1. science
2. weather

IODP Proposal
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IODP
ProposalCover
Cover
Sheet
793 - Cpp 2
Arabian Sea:Tectono-Climatic interactions
Title
Proponents
Keywords
Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonic-monsoon interactions in South Asia
D. Pandey, A. Singhvi, P. Clift, A. Gupta, L. Giosan, K. Sree Krishna, S. Gallagher, R.
Sivaramakrishnan, M. Perrin, R. Nigam,
Area
Tectonics, Monsoon, Himalayan-uplift, Laxmi-Basin, Deccan-Traps
Arabian Sea
Contact Information
Contact Person:
Department:
Organization:
Address:
Tel.:
E-mail:
Dhananjai K Pandey
Ministry of Earth Sciences, India
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Headland Sada
Vasco da Gama
403804
Fax:
0091-832-2525580
0091-832-2520876
[email protected]; [email protected]
Permission to post abstract on IODP-MI Web site:
Yes
No
Abstract:
A detailed understanding of interactions between solid Earth and climate is an important area for geoscientific research and
has been appropriately emphasized in the IODP Science Plan. The continental margin of India adjoining Arabian Sea offers a
unique opportunity to delineate the relative role of climate and tectonics and the net impact on weathering and erosion of
Himalaya. We propose scientific drilling in the Arabian Sea to understand co-evolution of mountain building, erosion and
climate over various time scales. The SW Monsoon is one of the most intense climatic phenomena on Earth. Its long term
development has been linked to the growth of high topography in South and Central Asia. Conversely, intensification of the
summer monsoon rains is linked to the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya and Tibet, not least the exhumation of the Greater
Himalaya and to the rate of plate convergence. Weathering of Himalaya has also been linked to the long-term drawdown of
atmospheric CO2 during the Cenozoic, culminating in the onset of Northern Hemispheric Glaciations. No other part of the
world has such intense links between tectonic and climatic processes. Unfortunately these hypotheses remain untested due to
limited information on history of erosion and weathering. This cannot be accomplished onshore because the foreland basin
records are disrupted by major unconformities and depositional ages are hard to determine with high precision. Here, we
propose to recover long records of erosion and weathering from the Indus fan that will allow us to establish links between
these processes and the oceanographic history of the region already reconstructed from drilling on the Oman margin. Such
records can further be correlated to structural geological data in the Himalaya and independent records of evolving Tibetan
Plateau to estimate sediment fluxes and erosion rates. The proposed drilling will be accomplished within a regional seismic
stratigraphic framework, allowing a robust estimation of sediment budget along with quantitative estimates for weathering
fluxes. Drilling through the fan base and into the underlying basement will permit additional constraints to be placed on the
nature of crust in the Laxmi Basin (Eastern Arabian Sea). This is highly significant for understanding problems of global
interest such as paleogeographic reconstructions along conjugate margins in the Arabian Sea and models of continental
breakup on rifted volcanic margins.
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793 - Cpp 2
Scientific Objectives
We propose two depth profiles in the Eastern Arabian Sea to address following specific objectives:
(a) testing whether Greater Himalayan exhumation correlates with the proposed monsoon intensification after 23 Ma,
(b)determining if the monsoon strengthened or weakened at 8 Ma,
(c)dating the age of the base of the fan to constrain the timing of upliftment of Himalaya and Tibet plateau.
(d)to decipher the nature of basement rocks in the Laxmi Basin (Eastern Arabian Sea) for constraining early seafloor
spreading and its relation to the emplacement of the Deccan Flood Basalts. This objective would have significant implications
for precise paleogeographic reconstructions in the north west Indian Ocean.
Non-standard measurements technology needed to achieve the proposed scientific objectives.
Proposed Sites
Site Name
Position
(Lon, Lat)
Water
Depth
(m)
Penetration (m)
Sed
Bsm
Total
Brief Site-specific
Objectives
IND-01A
67.995875, 17.793544
3510
690
0
690 To recover post-Miocene sediments
aimed to provide high resolution
weathering and erosion records on
millennial scale
IND-02A
68.602208, 17.881136
3510
590
0
590 To recover lower Miocene sediments
intended to provide high resolution
weathering and erosion records on
millennial scale. In addition, to date
the seismic markers for developing
regional seismic stratigraphy required
for the erosional budget.
IND-03A
68.726028, 16.622769
3667
1457
100
1557 To target the base of the fan and the
basement for obtaining records of
more than 23 Ma. Besides, to
constrain the paleogeographic
reconstructions and plume-rift
interaction processes.
IND-04A
69.358589, 16.614744
3635
900
50
950 To target the base of the fan and the
basement for obtaining records of
more than 23 Ma.
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Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonicmonsoon interactions in South Asia
Abstract:
Interactions between the solid Earth and climate system represent a frontier area for
geoscientific research which is well emphasized in the IODP Science Plan. The continental
margin of India adjoining the Arabian Sea offers a unique opportunity to understand tectonoclimatic interactions and the net impact on weathering and erosion of the Himalaya. We
propose scientific drilling in the Arabian Sea to understand co-evolution of mountain
building, weathering, erosion and climate over a range of time scales. The SW Monsoon is
one of the most intense climatic phenomena on Earth. Its long term development has been
linked to the growth of high topography in South and Central Asia. Conversely, the tectonic
evolution of the Himalaya, especially the exhumation of the Greater Himalaya, is linked to
intensification of the summer monsoon rains, as well as to the rate of plate convergence.
Weathering of Himalaya has also been linked to the long-term drawdown of atmospheric CO2
during the Cenozoic, culminating in the onset of Northern Hemispheric Glaciation. No other
part of the world has such intense links between tectonic and climatic processes.
Unfortunately these hypotheses remain untested due to limited information on the history of
erosion and weathering recorded in the resultant sedimentary prisms. This cannot be
accomplished onshore because the proximal foreland basin records are disrupted by major
unconformities and depositional ages are hard to determine with high precision. We therefore
propose to recover longer records of erosion and weathering from the Indus fan that will
allow us to understand links between paleooceanographic processes and the climatic history
of the region. The latter was somewhat addressed by ODP drilling on the Oman margin and
further studies are proposed by iMonsoon (IODP-795) proposal. Such records can be
correlated to structural geological data in the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau to estimate how
sediment fluxes and exhumation rates changes through time. The proposed drilling will be
accomplished within a regional seismic stratigraphic framework, and will for the first time
permit an estimation of sediment budgets along with quantitative estimates for weathering
fluxes and their variation through time. Specific goals of this proposal include, (a) testing
whether the timing of the exhumation of Greater Himalaya correlates with an enhanced
erosional flux and strong chemical weathering at ~ 23 Ma, (b) determining the amplitude and
1
direction of the environmental change conditions at 8 Ma, (c) dating the age of the base of the
fan to constrain the timing of India-Asia collision and subsequent uplift of Himalaya and
Tibet plateau. Drilling through the fan base and into the underlying basement in proposed
area will permit additional constraints to be placed on the nature of the crust in the Laxmi
Basin (Eastern Arabian Sea) which has a significant bearing on paleogeographic
reconstructions along conjugate margins in the Arabian Sea and models of continental
breakup on rifted volcanic margins.
1. Introduction:
The advent of plate tectonics has made it apparent that the solid Earth lithosphere
interacts intimately with the asthenosphere, atmosphere and the circulation in the ocean
basins and thereby controls Earth‟s climate. It is suggested that the interactions between the
solid Earth and the climate can occur in at least two different manners. The opening and
closure of deep ocean gateways is believed to have caused large-scale climate change (Haug
and Tiedemann, 1998; Cane and Molnar, 2001; von der Heydt and Dijkstra, 2006). In
addition, mountain building is proposed to have perturbed planetary scale atmospheric
circulation and influenced continental environments and oceanography. The suggestion that
mountain building in Asia has intensified the circulation of the Asian monsoon is the most
dramatic example of such interactions (Prell and Kutzbach, 1992; Molnar et al., 1993; An et
al., 2001). Asia is the only continent that experiences such an intense monsoon. Therefore,
understanding what controls its intensity is of great scientific interest and has substantive
societal importance. If we can identify the various processes that control monsoon intensity
over geological time, we can establish an improved context for shorter term modelling of
how future climate change may affect the densely populated environments of Asia.
The Arabian Sea in the northern Indian Ocean (Fig. 1) preserves sedimentary records
of rifting and paleoceanographic history of the region, and provides sedimentary archives of
long term erosion of the Himalaya since the collision between India and Asia during the
Eocene. Marine science research of the area dates back to the 1880s, with the first major
advances coming from the “John Murray Expedition” (Sewell and Gardiner, 1934), followed
by the International Indian Ocean Expeditions during 1961-1965. The first scientific drilling
by Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and then Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) in the Arabian
Sea (Fig. 1) provided additional new data. IODP Science Plan theme “Climate and Ocean
Change” highlights the need to elucidate the monsoon system and its role in controlling
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weathering and erosion. The Arabian Sea is also a potentially very promising region for
examining a continental rifting and break-up tectonics. Studies on conjugate margins in this
region offer new data to compliment the knowledge base from other well studied conjugate
margins such as the Iberia-Newfoundland and Greenland-Norway margins of the Atlantic
Ocean. This supplementary objective addresses the “Earth Connections” theme of the IODP
Science Plan. Recently, an Indian Ocean IODP workshop was hosted by National centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa, India (www.ncaor.gov.in/iodp/index.html). The history
of the Monsoon was one of the major themes of this workshop where scientists from different
parts of the world expressed the need for scientific drilling in the Indian Ocean region in
order to derive a better understanding of how the Monsoon has evolved through time and its
impacts on continental environments and regional tectonics. This drilling proposal to a large
extent builds on this workshop and the key topics identified by the workshop.
1.1 The link between India-Eurasia collision and the SW Monsoon
The SW Monsoon is one of the strongest climatic systems on Earth; it provides a
lifeline for more than half of the global population. It has been argued that the SW monsoon
is strongly influenced by the topography of the Tibetan Plateau (Molnar et al., 1993; 2010;
An et al., 201, Fig. 2). In contrast, recent climate modelling has suggested that the Monsoon
might exist even on a planet with no surface inhomogeneities, such as land-sea contrasts
(Bordoni and Schneider, 2008). The importance of the Himalayan barrier, rather than the
Tibetan Plateau, in controlling the South Asian monsoon has also been suggested (Boos and
Kuang, 2010), while others have highlighted processes such as the retreat of shallow seas in
central Asia (Ramstein et al., 1997) and the closure of the Indonesian gateways (Potter and
Szatmari, 2009). Recent modelling confirms that introducing a higher plateau in Asian
topography intensifies rainfall over southwest Asia (Huber and Goldner, 2012). Presently,
the plateau redistributes the regional mid-latitude circulation and affects the annual
precipitation in this region (Molnar et al., 1993; An et al., 2001; Clift and Plumb 2008; Wang
et al., 2005). The erosion of the Himalaya, largely by the SW Monsoon has resulted in the
world‟s two largest submarine sedimentary deposits: the Indus and the Bengal fans in the
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (Curray and Moore, 1982; Kolla and Coumes, 1987; Clift et
al., 2001; Curray et al., 2003). The two basins jointly preserve records of past erosion and
weathering that are controlled by monsoonal variability that may be linked to the progressive
uplift of the Tibetan Plateau (France-Lanord et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2005; Lunt et al.,
2010).
3
The relationship between tectonic uplift and variability in SW and East Asian
monsoons is highly complex and their phase relationship is not yet understood. A rising
Tibetan Plateau could have altered climate in a number of ways such as: 1) the rising plateau
would have deflected and blocked regional air systems, affecting global atmospheric
circulations (Held, 1983); 2) the elevated region would have enhanced pressure-driven
atmospheric flows as higher and lower atmospheric pressure systems developed over the
plateau during the winter and summer. This would have intensified the SW monsoon, leading
to heavier rainfall along the frontal ranges of the Himalaya (Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Wang
et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2003).
It has varyingly been suggested that the onset of Greater Himalayan exhumation was
triggered by monsoon intensification (Clift et al., 2008) or by the location of the Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ) above the Himalaya (Armstrong and Allen, 2011). Further, the
enhanced availability of fresh rock surfaces exposed by denudation processes and the
moisture availability imply enhanced chemical weathering (Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992;
Derry and France-Lanord, 1997). During chemical weathering atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) reacts with rock-forming silicates to produce bicarbonates, which are washed into the
oceans where they eventually form carbonate rocks (Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992). Because
CO2 is an important greenhouse gas, helping to warm the atmosphere, a decrease in the
amount of atmospheric CO2 would lead to global cooling. It has been argued that increased
chemical weathering of the Himalaya resulted in decreased global CO2 which culminated in
Northern Hemispheric Glaciation after 2.7 Ma (Derry and France-Lanord, 1997). This
suggestion remains untested due to scanty long term quantitative records of erosion of
Himalaya and can only be derived from the Indian Ocean submarine fans, as over 70% of the
total eroded mass resides in the Indian Ocean (Clift, 2002), and those records that do exist
onshore tend to be poorly dated and incomplete.
