www.kendricklabs.com 800-462-3417 Suggestions for Sample Preparation for 2DE Index I. Introduction and General Instructions........ 1-2 A. How much protein should be loaded B. Total amount required C. What sample buffer should be used II. Sample Buffers ......................................... 2-3 A. Urea Sample Buffer B. SDS Boiling Buffer C. SDS Boiling Buffer minus BME D. Osmotic Lysis Buffer E. 100× Protease Inhibitor Stock Solution F. 10× Nuclease Stock Solution G. OmniCleave™ Endonuclease H. Phosphatase Inhibitors III. 2D Pattern Visualization .......................... 3-4 A. Coomassie blue versus silver stain B. Sypro ruby, other fluorescent stains C. Fluorography D. Autoradiography IV. Preparing Samples.................................. 4-5 A. In Urea Sample Buffer B. In SDS Boiling Buffer C. Cultured cells D. Yeast, S. aureus and difficult-to-lyse cells E. Immunoprecipitates F. Animal tissue V. Determining Protein Concentration ..............5 VI. Protein Precipitation Methods…………….5-6 A. Ethanol Precipitation B. TCA in acetone C. Phenol/NH4Acetate for plant samples D. Chloroform/methanol to remove lipids VII. Determining Protein Bound Dpm ........... 6-7 VIII. Radiolabeling Cells .............................7 A. 35S-labeling of cultured cells B. 32P labeling of cultured cells IX. Mailing Samples..........................................8 X. Reference List ..............................................8 1 For advice: call 800-462-3417 (locally 608258-1565) or email [email protected] I. Introduction The quality of 2D gels returned to you is highly dependent upon sample preparation. Generally sample preparation is as simple as sending us samples in SDS or urea buffer dissolved to a known protein concentration. Problems that arise because of high salt, protein insolubility or dilute concentration can usually be remedied. Following these suggestions will help you stay away from unfixable problems such as protease degradation, and produce the best possible results. Changing sample preparation may alter 2D patterns so once you decide on a protocol, stick with it. If you are uncertain, try your protocol on one or two samples before proceeding to larger numbers. If you have questions please email or call. We know your samples are precious and will do our very best to make your project successful. This guide is online at www.kendricklabs.com, see 2D Services (dropdown menu) Sample Preparation General Instructions Start by filling out the sample identification form from our web site (2D services dropdown menu, 5th item). You’ll have to decide how much sample to load, the gel staining method and method of analysis. Call or email for advice, or you can leave undecided lines blank and let our Lab Manager figure it out (he’ll call you with any questions.) A. How much protein should be loaded? 1.Complex samples like whole cell lysates and cytosols are usually run on large format (LF, 20 x 22 cm) 2D gels. For LF, a 100 ug load is recommended for silver and a 600 μg load for Coomassie blue staining. The maximum volume that can be loaded is 150 ul. Cytosolic protein mixtures give cleaner patterns than whole cell lysates. For standard format (SF, 13 x 15 cm) 2D gels load 50 ug for silver and 200 ug for Coomassie staining. www.kendricklabs.com 2. Purified proteins are run on SF 2D gels. For Coomassie blue we suggest a load of about 2 ug/ spot and for silver staining about 100 ng/spot. If in doubt triple the load. Overloading does not severely affect IEF of semi-purified proteins. Glycoproteins tend to focus over a broad pH range and should be loaded at 10−20 μg protein for Coomassie and 1−2 ug for silver. 3. Membrane fractions may be run on either LF or SF gels depending on the sample. Lipids, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides in membrane samples cause streaks and decrease resolution and are the limiting factor. Nucleic acid fragments stain strongly with silver and may cause high background. Call for consultation about which gel size to use. In either case it is best to use silver stain and load 75 ug for SF gels, 150 ug for LF. If Coomassie blue staining is necessary for mass spectrometry we suggest 100 ug maximum load for SF and 400 ug for LF. When in doubt it is best to titrate the load up rather than going for broke when trying to load maximally. 