeial
nioiie capital
even
is
methocls
ad,f1i ni S tf
knowleoge
K nowlcdge
there
r,lode onc
)-'nowledge
of
top
the
of
the
of
thern in
rather
data
nore
alI
putting
same house,
pU1- , ti _nfn t on
sake
be that
researcher
researcne-
closer
nrr.l_
of
some drsciples
i-s cerebral-facture
JaLUf,rrv
f or
was
coning
in
be hired,
can
automated
this
the
artisanal
the
manufacturing
put
are
it
fJ
of
the
intensive
latter
period
that
I,Jithiu
labour
Lhe
brains
f her c ,
message
organising
intensive
anC i
from
to
input
for
lvould
a^,ri
tal
v *L-
frdy be having
impressions,
the
even
1- \ ^^i n^ i no
f ront
f a
And the
do in
constant
and research
a transition
indus+-rial
rh
i an
the
.
hypothesis
Ialcour
n r a r lr r a f
both.
getting
adrnnistrators
factor
general
the
sing",
or
fuvYs
ooethef
urls
u
first
the
argument,
L n n r ^ r "l
J
L-ILIY
Keeping
data,
v,rhat the
.i +
L - - i- t
the
upon
data
r 'i qal - i nn
nr nr l ttr - i nc r
f he
! v ! Luluuqu r u
' c n n r nz' 1
:\lIUf/asuYs
a r lca
' F h r .r
!r aqL-^--
because the
^+
\JI
the
l
dr
"- ;
- - -IAfyJAJ.
net
fr^ rct nil' lar s
l /!!f
l.-J
rru
Qi
nnn
Jllr ue
result
J
of
is
nnl
v Lr r J
r:
an even
r nor ior nr r tv Lr u!
l---lvvv!lrY
:nouri ncr
are
conclusions
-
q!
ilr a n
rr
t
]-he
!lls
already
R
D itY a
vJeqtl-rn
built
|lr'.i
v lnnnr
rUJ z
higher
i nr..'r^
TITPULJ,
U ql r
- an
into
n:\7
tJ qJ
dependence
sor-iefv:
!L-^
,i -!-
^i m^1t'
S-LrttPry
Lllg
uqLqt
the
prograrames
far
rvr
than
lrrt-oat:cracv
R LY
i a
D
I{nr
r rr^r
l sa, r-l rrr.
:\r r v-w
s uY
before
and
on the
but
20
l4uch c apital
corporations.
data
and
quantities
cnormous
done
is
f
i s
in
other
nr nn,r n+
^^ F
nr odr r r - od
LJrvuuvuu
In
short,
little
be the
will
in
thc
fields
of
i na
z 6. anr r i
q9vv!
{_ n
production
modern
social
is
life,
end
for
instanc e
Nobel
prizes ,
i nqn.i
tLhr fqar r n
the
much I j-l<e what
quality,
accorded
!u L r r L r
much
substituting
f or
rathef
an
-r
approaching
a system
creativity,
result,
The worl< that
i 1n.
t,!vuuvuaL
fo
brain
IittIe
and
raf
r r r JIr Jr q L r vl t.
its
of
i on
viability.
Some conclusions
According
reactions,
in
that
good,
even
'fhese
in
I
lvith
Iight
the
are
eor - iet al
of
lev eI
approach
the
Lwo liinds:
macro-processes
rqrrYVVsrrrqvlg
ncrcl\/c.rnal^rle
IlMru!!qOarrY!!
more,
once
processes.
historicaf
of
to
trying,
incroasinolv
in
AsVs!
JVU!gUCL!
t;:y
project
to
raLher,
be possible
would
not
efforLs
lil<ely
actr-ra1ly
what
shall
l:ut
university,
processes
lr ic r -
thin)<ing,
of
manner
a nornative
it
line
alternativcs?
alLernativc
Lo see
fh
e
LrrE
i:o this
at
- ^ ^ i ^ r ';^ ^
JUUIgLIgJ,
--Yt
and micro-proccsscs
r;lor e or
less
forner
the
r^ras the
hypothesis:
reached
their
integratiorr
and
u^sr
!l^^!
