28th Annual Conference A Systems Approach to Success also presenting the 2014 Cliff Skeen Awards and OJACC Achievement Awards Thursday and Friday October 16 and 17, 2014 Crowne Plaza Columbus North Hotel 6500 Doubletree Avenue, Columbus, OH 614.885.1885 Welcome The Ohio Justice Alliance for Community Corrections (OJACC) is pleased to present its 28th annual conference at the Crowne Plaza Hotel North in Columbus, Ohio, October 16 – 17, 2014. This year’s conference highlights “A Systems Approach to Success”. The opening keynote will feature Bradley Lander, PhD, LICDC from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, providing an understanding of “chronic brain disease”, especially as it relates to opiate addiction. Using moodaltering drugs over time creates fundamental changes to the brain that can lead to compulsive and self-destructive behavior. This presentation looks at the addict’s brain and how thinking and behavior are affected. As we understand the addictive brain we can find ways to intervene more effectively. The Friday morning keynote features Professor Douglas Berman who will address national and statewide efforts to reform Marijuana Public Policy. Over twenty states have enacted laws to allow the use of medical marijuana and two states have legalized marijuana for recreational use. Many other states, including Ohio are considering the pros and cons of this issue. This presentation will address the potential impacts to the criminal justice/behavioral health system and provide a glimpse into how other states are managing this complex issue. Many, highly informative, workshops are scheduled to provide tools for practical implementation to address challenges facing community corrections. Some workshops include: From Implementing Evidence-Based Intervention, Implementing Effective Practices in Community Corrections, Criminal Justice and Behavioral Health Linkage Project, Update on Synthetic Drugs, Trauma and the Risk Needs Model, Developing and Maintaining a Living Case Plan, and Human Trafficking in Ohio to name a few. A juvenile track of workshops will also be presented. Many sessions also meet the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction’s changing offender behavior (COB) training hour requirements. RCH, CEU and CLE credits have also been applied for. Again this year, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC), Clifford Skeen Awards will be presented in conjunction with the OJACC Achievement Awards luncheon. Plans have also been made for a golf outing on October THURSDAY OCTOBER 16, 2014 7:30 a.m. - 5:15 p.m. Registration 7:30 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. Continental Breakfast 8:30 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. General Session 10:00 a.m. - 10:15 a.m. Break 10:15 a.m. - 11:45 a.m. Morning Workshops 11:45 a.m. - Noon Break Noon - 1:30 p.m. Lunch, OJACC Achievement and the 22nd Annual Clifford Skeen Awards Ceremony 1:30 p.m. - 1:45 p.m. Break 1:45 p.m. - 3:15 p.m. Afternoon Workshops 3:15 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. Break 3:30 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Late Afternoon Workshops FRIDAY OCTOBER 17, 2014 8:00 a.m. - Noon Registration (for new registrants) 7:30 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. Continental Breakfast 8:30 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. General Session 10:00 a.m. - 10:30 a.m. Break 10:30 a.m. - Noon Morning Workshops Noon Pick up certificates Featured Speakers & Workshops THURSDAY GENERAL SESSION 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Understanding Addiction: Squirrel Logic (COB) Dr. Bradley N. Lander, PhD., LICDC, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center We become frustrated with alcoholics and addicts when our expectations of what we believe they should be able to do and understand (but can’t). So what should we realistically expect from a person with a “chronic brain disease”? Using mood-altering drugs over time creates fundamental changes to the brain that can lead to compulsive and self-destructive behavior. This presentation looks at the addict’s brain and how this affects thinking and behavior. As we understand the addictive brain we can find ways to intervene more effectively. FRIDAY GENERAL SESSION 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. The Legal and Political Aspects of Marijuana Reform Professor Douglas Berman, The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law Professor Berman will discuss a range of topics relating to the evolving and emerging legal and policy issues arising as states reform their laws to authorize and regulate the production and sales of marijuana for medicinal and recreational uses. Among the specific issues Professor Berman expects to discuss include: • Current legal and political developments around the nation, with emphasis on those states in which marijuana has recently become available for recreational purposes (Colorado and Washington) and those states in which voters will be asked to authorize significant reforms in November 2014. • The various conflicts state-level reforms create in light of