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20111209e.pdf
IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Cover Sheet
Trial: 2011 CA
Researcher(s) Mike Parrella
Affiliation:
University of California
College of Agri.& Environ. Sciences
One Shields Drive
Davis
CA 95615-8571
PhoneNumber: 530-752-8473
[email protected]
Email:
ProjectTitle:
Protocol #:
PR#
29919
29908
29914
29911
30477
30335
29920
29909
29915
29912
30478
30395
Impact on Beneficial Organisms
11-017
Research Target
Crop/Plant
Product
EPA Reg. # Production Site
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Hachi-Hachi
71711-31
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Tolfenpyrad
SePro
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Kontos (BYI 8330 240SC)
432-1471
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Spirotetramat
OHP
Status
Laboratory Test
C
Laboratory Test
C
Laboratory Test
C
Amblyseius swirskii
None
NNI-0101
-
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Pyrifluquinazon
Nichino Americ
Amblyseius swirskii
Amblyseius swirskii
None
None
Overture 35WP
Pyridalyl
59639-125
Valent
Laboratory Test
C
C
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Pylon
241-374-59807 Laboratory Test
Amblyseius swirskii
None
Chlorfenapyr
BASF
Amblyseius swirskii
Amblyseius swirskii
None
None
Tolfenpyrad SC
Tolfenpyrad
Laboratory Test
Nichino Americ
C
Laboratory Test
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Hachi-Hachi
71711-31
Hypoaspis miles
None
Tolfenpyrad
SePro
Hypoaspis miles
None
Kontos (BYI 8330 240SC)
432-1471
Laboratory Test
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Spirotetramat
OHP
Hypoaspis miles
Hypoaspis miles
None
None
NNI-0101
Pyrifluquinazon
Laboratory Test
Nichino Americ
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Overture 35WP
59639-125
Laboratory Test
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Pyridalyl
Valent
Hypoaspis miles
Hypoaspis miles
None
None
Pylon
Chlorfenapyr
241-374-59807 Laboratory Test
BASF
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Tolfenpyrad SC
-
C
Hypoaspis miles
None
Tolfenpyrad
Nichino Americ
Laboratory Test
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Parrella and Casey
Date:
p1
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
11-017
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
Narrative Summary (Results/Discussion)
Please keep text to one page if possible. Include summary of trial results and a brief discussion including how any
changes from the protocol may have affected results. Results for multiple PRnumbers can be summarized together, but
please list all PRNumbers in the header and in the summary data table.
Click here to enter text.
The objective of this trial was to determine the contact mortality caused by western flower thrips insecticides to two
western flower thrips natural enemies. This information is important to growers who wish to combine biological and
chemical control in their integrated pest management programs.
We tested the two most commonly used thrips natural enemies, both of which are predatory mites: Amblyseius swirskii
(Phytoseiidae), which is active on foliage and feeds on thrips first instar larvae; and Hypoaspis miles (Laelapidae), which
is active in the soil and feeds on thrips pupae. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory on the UC Davis campus in
Davis, CA, USA. Uniform quantities of each natural enemy were dispensed into Petri dishes and the treatments were
immediately applied; mortality was determined 24 and 48 hours after treatment.
H.miles:
In trial 1 there was excessive mold growth by the 48-hour count, so in subsequent trials we used only a moist piece of
cotton and honey water as moisture and food sources (see Figure 1 for an example). We repeated the trial because of this
and included a treatment in which the mites and carrier were not sprayed directly but were placed onto the Petri dishes one
hour after the dishes were sprayed directly with pesticide (all materials had dried by this time) to see if this would be
another option for creating a drier environment. The results of the individual trials are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3; the
three trials are summarized in Table 4. The dry residue seemed to be more toxic to the mites, with high mortality seen in
all treatments and no mites, dead or alive, seen by 48HAT (Table 3). When no mites are seen, it was assumed that they
had died within the carrier.
High mortality, including high control mortality, in many of the treatments by 48HAT suggest that these data may be less
useful for making decisions about product compatibility. At this time point it is difficult to separate out the effects of the
treatments from the effects of the artificial rearing environment. We recommend limiting future trials to 24 hours.
In evaluating the 24HAT data, we see that despite variations in mortality between trials, certain trends are apparent.
