1. business and industrial
2. business operations
3. business plans

Discursive Writing
1
What is Discursive Writing?
• Discursive Writing: This is the overall title
for factual writing where you discuss ideas,
express opinions and present evidence to
justify your (or other peoples’) viewpoint.
•
• Discursive writing includes:
– Argumentative: where you present a balanced view
on the topic.
– Persuasive: where you take a side and persuade the
reader of your opinion.
2
Discursive Writing: Exam Questions
• There are always around 5 discursive
essay tasks in every Standard Grade
Exam paper.
• The key words in the task which indicate
a discursive essay are discuss or give
your views.
3
Discursive Writing: Exam Questions
• Here are some past examples you could plan essays for:
• 2008: Education is about what we learn both inside and
outside the classroom.
Give your views.
• 2007: What’s going on with our weather?
Individuals need to take steps to tackle climate change.
Give your views.
• 2007: These days young people are unfairly treated by
the media. Give your views.
• 2006: Look at me! Is it more important to be an
individual or to fit in with the crowd? Discuss.
4
Discursive Writing: Exam Questions
• Tasks tend to be centred around topics like:
–
–
–
–
Education/school
Young people/youth culture
Technology
Environment
– Revision Tasks: Look through your Past Papers and decide
which topic heading each task comes under.
– Are there any other possible topic headings?
– Do you think you could write convincingly on any or all of these
topics?
– Plan essays for all these topics and read up about them so you
have some convincing evidence and opinions to use in the
exam.
5
What’s Expected in the exam
• Although you should research the topics you will not be
expected to produce such detailed and accurate
evidence and quotations etc. as you did for your folio
discursive essay.
• The examiner will recognise that you cannot possibly
recreate this standard in the exam and they will not be
checking that the statistics or quotations you use are
exactly correct (although don’t just make up nonsense!)
• They will be looking for how developed your reasoning
is, your structure and the sophistication of your
language.
6
Step by Step Guide
• Structure
• Introduction
• Arguments & counter
arguments
• Conclusion
• LINKING: connectives
and topic sentences
•
•
•
•
•
Content
Quality ideas
Development of ideas
Supporting evidence
Fact and opinion
• Style
• Persuasive or
argumentative?
• Formal
• Present tense
• Rhetoric
• Emotive Language
7
Step by step in the Exam
Step 1: Choosing your task.
• Pick something relevant to you.
• You are going to have to demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of your issues, without the ability to do
any reading or research, so it is best if you choose
something in which you have a genuine interest and on
which you have a genuine opinion.
• If you have revised and researched the topics listed
previously, then you should have opinions and evidence
for most of the questions which arise.
8
Step 2: Persuasive or argumentative?
• Persuasive
• Where you give your
personal opinion on a
topic or issue, and
endeavour to persuade
the reader to your way of
thinking. Works best if
you are genuinely
committed to the issue.
• Argumentative
• Allows you to consider, in
a balanced way, the pros
and cons of a particular
topic or issue. Useful if
you feel there are strong
arguments on a least two
sides of the issue or
topic.
9
Step 3: Structuring your Essay
• Argumentative Essay Structure:
• Opening statement – giving OPINION
• Series of paragraphs:
»Arguments for x 3
»Arguments against x3
• Summary / Conclusion
»Restating opinion
10
Step 3: Structuring your Essay
• Persuasive Essay Structure:
• Opening statement – giving OPINION
• Series of paragraphs each containing the following:
»Counter-argument
»Refute counter-argument
• Summary / Conclusion
»Restating opinion
11
Step 3: Structuring your Essay
• Persuasive writing: how to structure each paragraph using
counter-arguments.
• 1. Give an opinion which goes against your argument
– Some people believe
– It has been said that
– There are those who say
• 2. Make a statement say the opinion given is WRONG!
– However this is not the case.
– This is far from true.
– Clearly this is unfounded.
