R E P OR T0 F THE POONASCHEDULES 0F THE ( I950.5I) N A T IONALSAM PLESURVEY I.'() R I,ll\'()R I) not only to intcrprctthc collcctcdclatain its main This rcportis conccrncdmainlywith problcms esscntialsbut also to gcL thc nost by way ol' closcly thal aroscout.of thc cvoluLionol'schcdulcs,thc sidclightson othcr lqrics not ncccssarily ol'thccnquiry.It woulo mcthodsof work, thc agcncyto bc cmpbycd ctc. rclatcdto thcmainsub.icct which couldgo ovcr data aftcr it had bccn dccidcdto cxpcrimcntwith a alsobc thc only agcncry multipuqxlscNationalSarnplcSurvcy.Attcntion not l'ully utiliscdat thc tirnc of'thc rcturnor thc may, howcvcr,bc dritwnto issucsl.ocvcn widcr ad hor:survcyand lqlk throughit rnorcamply or charactcr.Thcrc is, lor cxamplc,thc qucstionof thoroughlyor usc it lur historicalor olhcr comhow widc, ho',vopcn and how,thonlugha dis- parisonsctc. cussionor rrniluiryshouklbc con(luctcd bclorcan cxpcrirncntol thc sizc,thccostandthc long-tcrrn Thc attcrnptttt suho(linatcto. or rcplacc,by c o n s c c p l c n c cs su c h a s t h c N . S . S .i s l a u n c h c d . an cntircl)'indcpcndcnt urganisal"ion, whosconly Apart l'romthis gcncralprohlcrnLhcrcarc rnany c x p c r t i s ci s i n s t a t i s L i csaal n r p l i n r d c s i g na, l l t h i s qucstionsLhatarisc out ol' lhc conccpt o{'an clakrratc rcgionaland dcpartrnc.ntill mar:hincr). all-puqxlscsNationalSarnplcSurvcl'.Mos[ stai ' u i l tu p o v c r r l c c a d ccsa n t h a th a sb c c ng r a r l u a l l b t i s t i c a li n l u r r n a t i o na v a i l a b l ct o C o v c r n n r c nits bc justil'icdonly il it is pn,cd in opondcbatc,at o b t : t i n c ci nl t h c c o u r s co f ' r o u t i n ca d r n i n i s t r a t i v c virious lcvclsol cxpcrl.iso and in variousaspccts opcrationsol' public authoritics.Most of' such havc to ovcru,hclntingadl'lntagcs.A nurnbcrol' infilrrnationis oricntcdt<ldcl'initcpurJxlscs and pointsarcraiscdb1,rcccntrc'llortorl changcsin thc il"srccord,vcril'ication, providcd ctc. arc fitr in a suiurhlc munncr, lbr adnrinistrati\.cpurposcs s t a t i s t i c i lsl c t - u p w h i c h a p p c a r t 0 h a v c b c c n thcnrsclves, in thc adrninistrativc rnachincry.No brought atnut w'ith<lutpropcr dclibcrationor thc*,holcconrplcxol'thc spccialcosIhas,lirr lhcrrna.iorparl.,to bc incrurrcrtcncluiry.Thcrcis l'irstly,, l"hcpc'rsonwho makcs i n t h c c o l l c c t r o no l ' s u c hs t a l " i s L i cr n aa l t c r i aal n d r)ccasionol'thr) crnqtiiD,. lhc matcrialis handlcdhy agcncicswho urulinarily t h c q u c r yl n d t h c a t t i t u d o< l l ' t h cr c s g t n d c n tI.n posscsssllccialknowlcdgcol'thc suhjccttnattcr i n l i r r r n a t i ocno l l c c t c <t llr r o u g h< l r d i n a rayd r n i n i s a n d l r r c a l c i r c u r n s t l n c c .I t r s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t r i l t i v cr n a c h i n c r )t'h, c ( l u c s t t ( nats k c rrl l r t h c d a t a i nst^unccs, ncccssary t"osupplcrncnI sLat isticaldata collcctc'dhavc sornc:sir:nil'icancc lrnd rclcvancc. collcctcdthroughthc (lcrparLrnqntirl and rcgional andcannotrlrdinarilyhi: lrxlkcrrl up()nasnrcrcidlc a u t h o r i l , i cbs1 's p c c : i ac lo u n t sr t rc n c l u i r i c sI t. r n a 1 , c l u c r i c sa:r r tul s u alli , t h c r cl r r cs l u l cito n sh c hi n ( ll h c also bc nc)ccssurv lirr spccialiscddcpurtrncnts r c r l u c s lt i r r a n s u ' c r so r t l l t t l r .I l i s t r r r ct h a t t h c s u c ha s t h c A g r i c u l t u r a lt,h c P u b l i cl l c l l r h , t h c k n r l wn a t l n r i n i s l l l r t i vpcr t r l x ) s c ol a t1rrcr1 r n, a y L a b o u r ,c t c . t o c o n d u c tu d l n t : o r c o n t i l l u i n g i n r l u c cb i a si n r c p l i c :h; L rtth ct l i r c c t i o n o l ' s u c hb i a s survc)),s on intlxlrtanIasl)ccl.s. SuchsLrrvcl's arisc i s u s t r a l l lk' r r o \ \ ' n a l r r lc a r rr l r t l i l r a r i l h l'c all<l*,ctl oLrtol Lhcrcelrrircrrrcnts ol thoseractit,iticsand l i r r . I n l r n c n t ; L r i r vr r r r r l c r l l k c nr v i t h o u I a n 1 , u s u a l l ld' r . r n r a ns rpl c c i akl n o w l c t l g a c n dc x p c r t i s c a l ) p a r c xcl o t n n c ci I( ) nH ' i t hn o r n r l ral r l nirni s t r a t i V c l b r t h c i rp l a n n i n ra n r lc o n d r r c t . r o u t i n o ,t l r c p o s i t i o ni s t l i l ' l i ' r r r nrti s h t l r o r n t h c . o l l c c t i o no l ' Thcrc arc many olrviousatlvantagcsin thc i n i t i u l p o i r r to l r o u s i r . ri nr t e r c s t C s t x t i s t i c l r l n u r t c r i l t w l h i c h i s t l i v < l r c c lr'lr o r nt l a y particrulilr agcncyconncctcdwith a sub.jcct hcing i n t o t l a v a c t i v i l . f l l l A n n c r r n a r , , t h i s I h c r c l i l r cn, o t a l l o w c d ,i n l . h i sm a n n c r t, o p l a na n d c o n d u c ti t s p r r l v c u s c l r r l n ( ) n n l t l a s t h c n r c a