1.2 Timing of Tibetan Plateau uplift and its importance climate change?
The timing of Tibetan Plateau surface uplift is one of the major uncertainties in
attributing uplift to climate change. Different views on the style and extent of surface uplift
have been proposed. The first school advocates rapid late Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift based
on mammalian fauna, palaeokarst, and geomorphology (Ding et al., 1999; Qiang et al., 2001).
The second school suggests that uplift has occurred gradually since Early Eocene times, with
substantial elevations were reached by the late Eocene at least in south and central Tibet
(Dewey et al., 1988; Garzione et al., 2000; Tapponnier et al., 2001; Rowley and Currie,
4
2006). This view has been supported by the oxygen isotopic compositions of paleosols and
lacustrine sediments in central and southern Tibet. Others believe that the rapid uplift
occurred after about 25 Ma, and that the plateau attained its present elevation by about 14 to
15 Ma (Garzione et al., 2000; Harris, 2006), while subsequently growing in area principally
by expansion to the NE and SE (Clark et al., 2005; Schoenbohm et al., 2006; Royden et al.,
2008). An alternative view hypothesises that the present elevation and extensional
deformation of the plateau probably resulted from uplift owing to convective thinning of the
underlying lithospheric mantle (England and Houseman, 1989; Tapponier et al. 2001). This
mechanism is supported by reports of post mid-Miocene lavas from the northern part of the
Tibetan Plateau dated at about 13 Ma (Turner et al., 1996). In addition, recent studies have
also suggested a link between lithospheric deformation in the central Indian Ocean (a
diffused plate boundary) around 15.4–13.9 Ma and Tibetan uplift (Krishna et al., 2009). This
view implies considerable Tibetan uplift around 14 Ma.
1.3 Eastern Arabian Sea: understanding passive rifted margins and nature of crust:
The Eastern Arabian Sea evolved after breakup of Madagascar and India in midCretaceous and between India and the Seychelles during the Late Cretaceous (Norton and
Sclater, 1979; Courtillot et al., 1988; White and McKenzie, 1989). The Deccan Traps, one of
the best known examples of rapidly emplaced flood basalt, are considered as imprints of the
Réunion hot spot below the Indian continental lithosphere at around 65Ma (Courtillot et al.,
1988). Subsequently, hot spot activity emplaced magmatic intrusions within the crust of the
western continental margin of India (Pandey et al., 1996; Singh, 2002). The interaction
between the hot spot and the moving Indian plate also caused a new spreading centre - the
Carlsberg Ridge (Storey et al., 1995). The seafloor spreading along the Carlsberg Ridge
resulted in forming of conjugate margins along western Indian and the eastern Seychelles
margins (Chaubey et al., 2002a; Royer et al., 2002). The deep nature of these conjugate
margins is poorly constrained, and knowledge about the entire breakup history and its relation
the impact of the Réunion mantle plume is lacking far behind that of the conjugate margins of
the North Atlantic. Obviously, to truly understand the breakup process, mantle plume
generated or not, deep nature of the rifted margins that formed etc. will require a major study.
However, drilling into the basement of the Laxmi basin can provide some very first order
information advancing our understanding significantly. It is included in this proposal as a
small added effort with a potentially significant outcome. Specifically, it will provide clues to
5
the nature of the crust below the basin, its possible relation to the Deccan Basalts, and hence,
links between the breakup and the Reunion hotspot activity.
The continental margin of India consists of numerous NW-SE trending structural
highs namely Laccadive and Laxmi Ridges (Fig. 1) (Naini and Talwani, 1982; Biswas, 1987;
Kolla and Coumes, 1990; Gopala Rao et al., 1992; Krishna et al., 1994; Subrahmanyam et al.,
1995). The „Laxmi Ridge‟ is considered as a continental sliver separated from India before
the Seychelles-India break-up. The ridge differs from other oceanic features, aseismic ridges
and continental plateaus by being associated with a prominent negative free-air gravity
anomaly, while being almost buried by sediments (Naini and Talwani, 1982; Krishna et al.,
1992; 1994; 2006). In contrast, the area between the ridge and the Indian continental shelf,
known as the “Laxmi Basin”, which occupies an area of about 2.4 x 105 km2 is marked by
positive gravity anomalies. Seismic velocity, mainly from sonobuoys (Naini and Talwani,
1982) and Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) data indicates that the Laxmi Ridge with a
crustal thickness of over 21 km and continental velocity characteristics similar to those found
beneath the Indian Shield (Naini and Talwani, 1982). However, the nature of crust under the
Laxmi Basin, with a thickness of ~11 km, is ambiguous because it neither matches a typical
continental nor a typical oceanic crust seismic velocity model. If the crust in the Laxmi
Basin is oceanic and similar in age and emplacement environment to the Deccan traps, this
would strongly suggest a first order tie between plume impact and breakup. However, if
proven to be continental, it should find a place in the reassembled Gondwana and could
challenge the hypothesis that formation of East Arabian Sea generated volcanic rifted margin.
Therefore, drilling into the Laxmi Basin to sample the basement rocks has the
potential to resolve both the nature of crust across the continent-ocean boundary and the
timing of the break-up. Constraining some of these first order questions is important because
the region with its proposed links with the Deccan mantle plume (Armitage et al., 2010;
Collier et al., 2008) offers a complementary study area to the well documented IberiaNewfoundland and Norway-Greenland margins.
Drilling through the basement in the Laxmi Basin is highly significant in terms of
paleoclimatic, as well as the geodynamic understanding of the Indian Ocean. The proposed
basement sampling is planned to include sediment samples for long term (> 23Ma) Monsoon
studies, as well as to obtain the much needed age control on the basement. This will in turn
enable us to determine the relative timing of extension in the Arabian Sea basin and the
Laxmi Basin. The precise timing of extension is an essential parameter required for accurate
paleogeographic reconstruction of the Indian Ocean.
6
In a recent development, the Ministry of Earth Sciences, India has planned for a deep
continental drilling onshore (8 km deep hole) in the central western India, which lies
geographically opposite to the sites proposed here (www.dod.nic.in). The proposed
International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) core in the central India would run
through the Deccan Traps and the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks underneath to reach the
basement. Considering this development, an IODP hole offshore would establish an onshoreoffshore IODP-ICDP linkage and provide a unique opportunity for better structural
correlation for improved geodynamic understanding.
2. Previous work and justification for the proposed deep sea drilling
2.1 Tectono-climatic framework
Although Earth‟s climatic history has been reconstructed with an array of proxies
applied to both marine and terrestrial sediment archives, much of the progress in resolving
the timing and style of Cenozoic climate change is based on deep-sea oxygen (18O) and
carbon (13C) isotope records. Since the early 1970s, 18O data have served as the principal
means of reconstructing global and regional climate change on a variety of geologic timescales, from millennial to tectonic. These records are multidimensional in that they provide
both climatic and stratigraphic information, and can be quickly generated (Zachos et al.,
2001). The last few decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the inventory of highresolution isotope records across the Cenozoic, aided by the greater availability of highquality sediment cores recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and Ocean
Drilling Program (ODP). These isotope records however tell us very little about the
development of the Asian monsoon, which requires a variety of different proxies for different
parts of the Asian marginal seas. Part of the problem revolves around how to measure
monsoon intensity and the fact that the monsoon has significant differences from east to west
across Asia.
A particularly attractive feature of drilling in the Indus Fan is the fact that we already
have detailed paleoceanographic records spanning the past 14 Ma that can be used to
constrain monsoonal variability at decadal to multi-millennial scale (Clemens and Prell,
2003; 1991; Gupta et al., 2003; 2004, Govil and Naidu, 2008; Burbank et al., 1993; Harris,
2006; Filippelli, 1997; Raymo, 1994; Wang et al., 2005). Recent studies based on shallow
cores collected from the eastern Arabian Sea (Fig. 3) indicate evidence of centennial to
7
millennial scale changes in the Indian monsoon during the past 80 ka including the Holocene
(e.g. Gupta et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2011). Sarkar et al. (2000), Bhushan et al. (2001)
inferred sub-centennial scale resolution in some cores collected from shallow water depths
near the Indian coast spanning past 10ka. If we are to understand how this changing climate
impacted erosion then longer records are required and only fan sediments can offer such
records. It is now established that changes in the rate of erosion were high over short time
scales and that stronger monsoons triggered faster erosion, at least over the last glacial cycle
(Clift et al., 2008). However, long-term records of sediment flux to the ocean are yet to be
investigated in detail and the opposite relationship has been proposed for the Bengal Fan
(Burbank et al., 1993). An erosion history spanning the entire India-Eurasia collision would
allow us to compare this process with tectonic and climatic history for the first time and so
provide us with much awaited answers about how monsoonal intensity and erosion have covaried on various time scales. Approaches such as mass balance studies, lithostratigraphy,
isotopic measurements and chronometric studies are needed to reconstruct accumulation
histories. Drilling can provide erosion records from analysis of the sediment in the core, as
well as by providing age control for regional seismic stratigraphy. It is only by quantifying
the deposited volumes in the fan that we will be able to mass balance the eroded volumes in
the mountains constrained by thermochronology.
The precise timing of the initiation of the Indian monsoon and its strengthening is
debated. Increased abundance of C4 plants at ~8 Ma suggests a major environmental change
in South Asia. However, it is unclear whether this change reflects a wettening or drying of the
regional climate (Cerling et al., 1997; Quade and Cerling, 1995). Further constraints come
from the abrupt increase in the abundance of Globigerina bulloides in the Arabian Sea along
the Oman margin at ~8 Ma, which suggested increased upwelling driven by a strengthening
SW summer monsoon (e.g. Kroon et al., 1991). While an important observation we note that
this is not a direct proxy of rainfall in the Himalaya. Indeed oxygen isotope data from the
Miocene-Pliocene Siwalik Groups of the foreland basin indicate a reduced summer
precipitation starting around 7.5 Ma (Dettman et al., 2001). The present proposal envisages
reconstruction of erosion and weathering from the Western Himalaya using the sediment
cores recovered from the Indus fan. We shall examine how changes in the sediment supply
and monsoon upwelling index are correlated and if there exists any phase lag between the
two proxies.
Although it has been suggested that stronger rainfall results in less flux to the ocean
(Burbank et al., 1993) it is now generally believed that stronger summer rains drive faster
8
erosion over most timescales (Clift, 2006), especially if that rain occurs as storm events
(Molnar, 2001). Higher rainfall might trigger accelerated erosion and this is related to the
enhanced chemical weathering because weathering rates tend to increase with higher
humidity. Care needs to be exercised however, because faster sediment transport linked to
more run-off would reduce weathering intensity. Thus an intensified summer monsoon might
be expected to drive a change in sedimentation rates and in the composition of the deposited
sediments. Previous studies in the vicinity of proposed sites suggest sediment accumulation
rate of 10-25 cm/ ka at 1200-2000 m water depths (Gupta et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2011).
Other proxies such as salinity, oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca records in foraminifera provide
valuable information about upwelling and monsoon. Earlier work by Kolla et al., (1976),
Cullen and Prell (1984), Gupta (1990) and GEOSECS (1980) data suggest the depth of
lysocline ~3600 m and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) ~5000m during Quaternary. A
stronger monsoon should be recorded by lower salinity after ~8 Ma, although studies from
the South China Sea suggest that the opposite trend is more likely (Steinke et al., 2010). A
regional stratigraphic framework has been obtained based on the multi-channel seismic data
and their integration with the lithologs derived from nearby industrial wells (Fig. 3). This
provides us the confidence that drilling will penetrate the full thickness of the Indus Fan to
the basement.
Dating the depositional ages of the fan sediments from the Arabian Sea would allow a
better correlation of the marine proxies with the geodynamics of the Himalayan-Tibetan
Plateau. At present the literature suggests that the Lesser Himalaya may have begun to form
after 10 Ma by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT; Biollinger et al., 2004;
Patel et al., 2007). This process is yet to be correlated in detail with changes in either climate
or erosion, as we will be able to do so with the Indus Fan cores. Documenting the effect of
monsoon strengthening on the erosion of the Himalaya is a primary scientific goal of IODP
drilling in the Arabian Sea.