federal prohibition and criminalization of all marijuana production and use, and as well as county/city/local and community impact and input concerning state-level reforms in reform states. • The potential and likely impact in Ohio of national reforms now, before any such reforms get seriously considered or enacted in Ohio, and on the prospects for significant legal reforms in Ohio in the coming years. • Some likely legal and social consequences for state legal systems with significant marijuana reform, especially with respect to local courts, community corrections, prisons and jails, and law enforcement • Whether and how Ohio’s local courts, community corrections, prisons and jails, and law enforcement officials and policymakers ought to be steadfastly resistant to marijuana reform proposals that are sure to arise in the state OR instead ought to consider how to contribute to and influence the direction of reform efforts. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2014 WORKSHOPS 10:15 A.M. – 11:45 A.M. (1-A) Move from the Ivory Tower: Implementing Evidence-Based Interventions (COB) Brian Lovins, Harris County Community Supervision and Correction Department, Houston, TX This presentation will focus on translating evidence to practice. Specifically, participants will increase their knowledge of the core concepts of implementation and translating data to practice. Strategies to address early adopters, mid adopters, and late adopters will be discussed. (2-A) ORAS Recertification Overview (COB) Dionne Addison and Stephanie Starr, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction This presentation will provide the information necessary for ORAS end users to refresh their knowledge and skills centered on the ORAS scoring guide as many prepare for the ongoing three (3) year recertification process. In light of the recent ORAS Quality Assurance Study competed, this presentation also provides end users the opportunity to improve areas identified as needing improvement in the study. (3-A) Update on Synthetic Drugs and the Opiate Epidemic: What You Need to Know! Vinnie Happ, Redwood Toxicology Laboratory This presentation will provide an update on the current trends and testing capabilities for synthetic Workshops cannabinoids (k2/Spice), synthetic stimulants (bath salts), and other potential emerging designer drugs. In addition, an in depth discussion will take place on the exploding use of opiates such as heroin and pain killer medications and what criminal justice professionals need to know when testing for these substances. (4-A) Sex Trafficking in Ohio: Recognizing and Responding in the Field of Corrections Celia Williamson, University of Toledo The presentation will provide an overview of human trafficking in the U.S., with particular attention to domestic sex trafficking of minors and adults. The presenter will provide information on the experiences of victims of sex trafficking, indicators to look for in identifying a victim and/or trafficker, and how to report and response with appropriate interventions. (5-A) Legislative Update and Review: 130th General Assembly Session Melissa Craddock, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Irene Lyons, and Scott Neely, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, Marta Mudri, Ohio Judicial Conference, Kyle Petty, Ohio Department of Youth Services, and Corey Schaal, Supreme Court of Ohio Current and Former Legislative Liaisons for several state agencies (ODRC, ODYS, ODMHAS, OJC) will provide an overview of the legislative activity that occurred in most of the 130th session of the Ohio General Assembly. The primary focus will be on legislation that impacted the field of community corrections. The participants in this session will analyze the impact of the legislation as it effects community corrections providers. Additionally, the panelists will discuss the possible activity that will occur in the final session ending the legislative year and will attempt to make predictions regarding prospects of proposals to come in the 131st session, which will commence in 2015. (6-A) Criminal Justice and Behavioral Health Linkages Project Overview Kathy Coate-Ortiz, Chris Nicastro and Joyce Starr, Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Michelle Davis, TASC Program and Adolescent Treatment Program, Jenny O’Donnell, Forensic and Mental Health Services, Inc., Karen Olnhausen, Mental Health and Recovery Services Board of Lucas County and Ashley Stead, Summit Psychological Associates, Inc. This will be a panel presentation featuring four community projects focused on providing additional services and supports to individuals with behavioral health needs who are involved in the court system. Each community has developed plans to serve these individuals through provision of services and supports, strengthening community capacity, collaboration and/or staff training. Program staff will share brief information about their projects and highlight the outcomes. In addition, representatives from Ohio MHAS will provide a brief overview of this statewide project. WORKSHOPS 1:45 A.M. – 3:15 P.M. (1-B) ORAS Recertification Overview – Repeated