n so l c o l l c c t . i n g own collcctionol'statisLicll rnatcrialas wr_rll as its c o n t i n u i n q s t a t i s t i c u l r l t a . ' l - h r si s a p u r tl ' r < t rtnh c rtd lror:srrrvcvs.In thc l'irstinstlncc,it would bc l gt c l l c yr v i l l n o t h a v c i n t h c h c s tp o s i t i o nL ot i m c t h c c n q u i r ys o a s t o l i r c tt h r t s r r c hi n t l c J r c n ( l ci n ohtlin thc bcstrcslxlnscs o l'cithcrt lrcsulr.jcct or lrrcal anclalsoto cornbincthis thcspcciaI k rrou,lcrlgc w i t h i t s ( ) l h c ra c t " r v i l . iicnsu r d c rt o m i l k ci t m o s t c i r c u l u s t i t n cwc, l r i c ht h c o r r l i n a r 1a,d r ni n i s t r a t i v c r cconrxnical.lt w,ouldalsobc in thc bcstnosil.ion n r a c h i n c nx' ' i l l u s t r a l l vD o s s c s s . v0L t3Iio.2 ll ltP o ll'l' Ol ;'l'l l L P OON A SCl l l:l)Il U.S Ol;' l l t l'' N SS 351 . h c L h c rl o r t h c NationalSarnplc t c c h n i q u c su n i l o r r l l y a d o p t c d w Thc conccptoIanaII-purposc Sun,cy al-soraiscsqucstionsrcgardingccntrali- pcriodicrcturn,thc l'icldccnsusor filr thc sarnplc sationin thc collcctionof statisticsand thc pos- survcy,n0 dcrncritanda grcatdcalol'virtucmay siblc c:onscqucnccsllowing thcrcf'rotn.Thc r c s i d ci n a m u l t i p l i c i t yo l ' c o l l c c t i n ga g c n c i c s , and countingof phcnomcnain any spcciallyin a country likc India. Il' thc agcncy obscrval-ion particularaspcrct ol'physicalor social lifc ishclpcd bccamca singlcagcncy,thc statisticswould bc chcckand rnayin timc by knowlcdgcol'thc particularaspcctol lil'c;this suhjcctLono indcpcndcnt is conccdcclin thc provincc ol' all scicntil'ic dctcrioratcin quality ltnd bccotncopcn to conIn thc l'icldol'naturalscicnccs, both sidcrahlcdoubt. obscrvations. phl,sicalandhiological,thcplanningandconduct matcrial ln thcordinarycollcctionol'statistical ol'cxpcrirncnts andsurvcysis alwaysthcbusincss Ministrics or Ccntral Statcr Ciovcrnnlcnts workcr and not ol'a statistician. through of thc sc:icntil'ic Thc statisticalcxpcrtmay inclicaLc thc suiutbility both thc collcction and collation of statistical Thc points of particular statistical or ol dcsigns plans lor any matcrielis largcly dcccntralisctl. hut thc actualplanncrsand crlllcctionarc rnllny and thc collationof inlbrsct ol' obscr\,atrons obscrvcrsarc always thosc who cultivatc thc mationis d0nc usualll'throughagcntsor authoparl"icularl'iclds ol' study. Advicc on or co- ritics kxally' cslitblishctl.Thc collation ol' thc ordinationol'gcncralstatisticaldcsignsand pro- m a t c r i aal l s o u s u a l l l l' l ) o v c st l t r o u g ha s c r i c so f ccdurcsrnay bc a prolrcrl'icld lbr thc statistical s t a t c r, c g i o n l lo r t l i v i s i o n aul n i t sa n d y o u o b t a i n totals through thc cxpcrthut thc actualplanningandconductol'lhc national or coullLr-1'-\\'idc . hc normal rvr)rkor ol' spcciaipiccc ol' work lnlls s u n l n l a t i oonl ' t o t a l (s) h u r i n cadt l o w c rl c v c l s T n a L ional i n s i n g l c a p r o c c d u r i c s c t i t i r r r l ) ' c h a r t g c d within thc purvicw of'thc sub.icctcxpcrt or thc tnohilc agcnts survcy arc ol tho agcnts sun,cy.'l-hc An ol' rcgionalcxpcrt. attcrnptat ccntralisation orgltnisationand thcrc is thc t)'pc now apparcntlyundcr wa1'would thus ol'a highly ccnl"raliscd all thc matcrial in iLs on procc'ssing lcad to an unncccssarywaslilgc of spccia- insi,stcncc knowlcdgcwhich is rcadilyavailablc,by rcvcrsal cnLirctyat a ccntro.In thrs caso)'ott oblitin an it alsoincurslhc dangcrol' a l l - l n d i l a g g r c g i l t ca n d i t s b r c a k - t l o w n I. t i s ol'normalproccclurcs; lowcring thc quality ol work throughignorattcc u n n c c c s s a r ) ' ct on r p h a s i shco q ' i n t h i sc a s ca p a r t in all othcrdircctionsnot bcingadcquatclyoll'sct Iron'rthtr lack ol uscrlirlclrcck in thclproccssol' by just statisticalcxpcrtisc.Thc dangcrsol'ccn- c o l l c : c r t i o an n d c < l l l a t i o r rt h c p o s s i b i l i t y o l ' tralisationin a country likc India iuc ol coursc n r a n i p u l a t i o ins h c i g h t c n c di n a l a r g c d c g r c c . arc iniportuntils thc profnpatcntan(l il. is obviousthat ccntralisationin a Thcsc possihiliticrs oltcn allcgc bias and lirrm m0rc cxtrcmc than that usuallyattcmptcd ncnts ol' cc.nt"ralisa{ion cvcn in srnallcr, morc wcll-knit ancl morc I n r t n i I t t l ri totn st ( )( ) l l ) \ ' r s . homogcncous socicticsis cxLrcmclyinapproprito crnphasisc In l.hisconncctionit is ncccssary fcdatc, to put it mildly, in our sub-c0ntincntal lhathunranlirilingsu'lricharc allcgctlasvitiating craLion. agcncicsarc thc tlatacollcctcdb),aclrninisLrlltivc A spccial qucstion rcgardingccntralisation nol ncccssarilythcir rnrlnopoll'.Bias or lazincss thatdcsc'rvcs t<lbc raiscdis thc cxtcntto which it rlrc not rcrnovc'dbf irbolishinglmal agcnLsof Thc tlcsircto scamp