The timing of India-Eurasia collision is not agreed upon and is only loosely
constrained to have occurred between 55 and 37 Ma (Aitchison et al., 2007; Najman et al.,
2010; DPG report 2008; and references therein). Such uncertainty has important implications
for our ability to understand strain accommodation in post-collisional Asia, in particular the
importance of horizontal compression versus lateral extrusion. Our proposed drilling has the
potential to date the age at which the first sediment grains eroded from north of the Indus
Suture, and were deposited on the Indian passive margin. At present this is only known to be
prior to ~45 Ma based on samples from DSDP on the Owen Ridge (Clift et al., 2001).
9
Magneto-stratigraphic dating of clastic foreland basin fluvial sedimentary rocks in the Ganga
Basin has yielded ages as old as 18 Ma (Burbank et al., 1996), separated from older rocks that
date to ~33–35 Ma by a major unconformity (Najman, 2006). While the Neogene record of
Himalayan erosion is known to some extent, the Paleogene is much more obscure and the
missing Oligocene almost totally unknown. Sediments in the offshore fans could fill this gap,
e.g., Oligocene sediments were cored on the Owen Ridge at Site ODP 731, although in this
location the age control is poor. The fan was also cored through to the Eocene at DSDP Site
221 on the extreme toe at its SE corner, but the section was extremely condensed and
provides no chance for a high resolution weathering and erosion record (Whitmarsh et al.,
1974). Our proposed drilling should result in an expanded and a dateable section.
It has been proposed that the Main Central Thrust (MCT) became active at around 23
Ma (Godin et al., 2006), approximately 27 Ma. after the start of collision. Since the onset of
collision India has underthrust Eurasia at a rate of 60–80 km/Ma., falling to a rate of ~60–45
km/Ma. after 20 Ma (Molnar and Stock, 2009). If the collision age is broadly correct then
under-thrusted Indian crust would be present beneath the whole of Tibet (DeCelles et al.
2002; Molnar et al., 2010) but an excess of crustal input into the collision would require
either large-scale crustal subduction or lateral extrusion, such as proposed by Tapponnier et
al. (2001). Therefore, better defining the timing of India-Asia collision offers the solution to a
basic question of continental collision, i.e., how to strain accommodated in compression
mountain belts, by vertical underplating, horizontal compression or lateral extrusion. If the
entire system is to be studied from the start of India-Asia collision, longer erosion records
will be required both from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, ideally involving
penetration to basement and at least to the base of the fan complex. Sediment thicknesses are
lower in the Arabian Sea compared to the Bay of Bengal making it more practical to drill the
base of the fan in the western fan. Furthermore, some paleogeographic reconstructions
suggest that the first fan-deltas shed from the earliest mountains drained dominantly to the
west into the Indus (Qayyum et al., 1996). The earliest sandy clastic sequences in the east are
dated at ~38 Ma in the Bengal Basin (Najman et al., 2008) compared to ~50 Ma in the west.
As a result these fans are not simply mirror images of one another. The Arabian Sea tends to
provide a longer record of erosion from the Himalayan system compared to the Bay of
Bengal.
2.2 Stratigraphy of the Indus Fan
10
The Indus Fan covers 1.1 x 106 km2, stretching 1500 km into the Indian Ocean from
the present delta front and is the second largest submarine fan in the modern oceans. At its
thickest part the fan is more than 10 km thick. Presently the Indus drains an area of
approximately 1 x 106 km2 with peak discharge during the summer months due to the
seasonal melting of Himalayan glaciers, together with the increased run-off generated by the
summer monsoon. Before damming, the sediment discharge was at least 260 x 106 tons/yr.,
around twice as much as that of the Mississippi (Milliman and Syvitski, 1992; Giosan et al.,
2006). The stratigraphic framework of the proposed area has been developed using regional
seismic lines in conjunction with the industrial wells (Fig. 3). Previous studies have
demonstrated that the Middle Miocene unconformity is a key horizon in the shelf region and
correlates well with the results from KR-1 drill-well (Chaubey et al., 2002). Krishna et al.,
(2006); Ramaswamy and Rao, (1980) and Biswas and Singh, (1988) have reported regional
nature of this unconformity which has also been observed in our seismic profiles. The RE
lines (Krishna et al., 2006) shown in Fig. 3 run from shelf to deep water areas and
demonstrate the presence of major unconformities in the area. Therefore, in the absence of
age data from wells, we have used regional lithostratigraphy (location of wells used is shown
in Fig. 3) to assign ages to various marked horizons on the seismic data. We derived interval
velocities using stacking velocities from the seismic profiles and constrained it with the
published regional refraction velocities towards time-depth conversions. The stacking
velocities and the published refraction velocities in the Eastern Arabian Sea have been
submitted in the database as a part of this proposal. Our interpretations show that the
sediments in the distal parts of the fan are upto 4 km thick, however, they are relatively thin
in the proposed area of drilling with few highs in the Laxmi Basin. The sediment column can
be divided into different units starting from Paleocene through Pleistocene (Fig 4a and b). A
clearly developed Miocene unconformity in the shelf region has been used as a benchmark
for the seismic interpretations (Chaubey et al., 2002; Krishna et al., 2006). This unconformity
is identified on most of the seismic profiles used here. Uniformly thick post-Miocene strata
(~1 s TWT) are observed on the profiles except on the structural highs. The Oligocene
boundary is unclear on many profiles. Thus, drilling down to the Miocene-Eocene boundary
will provide key rock samples/data for the proposed monsoon studies and the geodynamic
studies as well.
Searle and Owen (1999) provide evidence that the Indus and its associated major
tributaries are ancient rivers that predate major orogenic uplift. As such their erosional
detritus should provide a long-term guide to the erosion history of the western Himalaya and
11
Karakoram, not least because the Indus River has remained fixed relative to the suture as the
mountains were uplifted. The influx of Tibetan debris into the Indus Molasse basin after the
final marine incursion (Wu et al., 2007) indicates a long river running through the suture
during the Early Eocene. Moreover, the presence of suture zone derived K-feldspar grains
within mid Eocene sandstones from the Arabian Sea requires a river draining these areas and
reaching the sea shortly after collision (Clift et al., 2001). As the proto-Indus Fan prograded
southwards sediments characteristic of Indus drainage began to accumulate on the distal
Indus Fan at DSDP Site 221 in the Late Oligocene (Kolla and Coumes, 1987). Although the
Indus has experienced major drainage capture during the Miocene the fact that provenance
methods were able to identify and constrain such events allows them to be accounted for
when attempting a mass balance between the marine and terrestrial erosion records (Clift and
Blusztjan, 2005). In contrast, drainage capture may be much more complicated in the Bengal
system because of the interactions with the multiple rivers of Southeast Asia (Clark et al.,
2005).
The seismic stratigraphy of the Indus Fan has received attention in its upper and
proximal levels (McHargue, 1991) where multiple fan channels have been identified
(Deptuck et al., 2003). Droz and Bellaiche (1991) used a regional single channel survey to
interpret the uppermost part of the sequence characterized by clear channeling and levee
formation (Indus Fan Megasequence), and two lower sedimentary sequences, a “basement
cover” and a simple parallel-stratified, topography filling series. The latter sequence is
separated by a major unconformity from the “basement cover”. Clift et al., (2001) dated the
Indus Fan Megasequence as Mid Miocene-Recent. Presence of channels in the upper fan and
slope regions shows that the fan is built up by a series of overlapping lobes sourced from at
least three submarine canyons (Deptuck et al., 2003). The location of the modern shelf has
been a clastic delta since at least the Early Miocene (Daley and Alam, 2002), although the
presence of deep marine clastics on the Owen Ridge and in the Makran suggests that the
paleo-Indus River was connected to the deep sea well before that time, but that sediment flux
greatly increased around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The proximal fan has
experienced rapid sedimentation and the stratigraphy is locally disrupted by mud volcanoes
under the upper slope (Calvès et al., 2011). The sediment types around proposed sites are
carbonate oozes with a siliceous microfossil component. The sediments in this region have
well preserved abundant foraminifera and diatoms (Gupta et al. 2011).
2.3 Geodynamic aspects
12
The rifted margin of western India and Pakistan represents an intriguing case for the
study of continental breakup, differing in important ways from the classic non-volcanic
Iberia-Newfoundland conjugate (e.g., Boillot et al., 1995) and the volcanic NorwayGreenland set (Skogseid et al., 2000). Several authors inferred that the oldest seafloor
spreading type magnetic anomalies in the conjugate Arabian and Eastern Somalian basins are
anomaly 27n (60.9 Ma) or 28ny (62.5 Ma), which are located south of Laxmi Ridge, in the
Arabian Basin, and north of Seychelles, in the Eastern Somali Basin (Chaubey et al., 2002a;
Royer et al., 2002). The finite rotation parameters, which describe the juxtaposition of India
and Seychelles, have been calculated using these inferred magnetic anomalies, and
paleogeographic reconstruction models for the India-Seychelles juxtaposition in the
immediate pre-drift tectonic scenario, have been published. However, most plate models for
this region predict a wide deep-water offshore region (Laxmi Basin and Offshore Indus
Basin) of about 300 km width between the Seychelles and the Indian subcontinent.
Subsequent marine geophysical studies carried out to define the nature of crust in this deep
offshore region resulted in controversy; with some authors favoured a rifted continental crust
while others favoured an oceanic crust. Some authors (Naini, 1980; Naini and Talwani, 1982;
Kolla and Coumes, 1990; Miles & Roest, 1993; Miles et al., 1998; Radhakrishna et al., 2002;
Krishna et al., 2006; Minshull et al., 2008) favoured a rifted, transitional crust while others
(Biswas and Singh, 1988; Bhattacharya et al., 1994; Malod et al., 1997; Talwani and Reif,
1998; Singh, 1999; Bernard and Munschy, 2000) favoured an oceanic crust. In addition,
Todal and Eldholm (1998) described it a continental crust.
Even though progress has been made on mapping volcanic rocks offshore using
seismic data (Pandey et al., 2011), testing of these competing models rely on direct sampling
of rocks from the basement of the Laxmi Ridge and Basin. Not only will these provide
groundtruthing for the seismic data in terms of defining rock types across this complex
continent-ocean transiton but the age control they provide will allow the relative timing of
extension in the main Arabian Sea basin and the Laxmi Basin and Gop Rift to be defined.
Sampling the basement/basalts in the proposed region and their corroboration with regional
seismic profiles could help us define the offshore extent of the Deccan Traps which is largely
unknown (Todal and Eldhom, 1998). This is important to understand the links between
break-up and the emplacement of Deccan Flood Basalts. Does initiation of a mantle plume
cause break-up? or does the rifting of the ocean basin cause flood basalt volcanism
independent of a deep-seated plume (Foulger and Natland, 2003)?
13
3. Drilling objectives:
3.1 Site planning
The proposed scientific objectives would be achieved by sampling three specific time
windows:
1. High frequency climatic variability (sub-millennial to millennial time scale) to understand
long term changes in erosion and weathering. Present day short term records of upwelling
will provide the base line and the sediment analysis along with their provenance will
provide the record of erosion. These records would for the first time provide the
relationship of monsoon winds proxy in ocean data, and rainfall on land. The data can then
be correlated with existing speleothem and upwelling records to determine links between
erosion and climate on shorter timescales.
2. Detailed examination of sediment cores for weathering at ~23 Ma, 15 Ma and 10-8 Ma to
test earlier hypotheses on climate and tectonics via changes in erosion/weathering.
Estimation of the precise timing of intensification of the SW monsoon to know whether it
is correlated with tectonic events in the Himalayan-Tibetan region.
3. In order to decipher the nature of basement rocks in the Laxmi Basin and to constrain
early spreading and its relation to the emplacement of the Deccan Flood Basalts, basement
penetration would be required. This would have strong implications for precise
paleogeographic reconstructions in the Arabian Sea.
4. Does initiation of a mantle plume cause break-up? Or does the rifting of the ocean basin
cause flood basalt volcanism independent of a deep-seated plume?
In order to address the above scientific questions, we propose two depth profiles
across the area as follows:
(1)
Two deep cores into the post Miocene (~700 m deep).
(2)
Two deep cores through the fan and pre-fan sediments and the basement (900-
1600m).