4. Other subcellular fractions, nuclear matrix for example [1], can be isolated as described in the literature and run on SF 2D gels. If enough material is available we will optimize gel conditions at no extra charge for such samples. 5. Samples for Transblotting: For Western blotting it is best to load the maximum amount possible on SF 2D gels. For complex samples such as whole cell lysates, the optimal load is 200 ug for both transblotting and duplicate 2D gels for mass spectrometry. Since 50 ul is the maximum loading volume, the sample must be >4 mg/ml protein. B. Total amount required If possible we would like to receive four times the recommended load to allow for free repeats in case initial problems arise. For purified proteins, please include enough for two to four runs (call or email to discuss). If your samples are too dilute, you may concentrate by lyophilization (but be careful of concentrating salts) or by protein precipitation. Desired counts per minute (cpm)/μl for complex radiolabeled samples are: > 25,000 for 35S and 14C for direct autoradiography, > 8000 for 35S or 14C for fluorography, and > 4,000 for 32P direct autoradiography. The counts must be protein bound. 2 800-462-3417 C. What sample buffer should be used? We use two buffers to dissolve samples: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) Boiling Buffer and Urea Sample Buffer. Recipes are given on the next page. About 95% of samples run at Kendrick Labs are dissolved in SDS buffer or in SDS:Urea buffer 1:1. A huge advantage to using carrier ampholines with IEF tube gels instead of IPG strips is that SDS can be used in sample preparation [2]. Although SDS is negatively charged it is stripped from the proteins during isoelectric focusing (IEF) to form micelles with the nonionic detergent IGEPAL [3], formally known as Nonidet P-40. The micelles migrate to the acidic end of the tube gel and form a bulb. Note: if your proteins of interest are basic, with pIs > 9.0, they will require non-equilibrium pH gradient 2D electrophoresis (NEPHGE), which is incompatible with SDS [4]. Samples for NEPHGE must be dissolved in Urea Sample Buffer. Advantages of SDS: Heating biological samples in the presence of SDS dissolves proteins more completely than any other method. This is especially true for membrane proteins. SDS sharpens 2D spots and increases the recoveries of most proteins in the gel. 2D gel patterns obtained in the presence of SDS are similar but not identical to those obtained with Urea Sample Buffer without SDS. However, they are quite reproducible. Sample preparation with SDS Buffer is much easier than with Urea Buffer. There are no undissolved pellets to discard. Disadvantages of SDS: The acidic end of the tube gel (as much as 1.5 cm) becomes distorted due to formation of the SDS/IGEPAL bulb. To correct for this we run longer IEF tube gels for SDS-containing samples and remove the bulb, which contains no resolvable proteins. The remaining tube gel is the normal length. Isoelectric point measurements may be unreliable in the presence of SDS because residual detergent may remain on some of the proteins. A few proteins become streaky in the presence of SDS. II. Sample Buffers The following gives formulas and references for various sample buffers. SDS and urea from different suppliers may give different 2D patterns so don’t switch reagents in the middle of a project. www.kendricklabs.com We recommend SDS from Shelton Scientific (Shelton, CT) cat # IB07062 and ultrapure urea from MP Biomedicals (Aurora, OH) cat # 821519. A. Urea Sample Buffer [3] contains 9.5 M urea, 2% w/v IGEPAL CA-630 (a non-ionic detergent, or Nonidet P-40), 5% beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), and 4% Pharmalytes pH 3-10 (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ). Ten 1 ml aliquots of this buffer are supplied in the mailing kit. B. SDS Boiling Buffer [5] contains 5% SDS, 5% BME, 10% glycerol and 60 mM Tris, pH 6.8. Protein in solution at a final concentration of 35 mg/ml or less may be heated to boiling in this buffer to aid dissolution. Ten 1 