1. law, govt and politics
2. legal issues
3. human rights

9 October, 2006
SAMPLE TRAINING MODULE
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Sample Training Course
Module
This is an example of material covered in the
core one week training course “Fundamentals
of Dosimetry with Emphasis on Panasonic
TLD Technology”
Sample Slide # 1 - 9 October, 2006
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3-1 - 17-Feb-06
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Typical Course Outline
Here
(All courses are custom designed to meet the needs of the client)
•
•
•
•
Introduction / General Concepts
–
Brief review of radiation detection principles (beta,
gamma, neutron, x-ray)
–
Fundamentals of Thermoluminescent Dosimetry
The Panasonic TLD Dosimetry System
–
History
–
Characteristics common to all Panasonic TLD readers
–
Self-Checks performed by Panasonic TLD readers
–
Panasonic UD-794 “PanaRad” Automatic TLD
Irradiator
–
Panasonic 8xx Series Thermoluminescent Dosimeters
–
Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Establishing a Quality Panasonic Dosimetry Process
–
Ensuring high quality TLD processing
–
Reader Heating
–
Element Correction Factors (ECFs)
–
Reader Linearity & Accuracy
–
Dosimeter Fade
–
General concepts of Algorithms
Implementing Quality Control Principles in Panasonic TLD
Daily Operations
–
Parameters to be monitored
–
Quality Control Dosimeters
–
Evaluating QC parameters
–
Application of Quality Control facors
–
Determining Dose Equivalent
–
Quality Control Graphs
–
Other important Quality Control steps
Sample Slide # 2 - 9 October, 2006
3-2 - 17-Feb-06
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reader Error Codes – “What to do when something goes
wrong”
General Principles of Quality for Ionizing Radiation
Dosimetry
–
NIST Handbook 150-4
Proficiency Testing of Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry
–
ANSI/HPS N13.11-2001
–
ANSI/HPS N13.32-2006
General Principles of Quality for Calibration and Testing
Facilities
–
How standards are developed
–
Management Systems and Standards (general)
• Outline of ISO-17025-2005
The NVLAP Accreditation Process
–
NIST Handbook 150-2001
–
NIST Handbook 150-4-2005
Quality Manuals
Internal Audits & Management Reviews
Demonstrating Traceability to National & International
Standards
Estimating Overall Uncertainty
Document Control
Panasonic Dosimetry Technical Reference Materials
Definitions unique to Panasonic dosimetry technology
Definitions commonly used in personnel radiation dosimetry
Technical references
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9 October, 2006
SAMPLE TRAINING MODULE
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About the Author
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Bruce Dicey has been actively involved for over 30 years in developing, operating,
managing and evaluating personnel and dosimetry programs in the government and
private sectors. Prior assignments included Chief of the US Air Force Center for
Radiation Dosimetry, Chief of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Personnel & Environmental Dosimetry Program in Las Vegas, Senior Health
Physicist at The University of Michigan, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and
the U.S. Army. Since retiring from government service in May, 2004 he has been
actively involved in providing consulting services on the national and international
levels in the general area of Quality Management Systems for calibration and testing
and in the specific area of Personnel Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry.
He has been a long-time leader in the Panasonic dosimetry industry – serving on the Panasonic International Dosimetry
Symposium Advisory Task Force since 1996 and selected three times to chair the annual International Dosimetry
Symposium. He designed and published CD-based proceedings of annual International Radiation Dosimetry symposia
and developed the definitive web site serving the Panasonic dosimetry community – http://www.dosimetryresources.com.
He was a member of design team for advanced technology TLD reader developed by Matsushita Industrial Engineering
Company of America (MIECOA) for Panasonic and also tested and characterized the first prototype Panasonic UD-7900
advanced generation TLD reader.
He served as a NVLAP Assessor from 1996 to 1995. Mr. Dicey is Vice Chairman of the Health Physics Society
Standards Committee, responsible for technical oversight of the ANSI/HPS N13 and N43 radiation protection and
instrumentation standards development processes. He is also the US Government representative to the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) working group developing IAEA Safety Guide for Quality Systems in Calibration and
Testing (ISO-17025). Has served on a NATO working group for nuclear emergency response and as a planner for a
major joint US-UK radiation emergency response exercise. In May, 2004 he was awarded the Outstanding Civilian Career
Achievement Medal on the occasion of his retirement from government service. In July, 2005 he was honored by the
Health Physics Society by being named a Fellow of the Society. He earned Master’s degrees in Health Physics and in
Environmental Management from The University of Michigan and completed postgraduate studies in Medical Radiation
Physics at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Department of Defense Nuclear Reactor School.
