1. science
2. computer science

Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
[FRONT COVER PAGE FOR STUDENT COPY]
[
PROJECT TITLE NAME
]
ENGINEERING DIPLOMA
in
[BRANCH NAME]
Project Report Submitted
by
Student Name
(SPN NO.)
Under the Supervision of
Faculty Name
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
August-2014
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
[FRONT INNER PAGE FOR STUDENT COPY]
[PROJECT TITLE NAME]
This Project Report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of diploma of
ENGINEERING DIPLOMA
in
[BRANCH NAME]
Project Report
by
Student Name
(SPN NO.)
Under the Supervision of
Faculty Name
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
August-2014
2
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
FRONT PAGE FOR COLLEGE COPY
PROJECT REPORT
ON
[PROJECT TITLE NAME]
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
ENGINEERING DIPLOMA
in
[BRANCH NAME]
Submitted by:
Group Members Name
Aaaaaaaa
Bbbbbbbbbb
Cccccccccccccc
Supervised by
LECTURER NAME
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PRATAPGARH
AUGUST-2014
3
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
© Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh-2014
All rights reserved
4
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PRATAPGARH
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project entitled PROJECT NAME
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Engineering Diploma. and
submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Government Polytechnic College
Pratapgarh is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from 8 August
2014 to 30 August 2014 under the supervision of Lecturer Name Department of Electrical
Engineering, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PRATAPGARH.
The matter presented in this Project embodies the result of own work and studies carried out by
me and have not been submitted for the award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.
(Student Name)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our
knowledge.
Date:
August 2014
(Lecturer Name)
Supervisor
5
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
ABSTRACT



JUST A INTRODUCTION OF YOUR PROJECT REPORT
TECHINAL APPROACH
SOCIAL USE
6
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor HOD
NAME
Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic College
Pratapgarh, for his invaluable guidance and cooperation throughout the Project work. He
provided constant encouragement and unceasing enthusiasm at every stage of the Project work.
He has been the principal motivating force behind this work and provided all kind of possible
support. I am very much thankful to him for extending maximum possible help at times of need.
I express my indebtedness to HOD NAME , Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh, and Project. Coordinator,
SUPERVISOR NAME, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic
College Pratapgarh, for their valuable help and suggestions.
I am also thankful to my friends for their support and cooperation throughout the project
work. Finally, I thank my family who has given me constant encouragement and moral support
to complete this work.
Place: GPC Pratapgarh
STUDENT NAME
(SPN NUMBER)
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
CONTENTS
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
ii
iii
iv
v
vii
viii
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Motivation
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Research Objective
1.4 Dissertation Outline
1
1
3
9
9
CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
2.1 Distribution System
2.2 Types of Distribution System
2.3 Objectives of Distribution System
2.4 Requirements of a Good Distribution System
2.5 Improvements to Distribution System Performance
2.5.1 Capacitor Placement
2.5.1.1 Benefits of Capacitor Placement
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11
13
15
16
17
17
19
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM FORMULATION
20
CHAPTER 4
SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
4.1 Genetic Algorithm
4.2 Component needed to implement GA
4.2.1 Representation
4.2.2 Phases in Genetic Algorithm
4.2.2.1 Initialisation
4.2.2.2 Evaluation
4.2.2.3 Genetic Operation
4.2.2.3.1 Selection
4.2.2.3.2 Reproduction
4.2.2.3.2.1 Crossover
4.2.2.3.2.2 Mutation
4.2.2.3.3 Fitness Scaling
4.2.3 Termination
4.2.4 Genetic Parameters
4.2.4.1 Population Size
4.2.4.2 Crossover Rate
4.2.4.3 Mutation Rate
4.3 Flowchart of Genetic Algorithm
4.4 Proposed Genetic Algorithm
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
30
31
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Parameters Selection
8
36
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
CHAPTER 6
5.2 System I: 33-bus Distribution System
5.2.1 Simulation Results
5.3 System II: 69-bus Distribution System
5.3.1 Simulation Results
36
37
40
41
CONCLUSION
6.1 General
6.2 Future Scope
44
44
44
REFERENCES
46
APPENDIX
52
LIST OF FIGURES
Title of Figure
Page No.
2.1
Single Line Diagram of Power System Network
12
2.2
Single Line Diagram of a Typical Low Tension Distribution System
13
2.3
Single Line Diagram of Radial Systems (a) Distribution for DC
14
System (b) Distribution for AC System
3.1
Single Line Diagram of a Main Feeder
21
4.1
General Scheme of GA Process
25
4.2
Single point crossover operation
29
4.3
Two point crossover operation
30
4.4
Mutation operation
30
4.5
Flowchart of genetic algorithm
33
4.6
Chromosome Structure for Optimal Capacitor Placement
34
4.7
Flowchart of Proposed Method for Capacitor Placement
35
5.1
Single Line Diagram of 33-bus Radial Distribution System
37
5.2
Single Line Diagram of 33-bus Radial Distribution System with
39
Capacitor Locations
5.3
Single Line Diagram of 69-bus Radial Distribution System
40
5.4
Single Line Diagram of 69-bus Radial Distribution System with
42
Capacitor Locations
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Table Description
Page No.