ml aliquots of this buffer are supplied in the mailing kit. C. SDS Boiling Buffer Minus BME works best to dissolve protein pellets from cultured cells and other hard-to-dissolve samples prior to protein determinations using the BCA assay [6]. Note: SDS inhibits nuclease activity so polynucleotide digestion must be carried out prior to its addition. Ten 1 ml aliquots are supplied in the mailing kit. D. Osmotic Lysis Buffer [7] contains 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, and 0.3% SDS. Proteins in solution at a final concentration of 2.0 mg/ml or less may be heated to boiling in this buffer. Note: there are no sulfhydryl reducing agents (BME, DTT) in OLB so the BCA protein assay may be performed. Ten 1 ml aliquots are supplied in the mailing kit. E. 10× Nuclease Stock Solution [8] contains 50 mM MgCl2, 100 mM Tris, pH 7.0, 500 μg/ml RNase (Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas Type IIIA, Sigma R5125) and 1000 μg/ml DNase (Deoxyribonuclease I, Type II from bovine pancreas, Sigma D4527). Final concentrations for these enzymes should be 50 μg/ml RNase and 100 μg/ml DNase in 5 mM MgCl2 and 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.0. Ten 100 μl aliquots are supplied in the mailing kit. F. 100× Protease Inhibitor (PI) Stock Solution [9-11] contains 20 mM AEBSF (Calbio-chem 101500), 1 mg/ml leupeptin (Sigma L2884), 0.36 mg/ ml E-64 (Sigma E3132), 500 mM EDTA (Calbiochem 34103), and 5.6 mg/ml benzamidine (Sigma B6506). This stock solution should be added to samples at a final concentration of 1%. Two 100 μl aliquots are supplied in the mailing kit. 3 800-462-3417 G. OmniCleave™ Endonuclease from Epicentre Technologies (Madison, WI, # OC7810K) is a purified enzyme from a recombinant E. coli strain that works in the presence of SDS. It reduces sample viscosity by degrading native DNA and RNA to di-, tri- and tetranucleotides. Dilute to 20 unit/ul with the dilution buffer supplied, i.e. add 0.5 ml to the tube of 10 kU, and use as needed. H. Phosphatase Inhibitors should be added for experiments involving protein phosphorylation. Phosphatase Inhibitor cocktails may be purchased from EMD Biosciences (Novagen) cat. # 524624 (inhibits protein serine/theonine phosphatases) and #524625 (inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatases). III. 2D Pattern Visualization A. Coomassie blue versus silver stain Coomassie blue staining can detect as little as 0.05 μg/polypeptide spot. It is a quantitative stain [5] and is fully compatible with mass spectrometry. Silver staining is much more sensitive and can detect 5 ng/ poly-peptide spot but is semiquantitative because different proteins saturate at different levels [12]. A “special” silver stain is also offered for mass spectrometry of bacterial samples with a detection limit of ~10 ng/spot [13]. Note that proteins often stain negatively with special silver so quantification is not possible. B. Sypro Ruby, Other fluorescent stains We are glad to stain your gels with fluorescent stains such as Sypro ruby, Cy dyes for DIGE, Pro-Q Diamond, etc., digitize the images with a Bio-Rad FX Pro Plus Multi-Imager and analyze the patterns with Progenesis software. Or the stained gels can be returned to you either wet or dry. C. Fluorography Fluorography [14] is a method in which radioactive slab gels are permeated with a fluor prior to exposure to x-ray film at -70°C. This reduces film exposure time for 35S and 14C to one fifth of that required for direct autoradiography. We recommend “ENHANCE” from New England Nuclear as the fluorographic agent. Fluorography is often used for 35S- and 14C-labeled samples and almost always for 3H. The major disadvantage is that the fluor causes a faint mottling throughout the 2D pattern. www.kendricklabs.com Coomassie blue or silver staining prior to fluorography causes some quenching but enables the pattern to be matched to a duplicate Coomassie 2D gel for mass spectrometry. We suggest a load of at least 500 dpm for purified or semi-purified proteins. Quite often proteins appear as a set of charge isomers with the counts spread over a wide area. When in doubt load several thousand counts to visualize minor components. For protein mixtures such as cultured cells labeled with 14 C or 35S, load 350,000 dpm for 2–4 day film exposures. Specific activities greater than 30,000 dpm/μg are recommended. Load 1 uCi 3H for a 2 day fluorographic exposure. D. Autoradiography Whenever possible, direct autoradiography is preferable to fluorography, especially for quantification. For purified proteins and immunoprecipitates, loads of 2500 dpm for 32P and 5000 dpm for 14C or 35 S are recommended. For complex patterns, loads of 0.8-1.0 uCi 35S or 14C, and 200,000 dpm 32P are recommended for a 2 day film exposure at room temperature. 