1 ✿ ,(Letter Position Dyslexia) LPD , . 11 , , LPD LPD , 11 LPD . . . .( ) , . LPD ,$ . . , , $ . .1 , 10 , " , , " . $ . . (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001) , LPD , . , .(Letter Position Dyslexia) , , . , ' . (Ellis & Young, 1996) . 70 , . , ,1 , Coltheart, 1978, 1985; Marshall & Newcombe, 1973; Morton & Patterson, 1980; ) .( Patterson, Marshall, & Coltheart, 1985; Shallice & Warrington, 1980 : , , . , .(1296/06) ' ✿ 2 ,(visual analysis system) 0/ . . , , . - , :1 ' , . . , ' , , . , .(2004 , ) (Marr, 1982; Fodor, 1983) – , ( ) . . , 3 .(Ellis, 1993) , , , ' , , ' Castles, Bates, & ). Coltheart, 2006; Castles & Coltheart, 1993; Castles, Datta, Gayán, & Olson, 1999; Temple, .(1997 3 Broom & Doctor 1995a; ) ' Castles, Bates, & Coltheart, 2006; Castles & Coltheart, 1993, 1996; Coltheart, Byng, Masterson, Prior & Riddoch, 1983; Judica, de Luca, Spinelli, & Zoccolotti, 2002; Masterson, 2000; Temple, Broom & Doctor, 1995b; ) ,(1997 ' ,(Temple, 1997; Temple & Marshall, 1983 ' .(Stuart & Howard, 1995; Siegel, 1985; Temple, 1988, 2003) , .(Friedmann, & Gvion, 2005; Friedmann & Nachman-Katz, 2004, 2006) . (Shallice & Warrington, 1980) , , , , , , , ' , . ,Ellis, 1993; Ellis, Flude, & Young, 1987; Ellis & Young, 1996) $ $ .(1 , . .(Coltheart, 1981) .( , , , : ' , ) , , ,( . ' ) , :$ , , , ' , ' . .(Attentional dyslexia) . (Shallice & Warrington, 1977) ' , . ' , ( ) . ,"fed" "win" : ) ' ' f ' , ,"fin" .( Davis & Coltheart, 2002; Hall, Humphreys, & Cooper, 2001; ) " " " .(Saffran & Coslett, 1996 , .(Gvion, Friedmann, & Faran, 2003) ," ,' $ . ' 4 .( \ , \ , , \ \ \ – , ) . , . ' , , . , ' , . ' $ ' , ' ,$ , ,$ (Marshall & Newcombe, 1973) .("saw" , .(Katz & Sevush, 1989; Shallice & Warrington, 1977) , ' ' "was" ) ' . ' (Humphreys & Mayall, 2001) , ' , , " " . " " .$ (Hall, Humphreys, & Cooper, 2001) , . , .("cheif" ,$ "chief" ) .$ , .(Baylis, Driver, Baylis, & Rafal, 1994 : ) , ' , , , . ,' . (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001) ' ," " ," ) " LPD ' , .( .(Letter Position Dyslexia) ,LPD , : , , , .( (" " " " " , " : : ,' . . $ . $ : ) ) 5 , . . ( ) , LPD , (2003) Lyon, Shaywitz & Shaywitz . / . , " ". , $ . . , , 11 . , . , ,LPD , , : $ ) . ( , ' . LPD .2 ' LPD , 11 ' (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001) ) LPD .( ) ) 1 .(2003 , , .( LPD :1 1 10:10 11:3 9:11 11:2 ' 13:2 13:11 9:4 9:6 15:9 9:9 29:10 ' CPT, conjunctive visual search, cost) , ,' : ( Tsal, Shalev & Mevorach, 2005 ,benefit paradigm with peripherial precues, Stroop-like task, . 1 6 LPD , . , , LPD . ' . , . ,18 . $ LPD , , , : . .C2 ,C2 .Crawford & Howell’s (1998) ,(Wilcoxon Signed-Rank) ' LPD . .0.05 . 2.1 .2 .( , : ) 418 418 :2 LPD C2 47.11*** 5 217.56*** 3 45.42*** 11 147.33*** 13 118.78*** 6 62.70*** 3 157.82*** 15 19.35*** 17 130.08*** 1 101.23*** 9 54.20*** 4 z =3.94*** M = 7.9 (2%) p < .001*** : " " 57 179 68 153 118 66 164 52 115 111 61 M = 104 (25%) ! LPD , LPD . 