Sample Slide # 3 - 9 October, 2006
3-3 - 17-Feb-06
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The Panasonic TLD
Dosimetry System
This module describes the background
and general characteristics of the
various components of the Panasonic
dosimetry system
Sample Slide # 4 - 9 October, 2006
3-4 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
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History of Panasonic Dosimetry
Here
• Dr. Farrington Daniels,
University of Wisconsin
discovered TLD process in
1954
• Dr. John Cameron, Univ. of
Wisconsin, developed
practical applications of TL
for radiation dosimetry
• Dr. N Kitamura, Osaka
National Research Institute,
developed the Panasonic
Dosimetry Technology
System
Sample Slide # 5 - 9 October, 2006
3-5 - 17-Feb-06
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History of Panasonic Dosimetry
Here
• 1978 – Matsushita
Industrial Equipment
Co., Osaka, Japan,
completed design for 16
new types of TLDs and
automatic and manual
TLD readers
• Originally offered for
sale in Japan, Europe,
and USA
Sample Slide # 6 - 9 October, 2006
3-6 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
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History of Panasonic Dosimetry
Here
• Product line introduced
to US market occurred
at time of Three Mile
Island accident (1979)
• Reader types:
–
–
–
–
UD-702
UD-710
UD-716
UD-7900
Sample Slide # 7 - 9 October, 2006
3-7 - 17-Feb-06
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History of Panasonic Dosimetry
•
•
•
•
•
Here
Initial UD-710 and 716 reader prototype
testing, characterization, algorithm and
procedure development by Dr. Phil
Plato, The University of Michigan –
1970s thru 1980s
1996 – Design concept for UD-7900
reader developed by Panasonic US,
MIECOA, Rick Cadogan and Bruce
Dicey
1998 – UD-7900 data handling protocol
developed by Francis Afinidad, US Air
Force
1999 – 2000 – Initial UD-7900 prototype
testing and characterization completed
by Bruce Dicey, US Air Force Dosimetry
2001 – current – Advanced product
revision, algorithm development, and
testing completed by Doc Grossen and
Rick Cadogan
Sample Slide # 8 - 9 October, 2006
3-8 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
SAMPLE TRAINING MODULE
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Characteristics Common to
all Panasonic TLD Readers
Sample Slide # 9 - 9 October, 2006
3-9 - 17-Feb-06
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Heating Lamp
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Protective
Glass
Sample Slide # 10 - 9 October, 2006
3-10 - 17-Feb-06
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Convergence Cone & Heat Lamp
Here
Convergence Cone
Heat Lamp
Sample Slide # 11 - 9 October, 2006
3-11 - 17-Feb-06
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Convergence Cone
Here
Photo courtesy of Ralph Mapplebeck
Sample Slide # 12 - 9 October, 2006
3-12 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
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Flow Chart
Here
Showing the sequence of operations of a Panasonic TLD reader
Photon
Counter
mR*p = P-counts X PCCF X RC X
(PS / RS)
P-Counts
NO
PMT
mR*
F-Counts = CP?
YES
Frequency
Counter
F-Counts
mR*F = F-counts X FCCF X RC X
(PS / RS)
Definitions:
Sample Slide #
PMT = photomultiplier tube
P-counts = counts measured by the photon counter
F-counts = counts measured by the frequency counter
PCCF = photon counter conversion factor
FCCF = frequency counter conversion factor
RC = rank correction factor (when used)
PS = phosphor sensitivity ratio
RS = reader sensitivity correction factor
CP = crossover point
13mR*
- 9P =October,
2006 measured by the photon counter
element response
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mR*F = element response measured by the frequency counter
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mR* = element response displayed by the TLD reader
3-13 - 17-Feb-06
Your
Panasonic UD-7900m Automatic
TLD Reader
Sample Slide # 14 - 9 October, 2006
3-14 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
SAMPLE TRAINING MODULE
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UD-7900m TLD Reader Block
Diagram
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BADGE PUSH-UP
BLOCK
MECHANISM
CONTROLLER
96
DIGITAL
I/O
BOARD
MAGAZINE
BLOCK
Keyboard
Mous
e
SLIDER BLOCK
Monitor
24 VDC
CONNECTOR BOARD
8 DIGITAL I/
O
POWER SUPPLY
CONTROL
BOARD
24 VDC
5 VDC
FAN
UD-7900 M
16 Channel
A/D
Converter
HEAT FLUX
MICROSENSOR
AMPLIFIER
15 VDC
HEATING
LAMP
CPU
2 Chanel 24
bit High
Speed
Counters
PREAMPLIFI
ER
HEAT FLUX
MICROSENSOR
DIGITAL
PROGRAMMABLE
POWER SUPPLY
2 Channel D/
A Converter
HYBRID
INTEGRATOR
AUTO
CHANGER
PMT
COMPUTER
Sample Slide # 15 - 9 October, 2006
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PROCESS FLOW – UD-7900m
Here
START
NETWORK
ATTACHED?