dcparlrncnl"s. lcavcsthc statisticalccntralauthorityl'rccol'any administrativc as wcll or pcrhapsin a possiblcchcck l'romany othcrquartcr.Statistics work ma1',lilr cxan.rplc, i t g c n to l ' gathcrcddcpartmcntally and rcgionallyby indc- g r c u t c r t l c g r ehcc c v i t l c l t itn a p c r i p l r t t ' t a p c n d c nS t t a t c sa n dM i n i s t r i c sh a v ct h cp o s s i b i l i t y an authority outsidc any lmal, rcgional or ol' mutualll' corrccting, qualiiying and dcpartrncntll control. In tho sarnc way bias or minisLricsat thc cross-chcckingcach othcr, and as long as allcgcdasainstdcparl"tticnts duplicationis avoitlcdand cl'ficicnt highcstlcvcl nray in othcr contcxtsalso appcar unncccssary .lOURNAL OI; INDIAN SCIIOOLOl; P)Ll l|CAL I.CON()ltll' amongstatisticians or cconomistsat similarlcvc l s . I l ' t h c i n t c g r i t y ,l b r c c r u i n p u r p n s c so, l ' t h c highcstrank ol'any dcpartmcntalhiorarchyis in qucstionthcrc will bc lactorswhich rnay throw cqualdoubt in rclationto thc propcrand honcst operationol'thc statisticianor lhc cconomislat thc highcst lcvcl. With complctcccntralisation and indcpcndcntl'unctioningthc opporlunitl,lilr doubtlirl opcrations may indccd bc grcatly inc:rcascd. T h c c s u r b l i s h r n conlt' a n a l l - p u r p o s cNs . S . S . lbrcshadows anothcrdangcrouspossibility.This is thatan authorit),may hcrc:rcatcrl which through t h cn a t u r co f i t sb c i n g ,w i l l t c n dL oc x tc r n ti n a t ca l l parallcl agcncics in thc l'icld. Bcing an allpurfx)scs survc),il hasno spccil'icwork and bcing crcatc(lun a hrrgcscalc,it will havc t0 kccp 0n d o i n g a l o t t o j u s t i l y i t s c x i s t c n c cT . his u,ill ncccssarill'lcad it l.o r-ncroachon sphcrcalicr sphcrc in an cxtcnsivLrirnpcrialistic drivc. Alrcady it is rcportcd that sonrc ol' thc most" lrnporulntcxpcrt agcncicsbuilt rrpal'tcrycarsol' carcful work havc bccn abolishcdin ordcr to c x t c n dt h c l ' i c l do l ' t h i s s o m c w h a n t on-dcscrinr authoril.),. D.R.C vtt.At.'t'uR\tA'l'H l . O n t h c 2 l s t J a n u a r y1, 9 5 1 ,P r o l ' G . ad{il pcrsonullyhandcdovcr ro Mr. P.C.Bhathcharya and Prol'.Mahalanobiscopicsol'a notc bricl11, outlinin{h - {i s v i c w , sa k r u t t h c N a t i o n a lS a r r i p l c Survc1,. Thc notc is rcproduccrlbclow:l. Wc arc:nol gcrt"ting or arc not Iikcly [0 gct in thc irnrncdiarcl'uLurc,through thc NatiOnal Sarnplc Survcl, as at prcscnt c o n d u c t c di,n l o r r n a t i o nw h i c h i s r c l i a h l c cnough lur thc purTnsclirr which it is intcnrlcdto bcruscd. 2. Thc nrainrcitsonslrlr this arc:( a ) T h c a g c n c yc m p l o y c di s n o t f a m i l i a r c n o u q hw i t h r u r a lc o n d i t i o n s ; API?IL.IUNIi 2OO ] (h) thc programmcol'work, o,cn in lhe PoonaSchc<lulc docs not onablcit to csurblishcontacl-sin thc propcr way with thc rcsgtndcnts; (c) adcquatcprovisionhasnot bccnmadc lirrtrairrina g n t ls u p c r v i s i o n . 3. It is alsodouhtlirlwhcthcron manyaspccts sought to bc covcrcd, inlbrrnat"ioncan rcalll' hc obtlincd in India by a random survcy. FurLhcr.t(x) tnany aspcctshavc bccnconsidorcdin thc survcy.Thc ambitiouscovcra{cot thcprcscntschcdulcs has thus largcll'hcrlpcdto dcl'catthc objcctivc o l t h c s u r v c 1B , .c g i n n i n gu ' i t ha v c r y s m a l l n u r r r b corl ' s i n r p l icl c n r sm i g h th a v cy i c l d c c l dil'li'rcntrc'sults. - 1 .- f l t c r el i i r e. i l ' ( i o v er n r r r r ' l \t \[ ' l l r ) t tst l r n a i n t a i na c t i v i t ) i, n t h c l ' i c l da n d i l r c u rc x p L ) n r l r t u r c ,t h c v u ' h o l cp l l n s h o u l t l b c s t b c t l u l u g hot u t a l r c s h L . - a syt c a rt l r c r cw a sn < t t i n r cl i l r d o i n gt h i si n a p r o [ ) cnr l a n n c rT. h i s h a s c r c a t c td l i l l i c u l r i c sw h i c h s h o u l db c irnrncdiatcly. attcrnptctlto bc rcsolvcrd 5 . A h c g i n n i n rs h o t r l db c n r a d cw i t h d c i i n i n g c l c a r l yt h c o b . i c c t i v cosl t l r c L J n i o nG o v lcctionol'social ernnrentin thcrrratlcrOl'col an(loc(xlolnicrlata.I u'oulddclinc thcrnin t h c I o l l < t r v i nuu, a 1 , : (it) therctxlrrlination ol'all thc activiticsol' C c n t r a lN ' l i n i s t r i casn d S t a t cC o v c r n mcnts in thc collcction ol' stal.istics lrorriLlrcpoinl.0l vicri,ol'rlatarg:quircd lilr l'ralrrinl:socialand cc<tnontic policy; ( h ) t h c p l a n n i n gu n dc o n d u c o t l'cncluirics i n s p c c i l ' i cr c g i o n s a n d l i r r l ' i l l i n g s p c c i l ' rgca p si n i n l i l r r n a l i o n : ( c r )c v o l u l i o no l ' a n A l l I n d i a S a m p l co r Sanrplcslirr collcrction ol'uvcr-alIdata l i r r d i r c c t l l ' o b u r i n i n gd a r a l b r t h c C c n t r a l ( i o v c r n n r c n Ia n d c h c c k i n g (latacollcr:tc(lb1'M inistricsandSritcs. 