2 ." " " " ," " 7 LPD .z = 3.94, p < .001 ,( , M = 104, 8) Crawford & Howell’s (1998) ,' $ LPD . .t(10) > 8.68, p < .0001 , 418 .T = 0, p < .001 ,( ,13% 25% ) . r = -0.29, p = .38 , ! . 2.2 ' # ' 2.2.1 , , ' , ,' 326 , .( 2200 ' .( 22 ' . $ , ' 4% . 22 ) 100 .' 75 , .' ' , . 7 ) , 326 . 2.6% 2 ' 34 ! , ! 2.2.2 , ' , ( .(Friedmann & Gvion, 2005 , .(' ,(17% " ,46.05% ,( . $ ) , 3 ) ) 19 )3 100 74% 8% , ) , ! ! . 3 0 . 2.2.3 , ) , ' 19 311 .(2006 , 32% . , , , .(0.4% . .( , ) ) ( 0.2% 143 ' ) , 2% 3 0% 2 8 .LPD . ( LPD ) . ( ) . LPD 2.3 LPD , 136 , ) .( , , : LPD 418 ) ( . LPD 65 21 . . .31 4 LPD .T = 0, p < .001 ,( , M = 38.2, 15.5) ,LPD $ . LPD 2.4 418 ' .2 $ . 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% :2 9 LPD . .T = 0, p < .001 ,( M = 22%, 3%) 2.5 – " $ ' ) , , , LPD . .(Friedmann ,2004 , , , 163 . 240 . ' 3 7 ' ,( ) 20% , 77 , .T = 6, p = .22 , , ,' . , , 2.6 .( , , : ) 25 . " ," , " ."3 14 " ," LPD 3 LPD ' .4 LPD 0 . . $ , LPD LPD Crawford & 7 , LPD .z = 3.48, p < .001 ,( .Howell’s (1998) t-test , M = 6, 1.4) # 120 , , ,( ( : 2.7 : ) ) : , . ,( 11 ' 7 : ) 3 10 .( : ) . 29 LPD 3 LPD .12 0 . . LPD Crawford & Howell’s (1998) t-test LPD , .z = 2.76, p = .003 ,( . M = 12.1, 3.7) LPD , .( ) , , ( 28 ) 3 LPD ,$ . . 4 0 11 ' . M = 9.27, 1.09) LPD .T = 0, p < .001 ,( LPD .(z = 1.9, p > .05) , . ( , : ) : .( ! 72 , ) ' . $ 35 1 LPD . 5.08 0 LPD , ' , Crawford & Howell’s (1998) t- 2.8 .4 . .$ LPD . test , M = 13.8, 1.7) .z = 3.41, p = .003 ,( 11 ! . 230 , 426 ," 2.9 " , : . , . . . LPD .9 2 77 LPD 8 . . , LPD Crawford & Howell’s (1998) t-test , . M = 28.6, ) LPD .z = 3.84, p < .001 ,( ! 4.5 : 2.9 ,LPD 230 418 . 43 12 LPD .33 3 . , , .T = 0, p < .001 ( . M = 25%, 12%) LPD ,LPD . , LPD ' , . . , : , . . 12 2.10 LPD 18 , . .( < / , / ;: ) LPD .z = 1.25, p = .12 , , LPD . .1 . LPD 0 6 LPD 0 LPD , . ' . LPD M = 2.09, 0.09) . z = 1.97, p = .02 ,( LPD , .$ 2.11 , , , , ' , – . $ , , 4.8) ' . , .( 33 0 LPD .43 12 . , . , M = 25%, 12%) ,( .T = 0, p = .002 2.12 , – .(Biran & Friedmann, 2005 ' $ . , ) , – 3 , , , 13 25 48 , 25 : ,(2003 . 98 , ' ) . , 9 , . , , LPD , . , LPD 2.13 . $ , 48 . $ ,20 4 . LPD , .LPD ,$ . T = 0 , p < .001 ,( M = 11, 0.18) ' . . , , , 2.14 ' ) ,Lyon, Shaywitz & Shaywitz, 2003 International Dyslexia Association $ / . , .(" . , , 17 , , : ) , ) , 17 .( , .( : , . 17 , 18 " . , , : , ) , .( , .( , . : , 35 17 , ) ' . . $ , .(90% 100%) 14 ? : 2.15 .LPD . . , ' ," , . ,$ ,' a, e, i, o, u, .( . ) , ) 1728 , , " , " 6 , ,( .4 , , ) ' . .( LPD LPD . , " " , . ' ' . $ LPD , . ' , .LPD , 272 ' : . 136 . .3 . LPD , 3 M = 36.3 ,34.1) ,( , , , .T = 18.5, p = .10 , . ,$ . . . 1728 , 4 15 136 ! :3 2 C LPD 17.69*** 36 10 0.24 57 61 1.22 21 28 0.40 51 46 1.31 28 36 0.52 34 29 0.56 54 48 10.69** 4 19 0.16 42 39 0.27 46 42 2.24 26 17 T = 18.5 M = 36.27 M = 34.09 p < .001*** p < .01** : , LPD , , . . ? 