Pylon, Hachi-Hachi, and Overture were generally the most harmful materials, causing either the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd highest
mortality in most of the trials. Kontos and NNI were the safest products, ranking near the bottom in nearly all trials.
Tolfenpyrad was moderately harmful and the most consistent product, ranking as the 4th most toxic material in all trials.
A. swirskii:
Very low mortality was seen in the A. swirskii trial (Table 5). During counting, mites were often found “hiding” in the
crevices in the vermiculite particles, which may have provided refugia from the pesticide-treated surfaces. The low
mortality we observed makes drawing conclusions about pesticide-caused mortality difficult.
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p2
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Please insert results table here. Include PRnumbers for each treatment if multiple PRnumbers are included in this
summary. Please include product, active ingredient, and statistics.
Click here to enter text.
Hypoaspis miles trial 1
August 24-26, 2011
Direct contact
Treatment
PR number
Pylon
Overture
NNI
Tolfenpyrad
Hachi-Hachi
Kontos
Water control
30478
29912
29915
30395
29920
29909
Mean % mortality 24 HAT
1
2
Immatures
Adults
83.89±8.21a
12.02±5.13
75.56±5.30a
26.33±7.85
74.41±7.85a
10.00±6.67
65.91±6.08ab
12.83±4.40
55.88±8.71ab
37.41±12.36
39.89±6.67bc
3.75±2.67
14.73±4.42c
16.29±3.95
Mean % mortality 48 HAT
3
4
Immatures
Adults
99.38±0.63a
12.60±4.55
93.43±3.00ab
20.50±7.76
91.81±4.33ab
7.78±5.72
84.44±7.59ab
49.24±10.57
70.98±6.69b
25.00±13.36
88.07±2.52ab
8.13±5.50
40.84±11.81c
30.83±12.79
Table 1. Hypoaspis miles mortality after direct contact with pesticide spray, trial 1. All means separation was done
with Tukey’s test. Numbers within a column followed by different letters are significantly different.
1
df=6,69; F=12.2646; p=0.0001
df=6,68; F=2.1878; p=0.0560. Data was Log10 transformed to meet the assumptions of ANOVA. Raw data is reported.
3
df=6,24.96; F=9.9465; p=0.0001. Welch ANOVA was used as data could not be transformed to meet the assumptions of
ANOVA.
4
df=6,60; F=2.1660; p=0.0606
2
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p3
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Hypoaspis miles trial 2
September 26-28, 2011
Direct contact
Treatment
Hachi-Hachi
Pylon
Overture
Tolfenpyrad
Kontos
Untreated
control
NNI
Water treated
control
PR
number
29920
30478
29912
30395
29909
29915
Mean % mortality 24 HAT
1
2
Immatures
Adults
74.05±8.53a
1.33±1.33
60.83±4.89ab
0.00
58.40±15.71ab
0.00
53.09±9.24ab
None observed
30.97±7.79ab
0.00
24.42±15.12b
50.00±50.00
Mean % mortality 48 HAT
3
4
Immatures
Adults
81.63±5.61ab
None observed
73.97±10.03abc
0.00
93.76±2.36a
100.00
85.29±5.82ab
None observed
45.00±9.57bc
None observed
40.73±15.74c
None observed
22.04±6.83b
15.25±12.74b
56.65±10.86abc
96.88±1.57a
6.67±6.67
33.33
None observed
None observed
Table 2. Hypoaspis miles mortality after direct contact with pesticide spray, trial 2. All means separation was done
with Tukey’s test. Numbers within a column followed by different letters are significantly different.
1
df=7,39; F=4.0898; p=0.0026
df=6,19; F=1.5425; p=0.2404. Data was Log10 transformed to meet the assumptions of ANOVA. Raw data is reported.
3
df=7,39; F=5.9862; p=0.0002
4
Too few observations for statistical analysis
2
Hypoaspis miles trial 2
September 26-28, 2011
Dry residue contact
Treatment
2
Tolfenpyrad
2
Pylon
2
Water treated control
Hachi-Hachi
Kontos
Overture
NNI
Untreated control
PR number
30395
30478
29920
2909
29912
29915
Mean % adult mortality 24HAT
65.161±2.98
64.423±8.66
63.578±14.07
58.458±2.38
53.307±6.63
49.747±2.98
47.099±1.92
37.132±1.76
1
Table 3. Hypoaspis miles mortality after contact with dried pesticide residue. No immatures were observed at
24HAT; neither life stage was observed at 48HAT.