6. Thc objcctivcsshould bc lirllou,cdup in tlrcprirlritl,sivc:natrovcr. 7. It is assuniodthat -5(a) is hcingau.cnlptcd alrcad1,. \ / ( ) L . l - ti \ ' 0 . 2 l ? t ' P ( ) l t ' t( ) F 1 '11t : P ( ) O N t \ S C l l l ' D L ' L ' l i SO l : ' l ' l l l , N S S 353 I 3. Thc'atxrvcrctnarkshavcnothingto do with tl. In rclationl"o5 (b) and (c) it is ncccssary mcritsor othcrwiscol'thc sanlplingtcchto sct up lbrmally a Ccntral Cornmittcc ol'all thc niqucand thc samplingtlssign,cxccptthat which containsrcprcscntativcs lirllowing clctncnts(a) CcntralN4inistrics I l'ccl that, cvcn in this rcsgrct at thc (b) Statc Burcaus and (c) Non-ofl'icial initiationol'a largoschcmcby thc Ccntrc, agcncit's. tliscussionand coopcrationl'rom varictl 9. Thc pnrgratnmcundcr 5 (b) should bc intcrcstsshoultlhavcbccn invitcd' to gapsln ilnrncdiatclyl'rarncdin rcrlation a n a l l ' ssia n di n l i r r r n a t i ognl a r i n g l yb r o u g h t 2 . I n t h c l o l l o w i n gi s t h oc o p yo l ' a l c t t c rd a t c d to tht noticc ol' thc National Incotnc 3 l s t J a n u a r yl ,9 5 l l i l r P r o l 'N . 4 a h a l a n o bi ni sr c p l y in its work. Clornnrittcc to thc alx)vcnotc. 10.Thcy arL' ol' t\\'o typcs: (l) rclating to No.1)(r9lSU/51, c c r h i n s r ) c r t i o on ls' c c o n o r n ilci l b , s u c ha s , 17, ClurzonLanc, h r n d i c r l l ta n d s m a l ls c a l ci n d u s t r yt,r a t l c , l. N c u ' D c l h i ,. 3l s t - T l t n u a 5r Y arcas antl crop-acrcsin ccrhin rcgions, housc orvttcrship,ctc. and (2) ccrlain D c a rG a t l g i l . i n r J x r r u r n tr c l a t i o n s , a s t i v i t i c s , b r c a k ns. such as, cronstltllcrcxpcnditurc, tlrlvu I a m i n a g r g c r t l c r*l l' i t l l r t l u c ho l ' t l l o v i c w s non-nronctarysc'ctionol' cc:onomiclilb, itt thc notc ri'lticlt1'tlttgavCm0 in Nc:w r u r a l - u r h a nd i v i s i o n , c a p i t a l l i l r l n a t i o n , r-\prcssc(l l n t lu ' h i c l t ,I u n d c r D c l l r io n t h c l l s t J l t r r L t a (r a ctc. n t l t c a l t l t r h a r l s c l ) |t"o P . C ol'work lilr covcringthcsc s t a n ( l i,s a c o p y o l I I . Thc prograrnrnc ). l'icltlsshoultlbc put ttlgothcrinrrrrcdiatcrl)'Blurltltcharl'a , u n d c r l h c g u i d a n c co l t h c C o t t t r t t i t t c c \\'ith not bc 2. I cntircly'agrcc inrlicalctlatxrvc.This work sh<luld 1'tluabotrtthc nccd ol \\'ay in unililrnl onc' to bc donc attcrnptt-tl lilrrnulatingclcltrl,vthcltolic.vtll thc Gtlvornnlcnt ll1' sta l'l'c:cn tra or hy a cc'ntral agc'nc,v h1'onc o l ' l n d i a i n t l i c l i c l t l o l s t a t i s t i c sI .a g r c r bc r o a d l l ' r c c r u i t c t l h, u t a s a s c r i c st t l r c l a t c dt r u t with tlrcoh.icctivcs b1'you.Thcscarc, lnctlti()nc(l scparal.c bitscntrustc(lt<lsinglcnrirlisl"rrcs,h t l u , o ' c r .l r i g h l i 'i n t c r - r c l a t c da.r t dI b c l i c v ct h c ial bcst Stutc B rrrcausan(lcompctt'ntntln-ol'l'ic lllartu oultllrc ttl tttck lc thcrllsinlLtltitncously. a g cn ci c s . I a m a l s o i n l a v o u r o l s c t t i r t gu p a S t a t i s t i c a l 1 2 .O b j c c t i v c5 ( c ) i s h t : s ta i n t c da [ a l t c r a n d ( ' o r r r rint t c c( c o n t l t i n i r rt g c p r t : s c n t a t i vocl s' C c n t r a l not lrcli)rc thc othcrs arc attainctl. Its l V l i n i s t r i c S s .t a t c( j t l v c r n t t l c n t sa,n t l n < l r l - o l ' l i c i a l a t t a i n t t t c nr ct q u i r c sv c r y c l t r c f i rpl l a n n i n g a g c n c i c sl)i l r a t l v i s i n g( i t l v c r n l l t c nitn s t a t i s t i c a l a n d l i r l l c o - o p ( ' r a t i oonl a l l a g c n c : i c sl n. nlallcrs. hou'cvcr.it i s dccidcdtttc:arr)'on u i tlt L:asc. l a n r p l ca s i t i s , t h c na t l c a s t t h c N a t i r l n aS 3 . A s r c g a n l st h c N . S . S .I, a g r c cw i t h 1 ' o ut h a t i t s c o v c n r g cs h t l u l d b c d r a s t i c a l l ic' t r r s o n r co l t l t ci t t v c s t i g a t t ltrt sl a ) ' n o)l'-c tl t a v cc n o u g h rvill bc suchclucstirltrs tailcd.so that <trt11' . ) t t cr x p c r t c t l c : c I i l i l t r i t l 'w i t l t r t r r a cl t t n tilt i o t r sC a r n a s k c di n i t ,t h cr c lr a b iilt 1o' l r c p li c st t tr v h i c h il iariti' bc accluircd lttrrr can ha rt t i.t(lcrlttitte hlrs hcc t bi'thc prcscntt)'l)c couldhc casill'c:hcrckcd that lnorc \\'()rk. I agrcc also acttllll through onll' o l i n v c s t i g a t oTr .h c s u r v c )u' ' o t t l t li n s t r c h t l t t r c xpcricncc h c r c i t l s t l I l u t i s n c c t l c r l . t r a i n i n g a cascaltcnlptto gathr-rinlilrrliatronalxlttt g i v c ' nt l n l l ' b c c a n t r a i r l i n { a t l c c l t t a t i r h a s t l t i t t l r c c t i raLl)cr prcscnL llspr-cts such t ltingsasv isiblc stlrvr))'s. aclttitl tll tltc p a s t . in cotrrst: thc o l t h c l h u na h l u t o p c r a t i o t l s 354 JO|IRNALOI: TNDIAN SCt\OOL0l: POL|tlC/\L L(ONOtty t\PltlL-.lUNE2001 4. I also agrcc that thc prograrnrncof work I n s t i t u t ca n da l x r u ll f i X ) i n c h a r g co l ' S . P .S i n h a . rcquircs to bc rnodil'icd.As you arc aware, I Imprcssions bascdon thc hundrcdPoonavillagcs advocatcda vcry rapid survcyin thc I'irstround nay not ncccssarill' bc trucol'Lhcrcmaining17fi) lbr two rcitsons. First, [o cnablc thc l'ictd villagcs.In any casc,a carr:lulcornparison of thc m a c h i n c r yb o i n gq u i c k l ys c t u p b y c s u r b l i s h i n grcsultsin t"hcthrccgroupsis nttccssary bclbrcany contactswirh rhcwholcgroupol'sarnplcvillagcs. gcncralconclusions cln hc rcachcd. Scconilly.