LIr aL
I.' - - ^
LYIJg
devolution
afso
in
in
That
6f
u!
some cor.rntries
process
he'lonos
to
a sense
hi storv,
woul-d be the
it
is
rather
been
f6
LV
to
regional
That
on the
of
Iatter
fifth
history
is
like
corresponding
obvious,
using
decentral-isati"qn
as the
carriers
^- .dU al
9Ld
more
that
centralisation,
goes
ultirnately
quickly
other
t hat
without
that
saying,
- yet there are trerds.
processes
the
-
levels
goes
others,
rnarginalised
of
+hn
Ll Iti
l-ocal
process
thar-
seqmentation
historical
rW
.rILr
i fh I
in
a tautology.
Iayer
seen
road- towards
all
of
the
and
slovrly
-
and
r r w i - eni
LAus
r r L,
this
decentralisation
rather
In
-just
isation
ccntraf
processes
q1.1m
J v r .r u F
may l:e reversed
Bu't- what
In
have
and more
stiIl
the
=i]J.
above,
the
affairs.
foreign
are
back
f or
sej
to
state
nr n1.- AqqUIUUSJJ,
power
of
countries
the
nation
f ormer.
coneomitant
l-irniLs,
have
thernselves,
centralisation
Qgth
cxpounded
j-n the
paid
fact,
upper
will
nini-perspective
groups
the
obvaous
an empirical-
The general
have
with
vras Lhe price
f ragmentation
as
univcrsities
the
svnchronised
Segmentation
-
inside
list
in
of
universities?
structural
2\
factors
in
the
!^:^^.i^1.;---i+.,
{ r r u 1 1 ,r lr r q r r L y
f or
r r vr r r L a e
necessarily
understood
integration
at
the
of
Greek
and regional
subdivision
in
r:ecent
othcr
l:ig
of
rwd5
,t=^
Too".nuence
r L^
Lr r E
- r -wclyS
- ^"^
dr
of
aIl
C as e
that,
cf
popular
universities
sLaying
for
As
youtl-'-
in
their
of
nr nr lr r niinn
but
m
nr or s
r LLU
/
:hl
qv laE
neool ersJ
iJsuruie
countries
dr€
;eaching
(but
and
in
^-h^^r
-
SviiuuiJ
usually
has
f Or
t
only
have
n
n lrr
vrrrJ
in
flr
rvith
the
exception
intoxicated
The
(l:ut
only
y,
forr,r
!v!lLL
modes of
lvith
al-lure
in
timq
in
both
of
and
pracLice).
corporations
In
nrcrdtrr-f
urvLruv
at
exarnples
or
short,
rlo practrce,
no
no teaching),
iuuuvrrrrrYt
oer- h' i
i on-
,
is
integrating
no
ttv
(alluded
And frna1ly,
p-roctuction,
the
practice
missing
bad
such
and engineering.
t;OrdrC
ilo practice,
of
v!
on.
universitiesaregood
only,
still
of
build
and research.
onlyr
we are
aIl
rnore artlsanal
cornbining
a long
lLrru
-ho
what
as nedicine
at
(Lcaching
schools
But
people,
th
- ^.eoi l
ihe
practice
) .
to
i nJ - onr r r o
in
for
existed
no research
alcove)
not
nevJ modes
this,
inSLance
(research
/n
r r r "t- ico
(iJtquLrvg
three,
possibly
25 years,
much to
rcseai:ch
and
institutes
rwvlr:
^ tn r 1 ,
of
traditlons
ls
research).
bureaucraciesrbetrveen
rescarch),
a
AS
between
t,here
good
quiLe
in
missing
a link
we c'lo not
rnrl
ottu
rar ^h
tfi-9ii
teaching
ar, conbining
And then
fLU
l.
practice.