3.2 Research objectives at each site
The seismic data will allow sediment volumes to be estimated and then dated through
drilling since these are also controlled by lobe switching and fan progradation. The downhole
logging operations form an integral part of our science plan because they provide invaluable
geophysical data that allows us to tie the seismic and core data, as well as providing
constraints over parts of the section that are not well recovered. In order to sample the older
14
parts of the fan and the basement, we target the 18-33 Ma time period that is not exposed in
the foreland basin and which is yet to be recovered onshore. Drilling sites with longer records
in mind have been chosen where reduced sediment thickness enhances the possibility to
recover longer time scales using the riserless technology of the JOIDES Resolution (i.e., <2
km). All transects are designed to examine the erosional impact of changing monsoon
intensity. Two proposed wells (IND-01A, IND-02A) target orbital process and are intended
to provide high resolution weathering and erosion records on millennial scale. As
experienced with nearby shallow cores (Gupta et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2011) proposed sites
will also provide paleoceanographic data from foraminifera hosted within the sediment. In
contrast, transects designed to sample a continuous long-term record (IND-03A and IND04A) by sampling the basement will provide information about the entire Cenozoic history of
the region. These deeper wells would also elucidate the syn- as well as post-rift history of the
region. Special attention will be paid to the period 25–8 Ma, during which crucial
environmental and geodynamic changes are known to have occurred. We particularly focus
on the time around the exhumation of the Greater Himalaya (~23 Ma) in order to test the
model that this was climatically triggered, while also reconstructing the period of 15 Ma
during the Mid Miocene climatic optimum.
3.3 Present status and future plans for site survey
The drilling sites have been selected based on an extensive seismic survey in most
part of the eastern Arabian Sea (Fig. 5). The existing seismic grid will be enhanced by
acquiring multiple tie lines around proposed sites. This will permit an estimation of the
overall sediment budget and the sediment accumulation rates. The seismic data available in
nearby areas have been used to develop the regional stratigraphic framework. Lithological
details from industrial wells in the vicinity of proposed sites as well as DSDP holes have also
been corroborated while developing the stratigraphic markers that will allow the major fan
depositional bodies to be mapped out. In addition, we have utilised available seismic
refraction, reflection, gravity and magnetic data from this region for the geodynamic
understanding. Single beam bathymetric profiles have been acquired along all the seismic
tracks. Acquisition of high resolution multi-beam bathymetry data along with shallow
underway data is to be completed very shortly (rectangular boxes in Fig. 3). High resolution
climatic records based on shallow cores from nearby areas have been discussed in the
proposal. We also plan to obtain few shallow cores at proposed sites for high resolution
analyses.
15
3.4 Proposed operational plan
The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India has kindly conveyed its
intent to support drilling in the Laxmi Basin area through a Complementary Project Proposal
(CPP) scheme. Assuming the ports for convenience as Mumbai (although, the actual ports
may change to minimize transit over the entire expedition schedule) a typical expedition
length including port call is ~65 days.
As far as APC is concerned, results in past have been variable in the fan settings.
Under favourable conditions, we think that probably 250-300m APC is achievable. Based on
experience in Leg 155, it may be noted that the APC and early XCB coring rates could be
very similar. The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the
XCB to total depth (TD). In case, the XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed
with the RCB. We propose to double/triple APC the top part of the section in order to derive
a high resolution complete section. Logging is planned in the deepest hole at each site, except
the deep penetration site IND-03A where split logging between the two holes to obtain logs
through the upper section and then logging the deep RCB hole to ensure obtaining logs in the
deeper section is recommended.
Drilling the deepest hole (IND-03A) may require a re-entry system and casing to
reach the desired depth and allow multiple bit trips. Our objectives would require basement
penetration of at least 50-100 m in an ideal case and therefore would require drill bit change
as soon as touching the basement.
Based on the inputs received from USIO, it is envisaged that the proposed program
would benefit from adding checkshot surveys to the logging plan. Checkshots provide a
direct travel time-depth relationship, and would definitely be useful to complement synthetic
seismograms and ensure sufficient data for correlation to the regional seismic sections. Each
checkshot survey would add ~10-12 hrs/hole to the logging times. A detailed drilling plan
envisaged to meet proposed objectives in consultation with USIO is appended along with the
revised proposal.
3.5 Risks
We understand that drilling the deepest and oldest levels of the fan and pre-fan
stratigraphy could be challenging. As a result, coring to the oldest fan sediments needs a
careful planning. Sites with lesser sediment thicknesses make it easier to extract long-term
time records but also run the risk that we miss the oldest parts and that there may be hiatsues
16
in the record. To minimize this risk we choose our core locations using the extensive 2-D
high quality multi-channel seismic reflection data acquired in the Arabian Sea (Fig. 5).
Drilling within the context of high quality modern seismic data allows drill sites to be placed
away from major sand units, especialy sandy channels within levee complexes. Experience at
DSDP Site 222 which penetrated >1500 mbsf in 1974 suggests that a riserless platform
should be able to reach the targetted depths, especially given the technological improvements
since that time. This is crucial because dating the fan base and sampling the Deccan basaltic
basement relies on reaching the target depth (TD). One of our other major objectives,
reaching strata more than 23 Ma will require penetration of 1500m (IND-03A). Failure to
reach these depths would compromise the scientific achievements of the cruise but we assess
these risks as being low.
Two deep-water exploration wells have been drilled by industry in the Arabian Sea
(Clift et al. 2008) in recent years. Although the age resolution obtained from their cuttingsbased stratigraphy is insufficient to provide a detailed erosion budget, these wells help
confirm that our sites are the right package of rocks to answer our scientific questions. The
industry wells discussed above were dry and no hydrocarbons were detected in the nearest
scientific well, DSDP 222. Bright spots are not seen close to the proposed site in the seismic
profiles. Although gas hydrates have been documented closer to the coast (Calvès et al.,
2008) there is no suggestion of significant accumulation close to our proposed locations. No
weather-related problems are anticipated for the Arabian Sea, although the months of peak
monsoon activity are best avoided.
3.6 Alternate sites
Deep Ocean drilling is a highly complex process that requires close co-ordination
between scientific as well as technical aspects. Although we chose our site locations based on
the scientific objectives and are considered to be top priority. Nonetheless, there is scope for
adjustments in position that might be caused by technical limitations during the execution
phase. Because of the high quality seismic data availability through the primary sites there is
flexibility to choose alternate sites with similar stratigraphic section, should the first choice
locations prove impossible for safety and operational regions.
3.7 Post-cruise science plans
We propose this work in the belief that the long-term erosion and weathering records
are an essential part of the data needed to test for links between climate and tectonic
17
processes. We also recognize that analyses of deep sea cores would be undertaken in
association with linked land-based studies of the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya and
independent measurements of the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau, as well as
paleoceanographic studies of the evolving climate. While this latter target can be partly
addressed by this proposal the primary aim is to measure the erosional and weathering
response to an independently derived monsoon forcing. It is only when we place the
observations together that we will develop a comprehensive understanding of the tectonoclimatic history of this region.
Interpreting the erosional history preserved in the deep-sea submarine fans requires an
understanding of what effect past sea-level changes and the consequent erosion of continental
shelves would have in recycling sediment from the flood plains and shelf and complicating
the erosional story during any defined time interval. Deep-sea sedimentation is known to
have continued through the Holocene sea-level rise on the Bengal Fan (e.g., Weber et al.,
1997), but not on the Indus (Prins et al., 2000; Kolla and Coumes, 1987). Such a regional
hiatus in sedimentation needs to be considered when analysing the sediment cores for any
particular time period.
The exact nature of the post-cruise science may be formulated while scientific staffing
of the proposed logs is done. Nonetheless, because reconstructing an erosional history for the
Indus Fan is the primary goal of this drilling proposal we outline three data sets that might be
generated
that
would
effectively address
the
climate-tectonic-erosion
issue:
(1)
Biostratigraphic and paleomagnetic ages derived from the drilling, tied to the seismic
stratigraphy of the Arabian Sea, will allow much improved sediment budgets for the western
Himalaya to be derived. (2) Drilling will allow the evolution in continental climate to be
reconstructed and compared to the history of the oceanic upwelling on the Oman margin.
This will be addressed through quantitative analysis of clay mineralogy, because this is
known to be sensitive to weathering regime, e.g., smectite is more common in arid settings,
while illite is more abundant in wetter, more erosive environments (Thiry, 2000). Colin et al.
(2010) have demonstrated a response to monsoon changes in the Mekong since 20 ka and
similar trends have also been reconstructed in the Indus delta (Alizai et al., 2012). Further
resolution of continental weathering intensity has been documented using the oxygen and
strontium isotope composition of clays formed in the foreland and washed into the fan that
are diagnostic of weathering regime and thus regional climate (Derry and France-Lanord,
1997). Other chemical proxies, such as the chemical index of alteration (CIA (Nesbitt and
Young, 1982)), have been used to assess changes in weathering in Cenozoic Asia and are
18
especially effective when coupled with high-resolution, scanning-based mineralogy logs,
such as hematite/goethite that are sensitive to continental aridity (Giosan et al., 2002).
Accepted and developing organic geochemical proxies such as bulk and compound-specific
hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of terrestrial organic matter would provide an
independent and complementary view on continental climate (Eglinton and Eglinton, 2008;
Feakins et al., 2005). When combined with palynology, modern organic geochemical
methods can provide a detailed image of the evolving flora within the drainage basin, which
must be linked to the developing climate and environmental conditions. (3) The clastic record
of the Arabian Sea can be used to reconstruct the rates and patterns of orogenic exhumation
in the Indus drainage basin since collision. A range of radiometric dating and advanced
provenance techniques can be applied to the recovered sediments. These data serve several
purposes and supplement traditional methods, such as heavy mineral work, which we do not
ignore (Garzanti et al., 2005). With thermochronological methods comparison of cooling ages
with the ages of deposition provides an estimate of exhumation rates in the source. When
cooling ages approach sedimentation ages then exhumation must have been rapid. Integration
of these thermochronology methods with new single grain provenance techniques now allow
the principle sediment sources can be identified and matched to the thermochronology. This
combination allows the changing patterns and rates of exhumation to be reconstructed for
each depositional episode targeted. A combination of different thermochronometers allows a
higher resolution reconstruction of the source cooling history. This may allow estimates of
the amounts of erosion to be made for different ranges and then compared with the sediment
volumes stored in the fan. Both geochemical (stable isotopes, trace metals/elements) and
faunal (foraminifera, radiolarian, nannofossils, diatoms, etc.) proxies will be analyzed to
deduce monsoon variability and its linkage with the Himalayan tectonics in the proposed
sites/holes. The foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratio along with clumped carbonate oxygen isotopic
analysis will be used to generate quantitative seawater temperature data. The quantitative
estimation of salinity will be done by paired oxygen isotopic and Mg/Ca data and
independently compared with foraminifertal Ba/Ca based salinity estimates. Although the
monsoon-related salinity signal in the Arabian Sea is not as impressive as in the Bay of
Bengal this type of data will be useful when combined with other environmental proxies. The
productivity and water column denitrification changes will be estimated from TOC analysis,
15N as well as foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratio. The changes in terrigenous input and its
provenance will be estimated from bulk sediment trace metal and REE analysis.
19
Palynological data in combination with foraminiferal census count will be used to infer
changes in intensity and extent of oxygen minimum zone. AMS
14
C, paleomagnetic and
faunal dates will be generated to provide time frame to the sediment column. Critically our
drill sites lie above the carbonate compensation depth, which provides us with confidence
that we should get a high-quality calcareous biostratigraphy from our cores, in contrast to the
earlier drilling on the Owen Ridge and distal Bengal Fan.
As regards to the geodynamic objectives, paleomagnetic dating of the basement rocks
in association with the downhole logs (sonic, induction, density and resistivity etc) will
provide opportunity to constrain sub-surface physical properties. Paleomagnetic observations
will further permit developing magnetic anomaly models and to carry out paleogeographic
reconstructions of this region. The check shot data with sonic and density logs would allow
us to construct synthetic seismograms which can be correlated to the existing surface seismic
data obtained through the regional profiles. This will allow precise velocity estimation of
basement rocks. Geochemical and geochronological analyses shall be carried out to
characterise the nature of the basement and its rift history.
20
4. Site descriptions
In total, drilling at five sites is proposed in the Arabian Sea to target different depth zones.
The details of each site with their brief objectives are provided below:
Position
Site Name
(Degrees)
IND-01A
Arabian Sea
(W5-SP9200)
(67.995875 E
17.793544 N)
Water
Depth
(m)
Penetration (m)
Brief Site-specific Objectives
Sed
Bsm
Total
3510
690
0
690
3510
590
0
590
3667
1457
100
1557
3635
900
50
950
Arabian Sea
IND-02A
(W5-SP10500)
(68.602208 E
17.881136 N)
IND-03A
Arabian Sea
(W6-SP11500)
(68.726028 E
16.622769 N)
IND-04A
(W6-SP12850)
To recover high resolution preMiocene records.
To provide high resolution
weathering and erosion records
on millennial scale.
To target the base of the fan and
the basement for obtaining
records of more than 23 Ma.
Besides, to constrain the
paleogeographic reconstructions
and continental break-up at rifted
margins.
Arabian Sea
(69.358589 E
16.614744 N)
21
To target the base of the fan and
the basement for obtaining
records of more than 23 Ma.