5 .( 6 , LPD ! 4 , , .2.16 90 . , ) 0 ' , . , , LPD 6 . LPD 90 , LPD . .z = 0.85, p = .40 , , . LPD .z = 0.36, p = .72 , Crawford & Howell’s t-test , , , , .t(10) = 4.81, p < .0001 , LPD , .z = 0.11, p = .91 , ,z = 0.26, p = .79 ,LPD 418 ,$ . .4 ' . 90 16 LPD ! ! :4 C2 LPD 8.93** 47.24*** 9.98** 37.78*** 26.21*** 11.24*** 48.80*** 13.27*** 15.34*** 21.21*** 0.24 13.6% 42.8% 12.3% 36.6% 28.2% 15.8% 39.2% 12.4% 27.5% 26.6% 14.6% *** T = 0 M = 24.52% M = 3.11% (2.0) 2.0 1.9 (1.3) p < .001*** , 2.2% 2.2% 1.1% 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 0% 0% 6.7% 3.3% 12.2% ( " !) p < .01** : , 4 . . LPD , . . LPD , , $ LPD ,$ : . LPD .LPD . , . .3 . 11 , , . , : , ) , . LPD ,( LPD ' (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001, 2005) ,' LPD . , LPD LPD . $ , 17 (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001) . ' LPD , LPD . ( .( , : : ) ) 2.8% , , $ . , ( ) . . LPD ' , LPD , ) " . " " $ " " " " :" .(" , " , " . " , ' , ; ,$ " , " ," ' , .( : ) ( ) ": ," " ," " . ' ,(Stanovich, 1988; Goswami, 2002; Marshall, Snowling, & Bailey, 2001 : ' ) ' . LPD , $ . . , . , . LPD , . ' ,LPD . .(2003 , , ;McCloskey & Rapp, 2000) , . ' ? LPD . , , 18 , . , .( , , ) ' , , , . , McCloskey & Rapp, 2000 ) .( ,' . ' ." " , " " " , , , " " " , LPD $ , , .$ Perea , ' ) , , .(Perea & Lupker, 2004; Perea & Carreiras, 2006a, 2006b , ? . . ' , . (2004 ,3 ' ' , ) ' ' 33 , , , 49 LPD . . ) , ' 6 .( ' – 98 . .' , Friedmann & Gvion, ) LPD ' .(2001 ' , . . (Friedmann & Gvion, 2001) , , . ' . , . , . 19 ' ' LPD . , ' $ , ' . , (McCloskey & Rapp, 2000) , . .nails , . snail lamb , , , lamp $ , . , . ' ' , . , Stanovich, West, & Freeman 1981; ) '3 (Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989; Stanovich, 2000 ' ' , ,' , LPD , . , : . . . LPD . Cunningham & Stanovich, 1998; Share, 1999; Stanovich, 1986; ) '3 ?(Stanovich & West, 1989 , , ,' ' $ , , . ' , . . . ,' , ' $ . , , , , , , . , , ' , . ' . , . , : ' , $ ' , , , . , , ' 20 , , .(1 , , ) ) ' , , ' .(Lukov & Friedmann, 2004; Friedmann, 2004) .(Friedmann & Gvion, 2001, 2002) ' , . LPD ' , , LPD , LPD . , , ' , (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1998; Share, 1999; ' .Stanovich, 1986; Stanovich & West, 1989) , , , . ' ' , ' . ' , ' , : , , ,' . . 11 . : LPD , $ . , :LPD ? .LPD , LPD , , . , ' , , , . . . (1989) , , , ." " ' (Ravid, 2004) , LPD ' , ' . . ' , , . , , . 3 . . ' 21 LPD . , , ' . . ' , (Ravid, 2004) , , ' , , ' . ' .(Shatil, Share, & Levin, 2001 : , , ) .(Abu-Rabia, 2001) ' , ' . ,' . ' Ravid & Shlesinger, ) .(Ravid, 1996;2001 , ' (Ravid, 1996) ,' . ' . ' . . ' ' ,$ . .' . ( " .(' , (Ravid & Shlesinger, 2001) ) ' ,' ) ' . . $ . , LPD , . LPD , . , . 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