3H-proteins can be transblotted to PVDF before exposure. IV. Preparing Samples High concentrations (> 150 mM) of NaCl, KCl and other salts cause serious streaking problems as do lower concentrations of phosphate and buffers. Keep salt concentrations as low as possible. Dialyzing samples to remove salts and other low molecular weight substances is recommended. Lyophilization of dilute samples prior to adding sample buffer is ideal, do not concentrate salts greater than 150 mM. Beware of high viscosity due to concentration of non-ionic substances such as sucrose. If there is a precipitant in the dissolved sample, pellet it by centrifugation. Precipitants tend to impede isoelectric focusing by plugging the top of the IEF tube gel. A. In Urea Sample Buffer Urea (H2NCONH2) is commonly used as a denaturant to solubilize proteins for isoelectric focusing, especially for purified and semi-purified proteins. Although urea does not dissolve proteins as well as SDS, there is no danger of it changing 4 800-462-3417 the apparent isoelectric point. It is often convenient to dilute a concentrated protein solution 1:1 or 2:1 with Urea Sample Buffer or simply to dissolve the lyophilized protein powder in the buffer. If the sample does not dissolve well try heating it to 50oC for 10 min or freeze/thawing several times. NEVER BOIL SAMPLES IN UREA, isocyanates from the urea will react with the proteins to form charge isomer artifacts [15]. B. In SDS Boiling Buffer Add SDS Boiling Buffer to the sample, vortex thoroughly, and place the tube in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes [16]. For example, if you have 320 ug protein in a microcentrifuge tube after lyophilization and want to load 150 ug in 30 μl, add 64 μl SDS Boiling Buffer, tap lightly to dissolve the powder, place in a boiling water bath for 2-5 min, and freeze. Alternatively, dilute the samples 1:1 or 2:1 with SDS Boiling Buffer prior to heating. The 5% SDS in the buffer is sufficient to solubilize a protein concentration of 35 mg/ml based on the rule of 1.4 g SDS per gram of protein [17]. C. Cultured cells Remember to work quickly on ice to avoid proteolysis. Have Osmotic Lysis Buffer, 10× Nuclease Stock solution, 100x Protease Inhibitor (PI) Stock solution, phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (when necessary), SDS Boiling Buffer + BME (or Urea Sample Buffer), prelabeled microcentrifuge tubes, and dry ice ready. Prepare Osmotic Lysis Buffer by adding 100 ul of Nuclease Stock solution and 10 ul of PI stock/ml plus phosphatase inhibitor cocktails if required. Rinse the cells 3 times with cold buffered saline. Aspirate the excess liquid. For plated cells, add prepared Osmotic Lysis Buffer directly to the cells on the cold dish. Try to add a volume to give 2–4 ug protein/μl. A 35 mm diameter dish containing 40,000 cells/cm2 (approximately 380,000 cells) would receive 50 ul of Osmotic Lysis Buffer. If the dish contains 400,000 cells/cm2, then add 150 ul of Osmotic Lysis Buffer. While keeping the dish on ice, scrape the cells from the dish using a rubber policeman and mix them with the buffer. Transfer to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, vortex and incubate on ice for 5–30 min. The viscosity due to DNA and RNA should quickly disappear. If it doesn’t, add 2 ul of OmniCleave™ or sonicate the cells for 5 min. Repeatedly draw the samples through a smallbore needle until the samples can be pipetted. www.kendricklabs.com For suspended cells, pellet the cells by centrifugation and rinse them twice in cold, buffered saline by resuspending and centrifuging to remove serum proteins and/or