Specialty Distribution Industry Update October 2014 Member FINRA/SIPC www.harriswilliams.com Specialty Distribution Industry Update October 2014 Recent Harris Williams & Co. Distribution Transactions CONTENTS WHAT WE’RE READING HW&Co. Advises BHC on its Sale to Behrman Capital Harris Williams & Co. recently advised on the sale of BECO Holding Company, Inc. (“BHC”), a wholesale distributor of fire equipment and related parts and portfolio company of Freeman Spogli & Co., to Behrman Capital. The transaction closed on August 29, 2014. Founded in 1941, BHC is the country’s leading business to business wholesale distributor of fire equipment and related parts. With 18 locations across the United States, BHC’s customers have access to an inventory of more than 6,200 items often on a next day basis. PUBLIC COMPARABLES DISTRIBUTION TRENDS M&A AND PUBLIC MARKET TRENDS a portfolio company of ECONOMIC UPDATE has been acquired by HW&Co. Perspective: “This is the second time we have had the pleasure of working with the BHC management team and we are excited they are returning to partner with Behrman Capital. The team was able to accomplish a tremendous amount during its partnership with Freeman Spogli and is well positioned as they move forward with Behrman Capital,” said Bob Baltimore, managing director in Harris Williams & Co.’s Specialty Distribution Group. “The company has exhibited an impressive track record of growth, and we wish CEO Eric Smith and the team continued success,” added David Kennedy, a director in the firm’s Specialty Distribution Group. HW&Co. Advises Controlled Products Systems Group on its Sale to The Duchossois Group, Inc. Harris Williams & Co. recently advised on the sale of Controlled Products Systems Group, Inc. (“CPSG”), a national distributor of perimeter access control and gate automation security systems, to The Duchossois Group, Inc. (TDG). CPSG is a portfolio company of Najeti Ventures LLC and Pilgrim Capital Partners, LLC. The transaction closed on September 2, 2014. CPSG is the largest wholesale distributor of perimeter access control equipment in the U.S., supplying equipment to authorized dealers from coast to coast. CPSG offers the highest quality, most widely recognized brands of access control products available on the market. With more than 10,000 SKUs and 31 locations to serve its customers, CPSG is a one-stop shop for customers’ gate automation and perimeter access control needs. NOTABLE M&A ACTIVITY a portfolio company of GROUP OVERVIEW Harris Williams & Co. is a leading advisor to the specialty distribution market. Our significant experience covers a broad range of end markets, industries, and business models. This particular report focuses on trends and metrics in the following areas: • Specialty Catalog and Direct Marketing • Branch-Based Distributors • Route-Based Distributors • Automotive and Heavy Duty Aftermarket • Building and Construction Products • Consumer & Food Service • Industrial, MRO, and Safety • Healthcare • Technology • Electrical and Communications • Alcohol, Tobacco, and Fire Arms CONTACTS has been acquired by HW&Co. Perspective: “CPSG President Brian Huitt and his senior leadership team have done a remarkable job building the platform and creating an industry leader in the security and access control space,” said Bob Baltimore, managing director in Harris Williams & Co.’s Specialty Distribution Group. “The company has exhibited an impressive track record of growth, and we wish Brian and the team continued success.” “The company has done an exceptional job executing its strategic plan and is poised to capitalize on its new partnership with TDG, which has a strong track record in the sector,” added David Kennedy, a