5.1
Load level and load duration of 33-bus distribution system
37
5.2
Energy losses, Minimum node voltage with and without shunt
38
compensation for 33-bus Distribution System
5.3
Optimal capacitor placement and location in 33-bus distribution
38
system
5.4
Cost analysis with and without capacitor placement for 33-bus
39
Distribution System
5.5
Load Level and Load Duration of 69-bus Distribution System
41
5.6
Comparison of Energy losses and Minimum Node Voltage of the
41
Proposed Method with [4] for 69-bus System
5.7
Optimal Capacitor Placement and Location in 69-bus Distribution
43
System
5.8
Comparison of Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Proposed Method with
43
[4] for 69-bus System
A.1
Bus Data of 33-bus System
52
A.2
Line Data of 33-bus System
53
A.3
Bus Data of 69-bus System
54
A.4
Line Data of 69-bus System
56
LIST OF SYMBOLS
The symbols used in the text have been defined at appropriate places, however for easy
reference, the list of principle symbols is given below.
Symbol
Explanation

polynomial cost function  C  P
polynomial cost function  C  P

 C  P  C  in $/Hr-MW
 C  P  C  in $/Hr-MW2
C0
Coefficient of polynomial cost function C2  P 2  C1  P  C0 in $/Hr
C1
Coefficient of
C2
Coefficient of
2
2
2
10
2
1
0
1
0
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
MANUAL FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
1. GENERAL
 One copies of PROJECT are to be submitted to the Concerned Faculty. It should be
hard bounded in thick black paper. In case the examiner suggests any changes in the
dissertation, those would have to be incorporated, and fresh copies be submitted. The
grades would only be forwarded, when the changes are made and fresh copies
submitted, to the satisfaction of the examiners.
 The size of Project report should not exceed 150 Pages of typed matter reckoned from
the first page of Chapter 1 to the last page of the Appendix.
2. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS OF Project Report: The sequence of the Project
material should be as follows:
1.
Cover Page
2.
Title Page
3.
Copyright
4.
Certificate
5.
Abstract
6.
Acknowledgement
7.
Contents
8.
List of Figures
9.
List of Tables
10.
List of Symbols
11.
List of Abbreviations
12.
Chapters I, II , ……..
13.
Appendices
14.
References
15.
Publications from the candidate’s work
3. PAGE DIMENSIONS AND MARGIN: Standard A4 size paper may be used. The
Project should have the following page margins:
Top edge
:
1 inch=2.54 cm
Bottom edge
:
0.5 inch=1.27
Left side
:
1.4 inch=3.556
Right side
:
0.7 inch=1.778
Tables and figures should conform to the margin specifications. Large size figures should
be photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size before insertion.
4. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION: The headings of all items 5 to 15 listed in section 2
should be typed in capital letter without punctuation and centered. The text should
commence 4 spaces below this heading. Here, space or spacing means the Line spacing
which has options as single, one and half, double, exactly, at least, multiple, etc.
5. COVER PAGE & TITLE PAGE: A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page for
the Project are given. The Cover page is to be printed on the cover of the thesis, and
aligned Center. Copyright has to be printed behind the title page, exactly at the center of
the page. The year of submission and the full name of the student should be printed in
capitals font Style Times New Roman Font size 16, on the bounded side of the Project
Cover page, for example, “2011 SATYA PRAKASH”.
6. CERTIFICATE: As per the format shown.
7. ABSTRACT: Abstract should not exceed two pages outlining the research problem, the
methodology used for tackling it and a summary of the findings, when typed one and half
line spacing, font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12.
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: It should be brief and should not exceed one page, typed in
one and half spacing. The student’s signature shall be made at the bottom end above his /
her name typed in capitals.
9. CONTENTS: The table of contents should list all material starting from the Certificate
page. The specimen copy of the Contents is given.
10. LIST OF TABLE: The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above
the tables in the text. Format is given.
11. LIST OF FIGURES: The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above
the tables in the text. Format is given.
12. LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE: Standard
symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used. Format is given.
13. APPENDICES: Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix
1, Appendix 2, etc. Appendices, Tables and figures appearing in appendices should be
numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters. Appendices
shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be made in the contents
page also. The list of publications made by the student during the period of research, shall
be brought as Publications from the Candidate’s work and the same shall be reported in
the contents.