Session (COB) Dionne Addison and Stephanie Starr, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction This presentation will provide the information necessary for ORAS end users to refresh their knowledge and skills centered on the ORAS scoring guide as many prepare for the ongoing three (3) year recertification process. In light of the recent ORAS Quality Assurance Study competed, this presentation also provides end users the opportunity to improve areas identified as needing improvement in the study. (2-B) Family Programming in a Correctional Based Facility: Challenges, Opportunities and Rewards (COB) Patti E. Cleaver and Sally Longstreth Fluck, Oriana House Individuals who develop and cultivate family and support relationships while in treatment based correctional facilities are more likely to be successful at the time of their release. There is a current trend, if not a dynamic movement, among correctional agencies to increase the supportive network and reduce recidivism rates among offenders. The challenge in developing family/support programs that are evidence based, safe, family friendly, with integrity, and of high quality can seem like a daunting task. Providing an overview of a correctional-based family/support program as a model, this presentation will explore the opportunities, challenges, and mutual benefits of Registration Procedures Conference Location Crowne Plaza Columbus North 6500 Doubletree Avenue Columbus, OH 43229 614-885-1885 Registration Fee Full conference registration cost is $200 for OJACC members and $225 for non-members. Checks should be made payable to the Ohio Justice Alliance for Community Corrections and mailed to OJACC, Post Office Box 849, Pataskala, OH 43062. Cancellations made after October 3, 2014, or no shows to the conference are subject to the full registration fee. You may substitute another person by contacting Cheryl Taylor at (740) 420-6444. The conference registration fee covers participation in the education sessions, continuing education credits, conference materials, continental breakfast on Thursday and Friday, and lunch on Thursday. Continuing Education Credits CEUs have been applied for the following: • Recognized Clock Hours (RCHs) • Counselor/Social Worker Board • Continuing Legal Education • Training hours that qualify for ODRC “Changing Offender Behavior” requirements are signified by the initials “COB” next to the workshop title. Attendees must attend the entire conference to receive full CEUs/CLEs. Certificates will be distributed at the registration area following the closing session on Friday, October 17th. No certificates will be issued before that time. Hotel Reservations All hotel reservations must be made directly with the Crowne Plaza Columbus North Hotel by calling 614-885-1885. State you are with the OJACC Conference to obtain the $104 rate. The reservation cut-off date is September 24, 2014. The hotel will accept reservations until the cutoff date or until the room block is filled, whichever comes first. Map to Hotel OJACC Annual Awards In 1990, OJACC created three awards to be given to Ohioans whose work has contributed to the improvement of community corrections. The nomination form is added to this registration form or you can obtain another copy by going to the OJACC web site at www.ojacc.org or call Cheryl at (740) 420-6444 or e-mail to [email protected]. Registration Form 28th Annual Ohio Justice Alliance for Community Corrections Conference October 16 and 17, 2014 (Complete one form for each participant. All fields are required.) First Name _________________________________________________________________ Last Name _________________________________________________________________ Name as you would like it to appear on nametag _______________________________ Agency/Organization ________________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________________________ City ________________________________ State ____________ Zip _________________ Work Phone ________________________________________________________________ E-mail _____________________________________________________________________ Workshop Selection (Please circle one) Thursday A Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thursday B Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thursday C Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 Friday D Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 Special Meal Requests: _____Vegetarian _____ Low Carb Registration Fee o OJACC Member - $200 o Non-Member - $225 Method of Payment o Purchase order is attached P.O. #__________________________ o Personal/Agency check is enclosed o Credit Card Name as it appears on card: ________________________________________________ Address: __________________________________________________________________ City ________________________________ State ____________ Zip _________________ Account Number: __________________________________________________________ Check card type: o MasterCard o Visa Verification Number:_________________ Expiration Date: ________________________ Three numbers on signature line on back Please make checks payable to Ohio