unbound radiolabel. The final rinse should be in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. Estimate the amount of Osmotic Lysis Buffer to be added to give 2–4 ug protein/μl. Use 40–50 ul per 2–4 million cells. Add prepared Osmotic Lysis Buffer to the pellet and vortex thoroughly. Use a pipette to resuspend if necessary. Vortex and incubate on ice for 5–30 min. If the mixture remains viscous, add 2 ug OmniCleave and or sonicate the cells for 5 min. Remember to reserve an aliquot at this stage if you wish to determine protein concentration using the BCA method, or to determine protein-bound counts as described in Section VII. The 0.3% SDS in the Osmotic Lysis Buffer, which helps to solubilize proteins and inhibit proteases, will not interfere with the BCA method. If the cells or pellets aren’t dissolving, add more SDS Boiling Buffer minus BME and place the tubes in a boiling water bath for 5 min. You may still do protein determinations on < 20 uL aliquots using the BCA method. At this point, add an equal amount of SDS Boiling Buffer containing BME or just add BME to 5% depending on previous steps and boil for 5 min. Alternatively, add an equal amount of Urea Sample Buffer and heat to 50°C for 1 min. Do not boil samples in Urea Sample Buffer; do not add SDS Buffer to samples requiring NEPHGE. Store the samples at -70°C until mailing or pickup. D. Yeast, S. aureus & difficult-to-lyse cells To each sample of gently pelleted cells, add 500 ul of osmotic lysis buffer containing PI Stock, nuclease stock, phosphatase inhibitor stock if needed, and 100 ug of washed glass beads (Sigma G9268, mesh size 425–6000 microns) per 50–100 ul washed cell pellet as described by Jazwinski [18]. Vortex sample thoroughly, freeze, centrifuge, and repeat until the pellet size has been substantially reduced. Add 400 μl of SDS Boiling Buffer minus BME, vortex, and freeze again. Place the tube in a boiling water bath for 5 min then centrifuge. Lyophilize the supernatant; remember to reserve an aliquot for protein determination. Dissolve the resulting residue in 1:1 diluted SDS Boiling Buffer to at least 5.0 mg/ml for Coomassie blue-stained gels or 1.0 mg/ml for silverstained gels. 5 800-462-3417 E. Immunoprecipitates e.g. Brown et. al. [19] The amount of protein is small for IPs and there is no danger of overloading the gel. Generally the amount of protein stripped off of affinity beads for 2D should be 3-4 times that required for a 1D gel, since bands often are resolved into a string of spot isoforms. Duplicate Coomassie blue stained gels may be run in tandem and matched to the Western blot film for mass spectrometry. Generally as much sample as possible is loaded on the Coomassie blue gel. To ship IP’s on beads, remove the supernatant and send the bead pellet on dry ice by express mail. Our Lab Manager will consult with you and then do further sample preparation at no charge. F. Animal Tissue [20] Weigh the tissue, freeze to -80°C, crush with mortar and pestle then place in a tissue homogenizer on ice. Add about 0.25 ml of Osmotic Lysis Buffer containing PI Stock, Nuclease Stock and Phosphatase inhibitor stock/100 mg tissue and homogenize on ice. Freeze/thaw twice. Allow the nucleases to react for 10–15 min on ice, add an equal amount of SDS Boiling Buffer - BME and place in a boiling water bath for 5–30 min. Cool the tissue on ice, centrifuge to pellet solids, determine protein concentration, and store at -70°C. V. Determining Protein Concentration There are four common spectrophotometric methods of determining protein concentration: BCA method [6] Lowry method [21], Bradford method [22], and absorbance at A280/A260 [17]. Reagents and protocols for the first three can be obtained respectively from Pierce Chemicals, Sigma Chemical Co., and BioRad Labs. We will accept protein determinations from any of these methods but would like to know which method was used so we can adjust the loads. The Bradford method tends to give higher values for mixtures than the values obtained from the BCA and Lowry methods. We recommend the BCA method because it has good standard curve stability and relatively few compounds interfere (Pierce provides a list including 1% SDS and 3.0 M