1
df=7,13.508; F=10.6120; p=0.0001. Welch ANOVA was used as data could not be transformed to meet the assumptions
of ANOVA.
2
Significantly different from the untreated control by Dunnett’s test
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p4
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Summary of H. miles mortality 24 HAT
Mean %
immature
mortality 24 HAT
Kontos
Hachi-Hachi
NNI
Overture
Pylon
Tolfenpyrad
Water control
Untreated control
Mean % adult
mortality 24 HAT
Kontos
Hachi-Hachi
NNI
Overture
Pylon
Tolfenpyrad
Water control
Untreated control
August 24-26
Direct contact
39.89±6.67bc
55.88±8.71ab
74.41±7.85a
75.56±5.30a
83.89±8.21a
65.91±6.08ab
15.25±12.74b
n/a
Rank
6
5
3
2
1
4
7
September 26-28
Direct contact
30.97±7.79ab
74.05±8.53a
22.04±6.83b
58.40±15.71ab
60.83±4.89ab
53.09±9.24ab
15.25±12.74b
24.42±15.12b
Rank
5
1
7
3
2
4
8
6
Dry residue
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
August 24-26
Direct contact
3.75±2.67
37.41±12.36
10.00±6.67
26.33±7.85
12.02±5.13
12.83±4.40
16.29±3.95
n/a
Rank
7
1
6
2
5
4
3
Table 4. Comparison of Hypoaspis miles mortality trials. All means separation was done with Tukey’s test. Numbers
within a column followed by different letters are significantly different.
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p5
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Amblyseius swirskii
September 14-16, 2011
Direct contact
Treatment
Water treated
control
Pylon
Untreated control
Tolfenpyrad
Hachi-Hachi
Kontos
NNI
Overture
PR number
Mean adult %
1
mortality 24 HAT
3.17±1.80
Mean adult %
2
mortality 48 HAT
0.00
30477
2.06±1.38
1.88±1.33
0.63±0.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.11±1.11
0.00
0.00
1.00±1.00
0.71±0.71
30335
29919
29908
29914
29911
Table 5. Amblyseius swirskii mortality after direct contact with pesticide spray.
1
df=7,79; F=1.6754; p=0.1287
df=7,79; F=0.7274; p=0.6493
2
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p6
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping
Please fill out the information below or attach a separate document with comparable information.
Name(s) of Personnel Conducting Research: Christine Casey
Location of Trial (city/state): Davis, CA
Use Site (greenhouse/shadehouse/field container/etc): Greenhouse
Crop History
Crop Cultivar/Variety:
Date of Seeding:
Date of Emergence:
Date of Transplanting:
Potting Mix:
Pot size & spacing:
Row spacing:
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Product(s) applied prior to start of experiment:
Product
Rate
Application
Type
None
Add more rows as needed.
Date of
Application
Crop Growth
Stage
Application
Volume
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p7
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Experiment Information
Experimental Design:
Number of Reps:
Completely randomized
Ten
Materials & Methods:
Insert materials & methods here only if information is not presented elsewhere.
Include any changes from protocol.
Click here to enter text.
Natural enemies were shipped from Koppert overnight and arrived at UC Davis by 11am the following morning. Upon
arrival, five samples of each species examined by microscope to verify that the predators were alive and active.
All trials were conducted in four-inch Petri dish arenas under a fume hood. In the August H. miles trial, the Petri dish was
lined with moistened filter paper, which was supplemented with a honey water food source. Due to excessive mold
growth by the 48-hour count, in subsequent trials we used only a moist piece of cotton and honey water as moisture and
food sources (see Figure 1 for an example).
The dishes were set up prior to the arrival of the natural enemies so that the predators would be as fresh as possible. To
dispense equivalent amounts for each replicate, the container was inverted ten times to ensure even distribution of natural
enemies within the vermiculite (A. swirskii) or peat (H. miles) carrier. A uniform quantity (enough to contain about 20
adults) of the carrier was measured from the dispenser of the species to be evaluated (Figure 2) and placed into the Petri
dish. This was followed by airbrush application of the pesticide. To ensure uniform amounts of material were delivered
to each replicate, the airbrush was held over each Petri dish for three seconds. This delivered a sufficient volume to wet
the Petri dish surface. A barrier was placed around the Petri dish to prevent dispersal of the predators during application.
