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Infrared fibers
Guangming Tao,1 Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem,2
Alexander M. Stolyarov,3 Sylvain Danto,4 John V.
Badding,5 Yoel Fink,3 John Ballato,6 and Ayman F.
Abouraddy1,*
1
CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida,
4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
2
Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, School of Chemistry and
Physics, Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University
of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
3
Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Av., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
4
ICMCB/CNRS University of Bordeaux, 87 Avenue du Dr. Schweitzer,
33608 Pessac, France
5
Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvannia State University, University
Park, PA 16802, USA
6
Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Clemson University, 101
Sikes Ave Clemson, SC 29634, USA
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Infrared fibers offer a versatile approach to guiding and
manipulating light in the infrared spectrum, which is becoming
increasingly more prominent in a variety of scientific disciplines and
technological applications. Despite well-established efforts on the
fabrication of infrared fibers over the past decades, a number of
remarkable breakthroughs have recently rejuvenated the field – just
as related areas in infrared optical technology are reaching
maturation. In this review, we describe both the history and recent
developments in the design and fabrication of infrared fibers
including infrared glass and single-crystal fibers, multimaterial
fibers, and fibers that exploit the transparency window of traditional
crystalline semiconductors. This interdisciplinary review will be of
interest to researchers in optics and photonics, materials science, and
electrical engineering. © 2014 Optical Society of America
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OCIS codes: (060.2310) Fiber optics; (060.2390) Fiber optics,
infrared; (060.2400) Fiber properties; (060.4005) Microstructured
fibers; (160.2290) Fiber materials; (190.4370) Nonlinear optics,
fibers; (230.2285) Fiber devices and optical amplifiers.
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1.
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4
2.
Infrared materials ............................................................................................ 10
3.
Criteria for drawing an infrared fiber ............................................................. 14
4.
Infrared fiber fabrication methodologies ........................................................ 18
4.1 Preform-to-fiber approaches ......................................................................... 19
4.2 Non-preform-based approaches .................................................................... 25
5.
Heavy metal oxide glass infrared fibers ......................................................... 27
5.1 Tellurite glass infrared fibers ........................................................................ 28
5.2 (Lead)-Germanate and tungsten-tellurite glass infrared fiber ....................... 31
6.
Fluoride glass infrared fibers .......................................................................... 33
6.1 ZBLAN glass fibers ...................................................................................... 34
6.2 Fluoroindate glass fibers ............................................................................... 35
7.
Chalcogenide glass infrared fibers.................................................................. 37
7.1 Loss issue ...................................................................................................... 40
7.2 Robustness issue ........................................................................................... 41
7.3 Multimaterial infrared chalcogenide glass fibers .......................................... 43
7.4 ChG infrared microstructure optical fibers ................................................... 44
8.
Multimaterial infrared fibers........................................................................... 46
8.1 Hollow-core multimaterial PBG infrared fibers ........................................... 47
8.2 Thermally drawn crystalline semiconductor infrared fibers ......................... 49
8.3 Chemically deposited crystalline semiconductor infrared fibers .................. 51
9.
Other infrared fibers ....................................................................................... 54
9.1 Hollow-core silica infrared fibers ................................................................. 54
9.2 Hollow metallic infrared fibers ..................................................................... 55
9.3 Crystalline fibers by hot-extrusion ............................................................... 56
9.4 Hybrid fibers by pressure-assisted melt-filling technique ............................ 56
10.
Future prospects .......................................................................................... 58
Acknowledgements................................................................................................. 60
References .............................................................................................................. 61
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