urea). Note, however, BME and DTT strongly interfere with the BCA assay. Remember to take aliquots for protein determination before the addition of BME- or DTT-containing buffers. Once samples are dissolved in either Urea Sample Buffer or SDS Boiling Buffer containing BME or DTT their protein concentrations cannot be measured. If samples are cloudy, www.kendricklabs.com dissolve them completely by boiling with SDS minus BME before performing the BCA assay. Please be sure to let us know if BME or DTT have been added to the samples when mailing. Note: if you are using the Bradford method SDS can’t be used because > 0.1% SDS interferes with this assay. VI. Protein Precipitation Methods Precipitation techniques are commonly employed to separate sample proteins from interfering contaminants such as salts, detergents, nucleic acids, lipids and charged sugars, and to concentrate proteins without concentrating salt. Proteins in samples containing high salt require either dialysis or precipitation, for example those scheduled for silver staining with a protein concentration <1 mg/ml and salt concentration > 200 mM, and samples scheduled for Coomassie blue staining which have a protein concentration < 4 mg/ml and salt >200 mM. Depending on composition one technique may be more suitable for your sample than another. Note that precipitation can alter the protein profile of a sample and should be avoided if possible. A. Ethanol Precipitation is a simple method for removing sample contaminants. Suspend one part lysed or disrupted sample in nine parts absolute ethanol in an Eppendorf tube and vortex. Allow the suspension to sit at –80oC for at least 2 hours. Microfuge for 30 minutes at 12-14,000 rpm in a centrifuge cooled to 15-20°C (colder will bring down large SDS pellet). Carefully remove the ethanol from the samples and air-dry them for a short time to remove residual ethanol. B. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in acetone is another common method used to precipitate proteins during sample preparation for 2-D electrophoresis and is more effective than either TCA or acetone alone at removing starch and sugars [23]. Suspend lysed or disrupted sample in 10% TCA in acetone with either 0.07% 2-mercaptoethanol or 20 mM DTT. Precipitate proteins for at least 45 minutes at -20°C. Pellet proteins by centrifugation at maximum rpm, 4°C, for 20 minutes. Wash the pellet twice with cold acetone containing either 0.07% 2mercaptoethanol or 20 mM DTT by centrifuging at maximum rpm, 4°C, for 5 minutes. Remove residual acetone by air-drying. 6 800-462-3417 C. Precipitation with ammonium acetate in methanol following phenol extraction [24] is useful with plant samples containing high levels of interfering substances. Begin by combining 100 ul sample with 150 ul liquid phenol (best quality by adding water to crystalline phenol). Add 10 ul of 10% SDS and 10 ul BME, vortex. Centrifuge for one min at maximum rpm’s. Following centrifugation remove upper phenol phase. Proteins are precipitated from the phenol phase with 0.1 M ammonium acetate in methanol. Pellet the precipitated proteins with centrifugation. The pellet is then washed several times with ammonium acetate in methanol. Remove ammonium acetate and allow any residual to evaporate. D. Removal of lipid contaminants via protein precipitation with chloroform/methanol [25] Transfer the sample to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and adjust the volume to 100 ul by lyophilization or adding water. Add 400 ul of methanol and vortex. Centrifuge the tube for 10 seconds at 9000xg, add 100 ul of chloroform and vortex. Centrifuge the sample for ten seconds, add 300 ul water and vortex vigorously to mix. Centrifuge the sample at 9000xg for three minutes at 4°C. At this point the liquid should have separated into two phases. If not, add an additional 100 ul of chloroform and centrifuge again. Aspirate the upper phase with a narrow gauge hypodermic needle or a pipetteman with a narrow tip. Transfer sample to a fresh microcentrifuge tube. Be careful not to disturb the interphase, the protein is present in the interphase at this point. It is advisable to leave 10-20 ul of upper phase behind. Add 300 ul of