director in Harris Williams & Co.’s Specialty Distribution Group. Bob Baltimore | Managing Director [email protected] +1 (804) 915-0129 Derek Lewis | Managing Director [email protected] +1 (804) 915-1118 Dave Kennedy | Director [email protected] +1 (804) 915-0105 Marshall Croft | Vice President [email protected] +1 (804) 915-0161 www.harriswilliams.com 1 Specialty Distribution Industry Update October 2014 What We’re Reading Distribution Industry is Growing, Adding Jobs Driven by online sales and an improving economy, the U.S. distribution industry grew at a steady pace over the last year. The 2014 NAW Institute/McGladrey Distribution Monitor reported that 74% of middle market distributors reported an increase in sales over the past 12 months, with an average increase of 7.5%. Growth is forecasted to continue to improve in the coming year, as 91% of distributors expect to increase sales at an average rate of 8.9%. Dan Blaylock, 2014 Chairman of the Board of the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors notes that, “at 5.5 million employees, wholesale distribution accounts for approximately one in every 20 jobs in the United States. Because the industry is so important to the vitality of the U.S. economy, identifying and understanding the various strategic management challengers that the distribution community faces is one of the great priorities of our time. Business intelligence helps provide a roadmap to navigate to solutions.” When asked about potential impediments to growth, distributors most often cited competition from other companies (65%) as the biggest threat over the next 12 months. However, nearly as many distributors (63%) cited government regulation as a limiting factor on growth, and 59% said they expected taxation to limit their growth over the next 12 months. Please read the article here. Distributors expect strong 2015 for IT channel As 2014 comes to a close, next year is shaping up to be a strong year for the IT distribution channel, CEOs of major distributors said in a series of recent interviews. While it is hard to predict the future in a rapidly changing industry, CEO’s said that they are all expecting growth over the next year. Much of their predictions were based on strong 2014 numbers, with many of the distributors posting double-digit, year-over-year growth in their most recent secondquarter earnings reports. Mike Baur, CEO of ScanSource, said that 2014 was a good year for the company, with the numbers showing earnings jumping 135 percent over the year before to $81.8 million. Additionally Baur notes that, “we think the business is healthy right now. I think there is momentum through 2015. I think now is the time to be doing some new things because we have some growth.” Please read the article here. Benefits of Investing in a Green Supply Chain Green supply chains bring major benefits, including better brand image and, more than ever, competitive advantage. Many companies are still just reacting to sustainability, due partly to upfront costs and efforts. But, as many other organizations have proven, there is a lot of pay-it-forward and hidden value to be realized. Companies are increasingly realizing four key benefits as a result of investing in a green supply chain including: (i) lower costs; (ii) better brand image; (iii) better business practices; and (iv) competitive advantage. Please read the article here. Why Technology is no Substitute for Talented Salespeople Entrepreneurs who are doing the selling or the buying – whatever their role is in that moment – must understand the human elements of selling. Technology will never fully replace a buyer’s need for assurance and trust as they make important purchases. Please