The dish was then immediately covered and sealed with Parafilm.
After all treatments were been applied, the Petri dishes were arranged under the fume hood in a
completely randomized design and maintained under ambient light (natural light and fluorescent light from 8am to 5pm)
and temperature (72 degrees F) conditions over the course of the trial. Operation of the fume hood prevented crosscontamination of adjacent treatments by any pesticide vapors.
Mold growth and excessive predator mortality were observed in the first (Trial 1; August) H. miles trial at the 48 HAT
count so this trial was repeated (Trial 2; September). In the second trial we also included a treatment in which the Petri
dishes were sprayed directly with each pesticide and allowed to dry for one hour, at which time the mites were introduced.
In order to do this within a day, there were only five replications of each treatment in this second trial. This additional
application method and reduced number of replications are both changes from the protocol.
At 24 and 48 hours after treatment, each Petri dish was examined under a dissecting microscope and the number of live
and dead mites were counted. A grid was placed under the Petri dish to facilitate counting (Figure 3). Mites that were
moving, or moved after being probed, were counted as live. Mites that were desiccated or did not move after probing
were counted as dead. The Petri dishes were re-sealed with Parafilm after the 24 hour count and re-randomized under the
fume hood.
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p8
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
11-017
Application Equipment:
Airbrush
Product(s) applied during experiment (including treatments, fertilizers, etc):
Product
Rate(s)
Application Type
Date of
Application
Crop
Growth
Stage
Application
Volume
Kontos
Hachi-Hachi
NNI-0101
Overture
Pylon
Tolfenpyrad
3.4oz/100gal (0.13ml/500ml)
21oz/100gal (0.82ml/500ml)
6.38oz/100gal (0.25ml/500ml)
8oz/100gal (0.3mg/500ml)
5.2 oz/100gal (0.21ml/500ml)
21oz/100gal (0.82ml/500ml)
Airbrush
Airbrush
Airbrush
Airbrush
Airbrush
Airbrush
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
8/24; 9/14; 9/26
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3 sec count
3 sec count
3 sec count
3 sec count
3 sec count
3 sec count
Note: All products
mixed as 500 ml
solutions
Photos
Figure 1. Trial set-up under fume hood.
Figure 2. Amount of
A. swirskii dispensed in each
replicate.
Figure 3. Grid used to facilitate
counting.
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Date:
Parrella and Casey
p9
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
11-017
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
Data Collected
Please describe data collected and scoring system. Also include the dates data were collected.
Data collected:
Hypoaspis miles, direct pesticide spray:
8/25/11: no. of live and dead immatures and adults 24 hours after
treatment
9/27/11: no. of live and dead immatures and adults 24 hours after
treatment
8/26/11 no. of live and dead immatures and adults 48 hours after
treatment
9/28/11: no. of live and dead immatures and adults 48 hours after
treatment
Hypoaspis miles, dried residue contact:
9/27/11: no. of live and dead immatures and adults 24 hours after
treatment
9/28/11: no. of live and dead immatures and adults 48 hours after
treatment
Amblyseius swirskii, direct pesticide spray:
9/15/11: no. of live and dead adults 24 hours after treatment
9/16/11: no. of live and dead adults 48 hours after treatment
Mites that were moving, or moved after being probed, were counted as live. Mites that were desiccated or did not move
after probing were counted as dead.
Raw Data
Insert raw data below or send separate file containing raw data
Click here to enter text.
See attached file 11-017 raw data.xlsx
Ornamental Horticulture Program
Research Report Form
Researcher:
Project Title:
Protocol #:
Parrella and Casey
Date:
p 10
11/22/2011
Impact of Thrips Management Tools on Beneficial Organisms
11-017
PRnumbers: 29908, 29909, 29911, 29912, 29914, 29915,
29919, 29920, 30335, 30395, 30477, 30478
Environmental conditions during the experiment:
Insert temperature, precipitation and/or irrigation, and relative humidity with a minimum of high, low and average daily
temperatures. Or send separate file with this information.
Include a statement about any significant weather or environmental events during the course of the experiment.
These trials were done in a laboratory under ambient light (sunlight and overhead fluorescent light from 8am to 5pm) and
temperature (approx. 72 degrees F).