12
Step 3: Structuring your Essay
• 3. Give your own opinion (counter-argument)
• In actual fact
• In my opinion
• The truth is that
• In my view
• I believe / I feel
• I am convinced
13
Step 4: considering style
General Language Features for all discursive writing:
• First Person (persuasive) OR third person (argumentative)
• Present Tense
• Topic Sentences
• Connectives (linking words and phrases – see next slide)
• Phrases to give own opinion
• Rhetorical Questions – to pose the issue and involve readers
• Similes / Metaphors
• Exclamations - to make dramatic point
14
Step 4: considering style
• USING CONNECTIVES
• 1. To give sequence /structure to whole text
• e.g. firstly secondly, thirdly etc
• 2. To connect CAUSE and EFFECT, linking points
within paragraphs
• e.g consequently, as a result, therefore
• 3. To COMPARE and LINK DIFFERENT arguments
• e.g. however, on the other hand, but
15
Step 4: considering style
• PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES: These techniques are
mainly used in persuasive writing although they can
sometimes in argumentative writing:
• Rhetorical questions: How could you possibly consider
letting this poor dog die?
• Appeal directly to the audience: You have the power
in your hands to save this dog.
• Emotive language: This poor, weak, defenceless
creature should be spared.
• List in Threes: This poor, weak defenceless creature.
• Commands: Vote to save a life today!
16
Step 4: considering style
• Surely there is no one in this world who
enjoys ploughing their way through a
mountain of these, foul-tasting
vegetables!
• Persuasive words/phrases: surely,
obviously, undeniably, certainly.
• Imagery and exaggeration: mountain of,
ploughing through.
17
Step 4: considering style
Tone in a discursive essay
• Do
• Write in proper,
complete sentences
• Use complete words
and expressions
• Use proper, standard
English
• Do not
• Use abbreviations
(i.e./e.g./etc./UK/&)
Contractions
(isn't/don't/won't)
• Slang (e.g. bloke/geezer
etc)
• Colloquial language
(mate/bolshy etc.)
You should also try to make sure that you use a decent standard of vocabulary
In particular, try to avoid weak vocabulary such as 'get', 'got' and 'getting'.
Relying on this level of vocabulary too often suggests that your power of
expression is weak. Build up your word power!
18
Step 5: Opening your essay
• The following methods are suggestions. It is up to you to decide which
style suits your writing best.
• Provocative
• e.g."It is difficult to see how anyone can approve of fox hunting."
• Balanced
• e.g."Fox hunting is a subject about which people hold strongly
contrasting views."
• Quotation
• e.g."Oscar Wilde once described fox hunting as 'The unspeakable in
pursuit of the uneatable.'."
• Illustration
• e.g."On a glorious autumn morning a terrified, exhausted animal is
savaged to death by a pack of baying dogs while a group of expensively
dressed humans encourage the dogs in their bloody work."
• Anecdote
19
• e.g."I have always detested fox hunting since I was almost physically
sick while watching a television film of the kill at the end of a hunt."
Step 5: Opening your essay
• Rate the following introductions. Which is best? Why?
• My essay is going to be about living in the town and the
country. In this essay I will look at both sides of the
argument.
• Deciding whether to live in the town(city) or the
countryside can be difficult, as there are many reasons
why both locations might be attractive. However both
choices also offer a number of disadvantages which can
put people off.
• City life: bright, exciting, challenging. Rural life: peaceful,
idyllic, relaxing. How do you choose between two such
different locations when making the crucial decision of
where to live?
20
Step 6: Using topic sentences
• Given the choice, many people prefer to live in the
country. One reason for this is…
• The countryside also…
• Furthermore, living in the country also…
• Additionally, country living means that …
• On the other hand , many people feel that country living…
• But rural life is not always…
• However not everybody agrees that living in the country
is… Another problem with living in the country is…
21
Step 7: Concluding your essay
• Rate the following concluions. Which is best? Why?
• To finish my essay I am going to sum up my ideas for and against
living in the town and living in the country.
• In conclusion there are many good reasons to live in the town, but
there are also many good reasons to live in the country. I think I would
prefer to live in the town.
• To conclude, deciding whether to live in the town or the country is a
very personal decision. Whilst some people adore the hustle and
bustle of the city, other much prefer the tranquil world of the
countryside. Having lived in both, I can honestly say that the many
amenities and the ‘bright lights’ of the city are what appeal to me
most. I definitely prefer living in the city.
22