read the article here. 2 Specialty Distribution Public Comparables & Trading Valuations Key Trading Stats Specialty Distribution Public Comparables As of September 27, 2014 ($ in millions, except per share amounts) TEV Current Price $21,377 16,905 14,324 10,119 1,470 977 $503.59 151.89 88.68 26.86 41.46 26.18 Stock Performance 1-Month 1-Year Change Change % of LTM High LTM Margins EBITDA Gross TEV/EBITDA 2013 LTM 2014E Revenue Growth 3-Yr. CAGR Automotive & Heavy Duty Aftermarket AutoZone, Inc. O'Reilly Automotive Inc. Genuine Parts Company LKQ Corp. Dorman Products, Inc. Uni-Select Inc. Median Mean (6.3%) (2.3%) 0.9% (1.6%) (5.6%) (0.3%) 19.9% 20.8% 9.1% (15.9%) (17.9%) 10.0% 89.7% 95.8% 98.3% 78.3% 68.0% 91.5% 21.7% 19.8% 7.9% 12.1% 20.9% 4.9% 52.1% 50.9% 30.3% 40.1% 38.5% 29.8% 10.4x 12.4x 12.3x 14.0x 9.7x 11.3x 10.3x 11.8x 10.6x 12.3x 9.5x 9.0x 5.5% 7.3% 7.3% 28.1% 14.2% 5.6% (1.9%) (2.5%) 9.5% 4.3% 90.6% 86.9% 15.9% 14.6% 39.3% 40.3% 11.8x 11.7x 10.5x 10.6x 7.3% 11.3% 3.1% 2.5% (7.5%) (10.0%) 2.1% (13.0%) (3.0%) (2.3%) (6.7%) (29.2%) 15.8% (2.3%) 83.9% 94.5% 82.0% 63.0% 97.1% 62.6% 6.5% 6.1% 7.9% 5.9% 4.6% 4.2% 28.1% 27.9% 24.1% 22.9% 13.4% 22.3% 15.1x 12.0x 11.4x 11.8x 8.8x 14.3x 9.9x 10.2x 12.1x 11.5x 7.2x 13.4x 1.2% (0.3%) 10.0% 9.8% 0.0% 30.4% (2.7%) (3.8%) (2.6%) (4.6%) 83.0% 80.5% 6.0% 5.9% 23.5% 23.1% 11.9x 12.2x 10.9x 10.7x 5.5% 8.5% (0.0%) (0.3%) (6.9%) 9.1% 15.4% (4.9%) (8.2%) 65.9% 86.6% 80.1% 79.1% 98.1% 4.9% 3.9% 2.8% 1.3% 17.6% 16.6% 15.5% 6.9% 10.9x 13.8x 7.8x 12.8x 13.6x 12.3x 6.3x 9.7x 5.8% 14.5% 0.0% 11.5% 83.4% 86.0% 3.3% 3.2% 16.0% 14.2% 11.9x 11.3x 11.0x 10.5x 8.6% 7.9% Building & Construction Products CRH plc Wolseley plc Watsco Inc. Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Boise Cascade Company Builders FirstSource, Inc. $22,301 15,961 3,476 1,582 1,389 923 $23.55 54.63 86.42 26.09 30.93 5.88 Median Mean Consumer & Food Service Sysco Corporation United Natural Foods, Inc. SpartanNash Company Core-Mark Holding Company, Inc. $24,760 3,646 1,356 1,286 $37.58 63.82 20.37 53.81 Median Mean (0.1%) 0.5% 5.3% 17.1% Industrial, MRO & Safety W.W. Grainger, Inc. Fastenal Company Airgas, Inc. MSC Industrial Direct Co. Inc. United Stationers Inc. Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. DXP Enterprises, Inc. $17,655 13,685 10,878 5,817 2,069 2,083 1,627 $251.28 45.56 112.56 88.45 39.09 47.45 77.84 Median Mean 1.7% (0.1%) 2.4% (1.7%) (5.3%) (3.0%) 2.4% (7.0%) (9.2%) 6.8% 10.5% (6.7%) (8.0%) 1.9% 91.6% 87.3% 99.2% 91.5% 83.4% 88.8% 66.6% 15.6% 22.8% 18.4% 17.0% 5.0% 7.8% 9.4% 43.6% 51.0% 55.8% 46.2% 15.3% 27.9% 29.4% 11.7x 17.1x 11.5x 12.5x 8.0x 10.8x 12.6x 10.7x 15.7x 11.0x 11.8x 8.2x 9.9x 11.0x 8.3% 11.6% 5.4% 11.9% 1.2% 3.6% 23.9% (0.1%) (0.5%) (6.7%) (1.7%) 88.8% 86.9% 15.6% 13.7% 43.6% 38.5% 11.7x 12.0x 11.0x 11.2x 8.3% 9.4% 1.0% 4.1% (1.5%) (0.4%) (2.6%) (2.7%) 47.7% 42.1% 11.8% (0.8%) (3.6%) (8.1%) 96.9% 99.5% 97.1% 91.1% 87.0% 75.4% 2.2% 2.6% 8.3% 9.4% 2.6% 4.5% 6.2% 5.7% 27.9% 28.6% 12.3% 12.6% 16.0x 11.3x 13.3x 11.4x 9.6x 14.8x 11.2x 10.0x 13.2x 11.1x 9.0x 14.3x 9.2% (3.9%) 7.5% 7.5% 2.9% 22.9% 94.0% 91.2% 3.6% 5.0% 12.5% 15.5% 12.3x 12.7x 11.2x 11.5x 7.5% 7.7% Healthcare McKesson Corporation Cardinal Health, Inc. Henry Schein, Inc. Patterson Companies, Inc. Owens & Minor Inc. MWI Veterinary Supply, Inc. $53,699 26,719 11,097 4,551 2,285 1,878 Median Mean $193.85 75.94 117.44 40.45 33.52 142.10 (1.0%) (0.3%) 5.5% 14.8% 3 Specialty Distribution Public Comparables & Trading Valuations Key Trading Stats Specialty Distribution Public Comparables As of September 27, 2014 ($ in millions, except per share amounts) TEV Current Price Stock Performance 1-Month 1-Year Change Change % of LTM High LTM Margins EBITDA Gross TEV/EBITDA 