1. No category

1997 Tretja konferenca slovenskega komiteja CIGRE-referati
PAPERS
SLO, HR
CIGRE Študijski komiteji (ŠK)
11-01 ANALIZAVIBRACIJ IN
INFRARDEČA TERMOGRAFIJA V
POSTROJU NEK
D. Berkovič, S. Volčanjk, B. Sambol
Povzetek - Prikazati želimo metodologijo spremljanja in
analize mehanskih vibracij ter infrardečo termografijo, kot
diagnostični metodi, ki prispevata k zgodnjem odkrivanju
razvijajočih se napak, ter nekaj primerov njune uporabe.
Poleg razvijajočih se napak, je z omenjenimi metodami
mogoče prepoznati tudi slabosti pri projektiranju, montaži,
obratovanju in vzdrževanju posameznih strojev ter naprav.
Zaradi množice rotirajočih strojev, ki so izvori vibracij,
obenem pa zelo pomembnih z vidika proizvodnje energije
in varnosti (turbina, generator, el.motorji, črpalke,
ventilatorji,..) ter velikega števila naprav za prenos in
distribucijo električne energije (stikališča, zbirke, stikalne
naprave distribucijski paneli), ki jih je mogoče najti v
elektrarniškem okolju, sta omenjeni metodi še posebej
uporabni.
11-02 PREDNOSTI KONTROLE Z METODO
ULTRAZVOČNE DIFRAKCIJE PRI
POVEČANJU VARNOSTI IN ZANESLJIVOSTI
OBRATOVANJA ELEKTROPOSTROJENJA
P. Dukić, I. Dukić, Š.Marjetič, D.Kokalj
Povzetek - Periodične kontrole stanja materiala so nujne
za varno in zanesljivo obratovanje energetskega bloka,
posebej pri vitalnih komponentah, kot so turbinski
generatorski rotorji, ohišja in toplo navlečene generatorske
kape. Vloga kontrole brez porušitve je v temu, da
zanesljivo detektira in spremlja spremembe pri
ugotovljenih razpokah, oziroma daje parametre za izračun
preostale živIjenske dobe, če so kriteriji sprejemljivosti
definirani. V tem prispevku so podane preiskave
opravljene na generatorski kapi, in sicer s tehniko
ultrazvočne difrakcije (TOFD), ki omogoča zanesljivo
detekcijo lociranja in določanje velikosti napak. Te
podatke rabimo pri določanju življensk dobe. Tako
dobljeni podatki se lahko uporabijo kot izhodišče za
spremljanje razpoke z časom, ali pa kot vhodni podatek za
izdelavo izračuna napredovanja razpoke, oziroma izračun
preostale življenske dobe kape.
11-03 DEFINIRANJE METODE ZA PRAĆENJE
STANJA ROTACIJSKIH STROJEVA KAO
POSLJEDICA NJIHOVOG VIBRODINAMIČKOG
PONAŠANJA
Goran Orešković, Boris Meško
Povzetek - U referatu je opisan način definiranja metode
za pračenje stanja rotacijskih strojeva, baziran na mjerenju
vibrodinamičkih veličina, računarskoj akviziciji te obradi
signala i statističkoj analizi pomoču računala. Kao
konkretni primjer primjene metode opisan je način
pračenja stanja komponente CP (charging pump) u
Nuklearnoj elektrarni Krško.
ENGLISH
CIGRE Study Committees (SC)
11-01 VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY AS USED IN
NEK POWER PLANT
D. Berkovič, S. Volčanjk, B. Sambol
Abstract - The paper presents the methodology of surveillance
and analysis of mechanical vibrations and infrared
thermograph as diagnostic methods, which contribute to early
fault detection and some cases of their use. Beside developing
faults, some other deficiencies caused by design, construction,
operation and maintenance of the machines and installations
can be detected by mentioned methods. Because of the variety
of rotating machines, that are sources of vibrations, yet very
important for power production and safety (turbine, generator,
el. motors, pumps, fans,...) and the variety of installations for
power transfer and distribution (switchyards, busses, switches,
distributinn panels) that can be found in the power plant
environment, mentioned methods are very useful.
11-02
P. Dukić, I. Dukić, Š.Marjetič, D.Kokalj
Abstract - For safe and reliable operating of power plant, it is
essential to carry out periodical inspection of material
condition, especially for vital components as turbine and
generator rotors, casings and shrunk-on retaining rings. The
purpose of non - destructive testing is detecting and monitoring
rate of propagation of cracks, or providing data for computing
of remaining life if the acceptance criteria are defined. In this
paper inspection of generator retaining rings is presented, by
means of Time-of-Flight-Diffraction technique (TOFD), which
provides reliable detecting, locating and sizing of defects,
giving us credible parameters for remaining life assessment.
This parametar (data) can be used either for observing
propagation of crack in time or like parametars necessary for
calculating crack propagation or remaining life calculation.
11-03 DETERMNATION OF A VIBRODYNAMIC
CONDITIONS SURVEILLAII, CE BASE D
METHOD FOR ROTATING EVIA.CHINERY
MONITORING
Goran Orešković, Boris Meško
Abstract - A determination of the method for rotating
machinery
monitoring
based
vibrodynamic
signal
measurements, computer signal acquisition, and computer
signal and statistics analysis is described. The charging pump
(CP) surveillance in Nuclear power plant Krško is presented,
as a method application example.
11-04 REVITALIZACJA VZBUJANJA
TURBOGENERATORJEV
Jože Zapušek, Pavel Omahen, Simon Tot
Povzetek - V članku podajamo karakteristike sinhronskega
agregata z modernim vzbujalnim sistemom v statični
izvedbi, ki so predvideni za zamenjavo v TE Šoštanj 1, 2 in
3. Vzbujalni sistem UNITROL F podjetja ABB je
opremljen tudi s stabilizatorjem (PSS) lastnih in sistemskih
nihanj EES. Na primeru konkretnih parametrov agregata
TEŠ-5 podajamo simulacijske rezultate njegovih
dinamičnih lastnosti pri obratovanju s prenosnim
omrežjem EES Slovenije v različnih stanjih in z različnimi
karakteristikami regulacije vzbujanja. Prikazujemo
pozitivni vpliv morebitne vključitve PSS na dušenje
dinamičnega odziva agregata TEŠ-5.
11-04 REV1TALISATION OF THERMAL POWER
PLANTS EXCITAT1ON SYSTEM
Jože Zapušek, Pavel Omahen, Simon Tot
Abstract - Characteristics or a synchronous machine,
equipped with a modern excitation system and connected to a
large system, are shown. Basic characteristic and data of the
TEŠ 1, 2 and 3 new excitation system UNITROL F (ABB
company), including power system stabiliser (PSS), are given.
A simulation approach analysis of the TEŠ-5 thermal power
plant dynamics, operating within the Slovenian electric power
system, is given. A wide range of the plant excitation control
characterstics and complete system operation states are
investigated. An important contribution of the power system
stabilizer (PSS) control loop to the TEŠ-5 plant electromechanical swings damping is shown.
11-05 ZAMENJAVA STATORJA GENERATORJA 4
V TE ŠOŠTANJ
Franc Poličnik
Povzetek - Referat opisuje problematiko pregrevanja
statorskega pakera generatorja št. 4 z močjo 320 MVA v
TE Šoštanj. Opisano je stanje in pogoji obratovanja
generatorja pred zamenjavo statorja, teoretična razlaga
pojava pregrevanja in ukrepi za zmanjšanje temperatur na
kritičnih mestih pregrevanja.
11-06 DOLGOROČNA PROBLEMATIKA
POKRIVANJA POTREB SLOVENSKEGA EES PO
ENERGIJI IN MOČI
Franc Potočnik, Zvone Košnjek, Zvonko Bregar
Povzetek - Na osnovi scenarija razvoja porabe električne
energije iz javnega omrežja iz Nacionalnega energetskega
programa RS in strategije razvoja slovenskega
elektroenergetskega sistema (EES) iz istega dokumenta je
prikazana pričakovana vloga posameznih vrst elektrarn
pri pokrivanju potreb po energiji in moči v obdobju do
leta 2020. Analizirani so strukturni probemi, ki so
posledica izbrane razvojne usmeritve in se kažejo
predvsem v širokem razponu potrebnega spreminjanja
proizvodnje posameznih vrst elektrarn.
11-05 THE EXCHANGE TO IRONKERNEL ON THE
GENERATOR 4 IN T.P.P. ŠOŠ TANJ
Franc Poličnik
Abstract - The report describes about the temperaturcharge
problem on ironkernel of the generator number 4, 320 MVA in
t.p.p.Šoštanj. lt is describing the condicion and conditions of
generator activity before exchange of the ironkernel,
theoretical explenation of the step to reduce the temperature on
critical points.
11-06 LONG TERM ENERGY AND POWER DEMAND
OF THE SLOVENIM ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Franc Potočnik, Zvone Košnjek, Zvonko Bregar
Abstract - The case study is based on the Scenario of the
Development of the Electricity Consumption from the public
network, as used at the elaboration of the proposal of the
National Energy Program of the Republic of Slovenia, and the
Development Strategy of the Slovenian EPS of the same
document. The role of different power plant types in the
meeting of the energy and power demand in the period up to
2020 is discussed. The study ends with an analysis of he
structural problems, related to the very variable scope of the
energy and power demand, that each type of the Slovenian
thermal power plants will have to solve.
11-07 STRATEGIJA VARSTVA OKOLJA PRI
SLOVENSKIH TERMOELEKTRARNAH
Igor Čuhalev
Povzetek - Prikazan je način reševanja okoljevarstvene
problematike pri slovenskih termoelektrarnah. Rešitve so
različne in so odvisne predvsem od velikosti in starosti
termoenergetskih objektov. S pomočjo uporabe čistilnih
naprav, zamenjave goriva ali izgradnje nadomestnih
objektov naj bi vse slovenske termoelektrarne do mejnega
leta 2004 predvidoma dosegle zakonske dopustne
emisijske koncentracije in s tem prispevale k čistejšemu
okolju.
11-07 SLOVENIAN THERMAL POWER PLANT
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION STRATEGY
Igor Čuhalev
Abstract - The paper is concerned with the issue of the
environmental protection to be assured by the Slovenian
thermal power plants. The solutions being numerous, they
mostly depend on the size and age of thermal power plants. By
means of retrofitting appropriate cleaning equipment, transfer
to cleaner fuel or construction of substitution plants, it is hoped
that by the time of the goal year 2004, the Siovenian thermal
power plants will have taken all the necessary measures that
will make them qualified for respecting the legaily adopted
limit of permissive emission concentrations and thus contribute
to cleaner environment.
11-08 UPRATING OF THE HPP ON THE UPPER SAVA
RIVER
Drago Polak
Abstract - in this paper are shortly described problems in
electrical power system of R Slovenja, specially in the field of
regulation power. One of the possible solution for this kind of
problems is uprating of existing HPP where we can epxoit all
avaiable natural hydropotential. The refurbishment and
uprating of HPP Moste and HPP Medvode are elso described.
HPP Moste is the only Slovenian weekly storage HPP and
HPP Medvode is a part of the chain HPP Mavčiče - HPP
Medvode as the head reservoirs of whole chain on the Sava
11-08 DOINSTALACIJA HE NA ZGORNJI SAVI
Drago Polak
Povzetek - V referatu je opisana problematika EES,
kateremu kronično primanjkuje vršne moči in energije ter
rezerve regulacijskih moči za regulacijo frekvence in moči.
Ena od rešitev navedene problematike je tudi doinstalacija
obstoječih HE v katerih se glede na starost ob potrebnih
obnovitvenih
delih
izkoristi
naravne
danosti
hidropotenciala, ki ga te HE izkoriščajo. Opisana sta
projekta obnove in doinstalacije HE Moste kot edine
akumulacijske HE z tedensko izravnavo pritokov in
Medvode kot člen verige HE Mavčiče HE Medvode, ki
imata vlogo čelnih bazenov celotne Savske verige.
12-01 OZEMLJITVENI TRANSFORMATOR S
PRETEŽNO OHMSKO IMPEDANCO
Konrad Lenasi, Maks Berlec
Povzetek - Članek obravnava smisel uporabe in delovanje
ozemljitvenega transformatorja. Podane so osnovne
enačbe, potrebne za konstruiranje naprave v Z vezavi, z
morebitno lastno rabo. Opisana je tehnična izboljšava, ki
zagotavlja obratovanje brez dodatnega zunanjega
ozemljitvenega ohmskega upora.
12-02 SIMULATOR TERMIČNE SLIKE
TRANSFORMATORJA
Danilo Makuc, Konrad Lenasi, Bojan Stojčić
Povzetek - Življenjska doba transformatorja je v glavnem
odvisna od življenske dobe izolacije. Staranje le-te je
kumulativen pojav, ki je ob tem še eksponencialno odvisen
od temperature, zato je ugotavljanje ''prave starosti"
oziroma iztrošenosti transforrnatorja težavno ali skoraj
nemogoče. Za izračunavanje relativne stopnje staranja in
absolutnega staranja (used life) lahko uporabimo nadzorni
sistem z merilnikom staranja, ki nam s svojimi podatki
pomaga
pri
bolj
ekonomičnem
izkoriščanju
transformatorja. Tak nadzorni sistem smo izdelali za PC,
ker pa za meritve in preizkušanja nismo imeli dejanskega
transformatorja, smo izdelali še simulator termične slike
oljnega transformatorja.
12-03 OBVLADOVANJE SIL V
TRANSFORMATORJU
Leon Bandelj
Povzetek - S pomočjo zrcaljenja in Maxwellove enačbe za
izračun sil se izračuna sile na navitja v transformatorju.
Rezultati pokažejo, da pri navitjih z enakimi višinami
aksialne sile zaradi vpliva železa na stresano polje
obstajajo. Z višanjem notranjega navitja nad ostala navitja
se doseže optimalno konstrukcijo, kjer so vsa navitja
prbližno enako obremenjena s silami.
12-04 OPTIMIZACIJA SUHIH DISTRIBUTIVNIH
TRANSFORMATORA SNAGE U
"FILAMENT WINDING" TEHNICI
Nedim Sarajlić, Hamid Zildžo
Povzetek - Radom se prezentira metoda proračuna i
optimizacije aktivneg dijela suhih distributivnih
transformatora snage realizovanih specifičnim tehnološkim
postupkom poznatim pod nazivom "filament winding."
Dat je kratak osvrt na karakteristike specifičnog koncepta
distributivnih transformatora snage u pomenutoj
tehnologiji. Prezentirane su osnovne matematske postavke
metode proračuna i optimizacije. Primjenjena metoda,
pored osnovne namjene, pruža mogučnost proučavanja i
odnosa utjecajnih i konsekventnih parametra.
12-05 TEŠKA OŠTEĆENJA ENERGETSKIH
TRANSFORMATORA U RATU I NJIHOVA
SANACIJA
Vidović Ninoslav, Velagić Fikret, Gutlić Kemal
Povzetek - U ratu elektroenergetska oprema je bila
izložena teškim stradavanjima. Energetski transformatori
djelili so takoje sudbinu opreme tako da su bili izuzetno
teško oštečeni. Značaj energetskog sistema je tolika važan
da kod stradavanja ovoga dovodi se u pitanje civilizacijska
forma življenja. Jedan od prioritetnih zadataka je obnova
energetskog sistema. U materijalu je dat pregled u kratkim
naznakama vezano za oštečenja, i sanaciju (obnovu)
energetskih transformatora prenosnog sistema. Poduzete su
izuzetne tenničke aktivnosti na sanacijama. lstakla bi se i
ogromna finansijska povoljnost rada na licu mjesta na
ovakvim poslovima.
River.
12-01 INTERCONNECTED STAR NEUTRAL
EARTHING TRANSFORMER WITH MAINLY
OHMIC RESISTANCE
Konrad Lenasi, Maks Berlec
Abstract - The paper deals with the sense of use and working
principles for the interconnected star grounding transformer.
Basic formulas, useful for constructing of the apparatus in the
interconnected star connection are given with the assumption
of possibie star connected load. Technical improvement is
proposed for operation of the apparatus without external
grounding resistor.
12-02 TRANSFORMER'S THERMAL IMAGE
SIMULATOR
Danilo Makuc, Konrad Lenasi, Bojan Stojčić
Abstract - Transformer's life duration is mainly determined by
life duration, of insulation system. The ageing is cumuiative
process which is also exponentially dependent of temperature.
Because of this, transformer's actual age or used life is difficult
to determine. Relative ageing rate and absolute ageing are
calcuiated by transformer monitoring system which also helps
in more economical use of transformer. In our laboratory such
a monitoring system for PC was developed. In the absence of
real transformer we also made thermal image simulator that
was used for measuring and testing.
12-03 MANAGING OF FORCES IN A TRANSFORMER
Leon Bandelj
Abstract - Calculation of forces in transformer's windings by
use of the method of Images and Maxwell equation. The
Results show an existence of axial forces in windings of the
same hight due to a non equal leakage field in which windings
are. With a rise of the inner winding's hight above the others an
optimal transformer's construction is obtained, where windings
are exposed to a near equal mechanical stress.
12-04 OPTIMAL DESIGN OF DRY TYPE
DISTRIBUTION POWER TRASFORMER MADE
BY "FILAMENT WINDING" TECHNIQUE
Nedim Sarajlić, Hamid Zildžo
12-05 HARD DAMAGE OF POWER TRANSFORMER
DURING IN THE WAR AND ITS REVITALISATION
Vidović Ninoslav, Velagić Fikret, Gutlić Kemal
Abstract - During the war electric equipment was expossed
high distressings. Power transfomers had the same fatality as
other equipment, so it was very hardly harmed. Importance
electric power system is so weat that with distressing it, come
to extinguishing civilised form of life. One of the most priority
tasks is reconstruction of electric power system. In "report
material" are given review in short designation refening for the
devastation, and improvement (reconstruction) of power
transformer and transmission line system. Great technical
activities are underlaked for revitalisation of equipment. Also,
we are point very high finance concession for work at site.
12-06 PRIMER UPORABE KOMPLEKSNE
METODE ZA OCENJEVANJE PREOSTALE
ŽIVLJENSKE DOBE VELIKIH ENERGETSKIH
TRANSFORMATORJEV
Maks Babuder, Maja Končan-Gradnik
Povzetek - Globalna ocena pričakovane življenjske dobe
aktivnega dela energetskega transformatorja temelji v
največji meri na podatkih o njegovem izolacijskem
sistemu, katerega tvori izolacija olje-papir. V referatu je
prikazan primer ugotavljanja življenske dobe na podlagi
anlize podatkov o termičnih obremenitvah posameznih
pomembnih delov izolacije ob iskanju korelacije s
spremembami stopnje polimerizacije (DP) papirja po
direktni in indirektni metodi (ugotavljanje furanov v olju).
Prikaz zajema obravnavo konkretnega primera dveh
transformatorjev pomembne elektrarne v okviru
elektroenergetskega sistema Slovenije.
12-06 A CASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF A
COMPLEX METHOD
OF REMAIN1NG LIFE-T1ME OF LARGE POWER
TRANSFORM
Maks Babuder, Maja Končan-Gradnik
Abstract - An overall assessment of the remaining life-time of
the active part of a power transformer is based largely on data
concerning its insulation system which mainly consist of
paper-oil insulation. In the paper a case of remaining life-time
assessment done by analysing temperature stress of some
important parts of oil-paper insulation is reported. An approach
to correlate these results with the degree of polymerization
(DP) was done too. For this purpose the direct and indirect
(analysing furanic compounds in oill method for obtaining the
DP of the paper within the transformer were implemented. The
report deals with a real case of two step-up transformers of an
important power plant in the Electric Power System of
Slovenia.
13-01 VLOGA KONVENCIONALNIH
ODKLOPNIKOV S PRIGRAJENIM KONTROLNIM
MODULOM
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko
Povzetek - Naprave za sinhrono izvajanje stikalnih
manevrov - Controlled Switching - CS so namenjene za
uporabo konvencionalnih odklopnikov v nekaterih
značilnih stikalnih primerih tako, da minimiziramo
prehodne prenapetosti in ali tokove v električnem
omrežju. CS naprava predstavlja delovanje odklopnika, ki
je zunanje sinhroniziran s pomočjo kontrolne naprave.
Delovanje naprave na način, da se kontakti sklenejo ali
razklenejo v predhodno določeni točki na referenčnem
napetostnem ali tokovnem signalu že dolgo velja kot
idealni pristop za nadzor generacije stikalnih prenapetosti.
Prednost takega načina preklapljanja je nadomestitev ali
zmanjšanje uporabe tradicionalne opreme (upori, dušilke,
prenapetostni odvodniki, ...) in/ali podaljšanje življenjske
dobe stikalne naprave in ostale opreme.