Justice Alliance for Community Corrections and mail with a copy of the registration form to: OJACC, c/o Cheryl Taylor, Post Office Box 849, Pataskala, OH 43062. (Please note new address.) OJACC Federal ID# 31-1255020 Questions/Contact Cheryl Taylor, OJACC Organizational Coordinator Post Office Box 849, Pataskala, OH 43062 (740) 420-6444 [email protected] PLEASE COMPLETE THE BELOW QUESTIONS: Job Jurisdiction o Federal o State o County o City o Private Firm/Business o Academic Institution o Nonprofit Organization o Other Professional Category o Line Personnel o Commissioner/Director o Administrator o Consultant o Trainer o Sheriff o Judge o Attorney o Educator/Researcher o Private Sector/Corporate o Chief Pobation Officer o Other Primary Work Area o Adult Probation & Parole o Adult Probation Only o Adult Parole Authority o Juvenile Probation o Juvenile Parole/Aftercare o Pretrial o Residential o Other Geographic Area o Urban o Rural Experience in Corrections o Less than 2 years o 2-5 years o 6-10 years o 11-15 years o 16-20 years o 21-25 years o More than 25 years Past Attendance at this Conference o First time o 2-4 times o 5-6 times o 7-9 times o 10 or more times Workshops the development and continued facilitation of family programming in correctional-based facilities. (6-B) Implementing Effective Practices in Community Supervision (COB) (3-B) Human Trafficking in Ohio Lily Gleicher, School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati and Sara Shields, Franklin County Court of Common Pleas Adult Probation Elizabeth Ranade Janis, Office of Criminal Justice Services (Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force) The presenter will provide an overview of the problem of human trafficking in Ohio, including some statistics, some cases that led to our current response as well as touch on the highlights of our statewide response (including progress and challenges ahead. (4-B) Working with Juvenile Sexual Offenders Dr. Tyffani Monford Dent, Monford Dent Consulting & Psychological Services, LLC This presentation will serve as an overview of Juvenile Sexual Offender Treatment. Updates in the provision of such services, impact of juvenile registration on treatment motivation, as well as effective collaboration and treatment planning will be explored (5-B) Addressing Misdemeanors and Risk: The Development of the MAT (COB) Brian Lovins, Harris County Community Supervision and Correction Department, Houston, TX This presentation will focus on the development of the Misdemeanor Tool for the ORAS. Specifically, participants will increase their knowledge of the MAT and the data elements that were selected to be included. Furthermore, the presentation will provide attendees the ability to discuss strategies for implementation and quality improvement. This workshop will highlight one agency’s attempt to translate research into practice. Franklin County, Ohio Adult Probation Department in partnership with the University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute, embarked upon a mission to adhere to the Risk-Need-Responsivity (R-N-R) framework of community supervision. Using the Effective Practices in Community Supervision Model, the agency trained and coached their officers and Managers. This workshop will share the research behind the EPICS model, along with the implementation process including barriers, problem solving attempts, and the successes of implementation. Particular emphasis will be given to key considerations agencies must make when moving to an evidencebased approach to community supervision. Finally, findings from the implementation of the EPICS model in Ohio will be shared to demonstrate officers’ ability to learn core correctional practices and an agency’s ability to adhere to an R-N-R model of community supervision. WORKSHOPS 3:30 P.M. – 5:00 P.M. (1-C) Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Marva Allen, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction The presenter will briefly highlight Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections PREA community corrections current status of PREA audits as the agency prepares for complying with the PREA standards. An overview of the audit process, timelines for compliance and any trends or patterns from the audits. (2-C) Critical Incident Stress Management Deirdre Delong, Fraternal Order of Police Critical Incident Response Service This workshop is designed to assist agencies in preparing for and responding to identification and management of stress unique to crisis in law enforcement and associated fields such as community corrections. It will help in putting cumulative stress and vicarious trauma in perspective. (3-C) Measuring Criminal Thinking (COB) Alec Boros, Oriana House Correctional organizations are challenged with demonstrating that their programs are effective in changing offender outcomes. This presentation will discuss what behaviors, thoughts and attitudes can be measured to determine that services offered are having the desired impact. Practitioners will learn about specific instruments that can be incorporated into their tool kits in order to measure change in