14. REFERENCES: Any work of other researchers, if used either directly or indirectly, the
origin of the material thus referred to at appropriate places in the Project should be
indicated. The citation has to follow the same style as adopted in recent IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems. The listing should be typed 4 spaces below the heading
“REFERENCES” in single spacing left-justified. The reference material should be listed
as it appears in the running text.
15. TABLES AND FIGURES: Tables and figures in a chapter should be typed single space.
A table or figure including caption should be accommodated within the prescribed
margin limits and appear on the page following the page or the same page where their
first references is made. Table and figures on half or less in length may appear on the
same page along with the text. However, they should be separated from the text both
above and below by triple spacing. Figures should not be cut / paste from other sources.
16. CHAPTERS:
The impression on the typed/ duplicated/ printed copies should be black in colour.
Uniformly of the font shall be observed. Symbols and equations should be typed using
MATHTYPE or the equation editor available in MS-WORD. Corrections, interlineations
and crossing out of letters or words will not be permitted in any of the copies of the
Project intended for submission.
A sub-heading at the bottom of a page must have at least two full lines below it or else it
should be carried over to the next page. The last word of any page should not be split
using a hyphen. The general text shall be typed in One and a half spacing, font Style
Times New Roman and Font Size 12.
Single spacing should be used for typing:
(i)
Long Tables
(ii)
Long quotations
(iii)
Foot notes
(iv)
Multilane captions
(v)
References
The font size used in the tables may be smaller than the ordinary text, but should not be
less than 8 in any case. Orientation of the tables may be changed in case of large tables.
The format for typing Chapter headings Divisions headings and sub-division headings are
explained through the following illustrative examples.
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Department of Electrical Engineering
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Chapter headings
:
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Division heading
:
1.1 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION
Sub-division heading :
1.1.2 Literature review.
The font size of the chapter headings may be 16 BOLD, that of division heading be 14
BOLD and subdivision heading may be 12 BOLD. The word CHAPTER should be
centered. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed centrally in capital
letters. The text should commence 4 spaces below this title, the first letter of the text
starting with an half inch tab, inside from the left hand margin.
The division and sub-division captions along with their numberings should be leftjustified. The typed material directly below division or sub-division headings should
commence 2 spaces below it and should have a tab of half inch from the left hand margin.
Within a division or sub-division paragraphs are permitted. Even paragraph should
commerce 3 space below the last line of the preceding paragraph, the first letter in each
paragraph being offset from the left hand margin by half inch tab.
17. PAGE NUMBERING: The preliminary pages of the Project(starting from Certificate
page, Acknowledgement, Table of Contents etc.) should be numbered in lower case
Roman numerals. The title page will be numbered as (i) but this should not be typed. The
Certificate page shall be numbered (iii) and it should appear at the foot note center, and
thereafter continued. Pages of main text, starting with Chapter 1 should be consecutively
numbered using Arabic numerals.
18. NUMBERING OF CHAPTERS, DIVISION AND SUB-DIVISIONS: The numbering
of Chapters, division and sub-divisions should be done using Arabic numerals only and
further decimal notation should be used for numbering the divisions and sub-divisions
within a chapter. For examples sub-division 4 under division 3 belonging to chapter 2
should be numbered as 2.3.4. The caption for the sub-division should immediately follow
the number assigned to it.
Every chapter beginning with the first chapter should be serially numbered using Arabic
numerals. Appendices should also be numbered in an identical manner starting with
Appendix 1. All chapters should start from odd numbered pages. For this, a page may be
left vacant, if required, at the end of preceding chapter.
19. NUMBERING OF TABLES AND FIGURES: Tables and figures appearing anywhere
in the Project should bear appropriate numbers. The rule for assigning such numbers is
illustrated through an example. If a figure in Chapter 3 happens to be the fourth figure,
then assign 3.4 to that figure (Figure 3.4). Identical rules apply for tables except that the
word figure is replaced by the word Table. If figures (or tables) appear in appendices then
figure 3 in Appendix 2 will be designated as Figure A 2.3. If a table to be continued into
the next page this may be done, but one line should be drawn underneath an unfinished
table. The top line of table continued into the next page should, for example read Table
2.1 (continued) placed centrally and underlined.
20. NUMBERING OF EQUATIONS: Equations appearing in each Chapter or Appendix
should be numbered serially, the numbering commencing afresh for each Chapter or
Appendix. Thus for Example, an equation appearing in Chapter 2, if it happens to be the
eighth equation in that Chapter should be numbered (2.8) thus:
Vc
2
fc = k
Vc + Vw +Va
(4.4)
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Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Pratapgarh
While referring to this equation in the body of the project it should be referred to as
Equation (4.4).
For any queries regarding this, please contact the Project Coordinators.
While referring to this equation in the body of the Project it should be referred to as
Equation (4.4).
21. For any queries regarding this, please contact the Project Coordinators
14
Department of Electrical Engineering