13-01 ROLE OF CONVENTONIAL CIRCUIT BREAKERS EQUIPPED WITH CONTROL MODULE
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko
Abstract - The controlled switching - CS equipments are to
make use of conventional circuit-breakers in some typical
switching cases in order to minimize the transient
overvoltages and/or currents in the electrical network.
Controlled switching is defined as switching operations which
are synchronized externally by means of control device. The
operation of device in such a manner that contacts are closed
or opened at a predetermined point on a reference voltage or
current wave has long been regarded as an ideal approach to
control the generation of switching surges. The advantage of
controlled switching is to allow the replacement or reduction
of traditional hardware and/or the substation equipment,
extension of the electrical life of the switching device and
other.
13-02 MODELIRANJE ELEKTRIČNEGA OBLOKA
V ODKLOPNIKU S POMOČJO MAYRJEVE IN
CASSSIEJEVE DIFERENCIALNE ENAČBE
Grega Bizjak, Peter Žunko
Povzetek - Opisan je model električnega obloka, temelječ
na Mayrjevi in Cassiejevi diferencialni enačbi. Model
obloka, vdelan v model odklopnika, je namenjen
digitalnim simulacijam izklopa toka, ki dajo oceno
izklopilne sposobnosti odklopnika. Članek podaja njegove
teoretične osnove in izvedbo. Model je potrjen s pomočjo
primerjave simulacijskih rezultatov z izmerjenimi. Podan
pa je tudi praktičen primer njegove uporabe.
13-03 UPORABA MEHKEGA MODELA ZA
IZRAČUN VKLOPNIH PRENAPETOSTI
Brane Hlebčar, Peter Žunko
Povzetek - Prikazan je model za napovedovanje
prenapetosti,
ki
nastanejo
ob
vklopu
dolgih
neobremenjenih prenosnih daljnovodov. Model temelji na
sistemu mehkih pravil ki so napisana na osnovi že
dobljenih rezultatov ter znanj in izkušenj s področja
tovrstne problematike. Mehčanje vhodnih spremenljivk je
izvedeno s pomočjo mehkih množic s trikotniškimi
pripadnostnimi funkcijami. Pri postopku sklepanja je
uporabljena MAX-MIN inferenca, izhodne spremenljivke
pa se ostrijo s pomočjo težiščne metode. V članku je
prikazan tudi primer praktične uporabe tega modela.
13-04 PRORAČUN DIELEKTRIČNE ČVRSTOČE
MEDUKONTAKTNOG RAZMAKA KOD SF6
PREKIDAČA VISOKOG NAPONA PRI
13-02 CIRCUIT BREAKER MODEL WITH
ELECTRICAL ARC BASED ON MAYR'S AND
CASSIE'S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Grega Bizjak, Peter Žunko
Abstract - A model of an electrical arc based on Mayr and
Cassie differential equations were developed. The model
combined in a model of circuit-breaker can be used for digital
simulations to determine the current interruption capability of
the circuit-breaker. The theoretical basis and the structure of
the model are described. The model is verified on a sample of
measured results, and the practical use of the model is
demonstrated.
13-03 APPLICATION OF FUZZY MODEL FOR
CALCULATING OF CLOSING OVERVOLTAGES
Brane Hlebčar, Peter Žunko
Abstract - A model for forecasting overvoltages which occur
during the closing and autoreclosing of long unloaded
transmission lines is presented. The model is based on a
system of fuzzy-rules written on the basis of previous results,
the know-how and experience available from this field. The
fuzzification of input variables is carried out using fuzzy sets
with a triangular membership funcfions. MAX-MlN fuzzyinference was used in the inference procedure and the output
variables were defuzzifed using the center of gravity method.
An example demonstrating the application of this model is
also given.
13-04
Hamid Zildžo, Nedim Sarajlić
PREKIDANJU KAPACITIVNIH STRUJA
Hamid Zildžo, Nedim Sarajlić
Sažetak: U radu se vrši istovremeni proračun 2-D toka SF6
plina (proračun gustoče plina) i dielektričnih naprezanja u
međutkontaktnom razmaku sklopnog elementa prekidača
pri referentnim uvjetima plina. Promatra se odredeni broj
međupoložaja pokretnih i nepokretnih kontakala u toku
ispitivanja kapacitivne struje. Na osnovu proračunatih
vrijednosti promjene gustine plina i referentnih
dielektričnih naprezanja, vrši se numeričko prognoziranje
stvarne dielektrične čvrstoče međukontaktnog razmaka pri
stvarnim vrijednostima gustne SF6 plina.
13-05 KONTAKTNO-OBLOČNI SISTEM
MOTORSKEGA ZAŠČITNEGA STIKALA S
POVEČANO IZKLOPNO ZMOGLJIVOSTJO
Martin Bizjak
Povzetek - Motorsko zaščitno stikalo varuje elektromotor
pred preobremenitvijo in velikimi tokovnimi sunki, za
kratkostično zaščito pa skrbijo varovalke. Povečana
stikalna zmogljivost in kratkostična trdnost sodobnih
izvedb stikala omogoča hkrati še kratkostično zaščito brez
dodatnih varovalk. Uspešen izklop toka kratkega stika
dosežemo po principu izklopa s tokovno omejitvijo, kar
pomeni omejitev toka med izklopom po velikosti in času
trajanja. Učinek tokovne omejitve je povezan s hitrostjo
ugasitve izklopnega obloka, ki je odvisna od konstrukcije
stikalnega sistema in njegovega izklopnega mehanizma.
13-06 LABORATORIJSKO PRESKUŠANJE
NOVEGA KONTAKTORJA
Jože Pihler, Alojz Lovrenčič
Povzetek - Članek obravnava idejno zasnovo in rezultate
preskušanja eksperimentalno razvojne faze novega
elektromagnetnega kontaktorja. Uporablja se z vklapljanje,
preklapljanje in izklapljanje električnih aparatov in naprav
na napetostnen območju do 1 kV. Njegova uporaba bo
predstavljena pri zagonu in obratovanju asinhronskih
motorjev, kjer je sicer potrebno uporabiti več kontaktorjev
in časovni rele. Izdelan je bil eksperimentalni prototip
novega kontaktorja, na katerem so bili opravljeni preskusi
segrevanja, dielektrične trdnosti ter delni preskusi
mehanske življenjske dobe. Izvedeni so bili tudi
pripravljalni preskusi vklopne in izklopne zmogljivosti. Po
opravljenih konstrukcijskih spremembah je elktromagnetni
kontaktor navedene preskuse uspešno prestal.
14-01 NAČRTOVANJE BATERIJSKOAKUMULACIJSKEGA SISTEMA ZA TAB MEŽICA
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko, Anton Krajnc
Povzetek - Baterijsko-akumulacijski sistem (BAS)
omogoča shranjevanje energije v času manjšega odjema in
oddajanje shranjene energije nazaj v omrežje v času
konične obremenitve, kar predstavlja dobro rešitev za
uravnavanje dnevne obremenitve. V referatu je
predstavljeno načrtovanje baterijsko-akumulacijskega
sistema za Tovarno akumulatorskih baterij - TAB v
Mežici. Pri uporabi BAS-a za rezanje konične moči je zelo
pomembna ocena sposobnosti pokrivanja določene
obremenitve v času nekaj ur. V ta namen je bil razvit
simulacijski model baterije, ki upošteva odvisnost
napetosti od kapacitete in izhodnega toka baterije ter
temelji na izvedenih meritvah na baterijah. Z omenjenim
modelom, ki predstavlja zelo učinkovito orodje za
načrtovanje kapacitete tovrstnih naprav, je bila izvedena
simulacija pokrivanja značilne konične obremenitve v
TAB Mežica.
13-05 ARC QUENCHING SYSTEM OF MOTOR
PROTECTION SWITCH WITH ENHANCED
BREAKING CAPACITY
Martin Bizjak
Abstract - Motor protection switch enables primarily the
protection of electric motor against overload and overcurrent,
while the short-circuit protection is provided by back- up fuses.
Modem versions of motor protection switches with high shortcuit breaking capacity poses characteristics of circuit breakers,
thus no additional back-up fuses are neeessary for short-circuit
protection. Successful breaking of short-circuit currents are
enabled by current limiting action of switch, which means
reducing of magnitude and duration of current during breaking
operation. The effect relates on arc quenching speed, which is
dependent on design of switching mechanism and arc
quenching system.
13-06 LABORATORY TESTING OF NEW
CONTACTOR
Jože Pihler, Alojz Lovrenčič
Abstract - The paper presents the outline design and the
testing results of the experimental development phase of the
new electromagnetic contactor. The contactor is employed for
switching-on, commutating and switching-off of various
electrical apparatures and devices up to 1 kV. It deals with the
starting and control of the operation of asynchronous
electromotors for which several contactors and a time-lag relay
are normally required. The experimental prototype of the new
contactor was used to perform the temperature - rise, the
dielectric properties, the partial mechanical and the preliminary
making and breaking capacities tests. After the performed
reconstruction the new electromagnetic contactor withstood all
above mentioned tests successfuliy.
14-01 BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
PLANING FOR TAB MEŽICA
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko, Anton Krajnc
Abstract - A battery energy storage system (BESS) enables
energy storage at lower demand and sends saved energy back
to the system during peak load, represents a good solution for
daily load leveling. In the paper the battery energy storage
system planning for the battery factory in Mežica (TAB) is
presented. The evaluation of the ampere-hour capacity of the
battery needed for load leveling during a period of several
hours is of great importence when using BESS as a real power
peaking station. A simulation model of the battery has been
developed for this purposes. The model takes into account the
battery voltage dependency on the capacity and current and it
is besed on the performed battery measurements. By using the
mentioned model, which proved to be a very effective tool for
device capacity planning, the simulation of the characteristic
load leveling of the system in TAB Mežica has been
performed.
14-02 SISTEMSKI VIDIKI SISTEMA ZA
UPRAVLJANJE Z ENERGIJO SUPRAPREVODNIH
SHRANJEVALNIKOV ENERGIJE
Rafael Mihalič
Povzetek - Razvoj močnostne elektronike in
supraprevodnih shranjevalnikov električne energije je
botroval razvoju t.i. SEMS in tako odprl nove možnosti
regulacije pretokov moči v EES. V delu želimo razjasniti
nekatere osnovne pojme, ki se navezujejo na vprašanje v
katerih mejah lahko SEMS vpliva na pretoke moči v
omrežju. Analize so bile izvede le na podlagi matematičnih
modelov za paralelni in za serijski SEMS.
14-03 STATIČNI SINHRONSKI SERIJSKI
KOMPENZATOR
Rafael Mihalič
Povzetek - Predstavljen je nov koncept regulabilne serijske
kompenzacije vodov – t.i .SSSC. Razvit je bil matematični
model za analizo razlik med tiristorsko regulabilno serijsko
kompenzacijo (TCSC) in SSSC. Izkazalo se je, da ima
koncept SSSC lahko bistvene prednosti pred TCSC v
področju obratovanja pri majhnih prenosnih kotih.
Teoretični izsledki so bili demonstrirani na modelu sistema
v katerern smo izvedli primerjavo učinkovitosti dušenja
elektromehanskih nihanj med SSSC in TCSC. Rezultati so
potrdili teoretične izsledke.
14-04 SIMULACIJSKI MODEL TIRISTORSKO
VODENEGA SERIJSKEGA KOMPENZATORJA
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko
Povzetek - Zasnova tiristorsko reguliranega serijskega
kompenzatorja z možnostjo neposredne regulacije
impedance prenosnega voda ponuja več prednosti v
primerjavi s fiksno instaliranimi serijskimi kondenzatorji.
Z združitvijo komponent serijskih kondenzatorjev in
preizkušene močnostne polprevodniške tehnologije taka
naprava kaže na prednosti fleksibilnih prenosnih sistemov
(FACTS - Flexible AC - Transmission Systems). V
referatu sta predstavljena osnovni koncept vodenja in
simulacijski model naprave. Funkcijski moduli, ki jih
vsebuje model, omogočajo izvajanje najpomembnejših
študij obnašanja kompenzatorja. Naprava lahko obratuje v
načinu krmiljenja impedance voda ali kot regulator toka
skozi vod. Prikazano je obnašanje serijskega
kompenzatorja ob nastopu tripolnega kratkega stika v
bližini naprave. Vse simulacije so bile izvedene z
digtalnim simulacijskim programom NETOMAC.
14-05 MODELIRANJE PREČNIH
TRANSFORMATORJEV V PROGRAMIH ZA
IZRAČUN PRETOKOV MOČI
Tomaž Mohar, Rafael Mihalič, Dušan Povh
Povzetek - Prispevek opisuje možen pristop pri
modeliranju prečnih transformatorjev v programih za
izračun pretokov moči. Model klasičnega in univerzalnega
prečnega transformatorja je bil preizkušen na modelu
evropskega interkonekcijskega omrežja.
15-01 MERJENJE DIELEKTRIČNIH IZGUB NA
TERENU, MOTNJE IN NJIH ODPRAVLJANJE
Ivo Kobal
Povzetek - V prispevku je predstavljena problematika
preizkušanja elektroenergetskih strojev in naprav v
primerih, ko se preizkušeni objekti nahajajo pod izrazitimi
vplivi električnih polj sosednjih naprav pod napetostjo.
Ugotovitve, dobljene z večletnimi raziskavami tovrstne
problematike na terenu in v laboratorijih so dale osnovo za
učinkovito izvedbo preizkusov v vsakršnih pogojih. Na
temelju spoznanj s tega področja pa so bile realizirane tudi
povsem nove rešitve v smislu merilne opreme katere zelo
poenostavijo (pocenijo), v veliko primerih pa celo
14-02 SYSTEM ASPECT OF SUPERCONDUCTING
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Rafael Mihalič
Abstract - Result of development of power electronics and of
superconducting magnetic energy storage devices is the so
called SEMS. In this way new possibilities of power flow
control in electric power networks appeared. In this paper an
attempt has been made to answer a few basic questions
regarding SEMS impact on power flow control. The analysis
have been carried out applying mathematical models for
parallel and series SEMS.
14-03 STATIC SYNCHIRONOUS SERIES
COMPENSATOR
Rafael Mihalič
Abstract - A new concept of controllable series compensation
-SSSC has been presented. In order to analyze basic
differences between thyristor controlled serles compensation
(TCSC) and SSSC a mathematical model has been developed
which shows that SSSC might have considerable advantages
compared to TCSC in the area of low transmission angles.
Theoretical considerations have been demonstrated on the
model on which comparison between SSSO and TCSC
effectiveness regarding power oscillation damping has been
carried out. The results confirmed the theoretical
considerations.
14-04 SMULATION MODEL OF THYRISTOR
CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATOR
Igor Papič, Peter Žunko
Abstract - By providing direct control of transmission line
impedance, the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
(TCSC) scheme offers several advantages to conventional
fixed series capacitor installations. Merging conventional
series capacitor components with proven high power solid state
technology, the device demonstrates the benefits of Flexible
AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). A basic control concept
and a simulation model of the device are presented in the
paper. The function modules included in the model allow
performance of most important studies on the TCSC behavior.
The TCSC can operete in open loop line impedance control
mode or in line current regulation control mode. The TOSC
behavior during a three phase short-circuit close to the device
is demonstrated. All simulations were performed by using
simulation program NETOMAC.
14-05
Tomaž Mohar, Rafael Mihalič, Dušan Povh
Abstract - The paper presents a model of shift transformers in
load flow calculation programs. The model of classical and
universal shift transformer was tested on European
interconnected network.
15-01 MEASURMENT OF DIELECTRIC LOSSES ON
SITEDISTURBANCES AND THEIR REMOVAL
Ivo Kobal
Abstract - The paper analyses the inssue of testing electric
power facilities and equipment in cases when the facilitles to
be tested operate under considerable effects of electic fields of
the neighbouring equipment which is under voltage. Findings
resulting from many years lasting corresponding
investigations that took place on the site and in laboratories
provided for the basis of an efficient performance of testing
under any kind of conditions. Following the gained
knowledge regarding this topic, there were also absolutely
new solutions offered as far as the measuring equipment is
omogočijo sicer nemogočo izvedbo preizkusov.
15-02 DIAGNOSTIKA STARIH
TRANSFORMATORJEV S TEKOČINSKO
KROMATOGRAFIJO
Marja Mulej
Povzetek - V članku je predstavljena tekočinska
kromatografija visoke ločljivosti-HPLC, ki je nova,
nedestruktivna diagnostična metoda za rutinsko preverjanje
ostarelosti papirne izolacije transformatorja. Z njo
določimo količino furanov, ki so razkrojni produkti papirja
in so v določenem odnosu s stopnjo polimerizacije papirja.
Ker je v Sloveniji vedno več ostarelih transformatorjev in
se na njih opravljajo vzdrževaln dela, kot so vakuumsko
sušenje, kemijska regeneracija olja in zamenjava olja, smo
na EIMV raziskovali vpliv teh ukrepov na koncentracijo
furanov v olju. Rešili smo tudi problem motečih pikov
razkrojnih produktov pri zelo starih transformatorjih,
napolnjenih z ostarelim oljem, tako da smo upoštevali
različne lastnosti furanov in razkrojnih produktov olja.
Vpliv vzdrževalnih ukrepov in drugih dejavnikov na
koncentracijo furanov v olju bomo še naprej proučevali, da
bi s tem povečali natančnost in zanesljivost te diagnostične
metode.
15-03 VPLIV KAKOVOSTI OLJA NA HITROST
STARANJA PAPIRNE IZOLACIJE
Andreja Varl
Povzetek - Na Elektroinštitutu Milan Vidmar smo, v
okviru raziskav vpliva kakovosti olja na hitrost staranja
papirne izolacije, izvedli eksperimente umetnega
laboratorijskega staranja papirne izolacije, potopljene v
različno kakovostna transformatorska olja. Hitrost razkroja
papirne izolacije smo spremljali z določitvijo DP papirja in
analizo furanov topnih v olju. Referat zajema ugotovitve,
do katerih so nas privedli rezultati eksperimentov
umetnega staranja.
21-01 SMERI RAZVOJA KABELSKEGA PRIBORA ZMANJAŠNJE VPLIVA ZVAJALCA
NA KVALITETO IZVEDBE IN ZMANJŠANJE
VPLIVOV NA DELAVCA
Viktor Lovrenčič, Zmago Udovič, Aleš Tomšič
Povzetek - Z uvedbo in uporabo različnih tipov
energetskih kablov so se pojavljale mnoge tehnike spajanja
in zaključevanja. Tehnika hladnoskrčnih materialov je
novost v tehnologiji izdelave kabelskih spojk in končnikov
za kable srednje napetosti. Hladoskrčna tehnika, s širokim
področjem uporabe, enostavno in hitro montažo brez
dodanega orodja, zadovoljuje visoke zahteve kakovosti in
zanesljivosti spajanja ter zaklučevanja kablov srednje
napetosti. Spajanje in zaključevanje kablov s hladnim
krčenjem po dvajsetletni uporabi in prvih instalacijah v
slovenski elektrodistribuciji v letu 1994 išče svoje tržno
mesto tudi pri nas.
21-02 SLOVENSKI SISTEM IZOLIRANIH
VODNIKOV ZA SREDNJENAPETOSTNO
PROSTOZRAČNO OMREŽJE
Marjan Bezjak, Peter Pungerčar
Povzetek - V uvodu smo razIožili koncept "Slovenskega
sistema izoliranih vodnikov" in razloge za razvoj in
osvajanje te posebno opreme. V nadaljevanju smo obdelali
nekaj karakterističnih elementov opreme, kot so: izolatorji
z vzmetno sponko, vzmetna sponka, priključne sponke z
zaščitnimi rogljiči ter posebne izvedbe kompozitnih
izolatorjev, napenjalnih sponk in druge opreme.
concerned. This solutions very much simplify (make cheaper)
the testing performance, and in quite many cases make an
almost impossible testing perfomance possible.
15-02 DIAGNOSTICS OF OLD TRANSFORMERS
WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Marja Mulej
Abstract - The article presents high performance liquid
chromatography HPLC. This is a new nondestructive
diagnostic method for the routine examination of the paper
condition in transformers. With HPLC, we determine the
amount of furans which are products of the degradation
process of paper. The furans are in a certain relation to the
viscometric degree of the polymerisation of paper. Having in
mind the age of transformers in Slovenia, which are
maintained with activities like vacuum, processing,
reclamation and oil replacement, we researched the influence
of those activities on the concentration of furans in oil. We
took into account the dfferent propertles of furans and the
degradation products of the oil in very old transformers filled
with aged oil, which helped us determine the origin of the
peaks. In future we intend to study the influence of
maintenance and other factors on the concentration of furans in
the oil. That will help us to make the diagnostic method more
precise and reliable.
