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Hvordan bevare mennesket i loopen?
Ungdomskonferansen 2015, campus Bakkenteigen
Thor Hukkelås, M.Sc.
Principal Engineer Marine Operations
Business Development, Kongsberg Maritime AS
KONGSBERG PROPRIETARY – See Statement of Proprietary Information
“En automatisert industri kan gi oss overskudd og tid til å sitte og beundre solnedgangen”
Fædrelandsvennen, mars 1965
Jens. G. Balchen (1926‐2009) Grunnlegger av Institutt for Teknisk Kybernetikk, 1954 KONGSBERG PROPRIETARY – See Statement of Proprietary Information
Verdens navle!
‐og sjø, hav og båter..
Kilde: laksefakta.no
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Verdens navle!
‐og sjø, hav og båter..
Kilde: laksefakta.no
KONGSBERG PROPRIETARY – See Statement of Proprietary Information
KONGSBERG PROPRIETARY – See Statement of Proprietary Information
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Has the evolution of man’s cognitive abilities kept pace with the development of technology?
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Vi har aldri hatt mer teknisk utstyr på bro enn det vi har i dag. Det er et paradoks at utstyr som har kommet inn på brua for å gjøre skipstrafikk mer sikker, kan bidra til å skape forvirring og til å ta fokuset bort fra navigering. Mennesket har begrensninger i antall skjermer og panel de kan forholde seg til. Forskning har vist at mennesket har en tendens til å ønske seg mer informasjon enn det de greier å håndtere.
Det er for eksempel ikke sikkert at rå‐data presentasjonen fra alle sensorene er den beste måten å presentere dataen på. Det dreier seg om å finne den beste balansen mellom å forenkle; det å kun presentere den informasjonen brukeren har behov for i den gitte
situasjonen kontra å ha all informasjon Ref: Rapporten Broutforming på
tilgjengelig. hurtigbåter. Kap 3
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Automatisering og kapteinens rolle.
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En datamaskin opererer i henhold til gitte
muligheter og om det oppstår nye
uforutsette hendelser vil den ikke fungere
like godt som mennesket som kan være
en kreativ problemløser.
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Mennesket er bedre til å analysere nye
situasjoner. Mennesket er
tilpasningsdyktig og har muligheten til å
eksperimentere seg frem til nye løsninger.
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Autonomous ships
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The Paradox of Automation
• The Paradox of Automation says that the more efficient the automated system, the more crucial the human contribution of the operators.
• Humans are less involved, but their involvement becomes more critical.
Efficient automation makes humans more important, not less.
350
300
Complexity
250
Consequences
Risk
200
150
100
50
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
1954 1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2014
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Hvordan bevare mennesket I loopen?
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Cause
Nature / Reality /
Environment
Observe
Observe
Human
Learning by observing
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Effect
Nature / Reality /
Environment
Cause
Act
Effect
Observe
Human
Learning by doing / Human in the loop
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Effect
Nature / Reality /
Environment
Cause
Act
Observe
Act
Human
Machines
Observe
Human
Doing by Machines
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Cause
Act
Nature / Reality /
Environment
Human
Machines
Human
Human back in the loop??
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Effect
Observe
Hvorfor er dette så viktig for KONGSBERG og for dere?
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KONGSBERG Group
Extreme Performance for Extreme Conditions
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Dynamic Positioning (DP) of Diving Support Vessel
The Loop
«DP is 99% boredom and 1% panic»
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Offshore Marine Operations: Pushing the limits
• Deeper waters, colder waters, heavier loads, larger forces, tougher environment and more demanding weather.
• Control systems, organizations and tasks are becoming increasingly more complex and complicated.
The consequences of making wrong decisions during failure or stress situations can be disastrous and may have catastrophic implications.
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What’s wrong with the current situation?
• Human‐Machine‐Interface (HMI):
• “Users are flooded with too much information, and lose mastery of the situation.”
• Alarms:
• “In alarm situations, many buttons and indicators start flashing. Heartbeats race, without a sense of what can be done.”
• “When the screen is filled up with alarms, the operator just has to pick out some using gut instinct”.
• General
• “We think with our spine.”