NO
YES
POWER ON
UD-7900M
START
UD-7900M
APPLICATION
SELECT
“CANCEL”
OR ESC KEY
POWER ON
ISOLATOR
UNIT
LOGIN USING
VALID USER
NAME /
PASSWORD
POWER ON
MONITOR
YES
START
NEW
BATCH
YES
POWER ON
PRINTER (IF
ATTACHED)
READING
TLD BADGES
NO
REVIEW
PREVIOUS
BATCH
NO
NO
REVIEW
CURRENT
BATCH
YES
POWER ON
COMPUTER
USING
NETWORK
RESOURCES?
NO
CLICK START TO
CONTINUE
READING
PROCESS
NO
LOAD BATCH
USING
“SELECT BATCH”
END OF PROCESS –
SHUTDOWN
SYSTEM OR START
NEW PROCESS
YES
CREATING A
NEW BATCH?
USE REPORT &
DATA VIEWING
TOOLS
YES
CREATE
ELEMENT
PROFILE
LOAD
AUTOCHANGER
POSITION
AUTOCHANGER
TO TRAY 1
AUTOMATIC
READING
PROCESS COMPLETED
NO
START AUTOMATIC
READING PROCESS
Sample Slide # 16 - 9 October, 2006
3-16 - 17-Feb-06
ERROR?
PROCESS STOP
YES
RECTIFY ERROR; CLICK
START TO CONTINUE
PROCESS
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9 October, 2006
SAMPLE TRAINING MODULE
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UD-716 – “1” Data String Elements
Position
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Contents
STX
1
Number of Characters in String
Reader Number from Parameter 78L
Text Number
Mode of Operation
Year
Month
Measuring Date
Day
Time
Minute
Space
Reference Light Counts
Background
Sensitivity Correction Factor
High Voltage
Sample Slide # 17 - 9 October, 2006
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Here
Lamp Voltage
Lamp Flash Times
Space
Reader Function
Mark
P-Counter Conversion Coefficient
F-Counter Conversion Coefficient
Error Code (1)
Error Code (2)
Error Code (3)
Error Code (4)
ETX
BCC
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UD-716 – “2” Data String Elements
Position
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Contents
STX
1
Number of Characters in String
Reader Number from Parameter 78L
Text Number
Mode of Operation
Year
Month
Measuring Date
Day
Time
Minute
Magazine Slot Number
Badge Code
Type
E-rank
C-rank
Personnel ID Code (User's Code)
Sample Slide # 18 - 9 October, 2006
3-18 - 17-Feb-06
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Here
Element 1
Element 2
Measured Data
(Exposure)
Element 3
Element 4
Dark Counts
Reference Element Counts
Reader Sensitivity
P - F Flag
Mark
Sequenty Number
Error Code (1)
Error Code (2)
Error Code (3)
Error Code (4)
ETX
BCC
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9 October, 2006
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Self Checks Performed by the
TLD Reader
Sample Slide # 19 - 9 October, 2006
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Rank Correction Factor
•
•
•
•
•
Panasonic dosimeters are irradiated once to
137Cs as part of the manufacturing process in
Japan. This irradiation is used to produce rank
correction factors for the elements of each
dosimeter. Groups of 50 dosimeters are
examined after the rank correction factors are
applied.
The dosimeters are read 24 hours after
irradiation to allow time for fading of lithium
borate.
The response of each element is compared to the
response of a group of reference dosimeters, and
a rank correction factor is calculated for each
element.
If the calculated rank correction factor is < 0.7
or > 1.40, the element is discarded. If the rank
correction factor is within this range, the closest
of seven rank codes is assigned to the element
and is encoded onto the dosimeter into which the
element has been inserted as the second, third,
and fourth holes in the binary code.
Panasonic TLD readers have the capability of
reading and applying rank correction factors to
dosimeters depending on how reader parameters
are set.
Sample Slide # 20 - 9 October, 2006
3-20 - 17-Feb-06
•
Here
The relationship between rank codes
and rank correction factors is as
follows:
Rank
Rank
Code
Corr.
Factor
0
1.000
1
1.105
2
1.222
3
1.350
4
1.000
5
0.741
6
0.819
7
0.905
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9 October, 2006
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Rank Correction Factor (continued)
•
•
The method used to determine which
of the two stored rank codes is
applied to each of the four elements
is described in detail in the Panasonic
User’s Manual. In general, one rank
code is applied to the two lithium
borate element and the other is
applied to the two calcium sulfate
elements.
The factory suggests that the
manufacturing process is sufficiently
consistent so that elements produced
sequentially may be considered to
have the same sensitivity. However,
variabilities between even
sequentially produced elements can
occur over a period of time.