15-03 EFFECT OF
TRANSFORMER OIL QUALITY
ON PAPER INSULATION
DEGRADATION
Andreja Varl
Abstract - We have been researching the effect of transformer
oil quality on paper insulation degradation at the Milan Vidmar
Electroinstitute. We performe laboratory paper ageing
experiments on transformer paper. We submerged transformer
paper in transformer oils with different qualities. Making use
of the DP measurements of the electrical paper and the analysis
of the furans in the transformer oil, we researched the rate of
degradation of the paper insulation. In this paper a report is
made of the results of the laboratory experiments.
21-01 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF CABLE
ACCESSCR135 MINIKZING II IFLUENCES
OF PERFORMERS ON QUALITY OF 1NSTALLATION
AND BACK INFLI IENCES ONWORKER
Viktor Lovrenčič, Zmago Udovič, Aleš Tomšič
Abstract - Use of different types of power cables leads to use
several technic to join and terminate them. Cold Shrink
Technique is the newest technology in producion of cable
splices and terminations for medium voltage cables. Cold
Shrink Technicue with wide application range, easy and quick
installation without additional tools, satisfies high demands of
quality and reliability to join and to terminate medium voltage
ables. A new method of joining and terminating cables with
cold shrink technique after twenty years period of using and
after the first installation in Slovenian distribution in 1994
looks for its market place in Slovenia.
21-02 SLOVENIAN COVERED
CONDUCTOR SYSTEM FOR MIDLE
VOLTAGE OVERHEAD NETWORK
Marjan Bezjak, Peter Pungerčar
Abstract - Introduction expiains concept of "Slovenian
covered conductor system" and reasons for development and
research work on the special equipment used. Some of typical
elements are presented in continuation: clamp top with spring
system, insulator with spring clamp top, jumper terminal with
protection arcing horn, special designed composite insulators,
tension clamp and other equipment.
21-03 IZKUŠNJE PRI GRADNJI IN OBRATOVANJU
DALJNOVODOV S POLIZOLIRNIMI VODNIKI NA
PODROČJU ELEKTRO GORENJSKE
Anton Kos, Peter Fleišer
Povzetek - Referat opisuje izkušnje pri sanaciji in nato v
obratovanju SN 20 kV daljnovodov ob zamenjavi golih
vodnikov s polizolirnimi na področju Elektro Gorenjske
od leta 1992 do leta1997.
21-04 ZAŠČITA PRED ATMOSFERSKIMI
PRENAPETOSTMI NA PROSTOZRAČNIH
VODIH S POLIZOLIRANIMI VODNIKI
Markku Kokkonen, . Viktor Lovrenčič
Povzetek - Nova generacija SN prostozračnih vodov, ki
uporabljajo polizoliranje vodnike si utira svojo pot v
distribuciji električne energije. Konstrukcija teh vodov v
principu ni zelo različna od konvencionalnih prostozračnih
vodov z golimi vodniki, medfazne razdalje so manjše in
nižje vrednosti napenjanja voda. Kakorkoli moramo
razrešiti način zaščite vodnika od prenapetosti in kot
takšna bi tudi pogosto zaščitila druge elemente voda.
21-05 UVELJAVLJANJE PAS SISTEMA V
SLOVENSKI DISTRIBUCIJI
POZITIVE IZKUŠNJE S POLIZOLIRANIMI
VODNIKI NA SN DALJNOVODIH V HUDIH
VREMENSKIH POGOJIH V ZIMAH 1995/96 IN
1996/97
Viktor Lovrenčič
Povzetek - Slovenska distribucija je zgradila leta 1993 prvi
SN prostozračni vod s polizoliranimi vodniki po finski
tehnologiji (PAS sistem). Minule štiri zime je več kot
uspešen preizkus prestalo več kot 100 km zgrajenih 20 kV
DV s polizolirnimi vodniki. Zadnji zimi, 1995/96 in
1996/97, sta zanesljivo potrdili uspešnost obratovanja oz.
visoko zanesljivost dobave električne energije tudi v
najtežjih zimskih pogojih, dodatno breme zaradi snega in
žleda.
22-01PROBLEMATIKA VGRADITVE
MONITORINGA PRENOSNEGA SISTEMA V
SLOVENIJI
Franc Jakl, Krešmir Bakič, Leon Valenčič
Povzetek - V referatu je podana problematika uvedbe
monitoringa termične obremenljivosti vodnikov, ki bi jo
naj zaradi boljše izkoriščenosti obstoječih daljnovodov
uvedli v naš elektroenergetski sistem. Prikazan je princip
kombinirane uporabe ekološkega informacijskega sistema
za potrebe ekološkega nadzora proizvodnjih objektov
skupaj z meteorološkim monitoringom za potrebe termične
obremenljivosti vodnikov v elektroenergetskem sistemu
Slovenije. Podan je tudi predlog za izdajo novega
slovenskega standarda-pravilnika za gradnjo nadzemnih
vodov z upoštevanjem najnovejših tehničnih dognanj s
tega področja.
22-02 PROSTORSKA IN OKOLJEVARSTVENA
PRESOJA ELEKTROENERGETSKIH
VODOV V PROSTORU
Janez Marušič, Vilibald Premzl, Franc Jakl
Povzetek - Referat obravnava problematiko prostorske in
okoljevarstvene presoje daljnovoda kot pomembnega
elementa elektroenergetskega sistema za prenos električne
energije na večje razdalje. Podani so splošni vidiki
prostorskega in okoljevarstvenega presojanja s pristopom
prostorske in okoljevarstvene
prevetritve ustreznosti
vodenja trase novonačrtovanega daljnovoda 400 kV
Slovenija-Madžarska skozi prostor. Pri tem je bil poudarek
poleg ekonomske in narodnogospodarske upravičenosti
graditve daljnovoda tudi na njegovih prostorskorazvojnih
učinkih, na vplivih daljnovoda
na okolje ter
21-03 EXPIRIENCE IN CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF OVERHEAD LINES USING
COVERED CONDUCTORS IN THE AREA OF
ELEKTRO GORENJSKA
Anton Kos, Peter Fleišer
Abstract - This report describes experience gained in
reconstruction and operation of 20 kV distribution overhead
lines using covered conductors the area of Elektro
Gorenjska in years from 1992 to 1997.
21-04 ARC PROTECTION DEVICES (APDs) AND
LIGHTNING PROTECTION ON MV OVERHEAD
LINES USING COVERED CONDUCTORS
Markku Kokkonen, . Viktor Lovrenčič
Abstract - A new generation of MV overhead lines using
covered conductors is making its way in to the power supply.
The line construction does not differ very much in principe
from conventional bare overhead line constructions; only the
phase spacing is smaller and line tensions lower. However the
method of protection of the conductors against overvoltages
has to be solved and such a protection will often protect also
other components of the line.
21-05 ADVANCING OF PAS SYSTEM IN SLOVENIAN
DISTRIBUTION
POSITIVE EXPERIANCES OF MY OVERHEAD LINES
USING COVERED CONDUCTORS IN HARD
WEATHER CONDITIONS OF WINTERS IN 1995/96
AND 1996/97
Viktor Lovrenčič
Abstract - The first MV overhead line using covered
conductors according Finnish technology (PAS SYSTEM) was
built by Slovenian distribution in 1993. The past four winters
were a very successful test for more than 100 km of built 20
kV overhead lines using covered conductors. The last two
winters, 1995/96 and 1996/97, vere certain confirm
successfulness of operation respectively high reliability of
supply electricity even in the hardest conditions, additionally
load because of snow and ice.
22-01 ISSUE OF INSTALLATION OF THE SLOVENIAN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MONITORING
Franc Jakl, Krešmir Bakič, Leon Valenčič
Abstract - To assure better exploitation of the existing
overhead transmission lines, it would be necessary to introduce
in the Slovenian electric power system monitoring of the
thermal loading of conductors. The paper presents the principle
of a combined utilisation of the environmental information
system, to meet the reeds of the environmental monitoring of
generation units, and the meteorological monitoring, to control
thermal loading of conductors. A proposal is also given for the
implementation of a new Slovenian standard-reguiatory for fhe
construction of overhead lines at the consideration of the stateof-the-art in the discussed area.
22-02 SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY LINES
Janez Marušič, Vilibald Premzl, Franc Jakl
Abstract - Paper deals with the issues of site and
environmental assessment of overhead line as an important
element of electric power system for transmission of electrical
energy to greater distances. Also, general aspects of the
evaluation procedure of the proposed new planned overhead
line 400 kV Slovenia-Hungary, are given. The emphasis is on
economic and national economic justification of overhead line
construction, on its planning development effects, as well as on
transmission line environmental impact and its environmental
acceptance.
sprejemljivosti daljnovoda v predlaganem prostoru.
22-03 IZKUŠNJE PRI IZVEDBI OZEMLJITEV PRI
GLOBOKEM TEMELJENJU STEBROV
DALJNOVODA 110 KV PODLOG - LAŠKO
Janez Kern, Ivan Lozej, Rado Isaković,Tone Marinček
Povzetek - Pri novo zgrajenem daljnovodu 110 kV Podlog
- Laško je bilo uporabljeno globoko temeljenje. V referatu
pa je prikazan način izvedbe paličastih ozemljitev, kakor
tudi ekonomska upravičenost takega načina ozemljevanja v
konkretnem primeru izgradnje daljnovoda.
22-04 REVITALIZACIJA DALEKOVODA VISOKOG
NAPONA
Miomir M. Dutina, Zvonimir J. Hrubenja, Gojko
Radanović, Zvonko Slijepčević
Povzetek - U referatu je dat u kratkim crtama prikaz
metodologije za revitalizaciju dalekovoda, baziran na
engleskom i našem iskustvu. U referatu se prikazuje
postupak bez ulaženja u potpuni tok proračuna i logiku
metodološkog pristupa revitalizaciji dalekovoda. Na kraju
referata dati su zaključci šta je do sada urajeno i kuda dalje
sa kompleksnim problemom revitalizacije dalekovoda sa
mogučnosti povečanja strujnog opterečenja i smanjenja
broja ispada.
22-05 OBNOVA ANTIKOROZIJSKE ZAŠČITE
DALJNOVODOV IN KOVINSKIH KONSTRUKCIJ
STIKALIŠČ V ELES-U
Miro Ham
Povzetek - Referat prikazuje izkušnje in poglede ELESovih vzdrževalcev do problematike obnavljanja AKZ.
Obravnava naš pristop do reševanja te pomembne
vzdrževalne naloge, ob uporabi različnih tehnologij dela s
sodobnimi debeloslojnimi premazi, kakor tudi vprašanja v
zvezi s potrebnostjo obnove AKZ 400 kV omrežja.
22-06 UPORABA MODULARNEGA SISTEMA
KONSTRUKCIJ PRI IZGRADNJI IN
INTERVENTNIH POSEGIH NA DALJNOVODIH IN
STIKALIŠČIH
Bojan Smiljan, Walter Krinninger
Povzetek - Pravočasna in trajna oskrba potrošnikov s
kvalitetno električno energijo je ena izmed osnovnih
nalog proizvajalcev električne energije in distribucijskih
podjetij. Občasno lahko pride do prekinitve dobave
električne energije zaradi različnih vzrokov. Med te spada
tudi višja sila ter drugi razlogi povsem tehnične narave, na
primer pri vzdrževanju elektroenergetskih naprav, ki so
povsem tehnične narave, na katere pa običajno nimamo
neposrednega vpliva. Prekinitev oskrbe z električno
energijo mora biti po možnosti čim krajša. Referat opisuje
uporabo modularnega sistema jeklene konstrukcije, ki jo
lahko zelo koristno uporabljamo pri interventnih posegih,
pa tudi pri rednem vzdrževanju daljnovodov in
stikališčnih postrojev.
22-07 SANACIJA DV 110 kV CERKNO-IDRIJA
PREKO BEVKOVEGA VRHA
Janez Jakše
Povzetek - Lanskoletna in letošnja zima sta imeli za
posledico veliko število okvar tako na distribucijskem kot
na prenosnem omrežju Slovenije. Pri tem je bil tudi
prizadet DV 110 kV Cerkno-Idrija, ki poteka preko
klimatskega fenomena Bevkov vrh in na katerem so se
havarije v večjem ali manjšem obsegu tekom let
obratovanja kar vrstile. Članek podaja kronološki pregled
dogodkov prizadetega dela daljnovoda, analizira
klimatske prilike, podaja možne tehnološke rešitve
sanacije ter način izvedbe sanacije.
22-08 TEMELJENJE DV STEBROV Z GEWI PILOTI
22-03 EXPERIENCE WITH GROUNDING
REALISATION AT PILE FONDATION
TOWERS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION
LINE 110 KV PODLOG – LAŠKO
Janez Kern, Ivan Lozej, Rado Isaković,Tone Marinček
Abstract - At the high voltage transmission line, that was built
on new, pile fondation was applied. In this article the
construction method of pile fondation grounding system is
presented, as well as the economical justification of the chosen
grounding method in this particulare case.
22-04 REFURBISHMENT OF THE OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION LINES
Miomir M. Dutina, Zvonimir J. Hrubenja, Gojko Radanović,
Zvonko Slijepčević
Abstract – In this paper it is given the brief presentation of
methodology for revitalisation of high voltage power lines,
based on English and our experience. In the paper is presented
without getting into the complete flow of calculation and into
the logic of methodical approachment. In the end of the paper
the conclusions are given, about what is done and which
wayshould we use to solve the problem of revitalization of
power lines, increasing currentload, diminishing outages.
22-05 CORROSION PROTECTION RENOVATION ON
OVERHEAD LINE METAL TOWERS AND
SUBSTATION METAL CONSTRUCTlONS OF ELES
Miro Ham
Abstract - The report represents ELES maintenance's
experience and viewpoints to the problems of corrosion
protection renovation. lt treats our methods of solving this
important maintenance task, applying different technologies
and modem high-solid paints. Also refers to the 400 kV
network corrosion protection renovation.
22-06 THE USE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM BY ERECTION AND URGENT
NTERVENTIONS ON TRANSMISSION LINES AND
SUBSTATIONS
Bojan Smiljan, Walter Krinninger
Abstract - Permanent supply of consumer by quality
electrical energy is one of the basic producer and distributor
tasks. Interruption of supply may be sometimes caused by vis
maior or technical reasons during system maintenance
activities. Supply interruption has to be as short as possible.
The article deals with the use of modular steel construction
system by erection and urgent intervention and ordinarily
maintenance overhead transmission lines and substations.
22-07 REHABILITATION OF 110 kV TRANSMISSION
LINE OVER BEVKOV VRH
Janez Jakše
Abstract - The distribution and transmission network in
Slovenia was damaged many times last winter and in this
winter. Affected was also the 110 kV transmission line
Cerkno - Idrija running over the climatic phenomenon
Bevkov Vrh where damages of larger and smaller exent had
been happening during the period of operation. The paper
shows the chronological survey of events on the damaged
transmission line section and analyses the climatic conditions.
The possible technological solutions and the method of
rehabilitation are also proposed.
22-08 TOWERS FOUNDATON WITH GEWI PILES FOR
NA DV 110 KV PODLOG - LAŠKO
Vesna Haralampiev, Janja Borec – Merlak
Povzetek -V referatu je prikazan način globokega
temeljenja daljnovodnega stebra z GEWI piloti ter uporaba
takega temeljenja na enosistemskem 110 kV daljnovodu
Podlog - Laško, zgrajenem minulo leto.
22-09 TEMPERATURNE OBREMENITVE
ZAŠČITNE VRVI - SVETLOVODNEGA
TELEKOMUNIKACIJSKEGA KABLA OB
KRATKOSTIČNIH TOKOVIH
Maks Babuder, Franc Jakl, Janez Kern
Povzetek - V delu je opisan in komentiran preskusni
postopek za ugotavljanje temperaturnih stanj na kritičnih
mestih vzdolž prereza zaščitne vrvi tipa OPTOFLEX, ki je
vgrajena na 400kV elektroprenosnih vodih v Sloveniji in
narejena primerjava z rezultati izračuna na podlagi
izbranega modela. Navaja se tudi analiza možnih posledic
ob tovrstnih obremenitvah in ob kombinaciji slednjih z
nekaterimi mehanskimi obremenitvami.
23-01 OBNOVA STRELOVODNE ZAŠČITE
VISOKONAPETOSTNIH STIKALIŠČ
Marko Smole
Povzetek - V referatu je podanih nekaj bistvenih izkušenj s
področja projektiranja strelovodne zaščite s kovinskimi
lovilci, izbire najustreznejše metode po kateri določimo
zaščiteno območje strelovodnih naprav ter usklajenosti te
zaščite z ostalimi ukrepi proti vplivom zunanjih
prenapetosti.
23-02 STANJE OZEMLJITVENIH SISTEMOV V
EES
Dimitrij Aleš, Franc Žlahtič, Marjan Kern
Povzetek - Predstavljeni so električni parametri
ozemljitvenih sistemov in njihovo staranje, ki smo jih
določili na temelju analize 105 ozemljitvenih sistemov
slovenskih postrojev. Rezultati analize so pomoč pri
oblikovanju izhodišč za obravnavo ozemljitvenih sistemov
v postrojih elektroenergetskega sistema.
23-03 REKONSTRUKCIJE VN POLJ V OBJEKTIH
ELESa
Marko Hrast
Povzetek - Zadnjih deset let je v elektroenergetskem
sistemu Slovenije zaznamovanih z zmanjšanim obsegom
investicij v nove objekte. Zato so v ospredje prišli
problemi vzdrževanja starih objektov ter predvsem dejstvo,
da je potrebno neketere objekte rekonstruirati in opremo
zamenjati in posodobiti. V referatu je prikazan pristop, s
katerim smo na osnovi temeljite analize prišli do
zaključkov, kaj zamenjati in kdaj pristopiti k
rekonstrukcijam. Opisani so vsi problemi in možne rešitve,
ki smo jih tudi v praksi preverili. Kot primer sta navedena
dva možna pristopa k rekonstrukcijam in na primerih RTP
Maribor in RTP Kleče tudi opisana.
23-04 PRENOVA 10 KV STIKALIŠČA V
RTP 110/10 KV LAVA – CELJE S
TEHNIČNEGA IN EKONOMSKEGA
VIDIKA
Srečko Mašera
Povzetek - Referat nakazuje različne variante predelav 10
kV dela stikališča v RTP 110/10 kV Lava - Celje, v
primeru zamenjave energetskega transformatorja 20 MVA
s transformatorjem 31,5 MVA. 10kV celice so stare od 25
do 32 let, zbiralnice pa grajene za nazivni tok 1200 A.
23-05 PRIMERJALNA ANALIZA ZUNANJE IN
NOTRANJE IZVEDBE DISTRIBUCIJSKE
RTP 110/20 kV ZLATO POLJE
110 KV OVERHEAD LINE PODLOG - LAŠKO
Vesna Haralampiev, Janja Borec – Merlak
Absrtact - The deep foundation of tower line with GEN piles
is presented. The new foundation has been successfully
developed and used in the construction of 110 kV transmission
line Podlog - Laško.
22-09 TEMPERATURE RISE OF OPGW CABLE
DURING AND AFTER SHORT- CIRCUIT CURRENT
TEST
Maks Babuder, Franc Jakl, Janez Kern
Abstract - The paper gives the description and some
comments on testing procedure for determining the
temperature rise in most sensitive points within the crosssection of a OPGW cable of the type OPTOFLEX, installed on
400kV overhead transmission lines in Slovenia. The results
obtained experimentally are compared with those calculated by
use of a selected model. An analysis of possible cosequences
caused by similar stresses and combined with some mechanical
stresses are mentioned.
23-01 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE OPEN-AIR HIGH
VOLTAGE SUBSTATION LIGHTING
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Marko Smole
Abstract - The article makes an overview to the most
important experiences from the field of the high voltage
substation lighting protection system design with
implementation of the lighting rods and protection wires,
describes selection of the most suitable method for the
determination of the protected space and coordination with
other protection measures against lighting overvoltages.
23-02 STATE OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS IN EPS
Dimitrij Aleš, Franc Žlahtič, Marjan Kern
Abstract - The paper presents parameters of the grounding
system ageing as defined on the basis of an analysis of 105
facilities operating in the Slovenian electric power system.
Following the results of the analysis and the operating
findings, the authors set up requirements for the optimal
approach to the tretment of grounding sistems in the Slovenian
technical rules and regulations.