• “We don’t read manuals”
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SITUMAR ® Situation Awareness & Decision Support for demanding Marine Operations
A 3‐year R&D project sponsored by the Research Council of Norway
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How to support good human decision making?
How to reduce complexity and ”feature creep” How to close the “information gap”?
How to provide for proper skill training?
How to design for optimal Situational Awareness & Decision Support?
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"De fleste ulykker skjer på grunn av feil mennesker gjør, men i nesten alle tilfeller er grunnen for den menneskelige feilen et direkte resultat av dårlig design. Prinsippene for en brukersentrert designprosess er ikke bare relevant for å gi oss et mer behagelig liv, det er også relevant for å redde liv." (Norman, 2002)
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User centred design
1. Active involvement of users and understanding of user and task requirements.
2. Appropriate allocation of functions between users and technology.
3. Iteration of design solutions.
4. Multidisciplinary design team.
“If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.”
Henry Ford
“Ask them what they do and observe them doing it”
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Technology should adapt to humans, not the other way around!
Human “think”
Tech “think”
Task “think”
Machines should work
Humans should think
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SITUMAR ® – is about regaining control
Situation Awareness & Decision Support for demanding Marine Operations
01/02/12
01/01/13
Phase 1: Theory
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01/01/14
Phase 2: Operational Studies
31/12/14
Phase 3: Prototyping
Situation Awareness
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Human Decision Making
What is Situation Awareness (SA)?
• Being aware of what is happening around you and understanding what that information means to you now and in the future.
• The formal definition of SA breaks down into three separate levels:
• Level 1 – perception of the elements in the environment
• Level 2 – comprehension of the current situation, and
• Level 3 – projection of future status
Source: Designing for Situation Awareness. An
Approach to User-Centered Design. Endsley, Bolte,
Jones.
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Situation Awareness and the Loop
Tasks and Environmental Factors
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Workload
Stressors
System Design
Complexity
State of the
environment/
system
SITUATION AWARENESS
Perception
of data and
the elements
of the
environment
(Level 1)
Comprehension
of the meaning
and significance
of the situation
Projection of
future states and
events
(Level 2)
(Level 3)
DECISION
Individual Factors
• Goals
• Preconceptions
• Knowledge
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• Experience
• Training
• Abilities
ACTION
Alarmsystems should be Proactive, not Reactive
Barriers
Planning &
Preparation
Abnormal
Situation
Normal
Situation
Recovery
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Time
Criticality
Thinking slow, thinking fast
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Den desidert beste formen for beslutningsstøtte er god og adekvat operasjonell ferdighetstrening.
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SITUMAR
®
“Train as you fight – fight as you train”
Can you
do this?
Skill
Do you
know
this?
Time
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Noen konkrete resultater:
K‐Master & SITUMAR® Concept Bridge
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K-Master
K-Master: Aft bridge workstation for OSV
/ 37 /
16-Feb-15
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K‐Master
Information Management & Simplification
• Unified HMI ‐ A true integration of several systems with a common look & feel.
• Implement 20% of the functionality used 80% of the
time
/ 38 /
16-Feb-15
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SITUMAR ®
The 3600 seamless integrated bridge
Harmonized ship handling units & Unified HMI across subsystems
Simplification – simplification - simplification
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SITUMAR
®
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SITUMAR
®
Harmonized ship handling units – Giving the DP back
to the mariner
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Mennesket tilbake i loopen!
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Kjære studenter og sjøfolk!
• Gå ombord og bli gode kravstillere og bestillere av teknologi som bidrar
til å løse oppgaven din på en bedre måte og til å gi deg et mer behagelig
liv.
• Hvorfor skal man ha “augmented reality” når “real reality” er rett
utenfor vinduet?
• Ikke godta alt du får fra oss teknologer!
• All utvikling skal skje på menneskets, dvs dine og mine premisser, ikke
på teknologiens.
• Vær bevisst ansvaret vi har sammen. Når det “stormer som verst” er det
din situasjonsforståelse, dine beslutninger, dine aksjoner og ditt
samarbeide med andre mennesker som gjelder. • Bevar kjærligheten til båter, hav og mannskap og gleden ved å være
utpå.
• Gilla läget.
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Takk for oppmerksomheten!
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