[o got somcidcaol'thc totalvolurncol' work thatc<lultlbc rc)asonably cxpccLcd l'rornlhc ll. Thcrc art:also w,idcrconsirlL.rations. Evcn l'icld invcstigatursundcr actual working condi- i l ' l . h cr c s u l t so l ' t h c l i r s Lr o u n r tl k r n o t t u r n o u t .t . o tionsin dil'fcrcntpartsol'thc crountry. b c r c l i a b l c ,n o c o n c l r r s i o ncsa n b t r d r a w na b o u t t h c p o s s i b i l i t i cosl t h eN . S . S .I r i s u , i r l c l yr c c o g 5. I agrccthat thc N.S.S.was sct in opcration n i s c dt h a tu l a r g cs c a l cs u r v c y(,l i k c a l l l a r g cs c a l c in a vcry shorttinrc. Brrt.as y()u arc urli.uc,tllcl p r ( x h r c t . i ( )rnc)c l r i r c sa p c r i r x lo l ' " b r c a k i n gi n " . National IncorncCornrnittccrccontnrcnrlctl thc T h c l ' i r s tn r u n t li n n c v c rl r x l k c r ul l x ) na s a d c l ' i n u s c o l ' s a m p l i nngr c t h r x lisn M a r c h ,1 9 5 0W . c t h c n i t i v cc n q u r r i , b l , i r s c lIln. r h cN . S . Sa. c t L r aI 'li c k i had l'ull discussionsrcgardingihc gcncralplan u ' u r ks t a r t c rol n t h c I ( ) t hO c t o b c r l.9 - 5 0a. n di t w a s and prorrarnnrcol'wrlrk in Poonain April and thtrcnrlol Novorrrfr.rbclilrc all lhc invcsLigators c a r l yJ u l 1 ,a, n d a g a i ni n N c w D c l h i a t r h cc n d o l ' g o t i n t ot h c i rp o s i t . i o n'sI '.l r cN . S . S h . a sb c c nt h u s J u l y ,a n d c n d o l ' A u g u s t .I n a d d i t i o np, r x t n aa n r l in opcralitlnlirr barcly'tvu,ont<lnths. Thc inlbrC a l c u t uw r o r k c r sa n d t h c N . l . U n i t h a dt c c h n i c a l nultion l'rorn villagcs is l'lo*,ing in srnurthly. d i s c u s s i o ni ns C a l c d t t "i n M a y a n dJ u n c T . r y o u t s D c t l i l c ds c r u t i n ys i n a r u r a l l l , s h o w i nu{p d c l ' c c t s . on a fairll,largcscalcwcrcmadclbr 2 or 3 ntonths. b u {s o l a r t } r c r ch a sb c c nn o s i g n so l ' ab r c a kd < l w n . It was on thc:basisol' such trials and dctailcd I har,ccripcricnccol rnanr,largtrscalcsurvcl,s;I discussions thatlhc programmclrlr thcllrst round I ' i n rtlh a tt l r cN . S . Si.s l i r r r c t i o n i nbsc t r e trhr a ni h a d was scttlcd-it is t.ruc:, with a gotxl dcal ol'corn- e'xprrctctl. prornischctu,cc:n dil'lbrcntpoints<ll'r,icw-atthc. t). J'hcrcarc clcar rrrtlrcations c n t lo l ' A u g u s t ,1 9 5 0 S . i n c ct h c n ,I a r nn o l a w a r c tha[ lhc cxpcrio l a n y n e . wc v i d c n c oh a v i n gb c c o m ca v a i l a b l cr r cncrr{aincrl in thc l'irstround woul<lonablcthc t h r o w d o u b t o lnh cg c n c r avl a l i d i t y o r p o s s i b i l i t i c sschcrlulcrd and tlrc prograrntncbcing roviscdon of largcscalcsarnplcsurvcys. s c i c n t i l ' i cl irn c s .I a r n c o n l ' i d c ntIh a t t h c N . S . S w o u k l o p c r a l ol a r n t o r c c l l i c i c n t l y i l u r i n g t h c 6. As rcgardsthcrcliabilityol'thcrcsulrsol rhc s c c o r rrdo u n (ol l ' 3 r l r- 1l r t r l n t hbsc g i n n i n gr o u g h l ) , N . S . S .i t i s t r x rc a r l yr o s a ya n y t h i n gd c l ' i n i t cb, u L l r o r r rN ' l a r cohr A l t r i l .T h i s w , o u l ds t i l l l t : a v ct i r n c I rlo not scc any rcasonslrlr scriousmisgivings. l i l r l L r r t h ci r n l r r o v c r n c ni nt st h ct l r i r dr o u n db c l r t r c Inlirrrnationlirr atnur 5(X)(our of' I Ii(X))villagcs thc lirst 1,r:arol' survc)'is conrplctcrlin Octobcr hasbccnrcccivcdin Calcutur.Error calcula[ions o r N o r , c r n b c r1, 9 5l . F r o r r rt h c s c c o n dy c a r ,t h c w i l l n o t b c p o s s i b l cu n t i l a t l c a s t a c o m D l c t c N . S . S .s h o u k ls u p p l yr,e s r r l rssu l l ' i c i r . : n rt lcyl i a b l c sub-sanrplcol'. atxrut"7-5()villlrgcs hcctlrncs lor nranl'prac:lical pur1)scs,.In this situationit availablo.Provisional(andncccssarilyfragrncn- sccrils[o hc bolh rati()nalantlprudcntt0 procccd tary)calc:ulations in CalcuttilhavcnoL,howcvcr, with thc sarnplingwrlrk lilr anothc:r ycar,anclthcn j u d g cp o s s i h i l i t i cosn t h c b a s i so l ' a c : t u ar cl s u l t s . rcvcalcdany alanningcharactcristics so fiu. 7. I do not know how lar thc work hasprogYour sinccrclv. S(l/-P.C.Mnl l.,rr-nxonis rcsscdin rcgardto thc villagcsundcrthc control of lhc PoonaInsl.itutc.Thcscarc, ] bclicvc.abclut 9. On lOth Fcbruarl,, I9.51, Prot' Gadgil a hundrcd in numbcr againstabout thc sarnc adrlrcsscrlthc lirllowing to Prol'. Mahalano6is numbcrundcrthc cont.rolof'thcIndianStatistical l . u r t " l rcclra r i l ' iyn r t h cl x r i r r tL s r li s s u c . v 0 L . 