23-03 RECONSTRUCTION IN ELES SUBSTATIONS
Marko Hrast
Abstract - The characteristics of the last ten years in Slovenian
HV network is decreasing of investments in new facilities. On
the other hand more attention was paid on maintenance of the
old facilities. This was the result of fact, that the old equipment
needs to be replaced or reconstructed. In this work is shown
the approach to the analysis of the problems which we have to
deal with when we reconstruct the old substations. The author
gives some answers to what is to be changed and how to
reconstruct. As examples, which were made in ELES
substations, are given RTP Maribor and RTP Kleče.
23-04
Srečko Mašera
Abstract - The paper indicate different variants of
modification 10 kV switch building in substation 110/10 kV
Lava - Celje in case when we try to exchange the power
transformer 20 MVA with transformer 31,5 MVA. 10 kV
switchgear are 25 to 32 years old. Busbar were built for rated
normal current 1200 A.
23-05 COST COMPARISON AIS1 GIS2 DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION 110/20kV ZLATO POLJE
Miha Žumer, Viktor Leskovec, Anton Hojnik
Miha Žumer, Viktor Leskovec, Anton Hojnik
Povzetek - Referat predstavlja primerjalno analizo za
odločitev o izgradnji zunanje (AIS) ali notranje (GIS)
izvedbe distribucijske RTP 110/20k Zlato polje v Kranju.
23-06 SHEME V DISTRIBUCIJSKIH RTP 110/SN 110 kV DEL
Drago Bokal, Metod Brešan
Povzetek - Oblikovanje shem RTP 110/SN v slovenski
distribuciji je pomembna naloga zlasti s stališča
zanesljivosti in gospodarnosti obratovanja DEES. Zajete so
sheme 110 kV dela razdelilnih transformatorskih postaj ter
podrobno analizirani stroški gradnje, obratovanja in
vzdrževanja kakor tudi njihov vpliv na izbiro sheme.
Podan je tudi izčrpen prikaz shem distribucijskih RTP v
Sloveniji.
23-07 SHEME V DISTRIBUCIJSKIH RTP 110/SN SN DEL
Drago Bokal, Metod Brešan
Povzetek - Pregledu obstoječih shem SN dela RTP v
slovenski distribuciji sledi predlog izbire shem, ki temelji
na podlagi podrobne stroškovne analize. Poleg stroškovnih
parametrov so upoštevani tudi specifični straški RTP na
transformirano energijo, pričakovano konično in srednjo
letno obremenitev ter glede na možnost nadgradnje
postroja.
23-08 UPOŠTEVANJE ZAHTEV
ELEKTROMAGNETNE ZDRUŽLJIVOSTI OB
SNOVANJU, NAČRTOVANJU IN IZGRADNJI
DISTRIBUCIJSKEGA POSTROJA 110/20 kV
M. Žumer, F. Žlahtič, V. Leskovec
Povzetek - Članek predstavlja sistem uvajanja področja
elektromagnetne združljivosti (EMC) v snovanje,
načrtovanje in izgradnjo postroja 110/20 kV. Ob tem so
bile upoštevane vse zahteve za to področje, ki jih
postavljajo panožni akti in druga tehnična regulativa.
31-01 PREGLED KRITERIJEV NAČRTOVANJA
DISTRIBUTIVNIH OMREŽIJ IN VPLIV NA
RAZVOJ SLOVENSKE DISTRIBUCIJE
Leon Valenčič
Povzetek - Članek podaja pregled metodologije in
kriterijev načrtovanja distributivnih omrežij in smernice za
postavitev novih kriterijev. Posebej je prikazan postopek
obvladovanja padcev napetosti v SN omrežju in ukrepi
potrebni ob prehodu na novo standardno napetost v NN
omrežjih 230 V.
31-02 NOVA STANDARDNA NAPETOST 230/400 V
Adolf Jurše, Drago Bokal
Povzetek - Obstoječa standardna napetost v distribucijskih
nizkonapetostnih omrežjih je 220/380 V. Po določilih IEC
publikacije 38 iz 1983. leta (oz. do nedavno veljavnega
standarda JUS N.A2.001 iz leta 1989) pa bo nova
standardna napetost v teh omrežjih 230/400 V. Na podlagi
analize obstoječih napetostnih razmer v distribucijskem
omrežju in zahtev nove zakonodaje je opredeljen postopek
prehoda na novo standardno napetost z okvirno oceno
stroškov in obsega naprav, ki jih bo potrebno zamenjati.
Poleg tega je podan krajši oris vpliva navedenih sprememb
na obstoječe nizkonapetostne porabnike.
31-03 KRITERIJI ELEKTROMAGNETNE
ZDRUŽLJIVOSTI NA MESTU PRIKLJUČITVE
ODJEMALCA NA NIZKI NAPETOSTI
Matjaž Malovrh, Mitja Anžej
Povzetek - Elektromagnetna združljivost je definirana kot:
sposobnost naprave, opreme ali sistema, da zadovoljivo
deluje v svojem elektromagnetnem okolju, in pri tem ne
povzroča nedopustnih elektromagnetnih motenj kjerkoli v
Abstract - The article gives a cost comparison analysis upon
wich a decision regarding construction of AIS or GIS 110/20
kV distribution substation Zlato polje in Kranj shall be taken.
23-06 SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION 110/MV - 110 kV PART
Drago Bokal, Metod Brešan
Abstract - Designing the diagrarns of distribution substatins
110/MV is an important task in Slovenian distribution system,
especially from the standpoint of reliability and economics of
distribution power system operating. Diagrams of the 110 kV
part of distribution substations are discussed. Expenses of
building, operating and maintenance such stations are
analysed, as well as their influence on the choosed type of the
diagram. An review of diagrams of Slovenian distribution
substation is also given.
23-07 SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION 110/MV - MV PART
Drago Bokal, Metod Brešan
Abstract - Review of existing diagrams of MV part of
distribution substations is followed by suggestion of choosing
the diagrams on the basis of detailed expense analysis. Specific
expense parameters are correlated with transformed energy,
expected peak load, average year load and with possibility of
substation upgrade.
23-08 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY IN
PLANING AND SETTING UP DISTRLBUTION
FACILITIES
M. Žumer, F. Žlahtič, V. Leskovec
Abstract - Article shows system of planing and setting up
distribution facilities accordance with the electromagnetic
compatibility requirements. The above investment considers
all technical regulation in field of electromagnetic
compatibility.
31-01 REVIEW OF PLANNING CRITERIA IN
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AND IMPACT OF
CRITERIA TO THE DEVELOPMENT
Leon Valenčič
Abstract - The paper presents a review of method and criteria
for distribution network planning. Special attention is given to
voltage drop compensation in MV networks, and the impact of
implementation of new nominal voltage 230 V is presented.
31-02 NEW STANDARD VOLTAGE 230/400 V
Adolf Jurše, Drago Bokal
Abstract - Current voltage in low voltage distribution network
is 220/380 V. However, it should be 230/400 V, as stated in
EC publication 38 from 1983. The process of changing to new
voltage level, together with a cost estimation of such change is
described in the article. The article is based on analysis of
existing situation in distribution network. Effect of such
change on existing low voltage apparatuses is also described.
31-03
Matjaž Malovrh, Mitja Anžej
Abstract - Electromagnetic compatibility is defined as: "The
ability of a device, equipment or system to function
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to
anything in that environment." Furthermore, each device must
have a certain immunity, that is, the "ability to perform without
tem okolju. Nadalje mora imeti vsaka naprava določeno
odpornost, kar je: zmožnost delovanja brez nepravilnosti
ob prisotnosti elektromagnetnih motenj. Povečana uporaba
elektronskih naprav, še posebno takih, ki zahtevajo
enosmerno napajanje (usmerniki), povzroča znatno rast
elektromagnetnih motenj v mreži. Zato, če hočemo
obvladovati stanje v elektroenergetskem omrežju, moramo
najprej poznati teorijo motenj in njihove nivoje v
posameznih točkah. V referatu so navedena nekatera
dejstva o motnjah v skladu s standardom IEC 1000-2-1 in
opis ustreznih merilnih naprav.
31-04 RAZISKAVE RAZMER V 20 KV OMREŽJU S
POMOČJO DIGITALNE SIMULACLJE
Drago Deželak, Robert Škof, Grega Bizjak
Povzetek - Digitalne simulacije so zelo uporabno orodje,
ki nam omogoča opazovanje dogajanja v električnem
omrežju ob normalnih in okvarnih stanjih, ne da bi vanj
posegali. Omogoča širok izbor raziskav od izračuna
pretokov moči in padcev napetosti, preko določitve tokov
in napetosti ob kratkih stikih in drugih okvarah pa do
raziskav obnašanja komaj načrtovanih omrežij. V članku je
opisan simulacijski model 20 kV omrežja RTP 110/20 kV
Krško skupaj z nekaterimi bolj zanimivimi rezultati
raziskave njegovega obnašanja s pomočjo digitalne
simulacije.
31-05 ZANESLJIVOST DELOVANJA DEES
I. DEL - TEORETIČNE OSNOVE
Drago Bokal, Janez Hostnik, Ferdinand Gubina
Povzetek - Zanesljivost je najpogosteje uporabljani
parameter, ki opredeljuje kakovost delovanja DEES. Kot
izhodišče za obravnavo tega zahtevnega področja smo
uporabili obstoječe standarde ter jih tudi primerno
grupirali. Podrobno smo predstavili kazalce zanesljivosti,
ki se v novejšem času uporabljajo v svetu, bodisi za
načrtovanje za analizo obratovanja. V svetu se za
določanje kazalcev zanesljivosti uporablja probabilistični
pristop, v referatu se uporablja deterministični pristop.
Testni programski paket omogoča številne izračune na
podlagi dejanskih podatkov o dogodkih v DEES.
degradation in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances."
The increasing use of electronic devices, especially that with
power supplies for DC circuits (rectifiers), causes considerable
growth of electromagnetic disturbances in the mains system.
So, if we want to control conditions in power supply system,
first of all, we have to know the theory about disturbances and
their levels in particular points. In the paper, there are some
facts about disturbances according to standard IEC 1000-2-1
and description of appropriate measurement devices.
31-06 ZANESLJIVOST DELOVANJA DEES
II. DEL - PRAKTIČNI IZRAČUNI
Drago Bokal, Janez Hostnik, Ferdinand Gubina
Povzetek - Deterministični pristop k izračunu kazalcev
zanesljivosti DEES je podprt s predlogom ustrezne
programske opreme, ki naj bi omogočala tovrstne izračune.
Izdelali smo tudi testni izračun kazalcev zanesljivosti na
podlagi dejanskih podatkov o napravah in dogodkih v RTP
Črnuče. Dobljene vrednosti kazalcev smo primerjali z
vrednostmi v svetu, izdelali pa smo tudi kratko analizo
delovanja posameznega voda. Podrobno smo razčlenili
uporabnost tovrstnih kazalcev pri analizi obratovanja,
vzdrževanja in načrtovanja DEES.
31-07 DALJINSKO VODENJE
SREDNJENAPETOSTNEGA OMREŽJA
DOSEDANJE IZKUŠNJE IN PERSPEKTIVE V
SLOVENIJI
Marjan Bezjak, Samo Kalač
Pozvetek - V referatu je obrazložen sedanji tehnični in
tehnološki nivo ter koncept daljinskega vodenja
srednjenapetostnega omrežja in krmiljenja stikal DKS.
Predstavljene so osnovne značilnosti do sedaj izvedenih
projektov v Slovenji pri katerih so bili avtorji referata
odgovorni vodje projektov. Na kratko so povzete
dosedanje izkušnje in nakazane perspektive.
31-08 VODENJE SN OMREŽJA IZ
DISTRIBUCIJSKEGA CENTRA VODENJA
Zoran Rutar
31-06 OPERATNG RELIABUTY OF ELECTRIC
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PART II. - PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS
Drago Bokal, Janez Hostnik, Ferdinand Gubina
Abstract - Deterministic method for reliability indices
calculation in EPDS should be supported by suitable software.
Sample calculation of reliability indices, based on real data
from Črnuče transformer substation is presented. Calculated
reliability indices are compared with available values from the
literature. Analysis of fedders performance is also presented.
Applicability of such indices in operation analysis,
maintenance analysis and planning in EPDS is demonstrated.
31-04 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY OF 20 KV NETWORK
WITH HELP OF DIGITAL SIMULATION
Drago Deželak, Robert Škof, Grega Bizjak
Abstract - Digital simulations are very useful tool for
determination of electrical network behavior during normal
and faulty states. They offer calculations of load flow and
voltage drops, determination of voltages and currents during
short circuit and other faults as well as investigations of
behavior only planned networks. In the paper the model of 20
kV RTP 110/20 kV Krško distribution network for digital
simulation is described together with some most interesting
results of investigation of its behavior with the help of digital
simulation.
31-05 OPERATING RELIABILITY OF ELECTRIC
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
PART I. - THEORETICAL BASIS
Drago Bokal, Janez Hostnik, Ferdinand Gubina
Abstract - Reliability is most commonly mentioned
parameter which shows quality of EPDS operatton. Existing
standards were taken as the starting point for this complex
area analysis. The article contains a detailed presentation of
the reliability indices which are nowadays used for planing or
operating analysis. Although the probabilistic method of the
reliability indices determination is most commonly used,
deterministic method is presented in this article. A program
package, which enables many different calculations based on
EPDS events real data is developed.
31-07 MlDDLE VOLTAGE NETWORK AUTOMATION
PREVIOUS EXPERIANCES AHD PERSPECTIVES IN
SLOVENIA
Marjan Bezjak, Samo Kalač
Abstract - in the following report is described current
technical level and concept of middle voltage network
automation, especially remotely controlled switches named
DKS. Introduced are characteristics of the different projects in
Slovenia, where the authors were responsible project
managers. Summerised are previous experiences and pointed
out perspectives.
31-08 THE CONTROL OF MV SYSTEM FROM THE
DISTRIBUTION CONTROL CENTRE
Zoran Rutar
Povzetek - Opisan je dosedanji razvoj in način vodenja
DEES Elektro Primorska kot model distribucijskega
omrežja, ki napaja nad 100.000 odjemalcev. Analizirani so
elementi in obseg SN omrežja ter nivo daljinskega
vodenja. S prehodom na vodenje iz enega centra s sedanjo
zastarelo opremo so se pojavili določeni problemi, ki jih je
mogoče rešiti z uvajanjem sodobne informacijske
tehnologije. Podani so predlogi postopnega razvoja
vodenja obratovanja DEES iz distribucijskega centra
vodenja.
31-09 VODENJE IN AVTOMATIZACIJA
SREDNJENAPETOSTNE MREŽE
Peter Lavtar
Povzetek - Vodenje in avtomatizacija srednje napetostne
mreže predstavlja velik korak v izboljšanju kvalitete
dobave električne energije. S tem je namreč možno
skrajšati čas motenj v dobavi električne energije na
minimum, zlasti pri tistih odjemalcih, ki niso napajani iz
tistega sektorja mreže, ki je v okvari. Poleg tega pa našim
delavcem močno olajša lokalizacijo okvar, ki nastajajo
običajno v času najtežjih vremenskih pogojev. S sistemom
vodenja je omogočeno krmiljenje stikal, vključenih v sklop
srednje napetostne mreže ter nadzor nad dogajanji v njej,
glede na pretoke električnega toka, prisotnost in višino
napetosti in zaznavanje okvarnih tokov. Avtomatizacija pa
je nadaljnji korak, ki s pomočjo navedenih prejetih
podatkov v najkrajšem možnem času izvede logično
izločitev sektorja v okvari ter priklop preostalega dela
mreže na osnovni in rezervni vir napajanja.
Abstract - The development and the Operation Control
System of the distribution enterprise Elektro Primorska are
described like a model of the distribution network for more
than 100.000 consumers. The extent, the elements and the level
of the control of the MV System are analised. The change in
the Operation Control System (the control of MV System from
one center with old technology) caused some problems, that
can be easily solved by the introduction of the new information
technology. Some propositions for the development of the
Operation Control System are suggested.
31-09 CONTROL AND AUTOMATION OF THE
MEDIUM VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
Peter Lavtar
Abstract - Control and automation of the medium voltage
distribution network represent an important step towards
quality improvement in electrical energy supply. The main
objetives of the project are to shorten the outage time,
especially for customers, that are not fed from the faulted
section of a network and to help the utility personnel in fault
localisation even in worst weather conditions. Intelligent RTUs
are used for acquisition of current and voltage measurements,
fault current detection and control of pole-top mounted
switches in the network. The system enables quick isolation of
the faulted section and restoration of services to customers in
other sections.
31-10 ZASNOVA SISTEMA VODENJA DEES V JP
ELEKTRO LJUBLJANA
Janez Hostnik
Povzetek - Obstoječemu sistemu daljinskega vodenja se
izteka življenjska doba, tehnološko je zastarel, poleg tega
pa deluje na mejah svojih zmogljivosti. Razvoj tehnologije
na tem področju omogoča danes primernejše vertikalno
povezovanje tehnološkega procesa, nudi pa tudi možnost
horizontalnega povezovanja sistema vodenja z ostalimi
procesi v podjetju. Navedene posodobitve omogočajo
dispečerju v distribucijskem centru vodenja učinkovito
ukrepanje v normalnih in nenormalnih stanjih DEES. To so
bila osnovna izhodišča, ki so vplivala na usmeritev
podjetja v gradnjo sodobnejšega centra vodenja, za kar
smo skupaj z ustreznimi inštitucijami izdelali, revidirali ter
dopolnili potrebno dokumentacijo. Pri tem smo upoštevali
najnovejše tehnološke dosežke na področju vodenja in
avtomatizacije SN distribucijskega omrežja.
31-10 THE PLAN OF TELECONTROL SYSTEM IN
ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM IN ELEKTRO LJUBLJANA
Janez Hostnik
Abstract - The operation period of existing control system is
expiring, it is teohnologically obsolete and besides all that, it is
working at the edge of its capacity. More adeguate vertical
connections of tehnological process are made possible by
development of technology in this area, which elso offers
horizontal connections of telecontrol system with other
processes in distribution system. This modernizations enable
the operators optimal acting under normal or critical operation
period. This were the basic starting points resulting to the
modern control system design. Together with corresponding
institutions we developed the necessary documentation for this
center, considering the technological development in control
and automation of MV distribution systems.
31-11 ZASNOVA SISTEMA ZAŠČITE IN LOKALNE
AVTOMATIKE V SREDNJENAPETOSTNEM
PROSTOZRAČNEM DISTRIBUCIJSKEM
OMREŽJU
Janez Hostnik
Povzetek - SN prostozračno distribucijsko omrežje je
grajeno zankasto, obratuje pa radialno. V tovrstnih SN
omrežjih se ločilno mesto z zaščito in lokalno avtomatiko
nahaja na SN izvodu iz RTP oz. RP ter na ločilnih mestih
SN odcepnih vodov. Osnovna funkcija zaščite je, da v
drevesni strukturi SN omrežja in v primeru prenapajanj,
selektivno izključuje okvare na omrežju. V povezavi z
zaščito naj deluje tudi lokalna avtomatika, ki vsebuje
naprave avtomatskega ponovnega vklopa ter naprave
selektivnega izklopa odcepnega voda. Poudarek referata je
na modelu vključitve RP SN in odcepnih vodov v SN
omrežje in povezava le-teh s sistemom zaščite in lokalne
avtomatike.
31-11
Janez Hostnik
Abstract - MV distribution system network is built out of
loops, but it works radially. Switching points with protection
and local automation are located at the outlet from transformer
substation (switching substation) and at switching points of
MV branching lines. The main function of the protection is
selective switching of distribution system parts in case of
defects or back-up supply. Local automation, which includes
sets for automatic reclosure and sets for selective switch of the
branching line, should work in connection whith protection
sets. The article emphasizes a model of switching substations
and branching fines inclusion into distribution system and of
conneting them with the protection and local automation
system.
31-12 OCENITEV POSTOPKA ZA
PROGNOZIRANJE OBREMENITEV V
SLOVENSKIH DISTRIBUCIJSKIH OMREŽJIH
Edita Stebernak
Povzetek - Prognoza obremenitev je obravnavana kot del
procesa planiranja distributivnega omrežja. Zanjo je
značilno, da podaja obremenitve prostorsko razporejene.
Navedene so značilnosti sedanjega postopka prognoziranja
z delitvijo prognoze porabe večjega območja na manjša in
s posrednim določanjem koničnih obremenitev. Sedanja
ekstrapolacijska metoda je primerjana s simulacijsko
metodo modeliranja porabe. Podan je predlog postopka
prognoziranja, namenjenega planiranju distributivnih
omrežij vseh slovenskih distribucijskih podjetij v bodoče.