2013 LTM 2014E Revenue Growth 3-Yr. CAGR Technology Arrow Electronics, Inc. Avnet, Inc. Ingram Micro Inc. SYNNEX Corp. Tech Data Corp. ScanSource, Inc. $7,765 7,186 4,926 3,182 2,337 854 $59.34 43.04 26.95 60.84 64.83 35.88 Median Mean (3.8%) (3.1%) (4.8%) (11.4%) (1.5%) (6.9%) 23.2% 4.1% 19.4% (3.4%) 30.1% 6.5% 93.0% 89.3% 87.0% 76.6% 90.9% 82.2% 4.5% 3.7% 1.6% 2.8% 1.1% 4.0% 13.3% 11.7% 5.9% 6.8% 5.1% 10.3% 7.8x 7.1x 7.1x 9.3x 7.8x 7.4x 7.6x 6.7x 6.3x 7.7x 5.9x 7.8x 2.1% 1.2% 6.5% 8.4% 2.3% 3.0% 3.2% 2.9% 8.5% 8.8% 7.6x 7.7x 7.2x 7.0x 2.7% 3.9% 1.2% 10.8% 2.8% 0.5% (4.3%) (5.3%) 12.9% 13.3% 88.2% 86.5% 2.9% (2.1%) 1.0% (3.9%) (21.0%) 6.0% (1.2%) (5.0%) 77.2% 86.4% 75.1% 87.0% 5.5% 6.5% 6.3% 7.0% 24.6% 20.4% 23.1% 21.8% 10.1x 10.3x 9.1x 10.2x 7.7x 9.6x 8.7x 10.0x (0.5%) (0.5%) (3.1%) (5.3%) 81.8% 81.4% 6.4% 6.3% 22.4% 22.5% 10.1x 9.9x 9.1x 9.0x Electrical & Communications Rexel SA WESCO International Inc. Anixter International Inc. Houston Wire & Cable Company $9,045 5,147 3,586 281 Median Mean $20.36 81.89 87.00 12.60 2.0% 3.8% Trailing Twelve Months Stock Price Performance Stock Prices As of September 27, 2014 60% 50% Healthcare S&P 500 40% Automotive & Heavy Duty Aftermarket 30% 20% Technology Consumer & Food Service Industrial, MRO, & Safety 10% Building and Construction 0% Electrical & Communications (10%) (20%) Source: S&P Capital IQ. 4 Private Equity and Public Market Trends Recent Private Equity Trends • According to a recent Pitchbook report, a historically large number of PE funds have closed over the past five quarters, as closing times have grown swifter and more and more targets are being reached PE Fundraising: Where is the Money Going? • Globally, growth funds are lagging significantly behind their 2013 fundraising pace, while buyout, energy and co-investment vehicles are set to surpass 2013 fundraising levels • According to a recent article by Pitchbook, 87% of all PE funds reached their targets in 1H 2014 LPs Targeting More Small and MiddleMarket U.S. Funds Distribution Trends • However, the proportion of smaller private equity funds continues to rise • Through the first half of 2014, 37% of all fund closings have been for under $100 million, compared to just 25% in 2008 TEV / EBITDA Multiples for Public Comparables1 20x LTM EBITDA as of September 27, 2014 TEV / EBITDA 15x 12x 14x 11x 14x 12x 13x 12x 10x 10x 12x 13x 11x 11x 12x 10x 11x 11x 11x 12x 13x 10x 10x 8x 8x 12x 12x 12x 8x 8x 5x 0x May-14 Jun-14 Jul-14 Automotive & Heavy Duty Aftermarket Consumer & Food Service Healthcare Electrical & Communications Building & Construction Products Industrial, MRO & Safety Technology Net Debt / EBITDA1 EBITDA Margins1 20% 2.9x 3x 1.6x 1.7x 1.6x 1.5x 1.3x 1x 0x (1) Mean figures for each industry category. Source: S&P Capital IQ. 0.7x EBITDA Margin Net Debt / EBITDA 4x 2x Aug-14 15% 14.6% 13.7% 10% 6.3% 5.9% 5% 5.0% 3.0% 2.9% 0% 5 Specialty Distribution Notable M&A Activity Announced M&A Transactions Date Announced Target Description Acquirer Private Equity Involvement 09/25/14 Belt Power, LLC Distributor of conveyor belt parts Shorehill Capital P (Buyer) 9/23/2014 Palm Beach Spring Company Distributor of truck parts TruckPro, LLC P (Buyer) 9/19/2014 ALLFAST Fastening Systems, Inc. Distributor of bolts and tools TriMas UK Aerospace Holdings Limited 9/18/2014 Industrial Distribution Group, Inc. Distributor of MRO products Sonepar North America, Inc. P (Seller) 9/16/2014 Cook and Boardman, Inc. Distributor of construction supplies Triangle Capital Corporation; Ridgemont Equity Partners; Ridgemont Equity P (Both) 9/15/2014 Area Wholesale Tire Co Inc., Texas Assets Distributor of ties K&M Tire, Inc. 9/11/2014 SILVER CROSS Distributor of healthcare supplies