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134. Weber, M., M. Wiedicke, H. R. Kudrass, C. Hübscher, and H. Erlenkeuser, 1997.
Active growth of the Bengal Fan during sea-level rise and high stand, Geology, 25,
315 - 318.
135. White, R. S., and D. McKenzie, 1989. Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of
volcanic continental margins and flood basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7685 – 7729.
37
136. Whitmarsh, R.B., Weser, O.E., Ross, D.A. and Shipboard Scientific Party, 1974. Site
221. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 23, 167-210.
137. Wu G-X., Y-M Liu, T-M Wang, R-J Wan, X Liu, et al. 2007: The influence of
mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate. J.
Hydrometeorol. 8, 770–789.
138. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001. Trends, Rhythms,
and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present, Science, 292, 686-693, DOI:
10.1126/science.1059412.
38
Him
ala
yas
PAKISTAN
INDIA
222
OMAN
in
ge
720
Bas
224
Deccan
Traps
mi
731
Rid
721
722
mi
Lax
Lax
223
Ca
Rid rlsbe
ge rg
Laccadive Ridge
Eastern Arabian Sea
Of
y
Ba
B
g
en
al
219
Figure 1: Major physiographic features in the Arabian Sea and
adjoining areas. The existing DSDP and ODP locations are marked
with red stars. The proposed drill sites in this proposal lie in
the Laxmi basin area.
Figure 2: Schematic model showing the influence of plateau uplift on monsoon.
Monsoon rains cause focused erosion in the Himalaya and this in urn
t drives exhumation patterns and
controls the orogenic structure. Sediments eroded from the mountain front form the submarine fans of
the Indian Ocean. STD = South Tibetan Detachment, MCT = Main Central Thrust, MBT = Main
Boundary Thrust.
2000
50
0
N
40
1
900
14001
1
00
1001
16001
13
9001
6001
2491
01
10
1001
1001
A
-04
-01
C-
01
60 2506
B
C
25
23
SK17 /
MD76-131
20
500
RE
-1
W
8001
29
R-
14001
-13
C
W
.
1-1
IND
.
..
.
17231
R-
-03
W
J7
C-
11
.
Goa
.
0
350
17000
00
RE.
INDIA
4
1
C-
-1
PS
-1
MD 15
CW 2-1
SM
16
WG
.
20
14°
.
.
1
00
1001
RS
xm
La
IND
1
-27
W
1
3001
W
C
W
sin
a
iB
e
1001
S
Mumbai
-79
dg
02
RE.-
1M-
.
16
C-
SM
i
A
m
-01
A
IN
D02
A
x
IND
a
Ri
W6
00
15001
1
900
10001
1001
18
WC
.
-17
WC
2
1001
1001
1001
1001
1001
1001
L
W5
40
-19
WC
A
W4
1001
01 01
60 110
110
25
00
16°
-2
WC
A
35
18°
01
C-
-23
W17
0
W
WC
00
25
.
11001
20°
-3500
3000
25,03
ABP10
0
AB1
P25
,0
170402
22°
Mangalor e
3268G5
12°
62°
64°
66°
68°
70°
72°
74°
76°
E
78°
Figure 3: Multichannel seismic grid map in the Eastern Arabian Sea. Solid blue circles represent industry wells. Green stars represent location
of shallow cores from published studies [ABP-25:Gupta et al., 2011; (2491, J7, 2506, 3268G5):Bhushan et al., 2001; SK17/MD76-131:
Singh et al., 2011]. Red stars represent proposed drill sites. Blocks in blue and light red shades are existing and proposed multi-beam
bathymetry blocks. RS- Raman Seamount, PS-Panikkar Seamount, WG-Wadia Guyot.
Shot Points
7000
3
7225
7475
7725
7975
8225
8475
8725
8975
9225
9475
9725
9975
10225
10475
10725
10975
11225
11475
11725
12000
3
Proprietary data - permission
from the authors must be
obtained before reusing.
IND-01A
IND-02A
W5
4
4
12.5 km
5
TWT (S)
TWT (S)
5
6
6
Laxmi Ridge
Laxmi Basin
7
7
E
W
7475
7725
7975
8225
8475
8725
12.5 km
4
8975
9225
9475
9725
9975
10225
10475
IND-02A
7225
IND-01A
7000
3
10725
10975
11225
11475
11725
12000
3
Proprietary data - permission
from the authors must be
obtained before reusing.
4
5
6
TWT (S)
TWT (S)
5
PLEISTOCENE
6
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
EOCENE
7
7
PALEOCENE
Figure 4a: Uninterpreted(top) and interpreted(bottom) seismic section with proposed wells (See Fig.3 for location).
Shot Points
9055
3
9260
9465
9670
9875
10080
10285
10490
10695
10900
11105
11310
11515
11720
11925
12130
12335
12540
12745
W6
13155
13360
13565
13770
13975
3
Proprietary data - permission
from the authors must be
obtained before reusing.
IND-04A
IND -03A
12.5 km
4
12950
4
5
TWT (S)
TWT (S)
5
6
6
Laxmi Ridge
7
7
Laxmi Basin
E
W
9055
9260
9465
9670
9875
10080
10285
10490
10695
10900
11105
11310
11515
11720
11925
12130
12335
12540
12745
12950
13155
13360
13565
13770
13975
3
3
4
Proprietary data - permission
from the authors must be
obtained before reusing.
4
IND-04A
IND -03A
12.5 km
TWT (S)
PLEISTOCENE
TWT (S)
5
5
PLIOCENE
6
MIOCENE
6
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
7
7
Figure 4b: Uninterpreted(top) and interpreted(bottom) seismic sectio with proposed wells (Fig.3 for location).
22º
WC-01
A
W
2-2
2K
C5B
WC
WC
-2K
4C
6
2-2
Lac
2
2-2
-2K
-2K
WC
2-2
Lac
-2K
WC
eR
cadiv
in
idge
4B
2-2
WC
1
2-2
-2K
WC
8º
-2K
10º
WC
WC-14
4A
WC-13
2-2
WC-12
e Bas
cadiv
WC-17
WC-18
5C
3B
2-2
-2K
2-2
-2K
WC
WC-16
25
2-12
-11
2K2
WC-10
2K2
C
W
-09
2K2
WC- 2-08
2K
WC- K2-07
2
WC- -06
2K2
WCK2-05
WC-2
-04
2K2
WCK2-03
WC-2
K2-02
WC-2
K2-01
WC-2
WC-11
WC-15
INDIA
2K
WC-
WC-09
WC-10
12º
2-
3A
WC-07
WC-08
14º
2K
2-2
ian
b
a
Ar
ge
a
Se
C-
2K
Rid
WC-06
16º
C-
mi
WC-05
W
0
2
2
9
K
2
2-1
C
K
2
W C8
7
W K2-1 2-17 K2-2
2
K
2
WC WC-2
5
WC 16
2-1
2
K
2K C-2
CW
W
4
2-1
K
2
WC
-13
2K2
C
W
Lax
WC-04
18º
W
WC-03
8
2-2
K
C-2
W
WC-02
20º
6º
62º
64º
66º
68º
70º
72º
74º
76º
78º
Figure 5: Locations of all seismic profiles acquired by Ministry of Earth Sciences in the
Arabian Sea. The proposed locations for IODP drilling are on the profiles W-05 and W-06.
List of Proponents:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Name and Address
Area of expertise
Dhananjai K. Pandey,
Scientist,
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Vasco da Gama, Goa, INDIA 403804
Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Ashok Kumar Singhvi,
Outstanding Scientist and DEAN
Physical Research Laboratory
Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, INDIA 380009
Email: [email protected]
Peter Clift
Department of Geology and Geophysics,
Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803,
USA
Email: [email protected]
Anil Kumar Gupta,
Director
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
Dehra Dun, INDIA 248001
E-mail: [email protected]
Liviu Giosan
Associate Scientist
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, Ma. 02543
Email: [email protected]
Kolluru Sree Krishna,
Scientist,
National Institute of Oceanography,
Dona Paula, Goa, INDIA 403 004.
E-mail: [email protected]
Stephen Gallagher
School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010
Email: [email protected]
Rajan Sivaramakrishnan,
Scientist,
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research
Vasco da Gama, Goa, INDIA 403804
Email: [email protected]
Mireille Perrin
Geodynamics
Geochronology
Monsoon
Palaeontology/Monsoon
Sedimentologist/Monsoon
Geodynamics
Biostratigraphy
Sedimentology
Paleomagnetism
Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
75766 Paris Cedex 16 - France
Email: [email protected]
10
Rajiv Nigam,
National Institute of Oceanography,
Dona Paula, Goa, INDIA 403 004.
E-mail: [email protected]
Palaeontology
IODP Site Summary Forms:
793 - Cpp 2
Form 1 – General Site Information
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonic-monsoon interactions in South Asia
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
Site Specific To recover post-Miocene sediments aimed to provide high resolution weathering and erosion records on
Objectives with millennial scale
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in proposal)
List Previous
Drilling in Area:
DSDP 219-224; ODP sites 721-731
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name:
IND-01A
Area or Location: Arabian Sea
If site is a reoccupation of an
old DSDP/ODP Site, Please
include former Site#
Latitude:
Deg:
17.793544
Longitude:
Deg:
67.995875
Coordinate System:
Priority of Site:
Page 1 of 2
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Jurisdiction: Near EEZ of India
Distance to Land: 452
(km)
WGS 84
Primary:
yes
Alt:
Water Depth (m): 3510
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Basement
690
0
Proposed
Penetration (m):
Total Sediment Thickness (m)
2159
Total Penetration (m): 690
General Lithologies:
Siltstone, Sandstone, Shale
Basalt/Granitic
Coring Plan:
(Specify or check)
Coring Plan:
APC
VPC
APC
XCB
Wireline Logging Standard Measurements
Plan: WL
✘
LWD
MDCB
✘
PCS
RCB
✘
Re-entry
Special Tools
Magnetic Susceptibility
✘
Magnetic Field
Porosity
✘
Borehole Temperature
Density
✘
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
Gamma Ray
✘
✘
Geochemical
Resistivity
Sonic (∆t)
✘
✘
✘
✘
Side-Wall Core
Sampling
Formation Image
(Acoustic)
✘
Formation Fluid
Sampling
✘
Formation Temperature
& Pressure
✘
VSP
✘
Others:
Formation Image (Res)
Check-shot (upon request)
✘
Max. Borehole Temp.:
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m
m intervals
from
m
to
m
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals:5m
Estimated Days: Drilling/Coring:
Logging:
Total On-site:
Observatory Plan:
Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Potential Hazards/
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Seabed
Condition
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity
Current
Shallow Water Flow
Currents
Gas Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Fracture Zone
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fault
High Temperature
H2S
High Dip Angle
Ice Conditions
CO2
Sensitive marine
habitat (e.g., reefs,
(e.g., sea-floor cables,
dump sites)
vents)
Other:
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Preferred weather window
Any time window
excluding
June-September
(Due to onset of
Monsoons)
Form 2 - Site Survey Detail
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Site #:
793
IND-01A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
* Key to SSP Requirements
SSP
Require- Exists
ments * in DB
X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites;
R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; † Accurate velocity information is
required for holes deeper than 400m.
Primary Line(s)
1 High resolution
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Y
Data Type
In SSDB SSP Req.
seismic reflection
no
Details
of available
and data
that
are still
to be
collected
currently
no highdata
resolution
seismic
reflection
survey
exists
in this region in the knowledge of propon
1a High
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
2 Deep Penetration
(primary)
currently
no high
resolution seismic reflection survey exists in thisLocation
region
in the
Crossing
Line(s)
of Site on line (SP or Time only)
knowledge
of proponents.
no
currently no high resolution seismic reflection survey
Location:
exists in this region in the knowledge of proponents.
1b Highseismic reflection
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
Y
Primary Line(s)
Y
Y
Y
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
yes Regional
currently
no high seismic
resolution
seismic
surveythe
exists in this W5(9200)
region in the
lines
(Deepreflection
MCS) through
knowledge
of proponents.
proposed
site have been acquired by IODP-India.
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Crossing Line(s)
Location:
no
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
Regional seismic lines (Deep MCS) through the proposed site have been acquired by
IODP-India.
line through the proposed hole is to be acquired in near future.
yes RMSCrossing
velocitiesseismic
for thelines
MCSprovide
profilesconstraints
exist. Velocity
information
derived
from previous
refraction stud
Previously
published
on the
sub-surface
structures
and
sediments. The site has been proposed away from potentially difficult sandy levees.
2a Deep
yes
3 Seismic Velocity
penetration
seismic
reflection
(primary)
4 Seismic Grid
Y
2b 5a
Deep
no
Refraction (surface)
penetration
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
3 Seismic
yes
(near bottom)
Velocity
X
RMS velocities for the MCS profiles exist. Velocity information derived from previous
refraction studies is also available for the proposed region.