31-12 DISCUSSION OF LOAD FORECASTING
PROCEDURE IN SLOVENE DISTRIBUTON
NETWORKS
Edita Stebernak
Abstract - Load forecasting is being discussed as a part of the
distribution network planning process. The distributton
forecast is a spatial forecast which deals not only with the
amount of futur load but must predict the location of this load
growth. The now applied (extrapolation) method, based on
the analysis of the participation of the micro zones to the total
load, is presented. The attempt of introducing simulation
method discussed by comparing the characteristics of both
methods. The forecasting procedure acceptable in planning of
slovene distribution networks is suggested.
31-13 MOŽNOSTI INTERAKTIVNEGA
NAČRTOVANJA SN OMREŽIJ S POMOČJO
PROGRAMSKEGA PAKETA GREDOS
Jože Golob, Tomaž Mohar
Povzetek - Pričujoči prispevek prinaša novosti v
programskem paketu za načrtovanje srednjenapetostnih
omrežij GREDOS, predvsem prednosti grafičnega
uporabniškega vmesnika pri analiziranju razmer v
distributivnih omrežjih in študiju njihovega nadaljnega
razvoja.
31-14 NOV PROGRAM RAZNNOW ZA ANALIZE
NN OMREŽIJ
Marko Suhadolc
Povzetek - Referat predstavlja novo verzijo programa
RAZNNOW za analize nizkonapetostnih omrežij.
Izboljšan program je enostavnejši za uporabnika in naj bi
olajšal delo v distribucijskih podjetjih.
31-13 POSSIBILITIES OF INTERACTIVE PLANNING
OF MV NETWORKS
USING THE GREDOS PROGRAM PACKAGE
Jože Golob, Tomaž Mohar
Abstract - The study presents novelties of the GREDOS
program package for the planning of MV networks, regarding
the advantages of graphical user interface at the analysis of
conditions in distribution networks, and at the study of the
further development.
31-15 PRENOVA PRAVILNIKA O VZDRŽEVANJU
DEES
Andrej Černilogar
Povzetek - Kratkemu prikazu pravnih izhodišč za urejanje
področja vzdrževanja distribucijskega EES sledi analiza
obstoječih predpisov in pravilnikov. Na podlagi analize
obstoječih predpisov in pravilnikov so oblikovana
izhodišča za izdelavo novega pravilnika, ki naj upošteva
spremembe in posodobitve na tem področju. Podan je
globalni prikaz rešitev v novem pravilniku, ki so bile
osnova za opredelitev del in rokov njihovega opravljanja.
31-16 IZKUŠNJE PRI UPORABI NOVE TIPSKE
TRANSFORMATORSKE POSTAJE TB - 30 10-20/0,4
kV, 35 kVA S TEHNIČNEGA IN EKONOMSKEGA
VIDIKA
Leopold Prevolnik
Povzetek - Tipsko transformatorsko postajo na armirano
betonskem ali lesenem drogu TB -30 10-20/0,4 kV 20 in
35 kVA smo že v prvih dveh letih odkar smo jo uvedli, na
območju JP Elektro Celje velikokrat uporabili. V tem
obdobju smo zgradili 49 takšnih TP od tega 15-20 kVA
preostalih 34 pa 35 kVA. Vse, razen petih z napetostnim
nivojem 10/04 kV, imajo napetostni nivo 20/0,4 kV. Ta
izvedba transformatorske postaje se je izkazala kot cenejša
in primerna varianta za vsa območja ob obstoječih 10 in 20
kV daljnovodih, kjer so manjše skupine odjemalcev in so
le te od sedanje TP bolj oddaljene. S tem potrošnikom
električne energije tam, kjer je to mogoče, uredimo
kvalitetno električno energijo za relativno nizko vrednost
investicijskega vložka.
33-01 RAČUNALNIŠKO PODPRTA OBRAVNAVA
KOORDINACIJE IZOLACIJE V SN
DISTRIBUCIJSKIH OMREŽJIH
Mladen Iglič
31-14 A NEW PROGAM RAZNNOW FOR ANALYSIS
OF THE LV NETWORKS
Marko Suhadolc
Abstract - In the following paper a new version of the
RAZNNOW computer program for analysing low-voltage
networks is presented. The improved program is more userorientated and is supposed to make the work of planners in
public utility companies much easier.
31-15 MODERNISATION OF MAINTENANCE
REGULATIONS IN EPDS
Andrej Černilogar
Abstract - The article shows short summary of judicial basis
for electric power distribution system's (EPDS) maintenance
regulations. This summary is followed by analysis of existing
regulations. Starting points for modernization of the
regulations, which should consider changes and modernization
of the whole maintenance area, are given. Global presentation
of proposed solutions is given in new regulation book, which
was the basis for defining the tasks and their shedule.
31-16
Leopold Prevolnik
Abstract - Typical transformation station on a reinforced
concrete or wooden pole TB-30 10-20/0,4 kV and 35kVA was
built two years ago and since then it has been used on public
firms Elektro Celje territory many times. In the last two years
we have built 49 transformation stations of this type, 15 of
them were 20 kVA, the rest 34 were 35 kVA. All of them
except 5 with 10/0,4kV have voltage niveau of 20/0,4kV. This
type of transformation station proved cheaper and suitable
solution in areas with already existing 10 and 20kV
overheadlines, where small groups of consumers live far away
from where transformation station now stands. Consumers of
electricy are offered, where possible, electric power of high
quality with relatively low investment input.
33-01 COMPUTER AIDED APPROACH TO
INSULATION COORDINATION IN MV
DISTRIBUTION NETRWORKS
Mladen Iglič
Povzetek - Referat obravnava računalniško podprto
koordinacijo izolacije v SN omrežjih. Pojasnjena je analiza
atmosferskih prenapetosti v TP na drogu ob udaru strele v
SN omrežje. Atmosferske razelektritve pogosto povzročijo
visoke prenapetosti v SN omrežjih in posledica teh so
porušne razelektritve izolacij električnih naprav oziroma
elementov v teh omrežjih. V referatu so podane smernice
za učinkovito izvedbo prenapetostne zaščite TP na drogu.
33-02 SLOVENSKI SISTEM ZA LOKALIZACIJO
ATMOSFERSKIH RAZELEKTRITEV V REALNEM
ČASU
Janko Kosmač
Povzetek - V članku je opisan sistem za ugotavljanje
mesta atmosferskih razelektritev v realnem času. Sistem za
izračun mesta udara uporablja podatke o smeri in jakosti
signalov, ki jih analizatorju položaja pošiljajo senzorji.
Senzorji so nameščeni na različnih geografskih položajih v
državi in analizatorju pošiljajo podatke v relnem času.
Opisan je način delovanja sistema in posredovanja
podatkov odjemalcem.
33-03 INFRASTRUKTURNI CENTER ZA
ENERGETSKE MERITVE
Jože Voršič, Jože Pihler, Darko Koritnik
Povzetek - V prispevku je opisan Infrastrukturni center za
energetske meritve, ki ga Fakulteta za elektrotehniko,
računalništvo in informatiko Maribor načrtuje in opremlja
na lokaciji
Mariborski otok, v preurejeni bivši
transformatorski postaji 35/10 Kv. Osnovna dejavnost
centra bo opravljanje močnostnih preskusov. Iz obstoječe
opreme za visokonapetostni laboratorij pa bo usposobljena
tudi oprema za preskušanje z visokimi izmeničnimi
napetostmi do 175 kV, visokimi enosmernimi napetostmi
do 80 kV in oprema za opravljanje preskusov delnih
praznitev do 175 kV.
34-01 DISTRIBUIRANI SISTEMI VODENJA V RTP
IN HE
J. Rosina, D. Lenarčič, M. Kopač, A. Belavič
Povzetek - Distribuirani sistemi vodenja niso več novost v
Sloveniji. IBE je sodeloval pri prvem in še sodeluje pri
graditvi novih. Tudi distribuirani sistemi se razvijajo in
tako želimo opozoriti na glavne sodobne usmeritve.
34-02 SELEKTIVNOST ZAŠČITE MED RP 20 kV IN
RTP 110/20kV
Franc Leskovec
Povzetek
V
razvejanem
in
obsežnem
srednjenapetostnenn omrežju, ki ga napaja razdelilna
transformatorska postaja 110/20 kV, je mogoče pomembno
zmanjšati število izpadov napajanja odjemalcev električne
energije s postavitvijo razdelilnih postaj RP 20 kV v
vozlišča omrežja 20 kV. V referatu je podana problematika
selektivnosti delovanja relejne zaščite med zaščito v
izvodni celici razdelilne postaje RP 20 kV in zaščito v
izvodni celici razdelilne transformatorske postaje RTP
110/20 kV. Relativno selektivnost zaščite je mogoče
relativno enostavno doseči, če se razdelilna postaja napaja
iz RTP po direktnem napajalnem vodu, na katerem ni
odcepov in transformatorskih postaj. Poseben problem
predstavlja selektivnost zemeljskostične zaščite med
zaščito v RTP in zaščito v RP, če se RP napaja po
napajalnem vodu z odcepi, na katere so priključene
transformatorske postaje z nizkonapetostnim omrežjem, ki
obratuje po TN sistemu. V referatu je podana ena od
rešitev navedenega problema.
Abstract - The paper is focused on the computer aided
insulation coordination in MV networks. Our analysis of
atmospheric discharges, that was concerned with lightning
strokes into the MV networks, encompassed the transformer
station on the pole. Atmospheric discharges rather often cause
high overvoltages resulting in disruptive discharges in the
insulation of the electrical equipment or elements of the MV
networks. The paper offers guidelines for an efficient
implementation of the overvoltage protection of transformer
stations on poles.
33-02 SLOVENIAN REAL-TIME LIGHTNING
LOCALIZATION SYSTEM
Janko Kosmač
Abstract - The paper deals with real time lightning
localization system. For calculation of the lightning location
the system uses azimuth and signal strenght data sent to the
analyzer by the direction finders. The direction finders are
placed in different geographical positions in the country and
data are sent in real-time to the analyzer. The operational
principles and real-time data distribution to the client are also
described.
33-03 POWER MEASUREMENT LABORATORY
Jože Voršič, Jože Pihler, Darko Koritnik
Abstract - The poper presents the power measurement
laboratory of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science Maribor, planning and equipping on the
location of Hydro power plant Mariborski otok. The
fundamental task of the power measurement laboratory is
performing of power tests (making and braking capacities,
short-circuit making and braking capacities, short-time
withstand current…). Some of the high voltage laboratory
equipment already existed but it was unused for quite a few
years. We made a lot of effort to bring this equipment back in
life, so we are able to perform tests with alternating voltage up
to 175 kV, direct voltage up to 80 kV and partial discharge
measurement up in to 75 kV.
34-01 HYDROPOWER PLANT AND SUBSTATION
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM
J. Rosina, D. Lenarčič, M. Kopač, A. Belavič
Abstract - Distributed control systems are in operation also in
Slovenia. IBE put operation the first one and now we
implement new ones. Also distributed control systems are in
constant development phase and so we want to point out
today's guide lines.
34-01 PROTECTION DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN
SUSTATION 20 kV AND POWER STATION 110/20 kV
Franc Leskovec
Abstract - In the tree´d and extensive medium voltage
network, wich is supplled by the power station 110/20 kV, the
number of breakdown of eletricity of powercustomers can be
reduced considerably, by the interpolation of substations in the
network knots 20 kV. In this paper the discrimination
problems between the protection in the outgoing feeder of
substation 20 kV and the protection in the outgoing feeder of
powerstation 110/20 kV is treated. Relative selectivity of
protection can be reached relatively simple, if the substation is
supplied by the direct supply without branch lines and
transformer substations. The special problem is the ground
fault protection discrimination between the protection in the
powerstation and the protection in the substation, if the
substation is supplied by the supply line on wich the
transformer substations are connected with the lowtension
network by the TN system, In this paper one of the solutions of
the quoted problem is offered.
34-03 VZDRŽEVANJE IN UPRAVLJANJE
ZAŠČITNIH SISTEMOV
Goran Jovanović
Povzetek - Povečevanje velikosti in kompleksnosti
elektroenergetskih sistemov, ki je posledica integracije
novih omrežij in vzpostavljanja novih povezav, zahteva
optimiziranje investicijskih in stroškov prenove
sekundarnih sistemov. Hiter razvoj informacijske
tehnologije ponuja ustrezne načine in pristope k
zmanjševanju stroškov zagona in vzdrževanja v teku
celotne življenjske dobe naprav in sistemov. Torej, obstaja
jasno izražena potreba po uvajanju učinkovitih načinov,
metod in postopkov za vzdrževanje in upravljanje zaščitnih
in drugih sekundarnih sistemov.
34-04 POGOSTOST PREIZKUŠANJA NUMERIČNE
ZAŠČITE
Silvo Štruc, Franc Prepeluh, Anion Majcen, Jože Kragelj
Povzetek - Referat obravnava problem pogostosti
preizkušanja numerične zaščitnih sistemov, ki sovpada s
trenutno aktualno tematiko prenove sekundarne opreme
oziroma zamenjave relejne zaščite. Pred nami je
odgovorna naloga in hkrati priložnost, da poenotimo
dosedanjo stanje različnih tehnologij na področju
sekundarne opreme. Kot resen problem ob začeti etapni
izgradnji nastopajo načini in koncepti preizkušanja zaščite,
ki vsebuje samonadzor in daljinski nadzor. Pogostost
preizkušanja je odvisna od statistično ugotovljenega števila
napačnih delovanj. Pojem preizkušanja sistema zaščite se
razširi, če upoštevamo zraven pripadajoče naprave, od
merilnih transformatorjev, odklopnikov, komunikacijskih
povezav in pripadajočo informatiko. Predlagana je
pogostost preizkusov za posamezne stopnje prenove kot
npr. zamenjava samega releja, zamenjava releja z
daljinskim nadzorom, zamenjava celotne sekundarne
opreme. V zaključku je predlogu dodan komentar, ki
izpostavlja možne različne poglede v literaturi in praksi
drugih uporabnikov. Zaželjeni so dopolnilni predlogi in
komentarji zainteresiranih bralcev.
34-05 VPLIV NENORMALNIH PREHODNIH
POJAVOV NA DELOVANJE ZAŠČITE
Mitja Dušak, Goran Jovanović
Povzetek - Že normalni prehodni pojavi v zadostni meri
slabo vplivajo na delovanje zaščitnega sistema in dobro
počutje zaščitnih inženirjev, kaj šele nenormalni prehodni
pojavi. V članku je opisan primer uspešnega odkrivanja in
dušenja pojava feroresonance. S tem je bil odpravljen
vzrok za nepravilno delovanje 95% zaščite statorja
generatorja.
34-06 VODENJE IN AVTOMATIZACIJA
SREDNJENAPETOSTNEGA PROSTOZRAČNEGA
DISTRIBUCIJSKEGA OMREŽJA
Janez Hostnik, Drago Bokal
Povzetek - Vodenje in avtomatizacija na splošno temeljita
na opredelitvi ločilnih mest, izbiri stikalnih aparatov, ki
bodo vgrajeni na ločilnih mestih, potem na opredelitvi
funkcij vodenja, zaščite in avtomatike ter na nadzoru in
daljinskem ali lokalnem krmiljenju izbranih ločilnih mest.
Opredeljeni so kriteriji za praktično realizacijo navedenih
dejavnikov, poleg tega pa so nakazane tudi možne
prenosne poti ter analizirana stroškovna upravičenost
uvajanja vodenja in avtomatizacije. Pričujoči prispevek
temelji na študiji, ki se izdeluje na Elektroinštitutu Milan
Vidmar, predstavlja pa povzetek osnov za izdelavo idejnih
projektov vodenja in avtomatizacije posameznih
energetskih območij v distribucijskih podjetjih. Cilj
navedene dejavnosti je povečanje zanesljivosti napajanja
odjemalcev ter s tem povečanje kakovosti obratovanja
34-03 MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Goran Jovanović
Abstract - The growing size and complexity of power
systems, due to the integration of new grids and establishment
of new liaisons, result in increasing maintenance and
management efforts to optimise investment and renewal costs.
Rapid development of information technology provides
adequate means and approaches in life cycle cost reduction.
Consequently, there is comprehensive exigency for introducing
efficient ways, methods and procedures in maintenance and
management of the protection and other secondary systems.
34-04 FREQUENCY OF TESTING PROTECTION
RELAIS
Silvo Štruc, Franc Prepeluh, Anion Majcen, Jože Kragelj
Abstract - This report treats the problem of test intervals for
numerical protecting systems testing which coincides with the
actual subjects of the secondary equipment refuroishment and
the relay protection exchange. We have to face a responsible
task and at the same time we also have the opportunity to make
uniform the previous state of different technologies in the field
of secondary equipment. As a serious problem starting the
gradually refurbishment there appear the methods and concepts
of testing protection which comprise self-supervision and
monitoring. The concepcion of protection testing expands
considering at the same time also the corresponding device, i.e.
measuring
transformers,
circuit
breakers,
supply,
communication linking and belonging monitoring information
science.We suggest the frequency testing for separate degrees
of renovation as for examole: the exchange of relay itself, the
exchange of remote control relay, the exchange of complete
secondary equipment. In the end we add a comment to the
suggestion which exposes the possible different views in
literature and ractice of other users. Supplementary suggestions
and comments from the part of interested readers will be
welcome.
34-05 INFLUENCE OF ABNORMAL SWITCHING
TRANSIENTS ON PROTECTION PERFORMANCE
Mitja Dušak, Goran Jovanović
Abstract - Normal switching transients trouble on the
protection performance and good mood of protection
engineers, abnormal switching transients are even more
irritating. In the paper is described an example of successful
detection and attenuation of ferroresonance. In this way was
eliminated the cause of incorrect operation of 95% stator
protection.
34-06 TELECONTROL AND AUTOMATION OF MV
OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Janez Hostnik, Drago Bokal
Abstract - Control and automation are based on the switching
points determination, choosing the switching sets, defining its
control and protection function and, finally, oncontrol and
supervision of the sets, either remote or local. Criteria for
practical relisation of these factor are defined. Possible
communication systems are presented and the analysis of
control and automation cost are given. This article is based on
the research project which is currently being worked out on
Milan Vidmar Electroinstitute. It is presenting the basis for
another control and automation projects of several energy
districts. The aim of this activity is to increase the reability of
power supply and to increase the quality of distribution system
operation.
DEES kot celote.
34-07 AVTOMATIZACIJA SN OMREŽIJ - OD
ZASNOVE DO PRVIH REALIZACIJ V SLOVENIJI
Janez Gorišek, Igor Birkelbach, Dario Vrabec
Povzetek - V podjetjih za distribucijo električne energije v
svetu in pri nas je čedalje pomembnejše pravilo, da je
nedobavljena električna energija veliko dražja od
dobavljene. Zato se za zmanjševanje posledic okvar, v
srednjenapetostnih omrežjih žal neizogibnih, uvajajo
sodobni sistemi avtomatizacije srednjenapetostnega
omrežja, ki omogočajo kvalitetni daljinski nadzor in
krmiljenje. Avtomatizacija je podprta z uporabo
inteligentnih računalniških naprav, ki so preko
komunikacijskih zvez vključene v distribucijski center
vodenja. Mikroračunalniške naprave na nivoju razdeljenih
postaj in vzdolž vodov skrbijo za zajemanje podatkov,
izvajanje zaščitnih in detekcijskih algoritmov in za
izvajanje komand. Naloga naprav v distribucijskem centru
vodenja je nadaljna obdelava in prikaz zajetih podatkov,
poseben programski paket pa je namenjen za avtomatski
preklop oz. za podporo operaterju pri ročnih prekopih
omrežja. Pogoj za avtomatizacijo omrežja je uporaba
ustrezne primarne opreme zato je za realizacijo projektov
predvidena vgradnja daljinsko krmiljenih stikal z
motorskirni
pogoni
vzdolž
avtomatiziranih
srednjenapetostnih daljnovodov.
34-08 UPORABA KRITERIJEV TOPLOTNE
STOPNJE SAMO-NAPAJANE NADTOKOVNE
ZAŠČITE ZA PREPREČITEV "POŽARA" PRI
NEUSPELEM ODKLOPU NAPAKE
Janez Gantar
34-09 ANALIZA MOŽNOSTI UPORABE
DIGITALNE DIFERENČNE ZAŠČITE VODOV V
SLOVENSKEM OMREŽJU VISOKIH IN ZELO
VISOKIH NAPETOSTI
Janez Zakonšek, Silvo Štruc, Franc Prepeluh
Povzetek - Slovensko elektrogospodarstvo doslej ni
uporabljalo v večji meri diferenčne zaščite vodov visokih
(VN) in zelo visokih napetosti (ZVN). Razlogov za tak
pristop je več, vsekakor pa sta najpomembnejša: a)
absolutno selektivni karakter diferenčen zaščite in b)
zahteve po visoko razpoložljivih komunikacijskih poteh, ki
v konvencionalni tehniki niso bile na voljo. Referat podaja
v prvem delu pregled osnovnih razlik med distančno in
diferenčno zaščito vodov. V drugem delu so obdelani
osnovne razlike med modernimi, digitalnimi diferenčnimi
zaščitami, ki bazirajo svoje delovanje na uporabi modernih
digitalnih komunikacij. V tretjem delu je podana analiza
možnosti uporabe modernih digitalnih diferenčnih zaščit
vodov v slovenskem omrežju vodov visokih in zelo
visokih napetosti z upoštevanjem velikih sprememb na
področju uvajanja digitalnih komunikacijskih poti v
slovenskem elektroenergetskem prostoru.