Savaria Home Access Inc. 9/11/2014 Winona Feed and Grain, Inc. Distributor of farm equipment The Scoular Company 9/10/2014 MEDCO and G2S Equipment de Fabrication et d'Entretien ULC Distributor of office products United Stationers Supply Company 9/9/2014 Western Extralite Company Distributor of communication products Border States Industries, Inc. 9/8/2014 Abrasive Products & Equipment, LLC Distributor of air blast equipment Ridgemont Equity Partners; Ridgemont Equity Partners I, L.P. P (Both) 9/8/2014 Clarion Medical Technologies Inc. Distributor of hospital supplies ALPHAEON Corporation 9/2/2014 Controlled Products Systems Group, Inc. Distributor of perimeter access equipment The Chamberlain Group, Inc. P (Both) 9/1/2014 Interamerican Motor Corporation Distributor of auto parts AutoZone, Inc. 8/31/2014 VJ Stanley, Inc. Distributor of HVAC equipment Stritt & Priebe Incorporated 8/29/2014 Brooks Equipment Company, Inc. Distributor of safety equipment Behrman Capital P (Both) 8/25/2014 Berlin Packaging, LLC Distributor of packaging materials Oak Hill Capital Partners P (Both) 8/21/2014 Great Lakes Industrial Shoe Co Distributor of safety equipment Michigan Industrial Shoe Company 8/18/2014 Quietside Corporation Distributor of HVAC equipment Samsung Electronics America, Inc. 8/18/2014 Best Uniforms, Inc. Distributor of uniforms Galls, LLC P (Buyer) 8/15/2014 Duncan Systems, Inc. Distributor of RV parts Lippert Components, Inc. P (Seller) 8/14/2014 All-Fast, Inc. Distributor of office tools GRABBER Construction Products, Inc. 8/13/2014 Henrob Ltd. Distributor of riveting equipment Atlas Copco North America LLC; Atlas Copco UK Holdings Ltd. P (Buyer) 8/13/2014 Air Tool Service Company Distributor of motors and tools Hy-Tech Machine, Inc. 8/13/2014 Barnsco, Inc. Distributor of construction products Kodiak Building Partners 8/12/2014 Piccirillo LTD, McAllen Texas Used Auto Parts Businesses Distributor of auto parts Pull-A-Part, LLC 8/12/2014 Phoenix Fulfillment Group, LLC Distributor of art products Auri, Inc. Source: Capital IQ, Modern Distribution Management, Industrial Distribution, NAW, and TEDMagazine. Economic Update A Snapshot of Key Economic Indicators PMI Index1 ISM New Orders Index2 59.0 66.7 75 62 70 65 56 60 55 50 50 45 44 40 38 35 30 32 25 (1) A PMI Index figure greater than 50 indicates expansion. (2) An ISM Index figure greater than 50 indicates expansion. Industry Production Index3 75 U.S. Manufacturing Capacity Utilization4 64.5 100% 70 65 77.2% 90% 60 80% 55 50 70% 45 40 60% 35 30 50% 25 (3) A Production Index figure greater than 50 indicates expansion. (4) Manufacturing Capacity Utilization for August 2014. September release on October 16. Durable Goods New Orders7 Manufacturing Inventories & Backlog5,6 ($ in billions) 70 52.5 60 $350 $300 50 $250 40 $200 52.0 $245.4 30 $150 20 Aug-09 Aug-10 Aug-11 Inventories Aug-12 Aug-13 Aug-14 $100 Backlog of Orders (5) A Manufacturing Inventory Index figure greater than 50 indicates expansion. (6) A Backlog Index figure greater than 50 indicates expansion. (7) Durable Goods New Orders for August 2014. September release on October 28. 7 Specialty Distribution Two International Place 24th Floor Boston, MA 02110 USA Phone: +1 (617) 482-7501 Fax: +1 (617) 482-7503 Sources: • Industrial Distribution a portfolio company of 63 Brook St London, W1K 4HS United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0) 20 7518 8900 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7526 2187 222 South Ninth Street Suite 3350 Minneapolis, MN 55402 USA Phone: +1 (612) 359-2700 Fax: +1 (612) 359-2701 1600 Market Street 21st Floor Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Phone: +1 (267) 675-5900 Fax: +1 (267) 675-5901 1001 