methanol to the lower phase in the original tube and vortex. Centrifuge at 14,000xg for ten minutes at 4°C. The protein should have formed a pellet. With small amounts of protein the pellet may be rough and smeared along the side of the tube. Transfer the supernatant and air-dry or redissolved the pellet. VII. Determining Protein Bound Dpm Samples from radiolabeled cultured cells often have protein concentrations too low to measure. However, loading equal protein-bound dpm usually gives good results as long as protein-bound dpm are distinguished from free dpm. For measurement purposes, the protein-bound radioactivity may be separated from free counts by TCA precipitation. www.kendricklabs.com The following method is derived from Garrels [8]: For the TCA precipitation reserve 6 ul of each sample for duplicate (3 μl each) measurements. Prepare a bovine serum albumin (BSA) carrier solution containing, per ml, 0.2 mg BSA and 1 mg methionine to which urea sample buffer and Coomassie blue have been added. For 110 ml of carrier solution dissolve 20 mg BSA and 100 mg methionine in 100mL water. Add 10 ml of Urea Sample Buffer and 0.5 ml of a 0.05% Coomassie blue stock solution. The stock solution contains 50 mg Coomassie brilliant blue R250 per 100 ml distilled water. Coomassie blue is added so that the pellet is easily visualized when aspirating the supernatant. Add 3 ul of sample in duplicate to 300 ul aliquots of ice-cold BSA carrier solution in an uncolored 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. Next, add 150 ul of ice cold 50% TCA and allow the tube to stand on ice for 5 min. Microfuge for 2 min and aspirate the supernatant. Wash the pellet once by adding 300 ul of ice cold 10% TCA, re-microfuge for 2 min, and aspirate the supernatant. Add 100 μl of Soluene 350 (Packard Instruments) and vortex frequently at room temperature until the pellet is dissolved; this may take up to one hour. Place the open tube in a large scintillation vial with 10 ml of Ultima Gold scintillation fluid (Packard Instruments). Mix thoroughly and determine protein bound dpm per 3 ul of sample by scintillation counting. In some cases, knowing the specific activity (dpm/μ g protein) is useful. Sample specific activity is calculated by dividing the protein-bound dpm/μl by the protein concentration. Optimal specific activities for total cell lysates in dpm/μg protein are: 35S, 40,000; 14C, 40,000; 3H, 100,000; 32P, 20,000; and 125 I, 20,000. VIII. Radiolabeling Cells and Tissues For a review of the pros and cons of radiolabeling experiments including a discussion of equilibrium, pulse and pulse-chase formats, see Dunbar [26] p103-116. For more detailed radiolabeling protocols for cultured cells, yeast and bacteria see Spector [27]. For a specific example see Anri et. al. [28]. In addition, many specific protocols may be found in the literature. 7 800-462-3417 Examples of cell labeling with 35S-methionine and 32 P orthophosphate are given below. Labeling media: We define labeling media to be serum free media lacking the cold amino acid corresponding to the radiolabeled amino acid. For example, cold methionine would be omitted when radiolabeling with 35S-methionine to increase the efficiency of incorporation. At the start of the experiment, the labeling media should contain 250– 1000 μCi of the radiolabeled amino acid/ml. Be sure to treat control samples and test samples identically. Use the smallest amount of radioactive labeling media possible to culture cells. Make sure it is at the proper temperature before adding it to the dish. Avoid starving the cells, changing the pH, or changing the osmolarity prior to labeling; such changes may produce artifacts. A. 35 S-methionine labeling - cultured cells Plated cells: Pick cells that have formed a confluent layer over the surface of the tissue culture dish. Rinse the cells with warmed media minus the labeling amino acid. Incubate the cells for 20 min at 37°C in the same prewarmed medium to deplete the intracellular pools. Remove this medium by aspiration and add a minimal amount of labeling media containing 35S-methionine. For example, to a 35 mm dish add 250 μl of labeling media containing 250–500 μCi radiolabel per 