1 3N O . 2 'l RITPO R'l OIt 7.1l L P OONA SCl l ltl)U LI:S () f l l lt N SS lOth Fcbruiuy,l95l t h o s cl o l l o w c di n t h c N . S . S .w i l l c n a b l co n c t o judgcadcquatclyol'thcrcliabilityor othcrwiseof My dcar Mahalanobis, Thc rnain sourccsof unrclioriginal rcsfx)nscs. ability that wc apprchcnrlarc not throughwild, Manythankslirr yourlcLtcrdatcd 31stJanuary, cxLravagant or cntirclyunrcalrcplicsbcinggivcn 1951.I wclcorncgrcatlythis cxchangcof idcas by thc rcsgrndcnts. Wc do not alsocxpccta largc bccausoit hclpsto clarily thc undcrlyingissucs mcasurcol dircctoppxlsition ()rnon-c(x)[rrill.ion. and ma1,assistin thc dctcrrnination of'policy. WhaIl'romourcxpcricnccis niostlikcly to happcn is thatlargcnumbcrswho ovcrtly coopcratcwill I shall not go ovcr thc largc ground again conccalspccil'icpcrsonaldctails and will give rcgardingwhich thcrc is agrccrncntbctwccn us plausiblcrcplicsnot likcly to arouscany suspibut shall takc up ncrcly pointsol' dil'fbrcnccof cions.Sccondly,l'ronrthc sidcol'Lhcinvcstigat"or opinion. thcrc is thc possihilitythaI instcadol' visiting It would, howcvcr, bc usc(ulin vicw ol'para s a n r p l lca m i l i c sh c m a yl ' i l li n p l a u s i b l cf i g u r c si n 5 ol' your lcttcr to scLdown thc stagcsof thc t h c l i g h to l ' h i sc x p c r i c n c oc l ' o t h c rl a r n i l i c si n t h c dcvclopmcnL ol'thcN.S.S.lastycar.Thc National way in which thc Patwariis allcgcdto f'ill in crop IncomcCornrnittccrccordcdno opinionrcgard- acrcagcs.Wc lbcl that thcsc arc thc Lwo sourccs ing thc N.S.S. and mcrcly drcw au"cntiono[ ol'thclargcstpossiblcwronginlbrmationandt"hcy G o v c r n r n c nt to t h c d c s i r a b i l i t o y l ' l ' i l l i n gc c r t a i n cannot bc dctoctcd or rcmcdicd by a ccntral impornnt gapsin informat"ion by l'icldsurvcyson cxarnination ol' thc statistical rcturns. Our in this rcgardarc bascdon cxpca s a m p l i n gb a s i s W . h c n w c m c t i n A p r i l I m a d c apprchcnsions it clcar Lhat. I was not convcrsantwith problcrns ricncc ol' actual invcstigationalwork and the ol'scttingup an organisatklnlikc thc N.S.S.and roporlsol'our l'icldrncnwho arc supcrvisingthc indicatcdccrtaindoubtsand prclbrcnccsand also work. In rcccnt ycars, circumsl.anccshavc thatil'wc wcrc cxpcctcdto comc in tvc shouldbc bcconrcspccially dil'l'icultlbr such invcstigaallowcd to dcvclop u,ork largcly along our own l"ions;wc l'ind that lhc cxistcnccol'a syst.crn ot lincs. In subscqucnt. conlbrcnccsand convcrsa- procurcmcnt andrationing makcsi t"progrcssivcly tions Lhctlcsirc to gct somcthingdonc, now l.ha[ dil'l'icultt<lgathcrrcliablcdctailsrcgardinglood Govcrnmcnthad sanctioncdthc schcmc,had an producl"ion, consumptionand stocks;in thc samc impormnt inllucnccerndI sonscntcdto a Lry-out. w a y o u r d i l l ' i c u l t i c isn t h i sS t a t ci n t h c m a t t c ro f during thc ycar. I put all this clown rncrcly to collcctinginlilrmationrcgardingrural indcbtcdindicatcthat u,hat I arn suggcstingnow is not" ncsshavc incrcascdnotablysincclhc passingol' rcccntlythoughtout and thatour participat.ion in thc Bornbay Moncy-lcndcrs' Act. Sirnilar thc schcmc last ycar shoukl not prcjudicc thc rnany phascsol' rural life considcrations af'l'ccrt considcrationof'points ol' vicw which, as the lar as I ArnAwarcno othcr agcncyhas trxlay. So rccordwill show,wc havcbccnprcssingforward l'icldmcndrawn frorn rural arcasand all thc timc. In thcsccircumslanccs, I considcrcd a stal'l'ol' ycarsin thiswork aswc havcanclI fccl filr traincd it ncccssaryfor mc to conrmunicatcto Govcrni t i s h i g h l y u n l i k c l y t h a t o u r c s t i m a L cosf t h l t mcnt and yourscll'whatI lblt to be thc nccdsof rcliability not on cxarninationol' data on bascd the situationand thc lessonsof cxpcricncc. tabulationbut on continuousrcports l'rom thc Thc main dil'lbrcnccol'opinion bcl.wccnus supcrvisingand collccting agcncy in thc l'icld or asbcingrclevant ccnlrcsround two issucs.Thc first is thc quality coukl bc lilund ascxaggcrat"cd o[ thc infbrmationthal is coming to us. I do not only to thc districtsin which wc arc conducting sharcyour vicw thatmcrc stilt.istical cxamination thcSurvcy.Morcovcr,thc sourccsol'unrcliability of any massof datacollcctcclby suchmcthodsas in thc data bcing what thcy arc I do not scc thc 356 JOIIRNAL OI; INDIAN SCtIOOL Or POL|I |CAL I,CON0lr'lY APItIL-.1{/NI: 2001 possibilityol' improvingthc qualityof thc inlbr- bccn clrasticallycurtailodbeciiuscol' thc di{'l'iOnc of its