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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
History; Software Review;
Data Capture
Presented by
Reza Wahadj
University of California ,San Diego (UCSD)
Today:
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History of GIS and review of software
Data Collection
Concept of Projection
Using ArcMap (in detail)
Georeferencing (BIRN sample)
Using ArcCatalog (create shape file, create coverage, projection)
Using 3D Analyst & Spatial Analyst (create slope map, contour map)
Using ArcReader (sample)
Using ArcScene (sample)
Tomorrow:
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Geodatabase (Personal Geodatabase , ArcSDE)
Geoprocessing ArcMap, ArcINFO (Create hillshade)
ArcObjects programming model and demo
ArcToolbox (conversions, projections)
Anatomy of ArcIMS and internet mapping ,services
MetaData Explorer
History of GIS
Decade
Milestones for computer-based GIS
1960’s
- Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed:
national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS
- Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis:
pioneered software for spatial data handling
- US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format
- ESRI founded
1970’s
- CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)
- First Landsat satellite launched (USA)
- CARIS founded
- USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and
Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land
resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format
- ERDAS founded
- ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)
History of GIS
Decade
Milestones for computer-based GIS
1980’s
- ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)
- GPS became operational
- US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)
- MapInfo founded
- First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)
- IDRISI Project started (GIS program)
- SPANS GIS produced
- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis
(NCGIA) established in USA
- TIGER digital data
History of GIS
Decade
Milestones for computer-based GIS
1990’s
- MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others
- ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS
- $7+ billion industry
GIS Software
• The geoprocessing engines of GIS
• Major functions
– Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present
• Key terms
– Program – collections of instructions to manipulate data
– Package – integrated collection of programs
– Component – self-contained, reusable software building
blocks
Functionality Architecture
User Interface Applications
Output
Analysis
Translation
Geographic Tools
Editing
Spatial
Reference
Display
Data
Manager
Data
Vector Access
Customization
Raster
Product Families
Autodesk
ESRI
Intergraph
MapInfo
Smallworld
GeoMedia Viewer
ProViewer
Custom
MapInfo
Professional
MapInfo
Professional
Spatial
Intelligence
Smallworld GIS
Viewer
AutoCAD
LT
Desktop
World
ArcView
GeoMedia
Professional
AutoCAD /
Map
ArcEditor
GeoMedia Pro
Hand-held
OnSite
ArcPad
IntelliWhere
MapXtend
Scout
Database
Server
GIS
Server
ArcSDE
Uses Oracle
Spatial
SpatialWare
Part of
Smallworld GIS
Component
In several
products
Map
Objects
Part of GeoMedia
MapX, MapJ
Part of
Smallworld GIS
Internet
MapGuide
ArcIMS
MapXtreme,
MapXSite
CAD
AutoCAD
Map
In several
products
GeoMedia Web
Map, GeoMedia
Web Enterprise
In several
products
Smallworld
Internet Application Server
Part of
Smallworld GIS
ArcReader
ArcInfo
In several
products
GIS Software Classification
Number of
Users
Internet
Viewer
Component
Hand-held
Desktop
Professional
Functionality
Cost
GIS Market
Type of Software System
Professional
Desktop
Hand-held
Component
Viewer
Internet
0
1000000
2000000
Users
3000000
ArcSDE Unifies Spatial Data
Access
• ArcGIS Desktop Applications
• ArcIMS , ArcExplorer, ArcPad
• MapObjects
ArcSDE Services
SQL Server
Oracle
• Third-Party applications
Informix
IBM DB2
Enterprise GIS
Organizations expect to...