40,000–400,000 cells/ cm2. The cell layer should be cultured in labeling media for 2–12 hrs. You may need to run a pilot experiment to determine labeling times; four hrs is a good starting point. Suspended cells: Remove enough cell fluid to harvest 2–4 million cells; gently spin down the cells at 400 x g for 5 min and remove the culture medium. Wash the cells by resuspending in prewarmed labeling medium minus methionine, re-centrifuge and remove the buffer. Resuspend the cells again in labeling medium without methionine and incubate for 20 min at 37°C to deplete the intracellular pools. Repellet the cells and resuspend in 0.5 ml of labeling media containing 250–500 uCi of 35S-methionine. Incubate the cells in the media for 2–6 hours, pellet the cells and discard the supernatant into radioactive waste. Wash the cells twice in PBS before lysing. www.kendricklabs.com B. 32P labeling of cultured cells First, consider how you will minimize body exposure to radiation and avoid contamination of laboratory areas. Obtain 32P as orthophosphate (32P04-3) in an aqueous, HCI-free and carrier-free solution. Reduce the labeling media phosphate concentration to 50 uM or lower and add 500–1000 uCi of 32P/0.5 ml of media for suspended cells or 250–500 uCi of 32P/ml for plated cells. Limit the labeling time to 5 hrs or less to reduce 32P incorporation into DNA and phospholipid. After radiolabeling, rinse the cells in tris buffered saline (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EDTA). Prepare these samples as described for 35S samples of a similar type with the following exception: do not treat with 10× Nuclease Stock solution. If you do, DNA and RNA fragments will isoelectric focus and create background problems. Instead, after adding SDS Boiling Buffer (or Urea Sample Buffer), centrifuge at 100,000–200-000 × g for 1–2 hrs to remove nucleic acids [26]. IX. Mailing Samples 6. Smith, P.K., Krohn, R.I., Hermanson, G.T., Mallia, A.K., Gartner, F.H., Provenzano, M.D., Fujimoto, E.K., Goeke, N.M., Olson, B.J., Klenk, D.C., Anal Biochem, 1985. 150: 76-85. 7. Lelivelt, M.J.,Kawula, T.H., J Bacteriol, 1995. 177: 4900-7. 8. Garrels, J., Meth. Enzymol, 1983. 100: 411-23. 9. Jeffcoate, S.L.,White, N., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1974. 38: 155-7. 10. Markwardt, F., Walsmann, P., Sturzebecher, J., Landmann, H., Wagner, G., Pharmazie, 1973. 28: 32630. 11. Aoyagi, T., Takeuchi, T., Matsuzaki, A., Kawamura, K., Kondo, S., J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1969. 22: 283-6. 12. Oakley, B.R., Kirsch, D.R., Morris, N.R., Anal Biochem, 1980. 105: 361-3. 13. O'Connell, K.L.,Stults, J.T., Electrophoresis, 1997. 18: 349-59. 14. Bonner, W.M.,Laskey, R.A., Eur J Biochem, 1974. 46: 83-8. 15. Anderson, N.L.,Hickman, B.J., Anal Biochem, 1979. 93: 312-20. 16. Zhang, Z., Izaguirre, G., Lin, S., Lee, H., Schaefer, E., Haimovich, B., Mol Biol Cell, 2004. 15: 4234-47. 17. Darbre, A., Practical protein chemistry : a handbook. 1986, Chichester Sussex ; New York: Wiley. xix, 620. Fill out the sample ID form and store the samples frozen at -70°C until mailing. Mail samples frozen in Eppendorf tubes on at least 6 pounds of dry ice by overnight mail. See www.kendricklabs.com “2D Services” (drop down menu) “how to send samples” for more details. 18. Jazwinski, S., Meth Enzymol, 1990.182: 154-74. If buffers are unavailable, send the proper amount of protein aliquoted or lyophilized in a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube. We will add the appropriate buffer as indicated on the sample ID form. There is no charge for this as long as the amount of standard buffer to be added is clear. 22. Bradford, M., Anal Biochem, 1976. 72: 248-54. X. 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Wessel, D.,Flugge, U.I., Anal Biochem, 1984. 138: 141-3. 26. Dunbar, B.S., 2-D electrophoresis, and immunological techniques. 1987, New York: Plenum Press. xvi, 372 , [2] of plates. 27. Spector, D.L., Goldman, R.D., Leinwand, L.A., Cells : a laboratory manual. 1998, Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press. 3 v. 28. Amri, H., Drieu, K., Papadopoulos, V., Endocrinology, 1997. 138: 5415-26.
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