Treatment
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Natural enemTreatment daTreatment m Replicate
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
Hypoaspis mi 8/24/2011 Spray
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Imm live 24h Imm dead 24
28
1
16
6
19
17
14
14
15
30
21
15
15
35
16
50
10
41
2
53
10
2
11
6
9
8
8
13
6
11
11
11
11
9
14
4
19
0
11
14
7
50
4
9
1
5
4
10
0
32
0
40
3
9
15
14
25
6
4
35
4
20
4
4
6
22
4
14
11
25
12
11
10
31
1
20
0
10
12
42
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Amblyseius sw
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
8/24/2011
9/14/2011
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
14
4
3
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
14
9
2
5
4
15
4
8
4
6
10
2
8
39
62
30
61
56
43
49
16
9
6
4
19
7
18
23
15
40
8
11
17
13
13
18
9
8
21
14
1
3
0
0
0
3
5
5
2
3
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Hachi-Hachi
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
Kontos
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
NNI
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Overture
Pylon
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Pylon
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Amblyseius sw
Pylon
Pylon
Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Tolfenpyrad Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Untreated co Amblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Water treatedAmblyseius sw
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/14/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
5
4
29
23
19
30
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Spray
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
16
11
10
11
13
22
28
28
17
57
17
1
53
54
26
0
9
15
4
28
12
31
20
48
23
3
28
58
45
23
7
30
10
30
9
25
30
22
0
6
8
8
13
13
5
3
3
13
13
18
30
16
60
27
21
6
23
23
35
90
32
9
5
0
4
2
10
30
0
19
0
0
3
Hachi-Hachi Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
Kontos
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
NNI
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Overture
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Pylon
Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Tolfenpyrad Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Untreated co Hypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
Water treatedHypoaspis mi
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
9/26/2011
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
Dry residue
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Adults live 24 Adults dead 2Imm live 48h Imm dead 48 Adults live 48 Adults dead 4Imm % morta
4
1
12
8
2
0
3.45
1
0
8
15
2
0
27.27
1
1
9
10
1
0
47.22
0
3
6
8
1
1
50
1
3
13
35
1
1
66.67
0
0
10
10
0
0
41.67
1
2
0
50
0
1
70
1
0
12
63
0
0
75.76
3
1
5
75
1
0
80.39
2
0
5
80
2
0
96.36
3
0
0
25
5
0
16.67
3
0
3
20
3
0
35.29
8
0
3
34
3
2
47.06
5
7
1
2
21
0
61.9
5
0
1
15
6
0
64.71
2
0
1
8
3
1
50
3
1
1
10
1
0
45
1
0
2
13
0
0
22.22
4
0
4
15
2
0
0
1
0
4
10
0
0
56
1
1
1
57
1
0
87.72
7
0
1
38
2
0
69.23
4
0
2
14
0
0
83.33
4
0
0
12
1
1
71.43
6
0
0
43
5
0
100
8
0
0
28
4
1
100
2
0
8
22
4
0
75
1
1
0
27
2
0
48.28
2
0
0
15
1
0
19.35
2
0
5
8
2
0
89.74
3
4
1
15
6
0
83.33
3
0
1
6
4
1
50
2
0
0
7
2
3
78.57
8
1
0
4
2
2
77.78
4
0
0
5
2
0
69.44
4
1
3
20
2
2
47.83
1
2
0
6
5
0
75.61
3
1
1
27
6
0
95.24
1
1
4
10
6
2
100
2
1
0
8
8
0
77.78
2
5
5
6
3
3
1
10
6
2
6
4
3
2
3
5
4
3
3
4
2
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
9
5
1
1
1
0
0
0
12
10
15
45
60
50
51
47
68
57
9
11
5
4
50
55
14
31
22
33
4
2
3
4
4
2
1
6
3