• Leverage existing spatial data (eliminate silos)
• Integrate spatial data with core business data
• Incorporate spatial into workflow between
departments (for a city…tax assessor, appraisal,
DPW, police, fire, IT)
• Deploy IT standards to all their data
• Move client / server GIS apps to the web and wireless
devices
• Benefit from scalability and security
First, Spatially Enable The Data…
Data Is Independent of Application
ArcSDE
ArcIMS
ArcGIS
SQL Server
High Availability, High Performance, Secure, Scalable
Publisher Authors
PMF Documents
ArcReader
PMF
ArcMap
MXD
Data
Publisher
A New Extension
Distributed GIS
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Consume and expose Web services for:
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Mapping
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Metadata
–
Data sharing and distribution
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Geoprocessing
Provide standard services and components for web
developer
(.Net, “generic XML/SOAP”, or Java API’s)
GIS Internet Enterprise Today
Applications
Browsers
Web
Web Server
Broker
Databases
Future GIS Internet Enterprise
Applications
Browsers
Web
Web Server
Broker
Services
Databases
Distributed GIS Development
• New Concept – g.net architecture
– leveraging emerging web technologies
• Web services
– GIS technology for applications over the web
• Mapping
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Metadata
•
GIS Functionality
– Spatial Data sharing and distribution
• Extends ArcGIS System concept
– Desktop Applications
– Back Office Servers
– Distributed “Services” via the Internet
G.net Architecture Building Blocks
• Network architecture
(Distributed)
GIS
Users
• Loosely Coupled
• Internet Standards
• Many GeoServices
• Many Clients
World
Wide
Web
Metadata
Server
• Metadata Servers
• Open / Interoperable
• Full GIS capabilities
 Publish GIS Data & Services
 Document in Catalog
Author, Manage, Serve
Catalogs
GIS
GIS
Portal
GIS
Portal
Portal
Author, Manage, Serve
Geographic Information Collections
ESRI Direction
“Software for G.Net”
ArcGIS
ArcIMS
Used to build
• Serve GIS
GIS Web
Services
• Data
• Maps
• Data
• Maps
• Models
• Apps
• Applications
Array of GIS Clients
Access and use GIS data
and services
• ArcReader
• Map Objects for Java
• Metadata
ArcSDE
ArcGIS
Used to manage
• ArcGIS Desktop &
Extensions
• Author and Manage
Metadata
• Data
• ArcPad
• Build Catalog
ArcSDE
Used to manage
and distribute
• Metadata
Metadata
&
Catalog
Services
• Metadata
• Transactions
ArcIMS
• Manage Metadata
• Provide Search
Services
GIS
Clients
Market Forces Are Driving
Change
• Organizations are moving and consolidating
spatial data into relational databases to
improve interoperability
• Organizations are moving client/server
mapping applications to the web and looking
to web services for the future
• Organizations are integrating spatial data
analysis and map visualization into key
business applications to improve decision
making and service delivery
Data Collection
• One of most expensive GIS activities
• Many diverse sources
• Two broad types of collection
– Data capture (direct collection)
– Data transfer
Data Collection Techniques
Raster
Primary
Secondary
Vector
Digital remote
sensing images
GPS
measurements
Digital aerial
photographs
Survey
measurements
Scanned maps
Topographic
surveys
DEMs from maps Toponymy data
sets from atlases
Primary Data Capture
• Capture specifically for GIS use
• Raster – remote sensing
– e.g. SPOT and IKONOS satellites and aerial
photography
– Passive and active sensors
• Resolution is key consideration
– Spatial
– Spectral
– Temporal
Typical Reflectance Signatures
Vector Primary Data Capture
• Surveying
– Locations of objects determines by angle and
distance measurements from known locations
– Uses expensive field equipment and crews
– Most accurate method for large scale, small areas
• GPS
– Collection of satellites used to fix locations on
Earth’s surface
– Differential GPS used to improve accuracy
Secondary Geographic Data Capture
• Data collected for other purposes can
be converted for use in GIS
• Raster conversion
– Scanning of maps, aerial photographs,
documents, etc
– Important scanning parameters are spatial
and spectral (bit depth) resolution
Vector Secondary Data Capture
• Collection of vector objects from maps,
photographs, plans, etc.
• Digitizing
– Manual (table)
– Heads-up and vectorization
• Photogrammetry – the science and
technology of making measurements from
photographs, etc.
• COGO – Coordinate Geometry
Data Transfer
• Many widely distributed sources of GI
• Key catalogs include
– US NSDI Clearinghouse network
– Geography Network
• Access technologies
– Translation
– Direct read
Federal Data Agencies
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USGS
NOAA
Census Bureau
NIMA
EPA
many more...