offenders. This presentation will emphasize solutions for correctional staff that focuses on obtaining important information about offenders without overly complicating the process. Workshops (4-C) Pathways to Success: School Climate and Discipline Guidance Sarah Biehl, Children’s Defense Fund/ Ohio, Carter Stewart, U.S. Attorney’s Office, and Senator Charleta Tavares, Ohio Senate This workshop will be a panel discussion on the School to Prison Pipeline. Carter Stewart will present a national perspective, Senator Tavares will present a policy perspective and Sarah Biehl will be presenting the advocate’s perspective. Each academic year, millions of public school students are suspended or expelled - a great majority for conduct which states do not mandate suspension and expulsion. As schools continue to implement and enforce policies such as zero tolerance, school-based arrests and referrals to court continue. Disproportionately, these disciplinary actions impact minority students and students with disabilities. Research suggests that arrests, detention, and juvenile court appearances have profound negative shortterm and long-term consequences for children’s mental and physical health, educational success, and future employment opportunities. Research links incarceration of juveniles to significantly higher school dropout rates, which translate to higher unemployment, poorer health, substance abuse, shorter lifespan, lower earnings, and increased future contacts with the criminal justice system. As part of the Supportive School Discipline Initiative, the Departments of Justice and Education released Guiding Principles on School Climate and Discipline to combat the school-to-prison pipeline. The guidance describes how schools can meet their obligations under federal law to administer student discipline without discriminating on the basis of race, color, or national origin, and is based on three principles: 1.) climate and prevention, 2.) expectations and consequences, and 3.) equity and continuous improvement. Brian Byorth, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, Mary Gillette and Mya Jenkins, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Stephen Hardwick, Office of the Ohio Public Defender, Hon. Charles L. Patton, Jr., Cleveland Municipal Court (5-C) Developing and Maintaining a Living Case Plan (COB) Increasingly, those involved in the criminal justice system are attempting to address the needs of a unique population – veterans. The panel of presenters on this workshop represent a cross section of the professionals involved with veterans across the criminal justice spectrum: an attorney who argued on behalf of a veteran seeking sentencing consideration for PTSD; a judge working to keep veterans in the community and in programming as an alternative to incarceration; a Veterans Justice Outreach Coordinator from the VA working with veterans in the criminal justice system; a VA Reentry Specialist working to help incarcerated veterans reintegrate back into society; and the DRC official working with Veterans to make sure they are being connected to services they need. This panel will review what is being done in Ohio to help the men and women who have served our country. Holley Bossell and Matthew Morris, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Quality treatment is generally achieved through 4 intervention phases. (Assessment, Treatment Planning, Treatment Maintenance and Discharge Planning). During the session, presenters will discuss why it is important to establish rapport, gather detailed information, utilize validated assessment tools, and the importance of linking assessment results to goals and objectives. They will also review the elements of an effective Case Plan, and demonstrate why it is important to utilize the S.M.A.R.T. Principle when developing objectives. Presenters will also illustrate why practitioners need to update, and maintain a living case plan throughout the entire treatment/ supervision period. Participants will also learn the importance of the continuity of care, and why it is important to create a discharge plan. The workshop will also include a discussion on quality assurance methods practitioners can use to enhance treatment delivery. During the workshop participants will engage in a practical case planning exercise, and be provided sample documents to guide them as they refine and develop their own treatment practices. (6-C) Veterans Involved in Criminal Justice FRIDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2014 WORKSHOPS 10:30 A.M. – 12:00 P.M. (1-D) Trauma and Risk, Need, Responsivity Model (RNR) (COB) Paula Smith, School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati This session will explore the prevalence and impact of trauma in offender populations, as well as the implications for programming in correctional settings. Specifically, Workshops this session will consider how the concept of trauma-informed care can be integrated into the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) framework in order to improve offender outcomes. Implementation issues will also be discussed. (2-D) The Importance of Relationship