Haxall Point 9th Floor Richmond, VA 23219 USA Phone: +1 (804) 648-0072 Fax: +1 (804) 648-0073 575 Market Street 31st Floor San Francisco, CA 94105 USA Phone: +1 (415) 288-4260 Fax: +1 (415) 288-4269 a portfolio company of has been acquired by has been acquired by has been acquired by • PitchBook • PNC Economic Outlook • S&P Capital IQ • Thomson Financial – SDC Database Bockenheimer Landstrasse 33-35 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany Phone: +49 069 3650638 00 Fax: +49 069 3650638 01 a portfolio company of • The Electrical Distributor Magazine • The Wall Street Journal 1900 East 9th Street 20th Floor Cleveland, OH 44114 USA Phone: +1 (216) 689-2400 Fax: +1 (216) 689-2401 Select HW&Co. Distribution Transactions • Federal Reserve a portfolio company of a portfolio company of has been acquired by has been acquired by has been recapitalized by • United States Census Bureau • NAW Smartbrief Harris Williams & Co. (www.harriswilliams.com) is a preeminent middle market investment bank focused on the advisory needs of clients worldwide. The firm has deep industry knowledge, global transaction expertise, and an unwavering commitment to excellence. Harris Williams & Co. provides sell-side and acquisition advisory, restructuring advisory, board advisory, private placements, and capital markets advisory services. Investment banking services are provided by Harris Williams LLC, a registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA and SIPC, and Harris Williams & Co. Ltd, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Harris Williams & Co. is a trade name under which Harris Williams LLC and Harris Williams & Co. Ltd conduct business. THIS REPORT MAY CONTAIN REFERENCES TO REGISTERED TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND COPYRIGHTS OWNED BY THIRD-PARTY INFORMATION PROVIDERS. NONE OF THE THIRD-PARTY INFORMATION PROVIDERS IS ENDORSING THE OFFERING OF, AND SHALL NOT IN ANY WAY BE DEEMED AN ISSUER OR UNDERWRITER OF, THE SECURITIES, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS OR OTHER INVESTMENTS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT, AND SHALL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY STATEMENTS MADE IN THE REPORT OR FOR ANY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS OR OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION CONTAINED OR ATTACHED AS AN EXHIBIT TO THE REPORT. FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MATERIALS PROVIDED BY SUCH THIRD PARTIES, PLEASE CONTACT US AT +1 (804) 648-0072. The information and views contained in this report were prepared by Harris Williams & Co. (“Harris Williams”). It is not a research report, as such term is defined by applicable law and regulations, and is provided for informational purposes only. It is not to be construed as an offer to buy or sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any financial instruments or to participate in any particular trading strategy. The information contained herein is believed by Harris Williams to be reliable, but Harris Williams makes no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. Harris Williams and/or its affiliates may be market makers or specialists in, act as advisers or lenders to, have positions in and effect transactions in securities of companies mentioned herein and also may provide, may have provided, or may seek to provide investment banking services for those companies. In addition, Harris Williams and/or its affiliates or their respective officers, directors and employees may hold long or short positions in the securities, options thereon or other related financial products of companies discussed herein. 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