Sample Slide # 21 - 9 October, 2006
3-21 - 17-Feb-06
Here
Rank Code
4 2 1
E (Parity Code)
4-Character Badge
Type Code
Badge ID Code
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Panasonic UD-794 “PanaRad”
Automatic TLD Irradiator
Sample Slide # 22 - 9 October, 2006
3-22 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
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UD-794-C / D PanaRad
Here
PC
PCI
UD-794C
UD-730
794
Cs-137
Shield
Mechanics
Electronics
Digital Power
Supply
Sample Slide # 23 - 9 October, 2006
3-23 - 17-Feb-06
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3-24 - 17-Feb-06
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9 October, 2006
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Panasonic 8xx Series TLDs
Sample Slide # 25 - 9 October, 2006
3-25 - 17-Feb-06
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How Li2B4O7 (Cu) is Made
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LiOH • H 2O + H 3 BO3 → LiBO2 • 8 H 2O →
(This process is to purify the materials.)
2 LiBO2 • 8 H 2O + 2 H 3 BO3 → Li2 B4 O7 • 3 H 2O
(Programmed control process)
Li 2 B 4 O 7 • 3 H2 O (4000 C) → Li 2 B 4O 7
(Anneal at 400℃）
Li 2 B4 O 7 + Cu Cl 2 • 2 H2 O → Li 2 B 4 O 7 (Cu)
o
Sintered at 910 C for 50 minutes
Sample Slide # 26 - 9 October, 2006
3-26 - 17-Feb-06
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Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Sample Slide # 27 - 9 October, 2006
3-27 - 17-Feb-06
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Panasonic Dosimeter
Quality Codes
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Panasonic dosimeters are irradiated once to 137Cs as part of the manufacturing
process in Japan. This irradiation is used to produce rank correction factors for the
elements of each dosimeter. Groups of 50 dosimeters are examined after the rank
correction factors are applied.
• If the standard deviation of each element is ≤ 5.0% of the mean response for that
element, that group of dosimeters is designated “AQ”
• If the standard deviation of each element is ≤ 7.5% of the mean response for that
element, that group of dosimeters is designated “AR”
• If the standard deviation of each element is ≤ 30% of the mean response for that
element, that group of dosimeters is designated “AS”
• Panasonic dosimeters that have NOT been irradiated as part of the manufacturing
process are designated with the Quality Code “AT”. This category of dosimeters is
appropriate for laboratories that generate and use element correction factors (ECFs)
instead of factory-assigned rank correction factors.
Sample Slide # 28 - 9 October, 2006
3-28 - 17-Feb-06
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Characteristics of Panasonic
Dosimeters
Sample Slide # 29 - 9 October, 2006
3-29 - 17-Feb-06
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Panasonic UD-802 Series TLDs
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The Panasonic UD-802 Series Dosimeters are available in three types – UD-802-A,
UD-802-A1 and UD-803-A2
The UD-802-A is most commonly used Panasonic dosimeter – use of natural
nLi nB O makes neutron dosimetry possible if the appropriate neutron energy
2
4 7
correction factor is known
Back to Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Sample Slide # 30 - 9 October, 2006
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Panasonic UD-802-A TLD
Phosphor
Front
Filtration
Rear Filtration
Remarks
Here
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
nLi nB O
2
4 7
nLi nB O
2
4 7
CaSO4
CaSO4
Plastic – 14
mg/cm2
Plastic – 160
mg/cm2
Plastic – 160
mg/cm2
Lead – 0.7
mm thick
The most commonly used Panasonic dosimeter – use of natural
nLi nB O makes neutron dosimetry possible if the appropriate
2
4 7
neutron energy correction factor is known
Back to Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Sample Slide # 31 - 9 October, 2006
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Panasonic UD-802-A1 TLD
Phosphor
Front
Filtration
Rear
Filtration
Here
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
nLi nB O
2
4 7
nLi nB O
2
4 7
CaSO4
CaSO4
Plastic – 14
mg/cm2
Aluminum –
Aluminum –
0.8 mm
0.8 mm
Lead – 0.7
mm thick
Remarks
This model dosimeter is not commonly used
Back to Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Sample Slide # 32 - 9 October, 2006
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Panasonic UD-802-A2 TLD
Phosphor
Front
Filtration
Rear
Filtration
Here
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
nLi nB O
2
4 7
nLi nB O
2
4 7
CaSO4
CaSO4
Plastic – 14
mg/cm2
Plastic – 75
mg/cm2
Plastic – 160
mg/cm2
Lead – 0.7
mm thick
The UD-802-A2 provides enhanced capability for estimating the
energy of beta particles
Remarks
Back to Characteristics of Panasonic TLDs
Sample Slide # 33 - 9 October, 2006
3-33 - 17-Feb-06
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For more information
– upcoming training course schedule
- request a quote
- schedule a training course at your
facility
Dosimetry Resources International, Inc.
E-mail: [email protected]
Sample Slide # 34 - 9 October, 2006
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