6 3.5Grid
4 Seismic
kHz no
Y
to be planned
5a Refraction
(surface)
Y
Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
5b Refraction
no
X
7
Swath bathymetry
5b Refraction
(bottom)
Y
no
to W5(9200)
be planned
Location:
Y
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
no Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
Location:
Y
no
Intend to acquire
8a
Side-looking
6 3.5 kHz
sonar (surface)
7 Swath
no
8b Side-looking
bathymetry
Y
Intend to acquire
sonar (bottom)
8a Side looking
sonar (surface)
9 Photography or Video
8b Side looking
sonar (bottom)
10 Heat Flow
9 Photography
or video
11a
10 HeatMagnetics
Flow
11a
11bMagnetics
Gravity
11b Gravity
Sediment cores
1212
Sediment
cores
1313
RockRock sampling
sampling
14a
14aWater
Water current data
current data
14b
14bIceIce Conditions
Conditions
1515
OBS
OBS microseismicity
microseismicity
16 Navigation
16 Navigationyes
17 Other
17 Other
Page 1 of 1 - Site Survey Details
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X
X
Shall be submitted in the database
yes Shall be submitted in the database
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Form 3 – Detailed Logging and
Downhole Measurement Plan
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
Site #:
IND-01A
Date Form Submitted:
2012-10-04 03:24:11
Water Depth (m):
3510
Sed. Penetration (m):
690
Basement Penetration (m):
0
Are high temperatures or other special
requirements (e.g., unstable formations),
anticipated for logging at this site?
Estimated total logging time for this site:
Relevance
Measurement Type
(1=high,
3=low)
Scientific Objective
Check Shot Survey
to use the drilling results to date the seismic stratigraphy and to develop synthetic
seismograms
1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
-
0
Geochemical
-
2
Side-wall Core Sample
-
3
Formation Fluid Sampling
-
3
Borehole Temperature
Heatflow measurements
2
Magnetic Susceptibility
To aid core-log integration and correlation
1
Magnetic Field
-
0
VSP
-
2
Formation Image (Acoustic)
-
2
Formation Pressure &
Temperature
-
3
Other (SET, SETP, ...)
-
3
Page 1 of 1 - Detailed Logging and Downhole Measurement Plan
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IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
1
Summary
OperationsHazard
at site:
Pollution
&ofSafety
(Example:
to refusal,
XCB 10
1. Summary
ofTriple-APC
Operations
at site.
m into basement, log as shown on form 3);
include # of holes for APC/XCB, # of
2. All hydrocarbon
occurrences
temperature deployments)
based on previous DSDP/ODP/IODP
drilling.
3.2All commercial
drilling
in this area
Based on previous
DSDP/ODP/IODP
that produced
or yielded
significant
drilling,
list
all
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon shows.
occurrences of greater than
4. Indications
of levels.
gas hydrates
at this
background
Give nature
of
location.
show, age and depth of rock.
5. Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? From available information, list all
3
commercial
in this area
6. What
"special"drilling
precautions
willthat
be
produceddrilling?
or yielded significant
taken during
hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and
7. What
abandonment
ages
hydrocarbonprocedures
- bearing
need to
beoffollowed?
deposits.
8. Natural or manmade hazards which
may effect ship's operations.
9.4Summary: What do you consider
Are risks
there any
indications
of gassite?
the major
in drilling
at this
hydrates at this location? Give
details.
5
Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? Please give details.
6
What “special” precautions need to
be taken during drilling?
7
What abandonment procedures need
to be followed:
8
Please list other natural or manmade
hazards which may effect ship's
operations:
(e.g. ice, currents, cables)
9
Summary: What do you consider the
major risk in drilling at this site?
Page 1 of 1 - Environmental Protection
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Site #:
Form 4 – Environmental
Protection
IND-01A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
Comment
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
location.
Some
of theof
industry
wells available
close
theNo
Indian
shelf, quite
fromthe
theproposed
proposed
No reports
hydrocarbon
show near
the to
site.
DSDP/ODP
sitesfarnear
sites.
Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
location.
significant hydrocarbon shows.
not reported
Some of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
sites. Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
none
not reported
none
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Subbottom
depth (m)
793
-
Key reflectors,
Unconformities,
faults, etc
Cpp
2
Form 5 – Lithologies
Site #:
Age
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 06:38:25
IND-01A
Lithology
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
0-57
reflector
Pleistocene
1.6-1.7
Clay, Shale, Sand Submarine fan
57-583
reflector
Pliocene
1.78-1.80
Clay, Sand, Shale Sub marine fan
583-690
Reflector
Early Miocene
2.1-2.4
Siltstone
690-1359
unconformity
Miocene
2.4-2.7
Sandstone
1359-1945
Reflector
Oligocene/Eocene
2.7-2.95
1945-2165
reflector
Paleocene
3.0-3.8
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Comments
Pleistocene sediments
Fan sediments
Regional Miocene
unconformity
Submarine fans
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
-
Subbottom
Site
depth (m)
Key reflectors,
Summary
Unconformities,
Figure Comment
faults, etc
Page 1 of 1 - Site Summary Figure
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Cpp
2
Age
Form
5 – Lithologies
Form 6 - Site
Summary
Figure
Site #:
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
IND-01A
Lithology
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 06:38:25
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
Comments
Site Summary Form 6: IND-01A
----------------------------------------------------------
List of proposed sites:
IND-01A - SP 9200 on W05
Shot Points
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1000
25km
12000
13000
1000
----------------------------------------------------------
2000
SSDB Details for proposed sites:
1km
2000
W05
11000
IND-01A
Depth (m)
3000
3000
Location Map: India_proposal_location.pdf
4000
4000
5000
5000
6000
6000
7000
7000
8000
8000
Seismic figures: India_W05.pdf
SEGY data:
India_W05.segy
Navigation Data: India_W05_nav.csv
IODP Site Summary Forms:
793 - Cpp 2
Form 1 – General Site Information
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonic-monsoon interactions in South Asia
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
Site Specific To recover lower Miocene sediments intended to provide high resolution weathering and erosion records
Objectives with on millennial scale. In addition, to date the seismic markers for developing regional seismic stratigraphy
required for the erosional budget.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in proposal)
List Previous
Drilling in Area:
DSDP 219-224; ODP sites 721-731
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name:
IND-02A
Area or Location: Arabian Sea
If site is a reoccupation of an
old DSDP/ODP Site, Please
include former Site#
Latitude:
Deg:
17.881136
Longitude:
Deg:
68.602208
Coordinate System:
Priority of Site:
Page 1 of 2
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Jurisdiction: Near EEZ of India
Distance to Land: 387
(km)
WGS 84
Primary:
yes
Alt:
Water Depth (m): 3510
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Basement
590
0
Proposed
Penetration (m):
Total Sediment Thickness (m)
1910
Total Penetration (m): 590
General Lithologies:
Siltstone, Sandstone, Shale
Basalt/Granitic
Coring Plan:
(Specify or check)
Coring Plan:
APC
VPC
APC
XCB
Wireline Logging Standard Measurements
Plan: WL
✘
LWD
MDCB
✘
PCS
RCB
✘
Re-entry
Special Tools
Magnetic Susceptibility
✘
Magnetic Field
Porosity
✘
Borehole Temperature
Density
✘
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
Gamma Ray
✘
✘
Geochemical
Resistivity
Sonic (∆t)
✘
✘
✘
✘
Side-Wall Core
Sampling
Formation Image
(Acoustic)
✘
Formation Fluid
Sampling
✘
Formation Temperature
& Pressure
✘
VSP
✘
Others:
Formation Image (Res)
Check-shot (upon request)
✘
Max. Borehole Temp.:
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m
m intervals
from
m
to
m
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals:5m
Estimated Days: Drilling/Coring:
Logging:
Total On-site:
Observatory Plan:
Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Potential Hazards/
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Seabed
Condition
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity
Current
Shallow Water Flow
Currents
Gas Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Fracture Zone
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fault
High Temperature
H2S
High Dip Angle
Ice Conditions
CO2
Sensitive marine
habitat (e.g., reefs,
(e.g., sea-floor cables,
dump sites)
vents)
Other:
Page 2 of 2
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Preferred weather window
Any time window
excluding
June-September
(Due to onset of
Monsoons)
Form 2 - Site Survey Detail
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Site #:
793
IND-02A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
* Key to SSP Requirements
SSP
Require- Exists
ments * in DB
X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites;
R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; † Accurate velocity information is
required for holes deeper than 400m.
Primary Line(s)
1 High resolution
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Y
Data Type
In SSDB SSP Req.
seismic reflection
no
Details
of available
and data
that
are still
to be
collected
currently
no highdata
resolution
seismic
reflection
survey
exists
in this region in the knowledge of propon
1a High
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
2 Deep Penetration
(primary)
currently
no high
resolution seismic reflection survey exists in thisLocation
region
in the
Crossing
Line(s)
of Site on line (SP or Time only)
knowledge
of proponents.
no
currently no high resolution seismic reflection survey
Location:
exists in this region in the knowledge of proponents.
1b Highseismic reflection
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
Y
Primary Line(s)
Y
Y
Y
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
yes Regional
currently
no high seismic
resolution
seismic
surveythe
exists in this W5(10500)
region in the
lines
(Deepreflection
MCS) through
knowledge
of proponents.
proposed
site have been acquired by IODP-India.
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Crossing Line(s)
Location:
no
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
Regional seismic lines (Deep MCS) through the proposed site have been acquired by
IODP-India.
line through the proposed hole is to be acquired in near future.
yes RMSCrossing
velocitiesseismic
for thelines
MCSprovide
profilesconstraints
exist. Velocity
information
derived
from previous
refraction stud
Previously
published
on the
sub-surface
structures
and
sediments. The site has been proposed away from potentially difficult sandy levees.
2a Deep
yes
3 Seismic Velocity
penetration
seismic
reflection
(primary)
4 Seismic Grid
Y
2b 5a
Deep
no
Refraction (surface)
penetration
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
3 Seismic
yes
(near bottom)
Velocity
X
RMS velocities for the MCS profiles exist. Velocity information derived from previous
refraction studies is also available for the proposed region.
6 3.5Grid
4 Seismic
kHz no
Y
to be planned
5a Refraction
(surface)
Y
Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
5b Refraction
no
X
7
Swath bathymetry
5b Refraction
(bottom)
Y
no
to W5(10500)
be planned
Location:
Y
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
no Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
Location:
Y
no
Intend to acquire
8a
Side-looking
6 3.5 kHz
sonar (surface)
7 Swath
no
8b Side-looking
bathymetry
Y
Intend to acquire
sonar (bottom)
8a Side looking
sonar (surface)
9 Photography or Video
8b Side looking
sonar (bottom)
10 Heat Flow
9 Photography
or video
11a
10 HeatMagnetics
Flow
11a
11bMagnetics
Gravity
11b Gravity
Sediment cores
1212
Sediment
cores
1313
RockRock sampling
sampling
14a
14aWater
Water current data
current data
14b
14bIceIce Conditions
Conditions
1515
OBS
OBS microseismicity
microseismicity
16 Navigation
16 Navigationyes
17 Other
17 Other
Page 1 of 1 - Site Survey Details
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X
X
Shall be submitted in the database
yes Shall be submitted in the database
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Form 3 – Detailed Logging and
Downhole Measurement Plan
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
Site #:
IND-02A
Date Form Submitted:
2012-10-04 03:24:11
Water Depth (m):
3510
Sed. Penetration (m):
590
Basement Penetration (m):
0
Are high temperatures or other special
requirements (e.g., unstable formations),
anticipated for logging at this site?
Estimated total logging time for this site:
Relevance
Measurement Type
(1=high,
3=low)
Scientific Objective
Check Shot Survey
to use the drilling results to date the seismic stratigraphy and to develop synthetic
seismograms
1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
-
0
Geochemical
-
2
Side-wall Core Sample
-
3
Formation Fluid Sampling
-
3
Borehole Temperature
Heatflow measurements
2
Magnetic Susceptibility
To aid core-log integration and correlation
1
Magnetic Field
-
0
VSP
-
2
Formation Image (Acoustic)
-
2
Formation Pressure &
Temperature
-
3
Other (SET, SETP, ...)
-
3
Page 1 of 1 - Detailed Logging and Downhole Measurement Plan
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IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
1
Summary
OperationsHazard
at site:
Pollution
&ofSafety
(Example:
to refusal,
XCB 10
1. Summary
ofTriple-APC
Operations
at site.
m into basement, log as shown on form 3);
include # of holes for APC/XCB, # of
2. All hydrocarbon
occurrences
temperature deployments)
based on previous DSDP/ODP/IODP
drilling.