projmation by a mcrc continuationol'thc f icklwork culticsol'thc Statc(i<lvcrnrncnt. ccts was dircctly concornctlwith training an in its prcscntlurm. agcncy lirr pcrmancnt posting in thc old Thc sccondpoint ol' our dif'l'crcncc ol'opinion unsurvc)'cdarcas.Thc N.S.S.I considcrto bc a a lairly costlyoncasthc Indian is rcgardingprioritics.You consiclcrthat all thc supcrstruclurcand go. obtitinanyrcalatlvanLagc l'inanccs Onc cannot thrccobjcctivcssctout by mc shouklbc achicvcd its lurury it until thc basic supf'rorn or al'lord simultirncously, whcrcras I lbcl that it is usclcssto As you havc porling l'ull)' strcngthcncd. units arc attcmpt thc third without having sccurcclc:onof'tcnstatcdour dil'l'crontattitudcslowardsthc sidcrahlcprogrcss inoncandtwo. I supposcvicws positions.As a N.S.S.stcrn l'rom our dil'l'crcnL on this mattcrdcpcndsubstantially on whal onc you arc, I sullltosc,litscinatcdby thc Statistician cxpcctsthc N.S.S.to do. So lar as I canjudgc thc largc tcchnicalproblcrnswhich arc involvcd in N . S . Sa. tb c s t c, a ny i c l dfa i r l yr c l i a b l ci n l b r m a t i o n scttingit up andworking it and1'oudosircpcrhaps rcgardingccrurinNationalaggrcgatcs. By thcmto achicvcu,hatrnuchrichcrcountricshavcbarcly sclvcsthcscNationalaggrcgatcs cannotlbrrnthc attcrnptcd.I ltxrk at thc N.S.S.l'romthc point of basisfor policy lbrrnalion.For policy lbrrnation thc rcsultsit achicvcsand [lrc basicinlbrmation you rcquirc,not sil nruchthc Nationalaggrcgatcs, l b r p o l i c yl i r r m a t i o nt l t l t i i c a n i c l d ;a l s o ,a s a n f but much morc dctailcdinlbrmationc:onccrningcc:onomist I anr conccrncdw'ith thc rncansand spccific:rcgionsand activiticsand a lairly clcar cnrlsratio. idca ol'thc actualopcrationsol'spccil'icpr:rrts oI systcm.Whcn you havcgathcrcda l.hccconomic: I d o n o t k n o w t h a ta n ) t h i n gi s t o h c g a i n c db y Iair amount ol' such spccific inlurrnationthc {'urthcrdiscussirtg us. tlrcpointsat issucl.rctwccn lilrcc in your Nationalaggrcgatcsrnay hclp you to build an I also rcraliscthat thcrc rs sorttr'. ovcrall rcalistic:l'rtmc-work which will givc iugurncntagainstwitstinsthrorrghabruptclosure mcaningto NationalIncorncand Accounts;but o l ' L h cN . S . S . t h c :l a r g cc x p c n d i t u r ci n c u r r c do n is likcly andthcgovcrnrncnt as long as thc dctiiilcdinlbrrnationis not avail- scttingit up this1'c'ar: In wrth ilnpr,.rsscrd, argumcnt. spccially this to hc ablc, Nationalaggrcgatcsby thornsclvcsw<luld govcrnnrcnt to contlccidcs thcrclirrc, thc casc provc ol' littlq usc lur policy lilrrnation or lrlr in sontcshapcor anothcr, tinuc thc organisation .iudgingol its implications.Evcn this is on thc lnc it is urgcntto rc'visgits lorln. it to lhat appcars rssumption that thc information rcgarding prograrntttcol' work You trxr agrcc that thc a g g r c g a t ct sh a tt h c N . S . S y. i c l d sw o u l db c l a i r l y mrxlil'icd.ln llct in your last rcquircs to bc rcliablc.Howcvcr,I doubtwhc'.t"hcr it il; possihlc paragraph you cnvisascthcpossihilityt>l'rcvising in thc abscncool'attainrncntof l'irstand sccond schcdulcsand progranlnc cvcry thrcc or litur oh.icctivcs to gct sullicicntlyrcliatrlcinformation m o n t h sI.n c i d c n t a l l yI ,r n i g h tn o t ct h a tu n d c rl h c throughsuchan agcncyas thc prcscntN.S.S. c x i s t i n gp l u n t h c r c i s s ( ) r n ck i n t l t t l i l t c n t i t t i v c prograrnrno tilr thc villagcsol'thc Poonasorics In all thcsc mal,tcrsol' prioritics onc must only'.I arn not a\\'arcol any kintl ol'progralnmc balanccthc cost involvcd as againstlhc results lor sccond,third rlr lirurth visits to lhc othcr achic'.r,cd. I am convinccdthatco-ordinatingand v i l l a g c s .Y o u w i l l a g r c ' ctrh. c r c l i ) r ot h a l "t h c r c r s strcngthcning thc work ol'primaryl'icldagcncics n c r c lrill r a no v c r a l rl c c o n s t r u c t i oIrsr l. r t l u l d advisc is a crf ing nt:cdol'thc prcscnland I lbcl that.lhc thc lirlklw'ingstcpshclirrcwork is startcdlirr thc Ccntrc wil.h sornc grants-in-aidand adcqual.c n c x Ly c a r :( i ) A c l c r r r l c l i n i t i o no l ' p o s s i h i l i t i c s s u p c r v i s i oann da d v i c cc o u k ld o g r c a ld c a li n t h i s a n do b j c c t i v c so l ' t h c N . S . S .s h o u l t b l c , a s l ' a ra s rcgard.I havc bcl'rlrcnlc lhc cxanrplc', this ycar, p o s s i b l cn, r a r l c (. i i , t F o r r l c l l i n g u ' i t l t t h c l a r g c : ol thc Bonbay Burcauwhoscprograrnntcs havc orgln isationitlitntlttrcllt i cltI protrlcttts ctlnncc:tcd v o L . 1 3N ( ) . 2 RI..POR'lOl:'I IIL PO()NA SCIIl:I)ULltS ()i:77l11,V.\.s 357 w i t h t h c p l a n n i n ga n d c o n d u c to l ' t h c N . S . S . nicrgcd Statcsand ncwl1, lilrtncd LInions.