35-01 TELEKOMUNIKACIJE V ELEKTRO SLOVENIJA
Dragić Paramentić, Simona Sila
Povzetek - Prispevek obravrava telekomunikacije v
Elektro-Slovenija,
ki
z
uporabo
sodobnih
telekomunikacijskih tehnologij omogočajo učinkovito
vodenje elektroenergetskega sistema. Opisano je omrežje,
čigar zasnova temelj na modelu »inteligentnega« omrežja
34-07 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK AUTOMATION FROM CONCEPTION TO FIRST SLOVENIAN
REALIZATIONS
Janez Gorišek, Igor Birkelbach, Dario Vrabec
Abstract - The electric power industry abroad and at home is
more and more aware of the fact that the lost or undelivered
electric energy is much more expensive than the delivered
energy. With a view to reducing the consequences of faults
which are in MV networks, regrettably, inevitable, the
distribution automation systems are introduced, which assure a
quality remote monitoring and control. Intelligent
microcomputer devices, connected with radio links into the
distribution control center, are proposed to be used for the
automation. Microcomputer devices in substations and on
distribution line level are intended for local data acquisition,
performing of protection and fault detection algorithms, and
command execution. The task of the distribution control center
is further processing and display of acquired data. A special
software package is intended for automatic switching and/or
assistance to the system operator in manual network switching.
A condition for distribution network automation is appropriate
primary equipment, therefore, remotrly controlled motor
actuated line switches have been foreseen to be installed along
the automated MV distribution lines.
34-08
Janez Gantar
Abstract - The first chapter explains the novelties in
technology which has enabled the new design of self-powered
over-current relays. The new self-powered philosophy enables
the reduction of power dissipation by more then 10 times. The
second chapter covers the basic principles of new selfpowering. The last part is explaining the operation of the
internal thermal protection and the communication message,
the task of which is the exact information "where and why" the
protected object is approaching to the collapse.
34-09 REVIEW OF POSSIBILITIES FOR
IMPLEMENTATION OF D[GITAL LINE
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SLOVENIAN HV
AND VHV NETWORK
Janez Zakonšek, Silvo Štruc, Franc Prepeluh
Abstract - Application of the line differential protection in HV
and VHV Slovenian network has been very limited so far.
There are many different reasons for such approach. Two most
important of them are definitely: a) absolutely selective
character of the line differential protection, and b)
requirements on highly available communication links, which
was not a case by the use of conventional technique. Paper
presents in its first part some basic differences between the line
distance and differential protection. Second part concentrates
on differences between conventional and modern, digital
differential protections. The communication network of ELES
- Slovenian Power Utility, has changed very much in last two
years. Authors analyse for this reason at the end the
possibilities for the introduction of the digital line differential
protection in Slovenian HV and VHV network.
35-01 TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL
POWER UTILITY ELEKTRO-SLOVENIJA
Dragić Paramentić, Simona Sila
Abstract - This atticle explains the telecommunications in
electrical power utility Elektro-Slovenija. With the use of up-to
dete telecommunication equipment it provides a permanent
control of electrical power system. The description of
telecommunication network, based on the "intteligent" network
in na radijskem ter optičnem sredstvu prenosa s
pripadajočo opremo. Naštete so že zgrajene in načrtovane
relacije.
35-02 SINHRONI DIGITALNI PRENOSNI SISTEMI
V ELEKTRO-SLOVENIJA
Miloš Ljubič
Povzetek - Članek obravnava digitalne linijske sisteme
prenosa na magistralnih relacijah v telekomunikacijskem
omrežju Elektro-Slovenija. Oprema v tehnologiji SDHSinhrone Digitalne Hierarhije je instalirana na kablih s
svetlovodi in pomeni hrbtenico v inteligentnem
transparentnem telekomunikacijskem sistemu.
35-03 USPEŠNO, UČINKOVITO IN DONOSNO
VODENJE TELEKOMUNIKACIJSKEGA
OMREŽJA
Ferdinand Valenčak
Povzetek - Referat podaja smernice za doseganje
uspešnosti in učinkovitosti vodenja telekomunikacijskega
omrežja, pridobljene na osnovi zgrajenega projekta
digitalnega telekomunikacijskega omrežja
Dravskih
elektrarn Maribor. Uspešnost dobrega vodenja trdno sloni
na spoznanju, da so storitve, dolgoročno gledano, najboljša
sredstva vrednotenja uspešnih operaterjev. Realna
pričakovanja dobrega vodenja telekomunikacijskega
omrežja so odvisna od časovnega načrta izgradnje,
vloženih finančnih sredstev, vloženega lastnega znanja in
strategije
izgradnje
na
razjasnjenih
elementih
telekomunikacijskega omrežja.
35-04 VODENJE TELEKOMUNIKACIJSKIH
PROJEKTOV V ELEKTROENERGETIKI
Tatjana Muha
Povzetek - Referat podaja pristop k vodenju
telekomunikacijskih projektov v elektroenergetskih
sistemih, s povdarkom na vključitvi v energetski sistem,
karakteristikah telekomunikacijskega sistema in finančni
organizaciji projekta.
35-05 POVEZAVE MED FLEKSBILNIMI TK
OMREŽJI ELEKTROGOSPODARSTVA
TRENUTNO STANJE IN MOŽNOSTI
Peter Ceferin, Matjaž Blokar, Tatjana Lukavečki
Povzetek - Referat opisuje obstoječe stanje omrežij
elektrogospodarstva Slovenije s stališča nadzora omrežji
in povezav med njimi. Predstavljene so metode in orodja
za doseganje učinkovitosti pri vzpostaljanju storitev med
omrežji ter možnosti za uvajanje novih prijemov pri
obvladovanju kompleksnih omrežij.
35-06 GRADITEV OPTIČNIH KABLOV NA
DALJNOVODNEM OMREŽJU ELES - A
Simona Sila
Povzetek - Prispevek obravnava graditev optičnih kablov
na daljnovodnem omrežju ELES-a kot najbolj učinkovito
zamenjavo obstoječih analognih visoko frekvenčnih zvez
po zaščitnih vrveh in faznih vodnikih daljnovodov.
Prikazane so različne tehnologije graditve, izvedena je
njihova primerjava in podani kriteriji izbora tehnologije
graditve optičnih kablov. Naštete so že zgrajene optične
relacije, optične relacije v pripravi in planirane.
35-07 OBRATOVALNA UKV RADIALNA MREŽA
Branko Ožbolt
with radio and optical transmission paths and belonging
equipment is aso given. Already built and planned links are
named.
35-02 LINES TERMINATING SDH EQUIPMENT IN
ELEKTRO SLOVENIA
Miloš Ljubič
Abstract - The article describes digital transmission systems
on the main routes in the telecommunication system of
Elektro-Slovenija. The backbone of Elektro-Slovenia is built
with fiber optic cables on which the telecommunication
equipment is connected. Telecommunication equipment
operates under the standards and recommendations which
describes SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. The flexibility
of SDH equipment enables Elektro-Slovenija backbone to
support more economical netwok solutions for widely
diversified applications.
35-03 THE SUCCESSFUL, EFFICIENT, PROFITABLE
OPERATOR IN TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
Ferdinand Valenčak
Abstract - Report is focusing the characteristics of successful
operators of telecommunications networks, driving the
organization
and
processes
in
project
»Digital
Telecommunications Network of Dravske elektrarne Maribor«.
Successful operators are based on recognition that service is
the best long-term differentiator, to have a clear vision of
target market and especially for new operators an realistic
expectations of what it takes: time, money, know-how, right
people…
35-04 MANAGEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS
TELECOMMUNICATION PROJECTS
Tatjana Muha
Abstract - The article presents approach to the management
of power systems telecommuncation projects with a main
stress on management of telecornmunication systems
integation
into
power
systems,
management
of
telecommunicaton system characteristics, and management of
financing and implementation resources.
35-05 INTERCONNECTIONS IN
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS OF POWER
ELECRTICITY COMPANIES
CURRENT STATE AND NEW POSSIBILITES
Peter Ceferin, Matjaž Blokar, Tatjana Lukavečki
Abstract - Article deals with existing network state of power
electricity companies of Slovenia and possibilities for
establishing services in complex networks. Methods and
tools for achieving efficient and effective network
managemement and in perspective customer service
management are introduced.
35-06 INSTALLATION OF OPTICAL CABLES ON THE
OHL NETWORK OF SLOVENIAN ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM (ACRONYM ELES)
Simona Sila
Abstract - the article describes the installation of optical
cables on the ELES OHL network as the most effecfive
replacement for the existing analogue high frequency links on
the insulation ropes and high fregency links on the phase line
conductors. Different technologies of installation, and their
comparison, criteria for the selection of technology of
installation of optical cables are given, as well. Further more,
the already installed optical relations are presented together
with the planned ones and those under installation.
35-07 UKV RADIAL NETWORK
Branko Ožbolt
Povzetek - Referat opisuje obnovo obratovalne UKV
radialne mreže v javnem
podjetju za distribucijo
električne energije Elektro Primorska, Nova Gorica.
Osnova stare obratovalne UKV radialne mreže je bilo
samostojno delovanje sedmih radijskih repetitorskih postaj
in 276 dolinskih radijskih postaj. Da bi bil teren v celoti
pokrit z radijskim signalom, je nova obratovalna UKV
radialna mreža ohranila število radijskih repetitorskih
postaj in njihovih lokacij. Število dolinskih radijskih postaj
se je zaradi novih potreb povečalo na 337. Posodobitev je
omogočila izvajanje osnovne dejavnosti podjetja in uvedbo
DCV, s pridobitvijo novih radijskih frekvenc je rešen
problem radijskih motenj, sama tehnologija radijskih postaj
pa omogoča usklajenost s predvidenim zakonom o
telekomunikacijah, oz. z CEPT priporočili.
35-08 POMEN PODATKOV V SLOJU VODENJA
TELEKOMUNIKACIJSKEGA OMREŽJA
Matjaž Blokar, Brane Zupan
Povzetek - Prispevek opisuje pomen podatkov, ki jih
zajema in obdeluje sistem vodenja telekomunikacijskega
ornrežja in se nanašajo na sloj vodenja omrežja samega,
obenem pa predstavljajo osnovo za uporabo v sloju
vodenja storitev. Tematika je aktualna za zagotavljanje
telekomunikacijskih potreb elektrogospodarskih podjetij
Slovenije, kakor tudi za morebitno bodočo uporabo
telekomunikacijskega omrežja za nudenje storitev drugim
uporabnikom.
35-09 ODPORNOST TELEKOMUNKACLISKIH
NAPRAV NA MOTNJE V INDUSTRIJSKEM
OKOLJU
Dragić Paramentić
Povzetek - Pisec članka opisuje prilagajanje zahtev za
ustreznost telekomunikacijskih naprav za delovanje v
motenem elektroenergetskem okolju novemu evropskemu
standardu. Narejena je primerjava med starimi in novimi
zahtevami.
36-01 UPORABA 2D IN 3D METODE KONČNIH
ELEMENTOV V BIOELEKTROMAGNETNIH
RAZISKAVAH
Igor Tičar, Oszkar Biro, Kurt Preis
Povzetek - Možni biološki efekti, ki jih povzročajo
električna in magnetna polja, postajajo aktualna
problematika pri ščitenju naprav. Projektanti in
konstruktorji visokonapetostne opreme in daljnovodov
morajo poznati jakost elektromagnetnega polja v okolici
naprav in visokonapetostnih vodov. V zadnjih letih smo
priča intenzivnemu razvoju na področju numeričnega
reševanja elektromagnetnega polja z uporabo metode
končih elementov (MKE). Metoda nam omogoča reševanje
2D in 3D problemov za različne geometrične in
elektromagnetne konfiguracije, obenem pa s tem omogoča
tudi optimizacijo naprav.
36-02 OCENJEVANJE ELEKTROMAGNETNIH
POLJ NADZEMNIH VODOV V SKLADU Z
ZAHTEVAMI NOVE UREDBE
Breda Cestnik, Franc Žlahtič
Povzetek - Članek predstavlja nekatere rezultate računskih
analiz
elektromagnetnih
polj
visokonapetostnih
daljnovodov, ki smo jih izdelali na EIMV po izidu nove
slovenske uredbe s področja elektromagnetnega sevanja.
Članek opozarja na potrebo po oblikovanju kriterijev za
izbiro vrednosti električnih parametrov in obenem podaja,
katere podatke bodo morala elektrogospodarska podjetja
pripraviti za presoje s stališča elektromagnetnih polj.
36-03 POSNETEK STANJA OBREMENITVE
OKOLJA Z NIZKOFREKVENČNIMI
ELEKTROMAGNETNIMI SEVANJI
Abstract - The report describes the restoration of the UKV
radial network in the public enterprise for electricity
distribution "Elektro Primorska, Nova Gorica". The basis of
the previous UKV radial network was represented by
independent functioning of seven radio repeter stations and
276 base and mobile stations. ln order to cover the whole area
by the radio signal the new UKV radial network preserves the
same number of radio repeter stations as well as their
locations.As a result of recent requirements the number of base
and mobile stations had to be increased to 337. The
modernization enables the enterprise to perform its basic
activities and the introduction of DCV; the problem of radio
interferences has also been solved by gainig new radio
frequencies; the technology of radio stations itself meets the
demands of the anticipated telecomuniction act based on CEPT
recomendations.
35-08 MEANING OF DATA IN THE NETWORK
MANAGEMENT LAYER
Matjaž Blokar, Brane Zupan
Abstract - The article describes the meaning of data, which
are collected and processed by the telecommunication network
management system and belong to the network layer itself as
well as form the basis for the service layer. Topic is important
for satisfying internal power electricity telecommunication
needs in Slovenia as well as usage of telecommunication
network to offer services to customers.
35-09 IMMUNITY OF THE TELECOMUNICATION
DEVICES FROM DISTURBANCES IN INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENT
Dragić Paramentić
Abstract - The author of the article describes the adaptation
of demands related to correspodence of the telecomunication
devices functioning in disturbed electroenergy environment to
the new Euro standard. The comparison between old and new
demands is given as well.
36-01 2D AND 3D FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN
BIOELECTROMAGNETIC RESEARCH
Igor Tičar, Oszkar Biro, Kurt Preis
Abstract - Recently the supposed biological effects of the
electric and magnetic fields are often discussed as actual
problems of the protection of environment. The designer of the
high voltage equipment and high voltage lines have to know
the field exposition in the surroundings of the equipment and
HV lines. New procedures for the numerical computation of
electromagnetic field by the method of the finite elements
(FEM) have been intensively developed in the last years. This
2D and 3D methods enable the calculation of any geometrical
and electromagnetical configurations, at the same time
enabling optimization of the geometrical and electromagnetical
configurations.
36-02 ESTIMATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
RESULTING FROM ELECTRIC
POWER TRANSMISSION LINES IN THE LIGHT OF
THE NEWLY ENFORCED
LEGISLATION
Breda Cestnik, Franc Žlahtič
Abstract - The article presents some results of electromagnetic
fieid calculations of high voltage transmission lines, that we
performed after the adoption of a new Slovenian legislation
governing electromagnetic radiation. A need of stating a
criterion for electric parameter selection is pointed out and data
needed for the electromagnetic field estimation are specified.
36-03 ELECTROMAGNETIC RAD1ATION EN LIVING
AND NATURAL ENVIF .ONMENT
Peter Gajšek, Damijan Miklavčič
Peter Gajšek, Damijan Miklavčič
Povzetek - Referat podaja rezultate posnetka stanja
sevalnih obremenitev v okolju v Sloveniji zaradi prenosa
in distribucije električne energije. Izvedena je tudi ocena
zdravstvenega
tveganja
glede
na
uredbo
o
elektromagnetnih sevanjih v naravnem in življenskem
okolju.
36-04 VPLIV UREDBE O ELEKTROMAGNETNEM
SEVANJU NA PARAMETRE 110 IN 400 kV
DALJNOVODOV
F. Žlahtič, B. Cestnik, S. Grajfoner, F. Jakl
Povzetek - Članek predstavlja zahteve novega slovenskega
predpisa s področja elektromagnetnega sevanja o
dopustnih vrednostih elektromagnetnih polj. V načrtovanje
in izgradnjo elektroenergetskih postrojev prinaša ta nove
kriterije ter spremembo ustaljenih postopkov za pripravo
investicij. Podali smo rezultate prve tovrstne analize pri
nas.
36-05 KOLEBANJE NAPETOSTl — STANJE V
ELEKTROENERGETSKEM SISTEMU SLOVENIJE
Miran Horvat, Andrej Orgulan, Jože Voršič
Povzetek - V referatu predstavljamo rezultate izvedenih
meritev
kolebanja napetosti v elektroenergetskem
omrežju Slovenije. Tovrstne meritve so osnova za
postavitev vrednosti, ki jih lahko dosežemo v naslednjem
srednjeročnem obdobju. Pri analizi stanja moramo
poznati fizikalno sliko nastanka kolebanja napetosti,
kakor tudi način razširjanja tovrstnih motenj po omrežju
in vpliv posameznih parametrov omrežja nanje.
Prikazano je stanje v nekaj tipičnih točkah 110 kV
elektroenergetskega omrežja, ki je merodajno za prikaz
kolebanja napetosti v sistemu. Tovrstne meritve so
dolgotrajne, tako da je časovno obdobje izvajanja
meritev kar nekaj mesecev.
36-06 PREDLOG PRAVILNIKA O OMEJEVANJU
KOLEBANJA NAPETOSTI
Jože Voršič, Ladislav Mikola, Andrej Orgulan, Darko
Koritnik, Janez Bratina, Zlatan Turčin, Andrej Korošec
Povzetek - Predstavljen je predlog pravilnika iz sklopa
elektromagnetne združljivosti, ki regulira področje
kolebanja napetosti in s tem povezanega pojava flikerja.
Skupina strokovnjakov je več kot leto dni pripravljala
predlog in v ta namen preučila svetovno literaturo ter
opravila posnetek stanja tovrstnih napetostnih motenj v
Slovenskem elektroenergetskem omrežju.
36-07 TEHNIČNA REGULATIVA ZA PODROČJE
ELEKTROMAGNETNE ZDRUŽLJIVOSTI V
ELEKTROENERGETSKEM SISTEMU
F. Žlahtič, A. Tiršek, E. Seršen, M. Kern
Povzetek – Članek predstavlja elektromagnetno
združljivost (EMC), ki se navezuje na elektroenergetski
sistem (EES) na dveh področjih. Prvo področje EMC
opredeljuje medsebojne motnje in motenja porabnikov na
vseh napetostnih nivojih EES, s tem se navezuje tudi na
kvaliteto električne energije. Drugo področje opredeljuje
EMC v samih postrojih EES ter se navezuje na nivoje
združljivosti motenj posameznih sekundarnih in primarnih
sistemov v postrojih.
36-08 ANALIZA PREHODNIH PRENAPETOSTI
lZMERJENIH V SEKUNDARNIH TOKOKROGlH
PRENOSNIH IN DISTRIBUCIJSKIH RTP GLEDE
NA DOPUSTNE VELIKOSTI
Tomaž Živic, Franc Žlahtič, Dimitrij Aleš
Povzetek - V članku prikazujemo kriterije po katerih smo
izbrali dopustne velikosti konduktivnih motenj (prehodnih
prenapetosti) na vhodnih sponkah sekundarnih naprav in
tokokrogov ter izhodišča s katerimi določamo
Abstract - In this paper the results from electromagnetic fields
arised from the distribution and delivery of electric energy are
presented. A health risk assesment according to the ordinance
on electromagnetic radiation in natural and living environment
is made.
36-04 EFFECTS OF THE NEWLY ENFORCED LAW
CONTROLLING ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION ON PARAMETERS OF 110 AND 400 kV
POWER LINES
F. Žlahtič, B. Cestnik, S. Grajfoner, F. Jakl
Abstract - The paper presents a new Slovenian law governing
electromagnetic radiation. The law that was adopted in 1996
imposes new criteria to designing and constructing electric
power plants. Results of a case study of a new international
connection (Slovenia - Hungary) are presented. This is the first
study made in Slovenia in accordance with the new legislation.