3.2All commercial
drilling
in this area
Based on previous
DSDP/ODP/IODP
that produced
or yielded
significant
drilling,
list
all
hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon shows.
occurrences of greater than
4. Indications
of levels.
gas hydrates
at this
background
Give nature
of
location.
show, age and depth of rock.
5. Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? From available information, list all
3
commercial
in this area
6. What
"special"drilling
precautions
willthat
be
produceddrilling?
or yielded significant
taken during
hydrocarbon shows. Give depths and
7. What
abandonment
ages
hydrocarbonprocedures
- bearing
need to
beoffollowed?
deposits.
8. Natural or manmade hazards which
may effect ship's operations.
9.4Summary: What do you consider
Are risks
there any
indications
of gassite?
the major
in drilling
at this
hydrates at this location? Give
details.
5
Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? Please give details.
6
What “special” precautions need to
be taken during drilling?
7
What abandonment procedures need
to be followed:
8
Please list other natural or manmade
hazards which may effect ship's
operations:
(e.g. ice, currents, cables)
9
Summary: What do you consider the
major risk in drilling at this site?
Page 1 of 1 - Environmental Protection
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Site #:
Form 4 – Environmental
Protection
IND-02A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
Comment
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
location.
Some
of theof
industry
wells available
close
theNo
Indian
shelf, quite
fromthe
theproposed
proposed
No reports
hydrocarbon
show near
the to
site.
DSDP/ODP
sitesfarnear
sites.
Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
location.
significant hydrocarbon shows.
not reported
Some of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
sites. Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
none
not reported
none
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Subbottom
depth (m)
793
-
Key reflectors,
Unconformities,
faults, etc
Cpp
2
Form 5 – Lithologies
Site #:
Age
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:44:48
IND-02A
Lithology
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
0-48
reflector
Pleistocene
1.6-1.7
Clay, Shale, Sand Submarine fan
48-387
reflector
Pliocene
1.78-1.80
Clay, Sand, Shale Sub marine fan
387-590
Reflector
Early Miocene
2.1-2.4
Siltstone
590-1590
unconformity
Miocene
2.4-2.7
Sandstone
1590-1784
Reflector
Oligocene/Eocene
2.7-2.95
Sandstone
1784-1900
reflector
Paleocene
3.0-3.8
Page 1 of 1
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Comments
Pleistocene sediments
Fan sediments
Regional Miocene
unconformity
Submarine fans
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
-
Subbottom
Site
depth (m)
Key reflectors,
Summary
Unconformities,
Figure Comment
faults, etc
Page 1 of 1 - Site Summary Figure
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Cpp
2
Age
Form
5 – Lithologies
Form 6 - Site
Summary
Figure
Site #:
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
IND-02A
Lithology
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:44:48
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
Comments
Site Summary Form 6: IND-02A
----------------------------------------------------------
List of proposed sites:
IND-02A - SP10500 on W05
Shot Points
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
1000
1000
25km
2000
----------------------------------------------------------
3000
SSDB Details for proposed sites:
1km
2000
W05
IND-02A
Depth (m)
3000
4000
4000
5000
5000
6000
6000
7000
7000
8000
8000
Location Map: India_proposal_location.pdf
Seismic figures: India_W05.pdf
SEGY data:
India_W05.segy
Navigation Data: India_W05_nav.csv
IODP Site Summary Forms:
793 - Cpp 2
Form 1 – General Site Information
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonic-monsoon interactions in South Asia
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
Site Specific To target the base of the fan and the basement for obtaining records of more than 23 Ma. Besides, to
Objectives with constrain the paleogeographic reconstructions and plume-rift interaction processes.
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in proposal)
List Previous
Drilling in Area:
DSDP 219-224; ODP sites 721-731
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name:
IND-03A
Area or Location: Arabian Sea
If site is a reoccupation of an
old DSDP/ODP Site, Please
include former Site#
Latitude:
Deg:
16.622769
Longitude:
Deg:
68.726028
Coordinate System:
Priority of Site:
Page 1 of 2
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Jurisdiction: Near EEZ of India
Distance to Land: 484
(km)
WGS 84
Primary:
yes
Alt:
Water Depth (m): 3667
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Basement
1457
100
Proposed
Penetration (m):
Total Sediment Thickness (m)
1457
Total Penetration (m): 1557
General Lithologies:
Siltstone, Sandstone, Shale
Basalt/Granitic
Coring Plan:
(Specify or check)
Coring Plan:
APC
VPC
APC
XCB
Wireline Logging Standard Measurements
Plan: WL
✘
LWD
MDCB
✘
PCS
RCB
✘
Re-entry
✘
Special Tools
Magnetic Susceptibility
✘
Magnetic Field
Porosity
✘
Borehole Temperature
Density
✘
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
Gamma Ray
✘
✘
Geochemical
Resistivity
Sonic (∆t)
✘
✘
✘
✘
Side-Wall Core
Sampling
Formation Image
(Acoustic)
✘
Formation Fluid
Sampling
✘
Formation Temperature
& Pressure
✘
VSP
✘
Others:
Formation Image (Res)
Check-shot (upon request)
✘
Max. Borehole Temp.:
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m
m intervals
from
m
to
m
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals:5m
Estimated Days: Drilling/Coring:
Logging:
Total On-site:
Observatory Plan:
Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Potential Hazards/
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Seabed
Condition
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity
Current
Shallow Water Flow
Currents
Gas Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Fracture Zone
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fault
High Temperature
H2S
High Dip Angle
Ice Conditions
CO2
Sensitive marine
habitat (e.g., reefs,
(e.g., sea-floor cables,
dump sites)
vents)
Other:
Page 2 of 2
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(user 0.2411)
Preferred weather window
Any time window
excluding
June-September
(Due to onset of
Monsoons)
Form 2 - Site Survey Detail
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Site #:
793
IND-03A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
* Key to SSP Requirements
SSP
Require- Exists
ments * in DB
X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites;
R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; † Accurate velocity information is
required for holes deeper than 400m.
Primary Line(s)
1 High resolution
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Y
Data Type
In SSDB SSP Req.
seismic reflection
no
Details
of available
and data
that
are still
to be
collected
currently
no highdata
resolution
seismic
reflection
survey
exists
in this region in the knowledge of propon
1a High
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
2 Deep Penetration
(primary)
currently
no high
resolution seismic reflection survey exists in thisLocation
region
in the
Crossing
Line(s)
of Site on line (SP or Time only)
knowledge
of proponents.
no
currently no high resolution seismic reflection survey
Location:
exists in this region in the knowledge of proponents.
1b Highseismic reflection
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
Y
Primary Line(s)
Y
Y
Y
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
yes Regional
currently
no high seismic
resolution
seismic
surveythe
exists in this W6(11500)
region in the
lines
(Deepreflection
MCS) through
knowledge
of proponents.
proposed
site have been acquired by IODP-India.
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Crossing Line(s)
Location:
no
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
Regional seismic lines (Deep MCS) through the proposed site have been acquired by
IODP-India.
line through the proposed hole is to be acquired in near future.
yes RMSCrossing
velocitiesseismic
for thelines
MCSprovide
profilesconstraints
exist. Velocity
information
derived
from previous
refraction stud
Previously
published
on the
sub-surface
structures
and
sediments. The site has been proposed away from potentially difficult sandy levees.
2a Deep
yes
3 Seismic Velocity
penetration
seismic
reflection
(primary)
4 Seismic Grid
Y
2b 5a
Deep
no
Refraction (surface)
penetration
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
3 Seismic
yes
(near bottom)
Velocity
X
RMS velocities for the MCS profiles exist. Velocity information derived from previous
refraction studies is also available for the proposed region.
6 3.5Grid
4 Seismic
kHz no
Y
to be planned
5a Refraction
(surface)
Y
Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
5b Refraction
no
X
7
Swath bathymetry
5b Refraction
(bottom)
Y
no
to W6(11500)
be planned
Location:
Y
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
no Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
Location:
Y
no
Intend to acquire
8a
Side-looking
6 3.5 kHz
sonar (surface)
7 Swath
no
8b Side-looking
bathymetry
Y
Intend to acquire
sonar (bottom)
8a Side looking
sonar (surface)
9 Photography or Video
8b Side looking
sonar (bottom)
10 Heat Flow
9 Photography
or video
11a
10 HeatMagnetics
Flow
11a
11bMagnetics
Gravity
11b Gravity
Sediment cores
1212
Sediment
cores
1313
RockRock sampling
sampling
14a
14aWater
Water current data
current data
14b
14bIceIce Conditions
Conditions
1515
OBS
OBS microseismicity
microseismicity
16 Navigation
16 Navigationyes
17 Other
17 Other
Page 1 of 1 - Site Survey Details
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X
X
Shall be submitted in the database
yes Shall be submitted in the database
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Form 3 – Detailed Logging and
Downhole Measurement Plan
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
Site #:
IND-03A
Date Form Submitted:
2012-10-04 03:24:11
Water Depth (m):
3667
Sed. Penetration (m):
1457
Basement Penetration (m):
100
Are high temperatures or other special
requirements (e.g., unstable formations),
anticipated for logging at this site?
Estimated total logging time for this site:
Relevance
Measurement Type
(1=high,
3=low)
Scientific Objective
Check Shot Survey
to use the drilling results to date the seismic stratigraphy and to develop synthetic
seismograms
1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
-
0
Geochemical
-
2
Side-wall Core Sample
-
3
Formation Fluid Sampling
-
3
Borehole Temperature
Heatflow measurements
2
Magnetic Susceptibility
To aid core-log integration and correlation
1
Magnetic Field
-
0
VSP
-
2
Formation Image (Acoustic)
-
2
Formation Pressure &
Temperature
-
3
Other (SET, SETP, ...)
-
3
Page 1 of 1 - Detailed Logging and Downhole Measurement Plan
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IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
1
Summary
OperationsHazard
at site:
Pollution
&ofSafety
(Example:
to refusal,
XCB 10
1. Summary
ofTriple-APC
Operations
at site.
m into basement, log as shown on form 3);
include # of holes for APC/XCB, # of
temperature deployments)
2. All hydrocarbon occurrences
based on previous DSDP/ODP/IODP
drilling.
2
Based on previous DSDP/ODP/IODP
drilling, list alldrilling
hydrocarbon
3. All commercial
in this area
that produced
or of
yielded
occurrences
greater significant
than
hydrocarbon
shows.
background levels. Give nature of
show, ageof
and
depth
of rock.at this
4. Indications
gas
hydrates
location.
5. Are From
thereavailable
reasonsinformation,
to expect list all
3
hydrocarbon
accumulations at this
site? commercial drilling in this area that
produced or yielded significant
6. What
"special" shows.
precautions
will and
be
hydrocarbon
Give depths
taken ages
during
drilling? - bearing
of hydrocarbon
deposits.
7. What
abandonment procedures
need to be followed?
Site #:
Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? Please give details.
6
What “special” precautions need to
be taken during drilling?
7
What abandonment procedures need
to be followed:
8
Please list other natural or manmade
hazards which may effect ship's
operations:
(e.g. ice, currents, cables)
9
Summary: What do you consider the
major risk in drilling at this site?
Page 1 of 1 - Environmental Protection
generated: Thu Oct 4 03:24:55 2012
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(user 0.2925)
IND-03A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
Comment
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
The
plan assumes
2 APC holes
APC
refusal,
extension
one hole
withbethe
XCB
total
Reentry
may be required
for thistosite
due
to deeper
target.ofLogging
may
split
intototwo
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
parts. may be required for this site due to deeper target. Logging may be split into two
Reentry
parts.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
location.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
location.
Some
of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
sites. Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
not reported
Some of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
sites. Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
8. Natural or manmade hazards which none
may
ship's
not reported
4 effect
Are there
anyoperations.
indications of gas
hydratesWhat
at thisdo
location?
Give
9. Summary:
you consider
the major
risks in drilling at this site?
details.