(b) in Govcrnmcntshoultlsct up a snrallccnfal advi- Dcurilcdstudicsol'spccil'ic cconornicactiviLics s o r 1c, r l r n m i t t cc o m p ( ) s co( !l ' t h c c l c m c l r t si r r t l i - w h i c h i n l o r r n a t i o ni s s p c c i a l l l 'l a c k i n g t u l a y . catcdin rny carlicrnotc (iii) Thcrc shouldhrcn<l Suchstutliosnccd nol hc sprcatlovcr thc $'holc i n s i s t c n cocn r n a i n t a i n i ntgh c N . S . S .n c c c s s a r i l l 'ol'Intlia,but shouldbc conl'inc:tl trl rcgron-tu'hcrc i n i t s p r c s c n lto r r na n d i n c v c r yl r r c l i r r c s p c t ' t i v cl.hcparticularactivitiosaro known to bc conccno[ thc costsand dil'i'ieultics.This rncansthill I t r a t c d .S u c h l i r r i r r s u t n c ca r c l n a n ) ' a s p c c to [ ' suggcstthat all arcasin which it hasbccn lirund l i v c s t o c k p r < l d u c t i < l n , o l nusccllancous l ' . S . S .a g c n c i c r sa g r i c u l t r r r apl r o r l L r c t i oor t l t c r t l t a n t h a t r l l t h c d i l ' l ' i c u ltto o r g a n i s cc l ' l ' c c t i v c lN and all invcstigatiorrirlpcrsonncl who ilrL' s t a p l c r o p s l,i r r c set r p k l i t l ti o n .I i s h i n ga, n u n t b c r o b v i o u s l yu n s u i t n h lsch o u l db c d r o p p c d(.i v ) T h c o l ' c o t t l t g c ,i n d u s t r i c sr.u r u t l t t t t lu r h i t nt r a d t n u , iicld ol cnqrrir,vcornnronto thc u,holc:countr)' inlirrrrtation l.o runrltransport. ctc. Furtltcr,us tltr,r shoultlbc rctlucul t<la srnallgroundu'hicli can h c c < l l l c c t citnl s u c l ts t r r t l i crsr ' i l lt l l n c c c s s i l yb c bc covcrcdl'airl1'rcliabll'b,'"rclativcll'uncxpcrr r r l r c t l t ' t a i l c t li.t r v o L r l db c i t t l v i s a h l ct t:t i c n c c da n d u n t r a i n c cl 'li c k l r n c nA. s i n d i c a t c riln m u c h n r r x l i l ' yt h' c s a r r r p l i npgr t l c c r l t t r cpsa r t i c u h r l yi n thc l'irstnotc this shouldbc conlrnt'dlrrgcl)' to s .l a c : ts, t r i c t l yr a n r c s 1 x ' cotl ' t h c i rr a r r r k l n t n c sI n v i s i h l cp h c n < l r n c nIad. o n o t a g r c cw i t h t l t c v i i : u ' p r o c c d u r c r o s l s l t r r r p l i n gs h o t t l d n t l t b c d o r r t in a placc that bcciruscan lgcnc)/ is cstithlishccl lcss hc rc is r.:llron ttl hclici,c thatthc t un crnploycrl arcaskcti or is v isit ingl l)crsonlhc rnorcrlucstions r c l t s t l r t a l ' lifi r t i l i r r t r i n t h c : i r u r r : r r t t i l s t u l i i r n a t c ol'cnc1uirl',thc bcttcr and thr' ri'idcr is thc f ierlcl pOsctl. with an1' qLrcstionairc t0 lhc rc\ponscs and morc cconornicaiit is. Thcrc arc in our i s t l i l ' l ' i c u ltto b c t l r i s c o n t i i t i o r t c n q u i r y c x p c r i c n c cd i s t i n c tl i m i t s t o w ' h a ta n c x t c r n a l d c t l i l c d untraincdagcnc)'can collccLinlilrrnationaklut s a t i s l i c d . andwhatanevcragcsarnplcrcsglndcntwill stand f'roman unknowncncluircr.(v) Room nright bc Tlicrc proJxrsulsntll' lcad to cilllcctron ol Ibundlirr suchvariationsol'sarnplingproccdurcs inlirrnrationI'rornri'lticlrtlrc rtatiottalaggrcqlttcs in oilr notcs last 1'car.as lbr c a n n obt c d i r c c t l i ' c 0 r l l l t r r tuc 'trl t h o utLr o u b l cB as thosL'suggcslc'd " ttt instunc:c,for choosing thc ttgriculturistsantl suchrcrlricnl.ation *'ttttl'"1 lcad to ol thc crtt;uirirrs non-agriculturists in thc sarnplcol' h<iuscholds.a n c n r i c : h r r r conl 'tc x is ti r t gn ) a t r t r i auI s' hi c h u ' t l u l t l lirr b c r l u c h r n r l r cc i q n i l ' i c u nl ltn r l t t t o r c l l t s t t n gt t t in thisrcgarcl, Thc proccdurcadoptcdlasl.,vcar insurncc.appcarsto bc unsuitahlcboth lirr dcl'i- v l i l u c . n i t i o nu n da n a l y s i s(.v i t W h i l c n a r r o w i n gt l r a s t i cnquiry, I rvoultl cally thc scopcol' thc gc'.ncral I h o p t rw ' h a tI h a v cs a i da l r o v cw i l l c o n v i n c o a d v i s ecrn r i c h i n gi t i n s p c c i l ' i rcc s p c c t isn c c r t a i n y o u t h a t I h a v c n o d c s i r ct o b c o h s l r u c l i v ct l r rcgions.J'hc cnrichrricnt,i suggcst,would takc n o n - c ( x ) l ) c r i r t iIvtcr .i ' o L r itttl t e r c | \ ' h ct l i l ' if c L t lltb r t w o l i r r n r s (; i i ) c o n c c n t r a t i oonl ' c l l i l r t i n c c r u t i n ltntlrncthotlsol nlc t()c(x)pcratcil'thc ob.j'.'ctivcs ;-cgiOnsin spccil'ic rcsl\rcts with a vtcw to ht)ncstl)'"irtstil'y I l t ( ) [ N . S . S . s u c h a s c o r r l t l a r c t h c b r i n g i n gt h c n ri n l i n cw i t ho [ h c rr c q i o n si n r c s p c ' c l and appnrvc, o f b a s i rs: t a t i s t i c ai nl l i l r r n a t i r rann dt h u sl i l l i n g i n rcgional gaps in all-lndia stiltisticsal. prcrscnt cxisting.Suchfirr instanccarc thc crop acrcagcs and lorcst cxtcnsionin unsurvcycdarcasancla \'<lursSincr:rcl,v good dcal ol' basicinfirrmationrclatingto agriD . R .C a d g i l culturc, Iivcstockand industry in rnany ol' thc
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