36-05 VOLTAGE FLICKER - OVERVIEW OF THE
STATE IN SLOVENIAN POWER SYSTEM
Miran Horvat, Andrej Orgulan, Jože Voršič
Abstract - Paper presents the results of the flicker level
measurements in the Slovenian power system. This kind of
measurement is the groundwork for the aim-level values
estimation, which can be achieved in the medium-term period.
At the analysis of the current state, one must possess
knowledge of the voltage flicker origin, as well as the
influence of particular system parameters on such voltage
distortion and the way that voltage flicker is spreading through
the system. The state of some typical locations in the 110 kV
electrical network is point-out in this paper. Measurements of
voltage flicker are long-term work, so the estimation of typical
flicker-levels was taking place over a few months.
36-06 PROPOSAL OF THE REGULATION FOR
VOLTAGE FLICKER LIMTATION
Jože Voršič, Ladislav Mikola, Andrej Orgulan, , Darko
Koritnik, Janez Bratina, Zlatan Turčin, Andrej Korošec
Abstract - The proposal af the regulatory act for voltage
flicker limitation is presented. It is from the complex, which
deals with the electromagnetic compatibility. The team of
experts has been preparing this document for more than year in
for this purpose analyse more similar documents from different
countries, as well as fundamentals of light flicker phenomenon.
The state of current voltage flicker levels in Slovenian power
system has been measured for this purpose also.
36-07 TECHNICAL LEGISLATION REGULATING
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY IN THE
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
F. Žlahtič, A. Tiršek, E. Seršen, M. Kern
Abstract - The paper is focused on two aspects of
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the electric power
system (EPS). Firstly, it describes EMC disturbances caused
by consumers and EPS ifself at any EPS voltage Ievels.
Secondary, it defines EMC for the EPS primary and secondary
equipment for all the EPS facilitles. It ends by suggesting the
most appropriate method of accomplishing EMC in
compliance with the national, European and international
standards and legislations.
36-08 ANALYSlS OF TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES
MEASURED IN SECONDARY CIRCUITS IN
SUBSTATIONS OF TRANSMISSION AND
DlSTRlBUTION SYSTEM WlTH RESPECT TO
PERMlSSlVE VALUES
Tomaž Živic, Franc Žlahtič, Dimitrij Aleš
Abstract - The paper shows criteria for the selection or
permissive values for conductive disturbances (transient
overvoltages) at input terminals or secondary equipment and
elektromagnetna okolja v postrojih EES. Pravilnost izbire
ugotavljamo in ilustriramo z analizo izmerjenih prehodnih
prenapetosti v posameznih elektromagnetnih okoljih več
postrojev.
37-01 DIREKTIVE EVROPSKEGA PARLAMENTA
GLEDE FORMIRANJA INTERNEGA
TRGA ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE
Ivo Banič, Rado Faleskini
37-02 CENE lN TARlFNI SISTEMI V
ENERGETIKl
Karlo Peršolja
Vsebina - principi za oblikovanje tarifnih razmerij med
tarifnimi postavkami za električno energijo s posebnim
povdarkom na razmerja med tarifnimi postavkami za
visoko in nizko napetost. Primerjava s cenami v državah
evropske skupnosti in drugimi državami.
37-03 VARSTVO OKOLJA - FAKTOR OMEJITVE
PRI PLANIRANJU ENERGETSKIH OBJEKTOV
Igor Čuhalev
Povzetek - V postopku planiranja energetskih objektov se
poleg splošnih dejavnikov, kot so potreba po energiji,
razpoložljive tehnologije, energetski viri in dastopna
finančna sredstva, vse močneje pojavlja tudi dejavnik
varstva okolja. Ker je njihov vpliv bistvenega pomena, ga
je potrebno upoštevati v vseh fazah življenjskega ciklusa
energetskih objektov, vse od izbire tehnologije in
energetskega vira optimizacije proizvodnje do sanacije
objektov po prenehanju obratovanja. Članek na primeru
energetskih objektov prikazuje sestavo poročila o vplivih
na okolje, ki upošteva in združuje sprejete podzakonske
akte s področja varstva okolja, skupaj z rabo prostora in
odnosom lokalnih skupnosti do obravnavane problematike.
To poročilo predstavlja enega od bistvenih dokumentov, na
katerih temelji postopek načrtovanja energetskih objektov.
37-04 UPOŠTEVANJE TEMPERATURNIH
VPLIVOV NA PORABO ELEKTRIČNE
ENERGIJE V MODELU ELBIVIM GLEDE NA
DOLGOLETNA TEMPERATURNA NIHANJA
Zvone Košnjek, Franc Potočnik, Zvonko Bregar
Povzetek - V referatu je prikazano upoštevanje vpliva
zunanje temperature na porabo električne energije, kot ga
obravnava simulacijski model ELBIVIM. Izračunana je
povprečna dnevna zunanja temperatura v Sloveniji z
upoštevanjem karakteristik porabe električne energije po
distribucijskih področjih. Temelj metodologije predstavlja
verjetnostna obdelava serije povprečnih zunanjih
temperatur iz obdobja 1961-90. Statistična analiza
soodvisnosti porabe električne energije in verjetnostno
pogojene zunanje temperature omogoča definiranje t.i.
meteoroloških let v modelu ELBIVIM.
37-05 ELAM-SLO
RAČUNSKI MODEL OBREMENITEV
ELEKTROENERGETSKEGA SEISTEMA ZA
PLANIRANJE RAZVOJA
Andreja Urbančič, Miha Tomšič
Povzetek - Prispevek opisuje simulacijski model ELAMSLO, ki je bil razvit in uporabljen v okviru projekta
integralno načrtovanje energetike za učinkovito rabo
energije v Sloveniji. Model .je namenjen časovno zelo
podrobni obravnavi vpliva tipičnih porabnikov in lokalnih
proizvajalcev
na
obliko
diagrama
obremenitev
elektroenergetskega sistema. Z ELAM-SLO je analiza
končne rabe energije (z MESAP) povezana z analizo
planiranja razširitev elektro energetskega sistema (WASP).
circuits, and determination of electromagnetic environments in
EPS facilities. The correctness of the selection is examined and
illustrated with an analysis of the measured transient
overvoltages in particular electromagnetic environments.
37-01
Ivo Banič, Rado Faleskini
37-02
Karlo Peršolja
Abstract - this paper discusses the wide gap in the tariffication
system due to decay comparability of the end-use electricity
price, in HV and LV comsumption. There is also presented the
comparision of electricity prices in Slovenia, EC and other
countries.
37-03 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - FACTOR OF
LIMITATION AT THE POWER GENERATION UNIT
PLANNING
Igor Čuhalev
Abstract - The process of the power generation unit planning
is to take full consideration of vital energy elements, such as
energy demand, avallable technologies, energy sources and
accessible financial means. Recently, there has been a strong
deman felt to include into these elements also the
environmental protection. Namely, the impact of such
protection being of utmost importance, it is a prerequisite to be
fully aware of it throughout all the phases of the life cycle of
any generation plant, i.e. selection of an appropriate
technology or energy source, production optimisation and plant
conservation after decommissioning. The paper presents the
content of reports on environmental impacts which reflect the
adopted an environmental protect legislafion and also take full
consideration of the use of space and attitudes of local
communities to the issue. These reports are one of the basic
guidelines on which the power unit planning process is based.
37-04 CONSIDERATION OF TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE
ELBIVIM MODEL IN THE LIGHT OF THE MANY
YEARS
TEMPERATURE OSCILLATIONS
Zvone Košnjek, Franc Potočnik, Zvonko Bregar
Abstract - The paper analysis the effect of the external
temperature on the electricity consumption as approached to by
the ELDIVIM simulation model. The average daily external
temperature in Slovenia is calculated with consideration of
electricity consumption characteristics specific for individual
distribution areas. The methodology is based on the probability
approach to a series of average external temperatures as
experienced in the period 1961-90. The statistic analysis of
interdependence of the electricity consumption and the
probability conditioned external temperature provide the basis
for the definition of meteorological years in the ELBIVIM
model.
37-05 ELAM -SLO
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM LOAD SIMULATION
MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Andreja Urbančič, Miha Tomšič
Abstract - In the following paper simulation model ELAMSLO is described which was developed and applied in the
frame of project Integrated resource planning for the rational
use of energy in Slovenia. Detalled analysis of time dependent
influences of typical users and local producers on electric
power system load diagram is the main task of the model.
ELAM-SLO represents a link between final energy analysis
(by MESAP) and electric power system expansion planning
(by WASP). In the paper, the concept of ELAM-SLO model,
the model building phase and simulation algorithm are
V prispevku je na kratko opisana konceptualna zasnova
modela, izgradnja
modela ter potek simulacijskega
postopka. Prikazani so rezultati izračunov.
37-06 UPORABA METODE MONTE CARLO PRI
SIMULACIJI IZPADOV TERMOAGREGATOV V
MODELU ZA DOLGOROČNO NAČRTOVANJE
EES
Z. Košnjek, F. Potočnik, Z. Bregar, B. Orel
Povzetek - Referat opisuje uporabo metode Monte Carlo
(MC) pri simulaciji izpadov termoagregatov (TA) v
domačem
modelu
za
dolgoročno
načrtovanje
elektroenergetskega sistema (EES) - ELBIVIM.
Predstavljena metodologija simulacije izpadov omogoča
verjetnostno obravnavo različnih stanj v EES, ob hkratnem
upoštevnju zahtevnih obratovalnih omejitev TA. Rezultati
aplikacije metodologij v modelu ELBIVIM, tako glede
doseganja konvergence, kot natančnosti izračunov vseh
zanesljivostnih indeksov EES, so zelo dobri.
37-07 POTENCIAL SONČNE ENERGIJE V
URBANEM OKOLJU
Andrej Hanžič, Jože Voršič, Andrej Orgulan, Andrej
Kosmačin
Povzetek - Že pred nekaj leti so strokovnjaki opozorili, da
uporabe fotonapetostnih sistemov ne zavira več
tehnologija, temveč premala proizvodnja. Pri dvigu
količine proizvodnje fotonapetostnih pretvornikov za
stokrat bi cena padla najmanj na desetino sedanje, kar bi
pomenilo absolutno konkurenčnost klasičnim energetskim
virom. V prihodnje je torej nujno potrebno računati z
neposredno pretvorbo sončne energije v električno. Z
novejšimi tipi fotonapetostnih materialov (v obliki folije ali
strešne kritine) postaja idealna lokacija za namestitev leteh kar strešna površina, saj ni potrebno razmišljati o
dodatnih konstrukcijah. V članku smo predstavili potek
zbiranja potrebnih informacij za primer mesta Maribor ter
podali oceno o potencialni količini sončne energije na
površinah streh v mestu. Razen same površine moramo za
oceno vpadle energije zbrati tudi podatke o nagibih in
orientacijah strešnih površin, saj le te bistveno vplivajo na
količino uporabne energije.
37-08 INTERKONEKCIJA SLOVENIJA –
MADŽARSKA IN DILEME PRI NAČRTOVANJU
Jože Perme, Krešimir Bakič, Franc Jakl, Slavko Grajfoner
Povzetek - V prispevku je obravnavana problematika
načrtovane interkonekcije Slovenija- Madžarska, ki naj bi
za EES Slovenije predstavljala neposreden dostop do
potencialnih presežkov električne energije
iz
vzhodnoevropskih držav, ki se pospešeno vključujejo v
sinhrono obratovanje z UCPTE. Spričo vse večjih
obratovalnih težav, ki so posledica ponovnega naraščanja
porabe in nezadostnih domačih virov ter omejenih
kapacitet prenosnega omrežja pri večjih uvozih iz zahoda,
se ponovno obuja ideja o gradnji 400 kV daljnovoda
Slovenija - Madžarska. Zaradi vrste negotovosti in
nedorečenosti glede bodoče strategije pokrivanja porabe v
Sloveniji in izgradnje sosednjih prenosnih omrežij, so pri
načrtovanju nove interkonekcije prisotne dileme v zvezi z
njeno perspektivno vlogo v slovenskem EES-u.
37-09 INTERAKCIJA MED PLANIRANJEM
PRENOSNIH IN DISTRIBUTIVNIH OMREŽIJ V
SLOVENIJI
Krešimir Bakič, Marjan Žumer, Slavko Grajfoner
Povzetek - Referat obravnava problematiko načrtovanja
110 kV omrežja, ki je na stičišču med prenosom in
described shortly. Computation results are given.
37-06 THE USE OF THE MONTE CARLO METHOD AT
FORCED OUTAGE SIMULATION IN THE LONG EPS
PLANNING MODEL
Z. Košnjek, F. Potočnik, Z. Bregar, B. Orel
Abstract - The paper describes the use of the Monte Carlo
method at the unit forced outage simulation in the domestic
model ELBIVIM. The presented forced outage simulation
methodology enables the probability approach to various EPS
states at the simultaneous consideration of the imposed unit
operational constraints. Results of the methodology application
in the ELBIVIM model are very good, both in terms of
assurance of convergences and calculation accuracy of any of
the EPS reliability indices.
37-07 POTENTIAL OF SUN ENERGY IN URBAN AREA
Andrej Hanžič, Jože Voršič, Andrej Orgulan, Andrej
Kosmačin
Abstract - A few years ago the scientists pointed out that the
development of photovoltaic systems was no longer hampered
by technology, but by an insufficient volume of production. lf
the volume of production of photovoltaic converters increased
by the factor 100, their price would go down at least to one
tenth of its present level, which would bring a full
competitiveness of solar energy with the conventioal energies.
In the future it will therefore be necessary to allow for the
direct conversion of solar energy into electricity. With the
modern types of photovoltaic materials (in the shape of foil or
roofing) the rooftop becomes an ideal site for the installation of
solar cells, since there is no need for additional constructions.
The process of the collection of relevant information for the
city of Maribor is described in the paper, as well as the
estimation of solar energy potential on the citys roof surfaces.
To evaluate the amount or available solar radiant energy it is
beside the surface area, also necessary to collect data on tilts
and orientations of the surfaces.
37-08 SLOVENIJA - HUNGARY
INTERCONNECTION AND
DLLEMMAS AT THE PLANNING
STAGE
Jože Perme, Krešimir Bakič, Franc Jakl, Slavko Grajfoner
Abstract - the paper analyses the issue of the planned
Slovenija-Hungary interconnection which is expected to
provide for the Slovenian electric power system a direct access
to potential surpluses of electricity from Eastern European
countries that have been, a quickened pace, integrating with
the synchronous UCPTE operation. Due too more and more
acute operational problems, resulting from the inereased
consumption and insufficient domestic sources, as well as
limited capacities of the transmission network at larger imports
from the West, the idea is being revoked about the construction
of a new 400 kV Slovenia-Hungary line. Owing to a number of
incertitude and unsettled views as to the future strategy of the
consumption meeting in Slovenia and the construction of the
neighbouring transmission networks, here have been numerous
dilemmas noted at the planning of the new interconnetion as
far as its perspective role in the Slovenian electric power
system is concerned.
37-09 INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PLANNING OF
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN
SLOVENIA
Krešimir Bakič, Marjan Žumer, Slavko Grajfoner
Abstract - The paper is focused on the questions envisaged at
the planning of the 110 kV network that concerns both, the
distribucijo električne energije. Pojasnjuje razlike med
načrtovanjem podprenosnega omrežja s strani prenosa in
distribucije. Kriteriji načrtovanja, oblikovanje, gostota
porabe in obremenjenost transformatorskih postaj imajo
pomembno vlogo pri planiranju tega omrežja. Z razvojem
elektroenergetskega sistema se spreminja funkcija
podprenosnega (110 kV) omrežja iz prenosa v čisto
distributivno omrežje.
transmission and distriburtion of electricity. It explains
differences in the planning as foreseen by the two entities, the
transmission and the distribution. The criteria of the planning,
implementation, consumption density and the expeded
commitments of transformer stations play an important role in
the planning of the observed network. The development of the
electric power system results in changes of the function of the
subtransmission (110 kV) system, transforming it from the
transmision to the pure distribution network.
37-10 MOŽNOSTI UVAJANJA STATIČNIH
KOMPENZATORJEV V SLOVENSKEM
PRENOSNEM SISTEMU
Brane Hlebčar
Povzetek - Statični var kornpenzatorji so odlično sredstvo
za regulablino paralelno kompenzacijo. Osnovna naloga
večine obstoječih SVC v prenosnih sistemih je
avtomatska regulacija napetosti v točki priključitve SVC.
Zgornja napetostna meja prenosnih sistemov je določena z
izolacijskim nivojem sistemov in z napetostjo, pri kateri
pride do nasičenja transformatorjev. Spodnja napetostna
meja je običajno določena z zahtevo, da ne pride do
preobremenitve elementov elektroenergetskega sistema,
da se prepreči izpad generatorjev zaradi problemov z
napetostjo, predvsem pa je pomembno, da ob določenih
tranzitih delovne moči napetosti ne padejo pod kritično
vrednost, kar bi lahko pripeljalo do napetostnega zloma.
Prispevek analizira učinek morebitnega uvajanja statičnih
kompenzatorjev v slovenskem prenosnem omrežju.
37-11 SCENARIJI PORABE ELEKTRIČNE
ENERGIJE Z MODELOM MEDEE-RS2
Štefan Ivanjko
Povzetek - Simulacijski model za načrtovanje porabe
končne energije MEDEE-RS2 je v slovenskem prostoru
uveljavljeno in priznano orodje. Sedanja verzija modela
izhaja iz modela MEDEE-2 in je rezultat številnih
predelav, dopolnitev in nadgraditev. Osnovne konture
modela so bile postavljene v l. 1987, takrat so bili
pripravljeni tudi prvi scenariji porabe končne energije. V
referatu je predstavljen razvoj modela ter razvoj scenarijev
porabe električne energije v preteklem obdobju.
37-12 VPLIV STRATEGIJ UČNKOVITE
RABE ENERGIJE NA ODJEM
ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE IZ MREŽJA
Miha Tomšič, Andreja Urbančič, Fouad Al Mansour, Stane
Merše
Povzetek - Orisan je pristop, metoda in nekateri rezultati
študije za podporo nacionalnim odločitvam v energetiki.
Izbrana je bila metoda "celovitega načrtovanja energetike"
(CNE) v povezavi s struktuirano postavitvijo problema in
večkriterijskim ocenjevanjem učinkov. Ukrepi za
učinkovito rabo energije (URE) vključujejo dvig cene
energije, v intenzivnih strategijah z davkom na energijo do
20%, promocijske dejavnosti in proračunske subvencije.
Na odjem električne energije iz javnega omrežja bodo
najbolj vplivale izboljšave industrijskih procesov in
razvoj lokalnih virov elektrike, med katerimi ima največji
potencial soproizvodnja elektrike in toplote. V
gospodinjstvih deluje več protislovnih dejavnikov, tako da
bodo spremembe manjše. Celotni učinek intenzivne
strategije URE v industriji in gospodinjstvu bi dal
zmanjšanje odjema elektrike v letu 2020 za okoli 13%.
Intenzivna strategija URE je ugodna z ozirom na
ekonomske, energetske in okoljske kriterije, manj ugodna
pa z ozirom na socialno-politične kriterije. Tudi pred
elektriško gospodarstvo postavlja nove izzive.
38-01 DECENTRALIZIRANA IZVEDBA
SEKUNDARNE REGULACIJE NAPETOSTI Z
37-10 PROSPECTIVE APPLICATON OF
STATIC COMPENSATORS IN
SLOVENIAN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Brane Hlebčar
Abstract - Static Var Compensators are an excellent means for
providing easily and rapidly controllable shunt reactive-power
compensation. Automatic control of the voltage al the point of
connection of the SVC is the primary function of the majority
of existing transmission SVCs. The upper voltage limit of the
transmission system is set by the highest voltage for which the
plant is designed with respect to electrical stress and
transformer saturation. The lower voltage limit is normally
determined by the need to avoid the overloading of lines and
transformers, to prevent the shutting down of generating units
due to auxiliary system problems or to be above the critical
voltage with respect to voltage collapse for a given power
transfer. The paper analyses the effects of prospective
application of stafic compenstors in slovenian transmission
system.
37-11 ELECTRICITY DEMAND SCENARIOS
PREPARED WITH THE MEDEE RS2 MODEL
Štefan Ivanjko
Abstract - The MEDEE-RS2 simulation model is foreseen for
midlle and long term planning of the final energy demand. As
such it has won its recognition in Slovenia. The present version
of the model is the result of many modifications and
improvements of the MEDEE-2 model. The basic structure of
the model was established in 1987. At the same time the first
final energy demand scenarios were prepared. In the paper the
model development as well as development of electricity
demand scenarios in the past few years are presented.