5
Form 4 – Environmental
Protection
none
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Subbottom
depth (m)
793
-
Key reflectors,
Unconformities,
faults, etc
Cpp
2
Form 5 – Lithologies
Site #:
Age
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:44:53
IND-03A
Lithology
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
0-22
reflector
Pleistocene
1.6-1.7
Clay, Shale, Sand Submarine fan
22-105
reflector
Pliocene
1.78-1.80
Clay, Sand, Shale Sub marine fan
105-995
Unconformity
Miocene
2.4-2.7
Siltstone
Fan sediments
995-1389
Reflector
Oligocene/Eocene
2.7-2.95
sandstone
submarine
1389-1457
reflector
Paleocene
4.5-5.0
Weathered Basalt Submarine fans
overlain by
sandstone and
limestones
Page 1 of 1
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Comments
Pleistocene sediments
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
-
Subbottom
Site
depth (m)
Key reflectors,
Summary
Unconformities,
Figure Comment
faults, etc
Page 1 of 1 - Site Summary Figure
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Cpp
2
Age
Form
5 – Lithologies
Form 6 - Site
Summary
Figure
Site #:
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
IND-03A
Lithology
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:44:53
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
Comments
Site Summary Form 6: IND-03A
----------------------------------------------------------
List of proposed sites:
IND-03A - SP11500 on W06
2000
Depth (m)
3000
2000
25km
1km
1000
1000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Shot Points
8000
9000
---------------------------------------------------------10000
11000
W06
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
1000
SSDB Details for proposed sites:
2000
IND-03A
3000
4000
4000
5000
5000
6000
6000
7000
7000
8000
8000
Location Map: India_proposal_location.pdf
Seismic figures: India_W06.pdf
SEGY data:
India_W06.segy
Navigation Data: India_W06_nav.csv
IODP Site Summary Forms:
793 - Cpp 2
Form 1 – General Site Information
Section A: Proposal Information
Title of Proposal: Deep sea drilling in the Arabian Sea: Constraining tectonic-monsoon interactions in South Asia
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
Site Specific To target the base of the fan and the basement for obtaining records of more than 23 Ma.
Objectives with
Priority
(Must include general
objectives in proposal)
List Previous
Drilling in Area:
DSDP 219-224; ODP sites 721-731
Section B: General Site Information
Site Name:
IND-04A
Area or Location: Arabian Sea
If site is a reoccupation of an
old DSDP/ODP Site, Please
include former Site#
Latitude:
Deg:
16.614744
Longitude:
Deg:
69.358589
Coordinate System:
Priority of Site:
Page 1 of 2
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Jurisdiction: Near EEZ of India
Distance to Land: 417
(km)
WGS 84
Primary:
no
Alt:
Water Depth (m): 3635
Section C: Operational Information
Sediments
Basement
900
50
Proposed
Penetration (m):
Total Sediment Thickness (m)
900
Total Penetration (m): 950
General Lithologies:
Coring Plan:
(Specify or check)
Coring Plan:
Siltstone, Sandstone, Shale
Basalt/Granitic
We may need to deploy a re-entry system and casing to ensure we can reach the depth objective and allow multiple bit trips.
APC
VPC
APC
XCB
Wireline Logging Standard Measurements
Plan: WL
✘
LWD
MDCB
✘
PCS
RCB
✘
Re-entry
✘
Special Tools
Magnetic Susceptibility
✘
Magnetic Field
Porosity
✘
Borehole Temperature
Density
✘
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
Gamma Ray
✘
✘
Geochemical
Resistivity
Sonic (∆t)
✘
✘
✘
✘
Side-Wall Core
Sampling
Formation Image
(Acoustic)
✘
Formation Fluid
Sampling
✘
Formation Temperature
& Pressure
✘
VSP
✘
Others:
Formation Image (Res)
Check-shot (upon request)
✘
Max. Borehole Temp.:
°C
Mud Logging: Cuttings Sampling Intervals
(Riser Holes Only)
from
m
to
m
m intervals
from
m
to
m
m intervals
Basic Sampling Intervals:5m
Estimated Days: Drilling/Coring:
Logging:
Total On-site:
Observatory Plan:
Longterm Borehole Observation Plan/Re-entry Plan
Potential Hazards/
Weather:
Shallow Gas
Complicated Seabed
Condition
Hydrothermal Activity
Hydrocarbon
Soft Seabed
Landslide and Turbidity
Current
Shallow Water Flow
Currents
Gas Hydrate
Abnormal Pressure
Fracture Zone
Diapir and Mud Volcano
Man-made Objects
Fault
High Temperature
H2S
High Dip Angle
Ice Conditions
CO2
Sensitive marine
habitat (e.g., reefs,
(e.g., sea-floor cables,
dump sites)
vents)
Other:
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Preferred weather window
Any time window
excluding
June-September
(Due to onset of
Monsoons)
Form 2 - Site Survey Detail
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Site #:
793
IND-04A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
* Key to SSP Requirements
SSP
Require- Exists
ments * in DB
X=required; X*=may be required for specific sites; Y=recommended; Y*=may be recommended for specific sites;
R=required for re-entry sites; T=required for high temperature environments; † Accurate velocity information is
required for holes deeper than 400m.
Primary Line(s)
1 High resolution
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Y
Data Type
In SSDB SSP Req.
seismic reflection
no
Details
of available
and data
that
are still
to be
collected
currently
no highdata
resolution
seismic
reflection
survey
exists
in this region in the knowledge of propon
1a High
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
2 Deep Penetration
(primary)
currently
no high
resolution seismic reflection survey exists in thisLocation
region
in the
Crossing
Line(s)
of Site on line (SP or Time only)
knowledge
of proponents.
no
currently no high resolution seismic reflection survey
Location:
exists in this region in the knowledge of proponents.
1b Highseismic reflection
no
resolution
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
Y
Primary Line(s)
Y
Y
Y
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
yes Regional
currently
no high seismic
resolution
seismic
surveythe
exists in this W6(12850)
region in the
lines
(Deepreflection
MCS) through
knowledge
of proponents.
proposed
site have been acquired by IODP-India.
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Crossing Line(s)
Location:
no
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
Regional seismic lines (Deep MCS) through the proposed site have been acquired by
IODP-India.
line through the proposed hole is to be acquired in near future.
yes RMSCrossing
velocitiesseismic
for thelines
MCSprovide
profilesconstraints
exist. Velocity
information
derived
from previous
refraction stud
Previously
published
on the
sub-surface
structures
and
sediments. The site has been proposed away from potentially difficult sandy levees.
2a Deep
yes
3 Seismic Velocity
penetration
seismic
reflection
(primary)
4 Seismic Grid
Y
2b 5a
Deep
no
Refraction (surface)
penetration
seismic
reflection
(crossing)
Y
3 Seismic
yes
(near bottom)
Velocity
X
RMS velocities for the MCS profiles exist. Velocity information derived from previous
refraction studies is also available for the proposed region.
6 3.5Grid
4 Seismic
kHz no
Y
to be planned
5a Refraction
(surface)
Y
Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
5b Refraction
no
X
7
Swath bathymetry
5b Refraction
(bottom)
Y
no
to W6(12850)
be planned
Location:
Y
Currently crossing lines passing through the proposed site are not available.
no Velocity models based on Sonobuoy data are published and supplied in the SSDB
Location:
Y
no
Intend to acquire
8a
Side-looking
6 3.5 kHz
sonar (surface)
7 Swath
no
8b Side-looking
bathymetry
Y
Intend to acquire
sonar (bottom)
8a Side looking
sonar (surface)
9 Photography or Video
8b Side looking
sonar (bottom)
10 Heat Flow
9 Photography
or video
11a
10 HeatMagnetics
Flow
11a
11bMagnetics
Gravity
11b Gravity
Sediment cores
1212
Sediment
cores
1313
RockRock sampling
sampling
14a
14aWater
Water current data
current data
14b
14bIceIce Conditions
Conditions
1515
OBS
OBS microseismicity
microseismicity
16 Navigation
16 Navigationyes
17 Other
17 Other
Page 1 of 1 - Site Survey Details
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X
X
Shall be submitted in the database
yes Shall be submitted in the database
Location of Site on line (SP or Time only)
Form 3 – Detailed Logging and
Downhole Measurement Plan
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
Site #:
IND-04A
Date Form Submitted:
2012-10-04 03:24:11
Water Depth (m):
3635
Sed. Penetration (m):
900
Basement Penetration (m):
50
Are high temperatures or other special
requirements (e.g., unstable formations),
anticipated for logging at this site?
Estimated total logging time for this site:
Relevance
Measurement Type
(1=high,
3=low)
Scientific Objective
Check Shot Survey
to use the drilling results to date the seismic stratigraphy and to develop synthetic
seismograms
1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
-
0
Geochemical
-
2
Side-wall Core Sample
-
3
Formation Fluid Sampling
-
3
Borehole Temperature
Heatflow measurements
2
Magnetic Susceptibility
To aid core-log integration and correlation
1
Magnetic Field
-
0
VSP
-
2
Formation Image (Acoustic)
-
2
Formation Pressure &
Temperature
-
3
Other (SET, SETP, ...)
-
3
Page 1 of 1 - Detailed Logging and Downhole Measurement Plan
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IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
1
Summary
OperationsHazard
at site:
Pollution
&ofSafety
(Example:
to refusal,
XCB 10
1. Summary
ofTriple-APC
Operations
at site.
m into basement, log as shown on form 3);
include # of holes for APC/XCB, # of
temperature deployments)
2. All hydrocarbon occurrences
based on previous DSDP/ODP/IODP
drilling.
Based on previous
DSDP/ODP/IODP
3.2All commercial
drilling
in this area
drilling, list
hydrocarbon
that produced
orall
yielded
significant
hydrocarbon
shows.
occurrences
of greater than
background
Give nature
of
4. Indications
of levels.
gas hydrates
at this
show, age and depth of rock.
location.
5. Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon
accumulations
this
From available
information,atlist
all
3
site?
commercial drilling in this area that
produced
or yielded
significant
6. What
"special"
precautions
will be
taken during
drilling?
hydrocarbon
shows. Give depths and
ages
of hydrocarbonprocedures
- bearing
7. What
abandonment
deposits.
need to
be followed?
Site #:
Are there reasons to expect
hydrocarbon accumulations at this
site? Please give details.
6
What “special” precautions need to
be taken during drilling?
7
What abandonment procedures need
to be followed:
8
Please list other natural or manmade
hazards which may effect ship's
operations:
(e.g. ice, currents, cables)
9
Summary: What do you consider the
major risk in drilling at this site?
Page 1 of 1 - Environmental Protection
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IND-04A
Date Form Submitted: 2012-10-04 03:24:11
The plan assumes 2 APC holes to APC refusal, extension of one hole with the XCB to total
Comment
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
The
plan assumes
2 APC holes
to APC
extension
Reentry
may be required
with casing
forrefusal,
multiple
bit trips. of one hole with the XCB to total
depth (TD). If XCB cannot reach TD, then a 3rd hole would be needed with the RCB.
Reentry may be required with casing for multiple bit trips.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
location.
No reports of hydrocarbon show near the site. No DSDP/ODP sites near the proposed
Some
of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
location.
sites.
Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
not reported
Some of the industry wells available close to the Indian shelf, quite far from the proposed
sites. Lithologies from some of these wells have been submitted to the SSDB. No
significant hydrocarbon shows.
8. Natural or manmade hazards which none
may effect ship's operations.
not reported
Are there
any indications
of gas
9.4Summary:
What
do you consider
hydrates
this
location?
the major
risksatin
drilling
at Give
this site?
details.
5
Form 4 – Environmental
Protection
none
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
Subbottom
depth (m)
793
-
Key reflectors,
Unconformities,
faults, etc
Cpp
2
Age
Form 5 – Lithologies
Site #:
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:45:02
IND-04A
Lithology
Paleo-environment
0-32
reflector
Pleistocene
1.6-1.7
Clay, Shale, Sand Submarine fan
32-95
reflector
Pliocene
1.78-1.80
Clay, Sand, Shale Sub marine fan
95-805
Reflector
Early
Miocene
2.1-2.4
Siltstone
Fan sediments
805-890
reflector
Paleocene
4.5-5.0
Weathered basalt
overlain by
sandstone and
limestones
Submarine fans
Page 1 of 1
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Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
Comments
Pleistocene sediments
IODP Site Summary Forms:
Proposal #:
793
-
Subbottom
Site
depth (m)
Key reflectors,
Summary
Unconformities,
Figure Comment
faults, etc
Page 1 of 1 - Site Summary Figure
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(user 0.1950)
Cpp
2
Age
Form
5 – Lithologies
Form 6 - Site
Summary
Figure
Site #:
Assumed
velocity
(km/sec)
IND-04A
Lithology
Date Form Subm.: 2012-09-28 16:45:02
Paleo-environment
Avg. rate
of sed.
accum.
(m/My)
Comments
Site Summary Form 6: IND-04A
----------------------------------------------------------
List of proposed sites:
IND-04A - SP12850 on W06
2000
Depth (m)
3000
2000
25km
1km
1000
1000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Shot Points
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
----------------------------------------------------------
16000
1000
W06
2000
SSDB Details for proposed sites:
IND-04A
3000
4000
4000
5000
5000
6000
6000
7000
7000
8000
8000
Location Map: India_proposal_location.pdf
Seismic figures: India_W06.pdf
SEGY data:
India_W06.segy
Navigation Data: India_W06_nav.csv