And here
T ir=
h.
of
and
happened
i nn
tres
of
al I
nationaf
the;yTna.s.ir]m,
come and go,
of
the
has
can
a pcriod
over
it
on the
a consequence
lr nnr ^zlor i no
^r
and
teachirq
years
four
stronger
increasingly
municipality
the
fr r c :f v r r ,/
saruuuqLl
- Lr y
the
this,
building
people
where
in
than
eciucation,
forging
life,
and non-acadenic
academic
down to
p;l p6r r r
_
fOf
a concor':itant
rnaiting
of
all
rather
secondary
and
distance,
i:he samc r./ay as
for
a drastic
As
ones .
of
level
woros
cities
generations
( a' nr 1
\qr r u
local
this
acac-remies,
a concomr-tanL
the
in
levcls,
the
'l rrn 6 a
:l l u cc
to
lil<e
level,
universities
vert-icaf
nore
a correspond-ing
of
big
two
the
no't-
anri qrlecialisations
rrrdn! smal-I
of
A5
sense.
rrnirzersities
z + lr Y
of
emergence
f atter
inter-pcrsonal
inclinations
sub-dividing
more coIIegial,
classical
(the
sense ) i
and
various
trans-
rena]S S ancc
a
iheology
r,vestern
the
a reduct'-icn
universities
u
of
by
the
again
fwincr
and
inter-institute
size
f acilitating
that
w i t-h
as an obrzi-ous concomitant
r:loseliooe'ther:
of
iir
researchers
reduction
a move towards
approaches
-
as philosophy
f iclds
hrincrino
above:
h^t.i--,^
r
such
given
order
to
a transition
regression
cal-culators,
nc r-
as
niight
sor':le
say.
22
I t
provincialisn.
presupposes
more
universities
was Lnorc of
mosL nunicipal
with
at
the
the
a nost
is
f ruitfuf
rather
stil-f
human brains
with
than
all
say
their
networlis
teaching,
rcsearch
and construct.ivisn).
ne'rtertheless
f acilitating
f or
by Latin
institutions
transnational
Lrairsdisciplinary
, nol- to
with
their
conputers
wdy,
i sation
- even at the
similar
the
the
transnational
spreading
where
probably
carried
become
criticism
in
the
s ame time,
this
many of
new unrversities
empiricisn,
en'ter
think
cxtent
integrating
course,
communication,
j-t j-es were
of
of
of
Transnational
a large
connecting
(and
nothing
.hges than
- might easily
the
And this,
I
today.
capability
and practice
which
are
Thus,
worlo.,
sane
and
l,iiddle
to
fevel
univ ersities
around
the
a reality,
a common tongue.
tirat
Univers
in
internaticnal
national
as
be emphasised
should
interpretation,
eve r,
is
rescrved
tremendous
strenqth
bacli
to
f or
and
,,^
l^
WEOr\IIgJJgD.
Tjl:_gp_lgfgsj_o.n., a transrtron
inLensity,
capital.
saving
l-he ocjective
one
less
nonev,
countrj-es
has
sone
is
l-here
that
"defence"and"justice"and
including
But
us
hunan,
is
cven
some need
satisfaction
m ^ n a \7
advent
the
of
of
t
b Ut
ps
the
used
same direction:
for
identify
to
or
need
a lSO
be
vriIl
in
the
all
t-he
rainistries
other
the
of
budgets,
not
can
to
sornething
perhaps
r,V i th
the
of
garbage
democratisation
identify
cer:tainly
l <i l l ed
producers,
be quenched
not
humair need,
bool<,
dispense
aIl
is
tttge_Jffl_,?9.
the
interpretation,
that
pocl<et
it:
l<nor,'"'lccl.ge,as
possibilities
fantastic
nerely
a basic
for
Among
\,ve1f are .
f or
thrrst
linow whetherto
cnr,a
culture,
this
monev
less
budget
the
and consumers
clisseminators
l'lay!:e this
nuch
creativilty-
be needed.
above,
about
decrease
education,
peoplc's
to
certainty
alreadv
increase
money wilI
referred
conditions
that
only
Less
again
169
with
that
cas ily.
tha,r
malies
l-n ordcr
what
universities
1
rl
nnau
r r r vr r vj .
of
all
these
The
the
of ]<novtledge,
points
at
The
with
aLr,
mass meclia when they
-
is.
be facilitated
mrrnh
to
are
in
leas't
not
the
of
23
knowledge
consumption.
new rnodes of
And all
production,
Jinowledge
hence
more
d.ecentralised,
s,i
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