3
6
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
5
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
41.67
33.33
72.73
100
91.18
100
100
100
100
100
53.33
50
75
44.44
82.61
31.82
81.82
74.19
78.95
86.96
5
3
6
5
2
3
3
5
2
4
3
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
7
4
0
0
4
2
7
7
3
1
6
4
20
4
0
2
2
0
2
0
1
4
0
3
4
2
2
3
0
1
10
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
11.11
21.43
0
0
0
14.29
35.71
38.46
8.7
17.65
2
6
3
3
4
2
6
5
3
6
8
4
7
4
4
6
7
5
3
8
6
3
2
3
4
3
7
5
3
19
7
22
7
9
10
11
5
18
19
24
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
6
4
5
5
4
4
8
4
6
2
8
8
9
6
3
8
13
4
9
13
1
5
4
8
6
7
9
8
12
17
20
13
13
12
16
15
17
30
18
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
19
8
8
14
10
8
8
18
15
12
10
10
18
12
12
14
10
4
15
9
7
4
4
11
16
3
12
5
13
8
15
13
12
7
14
11
11
2
4
14
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
4
13
50
15
25
20
14
13
10
21
8
13
8
16
18
23
8
14
18
8
18
43
11
17
13
11
5
12
28
9
13
7
11
6
6
9
4
11
25
14
18
9
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82.14
82.61
50.85
10
1
5
5
4
9
0
4
5
7
5
2
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
45
145
40
116
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
56
172
82
172
4
10
10
5
14
8
21
10
32
2
50
17
2
3
4
2
0
2
10
1
44
2
5
4
7
0
8
0
9
39
20
16
2
4
0
1
0
35
31
9
18
10
5
5
15
15
50
50
14
12
50
50
50
5
12
15
14
31
17
30
50
34
18
15
25
5
10
2
10
30
50
50
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
96.77
57.89
0
37.5
42.11
38.1
37.14
31.71
15.15
15
5
43.33
92.86
25.35
35.71
38.1
100
75
58.33
60
45.1
65.71
53.03
81.82
40
28.13
62.5
0
6.45
4.26
30.3
81.08
0
65.52
0
0
10.71
51
27
115
43
256
75
111
84
198
126
86
56
60
58
67
92
68
38
18
21
110
85
31
40
101
112
85
92
52
60
43
6
88
64
58
1
64
99
99
48
173
71
121
70
137
113
85
84
47
62
65
72
33
68
84
72
209
139
81
104
159
155
38
51
33
40
29
159
58
44
41
282
Adult % mort Imm % morta Adult % mortality 48h
20
40
0
0
65.22
0
50
52.63
0
100
57.14
50
75
72.92
50
50
66.67
100
100
0
84
25
93.75
0
0
94.12
0
0
100
0
0
86.96
0
0
91.89
40
12.5
91.3
0
0
93.75
0
0
88.89
25
25
90.91
0
0
86.67
0
78.95
0
0
71.43
50
98.28
0
0
97.44
0
0
87.5
0
100
50
0
100
0
0
100
20
0
73.33
0
50
100
0
0
100
0
0
61.54
0
57.14
93.75
0
0
85.71
20
0
100
60
11.11
100
50
0
100
0
20
86.96
50
66.67
100
0
25
96.43
0
50
71.43
25
33.33
100
0
50
16.67
0
14.29
25
0
0
0
14.29
0
0
0
25
33.33
0
0
0
25
25
20
100
100
93.75
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
84.62
35.71
44.44
98.04
98.21
93.33
100
100
100
20
33.33
0
0
0
33.33
0
14.29
25
0
45.45
33.33
28.57
0
14.29
16.67
33.33
25
25
0
0
20
0
46.15
50
100
100
0
50
22.22
0
40
0
0
0
100
25
0
0
33.33
0
100
50
0
50
33.33
100
33.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
7.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.52
0
0
0
0
0
11.11
0
6.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.25
0
12.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.67
0
8.33
0
0
6.67
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.04
78.95
65.79
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
33.33
0
0
0
0
100
33.33
55.45
54.26
67.21
59.72
89.74
75.61
47.37
78.26
41.67
38.46
19.23
60
31.91
96.15
50
45.16
85.71
94.34
92.59
96.15
100
85.71
60
93.33
41.33
89.47
85.71
92.59
82.93
100
65.22
100
35.71
20.41
9.09
38.46
93.75
92.59
100
98.04
100
100
0
55.65
78.57
46.26
52.75
40.33
48.63
52.16
45.45
40.9
47.28
49.71
60
43.93
51.67
49.24
43.9
32.67
64.15
82.35
77.42
65.52
62.05
72.32
72.22
61.15
58.05
30.89
35.66
38.82
40
40.28
96.36
39.73
40.74
41.41
99.65