in Working with Clients: Risk and Responsivity (COB) Randy Shively, Alvis House In implementing what works and the Risk, Needs and Responsivity (RNR) model it is essential providers focus on meaningful relationship with clients. The RNR model was written assuming while implementing it’s principles meaningful relationship with clients was established. The presentation will discuss how to develop a therapeutic alliance with clients for successful intervention, obstacles to that alliance and the importance of an agency’s values and beliefs about its clients. Clients only trust enough to make changes in risk/need when they can draw from key relationships with community corrections providers. Also the importance of line staff in addressing the needs/risk of clients will be emphasized. All organizations need an intentional plan for building meaningful relationships with clients. (3-D) Incarcerated Male Juveniles Maintaining Relationship with Their Children Jesse Augenstein and Katie Needham, Cuyahoga Hills Juvenile Correctional Facility This workshop introduces participants the Baby Elmo Program and how it has impacted the fathers at Cuyahoga Hills Juvenile Correctional Facility (CHJCF). We present video clips from the program and testimonials from the fathers describing their experience in the program and the importance of family while a youth is incarcerated. The workshop proceeds in three sessions in which: we present the background and implementation of the program, view a video clip from a local news station on the program; and testimonials from the fathers and discussion as a group about the program. (4-D) ORAS QA Study (COB) Dionne Addision, Brian Kowalski, and Stephanie Starr, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction This workshp will review information concerning the 2013 statewide Ohio Risk Assessment System (ORAS) Quality Assurance Study. This presentation will include the purpose of quality assurance on risk assessments, the results of the 2013 statewide QA that included CBCFs, halfway houses, probation, prisons, Parole Board, and the Adult Parole Authority, and the follow up steps. (5-D) Using Sequential Intercept Mapping for Community Action Planning Mark R. Munetz, M.D. and Ruth H. Simera, Criminal Justice Coordinating Center for Excellence, Northeast Ohio Medical University The over-representation of people with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system is a national problem and affects every Ohio County. The Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) was developed to provide a framework for communities to address this complex problem. The model describes five points where an individual moving through the criminal justice system can be intercepted and diverted from the justice system to the mental health and addiction treatment system. This presentation will provide an overview of the SIM and will discuss how this framework can be used to bring communities together to develop action plans for change. We will describe the process of planning and implementing the mapping in a local system from the community crisis system, law enforcement encounters, arrest, first court appearance, incarceration and adjudication, re-entry and community supervision and support. A representative of a community that recently undertook SIM mapping will describe the process as a participant and early outcomes of the exercise. (6-D) Continuing the Conversation – The Legal and Political Aspects of Marijuana Reform Professor Douglas Berman, The Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law Building from his keynote address, Professor Berman will facilitate a provocative dialogue with participants regarding the emerging issues pertaining to marijuana reform. Ethical, legal and moral issues will be discussed and debated to ensure participants gain a comprehensive appreciation for the relevant factors surrounding this controversial issue. OJACC Golf Outing Four Person Scramble Teams Oakhaven Golf Course, 2871 US Highway 23 North, Delaware, OH 43015 740.363.9900 • (Do not register through the golf course) Wednesday, October 15, 2014 Buffet lunch (burgers/brats/beverage/dessert) will be served at 11:30 a.m. Golf scramble format starting at 1:00 p.m. The cost is $60 per person • Includes 18 hole of golf, cart, food and prizes Payment and this form due to Cheryl Taylor by Oct. 6, 2014. Name ____________________________________ Please make payment to: OJACC Post Office Box 849 Pataskala, OH 43062 Check Enclosed Y/N _______________________ Or, email registration to [email protected] To pay by credit card, contact Cheryl Taylor at 740.420.6444. For questions contact: Terry Grabowski 440-413-3814 [email protected] Post Office Box 849 Pataskala, OH 43062 Contact Phone Number ____________________ Amount $ _________________________________ You may sign up as a single and we’ll place you on a team or you may sign up as a team. Single Player _________ Team __________ I’ll be playing with: 1 ________________________________________ 2 ________________________________________ 3 ________________________________________
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