37-12 IMPACT OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES ON ELECTRICITY DEMAND FROM
THE NETWORK
Miha Tomšič, Andreja Urbančič, Fouad Al Mansour, Stane
Merše
Abstract - An outline of the approach, method and some
results of a study to support national energy policy decisions is
presented. The "Integrated Resources Planning" method has
been selected, augmented by a structured problem analysis
approach and multicriterial evaluation. Energy efficiency (EE)
measures include increase of energy prices, in the intensive EE
strategies with up to 20% energy tax, promotion activities and
budget subsidies. The demand for electricity from the public
grid will be most influenced by improvements of industrial
processes and by the development of local electricity sources,
where cogeneration of elecricity and heat has the highest
potential. In the households thre are several contradicting
influences so that the changes will be modest. Total effect of
the intensive EE strategies in the industry and household
sectors will decrease the demand for electricity by 13% in the
year 2020. The intensive EE strategy is favourable aocording
to the economics, energy and environmental criteria and less
favourable according to the socio-political criteria. It is
challenging also for the power industry.
38-01 DECENTRALIZED SECONDARY VOLTAGE
CONTROL WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
UMETNIM NEVRONSKIM OMREŽJEM
Andrej Gubina, Ferdinand Gubina
Povzetek - V članku predstavljamo izvedbo zamisli o
decentralizirani sekundami regulaciji napetosti in jalovih
moči, ki temelji na optimalnih pretokih moči v EES. Vsak
primarni napetostni regulator v generatorskem vozlišču je
opremljen z lokalnim sekundarnim regulatorjem. Ta je
izveden s pomočjo umetnega nevronskega omrežja
(UNO), ki je naučeno s pomočjo velikega števila delovnih
stanj EES ter optimalnih pretokov moči po EES kot
reference pri učenju. Zamisel je bila preizkušena na
dopolnjenem testnem sistemu New England. Napetostni
profil, kot ga je nastavljala sekundarna regulacija
napetosti, je dokaj dobro sledil profilu, kot ga določa
terciarna regulacija. Obenem so se zmanjšale delovne in
jalove izgube v EES.
38-02 ANALIZA ASINHRONEGA OBRATOVANJA
HE DOBLAR
Pavel Omahen, Andrej Černe
Povzetek - Analiziramo primer asinhronega obratovanja
HE Doblar, ki nastane kot posledica njene lokacije v EES
Slovenije in starih izvedb generatorjev brez dušilne
kratkostične kletke. Primerjamo rezultate simulacijske
analize s konkretnimi merilnimi rezultati sistema SOREL,
dobljenimi med trajanjem defekta v omrežju in
nestabilnosti agregatov HE Doblar. Problem obdelujemo s
pomočjo podrobnega modela HE Doblar in modela EES
Slovenije. Prikažemo izgubo stabilnosti HE Doblar z
različnimi parametri generatorjev in njihovo obnašanje
med prehodom v asinhrono obratovanje. Predlagamo
ustrezno zaščito agregatov in električnega omrežja, ki naj v
večji meri prepreči možnost asinhronih obratovalnih stanj.
38-03 VPLIVANJE NA PORABO V
DISTRIBUCIJSKIH OMREŽJIH S
POMOČJO URAVNAVANJA NAPETOSTNEGA
PROFILA
J. Curk, R. Golob, F. Gubina
Povzetek - Uravnavanje napetosti v SN omrežjih omogoča
opazno vplivanje na porabo. Doslej se takšnih ukrepov ni
uporabljalo, saj zahtevajo obratovanje blizu napetostnih
omejitev, pri čemer pa ni na razpolago podatkov o višini
napetosti v samem omrežju. Zato so potrebne predhodne
analize omrežja. Nov postopek, ki temelji na statističnih
analizah medsebojnih odvisnosti spremenljivk v omrežju,
pa omogoča zelo preprosto rešitev, ki nadomesti obsežne
meritve napetosti v SN omrežjih. Za ocenitev stanja v
omrežju, ki ga napaja dani RTP, tako zadošča že
poznavanje lokalnih meritev napetost pretokov jalovih
moči in tokov. Rezultati analiz kažejo, da bi ob uporabi
za optimizacijo napetostnega
predlaganega postopka
profila v SN omrežjih lahko distribucijska podjetja ob
skoraj nespremenjeni skupni dobavljeni energiji znižala
konično moč odjema za kakih 5%.
38-04 SIMULACIJSKI MODEL VERIGE HE NA
SOČI
T. Štokelj, D. Grgič, R. Golob, F. Gubina
Povzetek - V referatu je predstavljen simulacijski model
verige HE na Soči. Le ta lahko služi dispečerju kot pomoč
pri vrednotenju variant obratovana. Model je blokovno
zgrajen, kar omogoča enostavno vključitev novih objektov
ter spremembo že obstoječih. Upoštevane so vse tehnične
in obratovalne omejitve HE, kar zagotavlja veliko
natančnost. Zaradi tega je model uporaben tudi kot osnova
za vrednotenje variant v optimizacijskih algoritmih.
Izdelan je uporabniški vmesnik, ki omogoča enostavno
uporabo tega programa osebju v lokalnem centru vodenja.
Prikazan je primer simulacije dnevnega obratovanj verige
HE na Soči.
Andrej Gubina, Ferdinand Gubina
Abstract - An extremely decentralized approach to secondary
voltage control is proposed based on the results of the optimal
power flow calculation. For that purpose local secondary
voltage controllers are attached to each generating unit
excitation controller. The secondary voltage controllers utilize
artificial neural networks which are trained on a large set of the
power system states with optimal power flows as the optimal
target. The concept was applied on the modified New England
test system. The voltage control kept the voltage profile close
to the required one set in turn by the tertiary voltage control.
At the same time it reduced the active and reactive power
system losses, thus resembling the suboptimal secondary
voltage control.
38-02 ANALYSIS OF THE DOBLAR HPP
ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
Pavel Omahen, Andrej Černe
Abstract - The Doblar hydro power plant (HPP) stability was
carefully investigated in view of its location in the Slovenian
electric power system and the old type generators construction
without damper windings. A comparison was made between
the DINSIS simulation program results and SOREL measuring
system data obtained during the network fault and Doblar HPP
instability.The problem was analysed with a power system
model which provides for a detailed presentation of the
Slovenian power system and in particular the Doblar HPP. An
analysis of the plant stability and transition into the
asynchronous operation of machines are presented. The plant
and network protection scheme is proposed for avoidance of
the machines asynchronous operation.
38-03
J. Curk, R. Golob, F. Gubina
Abstract - Considerable load changes are possible due to
voltage level variations in the MV networks. In the past, such
measures were not in use because of problems with network
voltage supervision in operation close to the voltage limits,
which is necessary to achieve better results. Therefore network
analysis are used. A new simple voltage evaluation procedure
based on statistical data and local measurements of voltages,
reactive powers and currents. Promising results show
possibility of 5% peak load decrease by the same amount of
sold energy during the day period.
38-04
T.Štokelj, D. Grgič, R. Golob, F. Gubina
Abstract - In the paper, a simulation model for the Soča river
hydro-cascade system is presented. This model can be used as
a help to operator in the local control centre. Its structure is
modular, which simplifies the acidition of new objects into
system or to change existing ones. All major technical and
operational constraints are taken into account. Because of that,
model can be used in optimisation algorithms. Also, userfriendly interface is build. Operation is simulated and results
are presented for Soča river hydro-cascade system.
39-01 ANALIZA SEKUNDARNE REGULACIJE
POVEZANIH ELEKTROENERGETSKIH
SISTEMOV
Uroš Salobir, Ferdinand Gubina, Janez Hrovatin
Povzetek - V prispevku smo obravnavali parametre
sekundarne regulacije frekvence in delovne moči
povezanih elektroenergetskih sistemov na osnovi
ustreznega modela in najnovejših programskih orodij.
Analizirali smo vpliv proizvodne strukture, parametrov
sekundarnega regulatorja in regulacijske hierarhije
povezav s sosednjimi sistemi na kakovost sekundarne
regulacije. Proučili smo tudi njihov vpliv na velikost
rezerve
v
slovenskem
potrebne
regulacijske
elektroenergetekem sistemu.
39-02 SLOVENSKI EES KOT ELEMENT
EVROPSKE INTERKONEKCIJE
Janez Hrovatin, Jure Ratej, Georgi Zlatarev
Povzetek - Dan je pregled zahtev za paralelno obratovanje
v interkonekciji UCPTE, ki jih morajo izpolnjevati njeni
člani. Opisana je tudi vrsta ukrepov, ki so privedli do
izpolnjevanja pogojev EES Slovenije za članstvo.
Obravnavanje sekundarne in terciarne rezerve v hidrotermo sistemu je podano z matematičnim opisom
parametrov hidroelektrarn in termoagregatov, ki sodelujejo
pri oblikovanju rezerve v sistemu.
39-03 VLOGA TERMOENERGETSKIH OBJEKTOV
PRI SEKUNDARNI REGULACIJI P/f
V EES SLOVENIJE
Milan Jevšenak, Gorazd Skubin, Damjan Stanek
Povzetek - Elektroenergetski sistem (EES) Slovenije je kot
polnopravni član dolžan upoštevati priporočila za
sekundarno regulacijo P/f v interkonekciji UCPTE . V
referatu je prikazana vloga termoenergetskih objektov pri
sekundarni regulaciji P/f v slovenskem EES in s tem
povezana problematika. Nakazane so smernice za dvig
kvalitete regulacije in s tem tudi obratovanja samega
sistema.
39-04 ZANESLJIVOST DELOVANJA NAPRAV ZA
DALJINSKO VODENJE NA PRIMORSKEM
Ivan Korečič, Marjan Lisjak, Borut Podgornik
Povzetek - V referatu so podani rezultati večletnih
opazovanj obratovanja naprav za daljinsko vodenje in
krmiljenje, ki so vezane na center OCV Nova Gorica.
Nadalje so v članku izračunani časi MTTR in MTBF ter
razpoložljivost A za obratovalno obdobje zadnjih sedmih
let.
39-05 JALOVA MOČ NE KRŠKO IN NAPETOSTNA
STABILNOST EES
Vladimir Dirnbek, Ferdinand Gubina, Pavel Omahen
Povzetek - Prikazujemo učinke regulacijskih sistemov
jalova moč/napetost v NE Krško, ki morajo skupaj z
drugimi regulacijami v električnem omrežju in bližnjih
elektrarnah zagotavljati usklajeno delovanje in slabilne
napetostne razmere v EES. Na modelu značilnega primera
delovanja regulacije napetosti preko 400/110kV
transformacije v Mariboru pokažemo pomen prisotnosti
reguliranih reaktivnih izvorov moči na obeh napetostnih
nivojih.
39-06 PARALELNO SPAJANJE V PRENOSNEM
OMREŽJU SLOVENIJE
Pavel Omahen, Marijan Koželj
Povzetek - V članku podajamo osnovne kriterije in
omejitve pri različnih variantah vklopov v zazankanem
prenosnem omrežju EES Slovenije. Prikazujemo negativne
posledice vklopov ob neugodnih vklopnih razmerah, ki se
odražajo v izenačevalnih tokovih in v sunkih na agregate.
Na konkretnem primeru 400-kV omrežja Slovenije okrog
39-01 ANALYSIS OF LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
OF INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS
Uroš Salobir, Ferdinand Gubina, Janez Hrovatin
Abstract - In the paper, the parameters of load-frequency
control of interconnected power systems was studied based
on adequate model and newest simulation tools. lnfluence of
generation unit mix, load frequency controller parameters,
hierarchy of controllers on quality was examined. Moreover,
their influence on necessary regulaing reserve power was
scrutinized.
39-02 SLOVENIAN POWER SYSTEM AS A PART OF
THE EUROPEAN INTERCONNECTON
Janez Hrovatin, Jure Ratej, Georgi Zlatarev
Abstract - The paper gives a review of requirements for
operation in UCPTE interconnection for its members. A list of
measures taken in Slovenian power system to comply with this
requirements is given. A mathematical description of reserves
for AGC required in a hydro-thermal system and supplied by
hydroplants and thermal units is presented.
39-03 THE ROLE OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN
SECONDARY POWER FLOW CONTROL IN
SLOVENIAN ELECTRIC PORWER SYSTEM
Milan Jevšenak, Gorazd Skubin, Damjan Stanek
Abstract - Electric power system of Slovenia is as member
obligated to consider the recommendations for secondary
power flow control in the UCPTE interconnected network. The
paper deals with the role of thermal power plants in secondary
power flow control in Slovenian electric power system and
apart from tied problems. The guidelines to improve the
quality of power flow control and at the same time the
operation of the power system are represented.
39-04 REABILITY OF MONITORING AND CONTROL
EQUIPMENT IN PRIMORSKA REGION
Ivan Korečič, Marjan Lisjak, Borut Podgornik
Abstract - Monitoring and control equipment, connected to
the control center of Nova Gorica has been accuratly
observed through the years and the results are given in this
paper. Furthermore MTTR and MTBF time and availability
A for the last seven years period of operation have been
calculated.
39-05 KRŠKO NPP REACTWE POWER CONTROL
AND SLOVENIAN POWE[ t SYSTEM
VOLTAGE STABILITY
Vladimir Dirnbek, Ferdinand Gubina, Pavel Omahen
Abstract - The reactive power/voltage controls effectiveness
of the Krško nuclear power plant is shown due to their task to
maintain, together with the other control system inside the
electric power network and power plants, coordinated control
and stable voltage profile of the electric power system. Using
the characteristical 400/110 kV transformer voltage control
model case, located at Maribor, the importance of the
controllable reactive power sources presence on the both
voltage levels is demonstrated.
39-06 SYNCHRONIZING AND PARALELLING OF THE
SLOVENIAN POWER SYSTEM HIGH VOLTAGE
LINES
Pavel Omahen, Marijan Koželj
Abstract - Starting from paralleling criteria and physical limits
for synchronization the spectrum of possible applications is
described. Negative impact of the improper power system
network switching, resulting in generator current surges,
differential torque and oscillations, is shown. The simulation
NE Krško s pomočjo simulacijskih rezultatov analiziramo
velikosti dopustnih odstopanj sinhronizacijskih parametrov
pri različnih variantah vklopov. V zaključkih podajamo
predloge za nastavitev sinhronizacijskih naprav pri
odklopnikih v delu 400-kV omrežja.
39-07 KONCEPT DCV ELEKTRO CELJE Z
VODENJEM OBRATOVALNIH DOGODKOV IN
STATISTIKE
Rade Knežević, Andrej Rebernik
Povzetek - Referat prikazuje mrežno zasnovo DCV
ELEKTRO CELJE in doma razvito programsko opremo,
ki omogoča obratovalnem osebju, da iz množice podatkov,
ki jih producirajo sistemi NEO, izlušči pregledne in
kvalitetne prikaze obratovalnih dogodkov.
39-08 OPTIMIZACIJA DOVOLJENEGA ČASA
IZVEN OBRATOVANJA
M. Čepin, B. Mavko
Povzetek - Varnost jedrske elektrarne je njena
najosnovnejša in hkrati najpomembnejša
lastnost.
Verjetnost za poškodbo sredice je merilo varnosti na
nivoju celotne elektrarne in jo dobimo kot rezultat
verjetnostnih varnostnih analiz. Primerjava srednje
vrednosti verjetnosti za poškodbo sredice po določenem
časovnem intervalu pri različnih scenarijih omogoča izbiro
scenarija z najmanjšo verjetnostjo za poškodbo sredice in s
tem z največjo možno doseženo stopnjo varnosti. V
raziskavi sta primerjana dva scenarija primeru, ko
določena redundantna za varnost pomembna oprema v
elektrarni odpove nadaljevati obratovanje brez pokvarjene
opreme in čimprej odpraviti okvaro ali zaustaviti
elektrarno, odpraviti okvaro in elektrarno vrniti v
obratovanje. Na osnovi najmanjše verjetnosti za poškodbo
sredice je določen tudi optimalni dovoljeni čas izven
obratovanja, ki je predpisan v obratovalnih omejitvah
jedrske elektrarne.
39-09 UVAJANJE PROGRAMA "ENERGETSKO
KNJIGOVODSTVO" V OPERATIVNO UPORABO V
RCV
Boštjan Derganc, Aljoša Kosovinc, Milan Jevšenak,
Mirjan Trampuž , Dušan Trampuž, Pero Papi
Povzetek - Za informacijsko podporo delovnih procesov
vodenja,
analiziranja
in
planiranja,
sprotnega
obračunavanja obratovanja EES v Republiškem centru
vodenja (RCV) je EIMV razvil aplikacijski program
"Energetsko knjigovodstvo". Članek naprej opisuje vlogo,
namen in področja uporabe programa, njegove značilnost
ter povezave z drugimi programi v RCV. Na koncu
obširneje obravnava zadnjo fazo razvoja programa, to je
uvajanje programa v operativno uporabo v RCV, in
opozarja na odprta vprašanja pri tem.
39-10 PREDIKCIJA PORABE ELEKTRIČNE
ENERGIJE V SLOVENIJI POMOČJO
RAČUNALNIKA
Bojan Novak, Gorazd Skubin
Povzetek - Opisan je razvoj programa za napoved porabe
električne energije (distribucija). V tem članku je
obravnavana problematika napovedi v zimskih mesecih, ko
je poraba električne energije največja in je v sistemu
najmanj rezerv. Prav tako pa se v zimskem času pojavljajo
izrazite spremembe v porabi povzročene s sledečimi
pojavi: močno sneženje, vdor hladnega zraka ali nenadna
otoplitev. Rezultat primerjave z napovedmi iskušenega
operaterja na dejanskih podatkih dokazujejo, da program
dosega zahtevano natančnost in je zrel za uvedbo v prakso.
39-11 DALJINSKO VODENJE HE MAVČIČE
J. Rosina, D. Lenarčič, B. Pišek, A. Sauer
Povzetek - Savske elektrarne so se odločile, da v obstoječo
opremo avtomatike vgradijo sistem vodenja, ki bo
results analysis was done concerning the synchronizing
parameters tolerance of the 400-kV network switching and
Krško nuclear power plant operation. Recommendation for the
network synchronizing devices setting is given in the
conclusion.
39-07 DCV ELEKTRO CELJE CONCEPT WITH
EVENTS MANAGNIG AND STATISTICAL
REPRESENTATION
Rade Knežević, Andrej Rebernik
Abstract - This paper represents DCV ELEKTRO CELJE
networking concept and home made software which allows
NEO data processing and events representation to power
operators.
39-08 OPTIMIZATION OF ALLOWED OUTAGE TIME
M. Čepin, B. Mavko
Abstract - Safety of nuclear power plant is its basic and most
important feature. The core damage probability is a measure of
safety which is obtained as a result of probabilistic safety
assessment. The comparison of mean core damage probability
over certain time period for different scenarios allows the
identification of the scenario with the lowest core damage
probability and therefore the highest possible level of safety. In
the paper the following scenarios, which follow a fault in
safety related redundant equipment, are compared: continue
with operation and repair the failed equipment as soon as
possible or shut down the plant, repair the failed equipment
and put the plant back into operation. The optimal allowed
outage time, which is determined in technical specificatior of
nuclear power plant, is calculated on basis of minimal core
damage probability.
39-09
Boštjan Derganc, Aljoša Kosovinc, Milan Jevšenak, Mirjan
Trampuž , Dušan Trampuž, Pero Papi
Abstract - Energy Accounting application program, developed
by EIMV, is an information management tool used for the
support of operation planning, real-time control, operation
analyses and accounting processes in Slovenian National EPS
Control Centre (NCC). The role, purpose and application areas
of the program are described. A general overview of main
program features and its interfaces to other NCC applications
is given. Finally the installation and implementation of the
program in its operational environment are discussed along
with some open issues, yet unresolved.
39-10 LOAD FORECASTING IN
SLOVENIA WITH THE HELP OF
A COMPUTER
Bojan Novak, Gorazd Skubin
Abstract - A development of a program for a daily load
duration curve is described. Particulary a problem of prediction
during winter months is emphasised. In this period of the year
sudden inflow of cold polar air or warm air with percipiations
greatly influence the shape of load curve. Results of
comparision with the experienced human operator shows that
program is able to achieve required practical precision and is
ready to be applied into practice.
39-11 HPP MAVČIČE REMOTE CONTROL
J. Rosina, D. Lenarčič, B.Pišek, A .Sauer
Abstract - Savske elektrarne decided to implement new
control system into existing equipment, that will be destinated
omogočal lokalno in daljinsko vodenje HE kot
enoagregatne HE. Oprema je bila vgrajena v enem mesecu
in je bila v celoti prilagojena obstoječi opremi.
for local and remote control (representing HPP as one unit).
New control system was installed during one month and was
completelly adapted to existing equipment.