1. business and industrial
2. energy
3. oil

"Waste to Energy "
Production of Value addition products
from crude glycerol obtained from
Process industry waste
By
Sheetal N Singh
Coordinator, City Managers Association Karnataka (CMAK)
21st Floor, Public Utility Bldg., MG Road , Bangalore -01
www.cmakarnataka.com
[email protected]
About CMAK
“City Managers Association Karnataka”
CMAK is a Membership based professional body working to strengthen
issues related to Urban sectors in conjunction with Directorate of
Municipal Administration (DMA) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) of
Karnataka.
CMAK domain areas –
Research
1.Documenting Best practice initiatives and transfer program in urban
sector.
2. Service Level Benchmarking (SLB)
3. Solid Waste Management (SWM)
4. Water and wastewater conservation
5. Energy efficiency
6. Public Disclosure Law and other projects related to urban issues
 Information Dissemination
Training and capacity Building
Study Tours
Value Addition from Process waste
•Production of Bio-diesel from Chicken waste
•Crude Glycerol as byproduct
•Focus to use Glycerol
•Energy source obtained from Glycerol
•Production of Gly coal, Gly-ethanol, Gly gas
•All the 3 new sources –waste to energy derivatives
Objectives
• Production of biodiesel and obtaining its byproduct -glycerin
• Characterization of crude Glycerin.
• Optimization of biomass and glycerin ratio for pellet
formation
• Production of coal substitute from various biomass using
glycerin as a binder.
• Comparison of the various pellets – made from biomass
residues and glycerin.
• Testing the properties (Burning Efficiency, Calorific Value,
etc).
• Ethanol production using Yeast with Glycerine as the carbon
source
• Biogas production using Glycerin as feedstock and as
additive to kitchen waste.
Biodiesel
 Production of biodiesel from chicken feather meal.
 Trans-esterification procedure was done from the
chicken fat sample to obtain two layers- biodiesel
and glycerin.
 This glycerin obtained is used as a source of energy
to generate green power.
TRANS-ESTERIFICATION
Two Stage Method
Chicken fat oil
At 65 °C
for 50 min
Acid Esterification (Methanol +H2SO4 )
FFA removal
At 68 °C
for 50 min
Base Transesterification (Methanol+ NaOH)
Glycerin settling and separation
Methanol recovery
Temp above 70 °C
Washing (4-5 times)
At 110 °C
FAME/ Dry Bio-ethanol
Chicken fat bio-diesel
Glycerin used to produce three
forms of energy:
-- Gly-coal
-- Gly-ethanol
-- Gly-gas
Properties of Glycerin
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IUPAC Name: Propane-1,2,3,-triol
Molecular formula: C3H8O3
Yield: 100 ml of glycerin from 1000ml of the chicken
fat through trans-esterification process.
Colour: Dark Brown
Texture: Semi-solid, thick syrup-like consistency
Odour: Chicken-like
Molecular Weight: 92.09
Density: 1.22 – 1.24 g/ml at 25°C
Viscosity at 40° C: 8.68 centistokes
Flash Point: 120°C
Melting Point: 18°C
Boiling point: 130°C
Freezing Point: 2°C
Ash Content
Fumes on
addition
of
Sulphuric
acid
Dessicator
% Ash = (Weight of ash * 100) / weight of sample = 1.88 %
Muffle
furnace
Ash
formed
Moisture Content
% Moisture Content = 3.0345 %
Distillation of Crude Glycerin
Vaccum distillation unit
% yield = (Yield/ Wt of sample)*100
= (3.75/200)*100
= 1.875%
Pure glycerin
Gly-Coal
• A combination of waste glycerin with biomass
agriculture residue such as coconut husk,
Pongamia seed shell, saw dust, leaf litter etc to
produce combustible pellets which can be easily
and inexpensively manufactured, as a superior
alternative to coal energy plants, a new type of
refuse derived fuel (RDF).
Pongamia pod husk
Powdered bio-mass
• The raw materials are mixed manually in the
optimized ratio and filled in PVC pipes and
compressed which helps in attaining the shape
and stability. It is allowed to dry for 2 days and
then removed and kept for drying again for 3
days. The finished pellet was further analyzed.
Optimization Of Pellets
Glycerin Pongamia
Saw
Leaf
Coconut
( gms )
Seed Husk(g) Dust(g)
litter(g)
Husk(g)
25
15 –Good
15- Best
15 -Good
5- Best
25
20 - Best
20 - Poor
20 - Best
10 - Poor
25
25 - Poor
25 - V Poor 25 - Poor
15 - V Poor
Very poor
Poor
Best Pellets
Properties of Gly-Coal
• Emission test : The samples were burnt and tested for
emissions in a gas analyzer by inserting the probe.
Result Table –Emission test
Contents
CO (%)
HC(ppm)
O2 (%)
CO2(%)
Coal
0.022
0025
20.85
0.15
Glycerin
0.013
0010
20.93
0.04
Coconut Husk
0.002
0021
20.93
0.03
Saw Dust
0.001
0018
20.93
0.04
Pongamia Seed Husk
0.003
0020
20.92
0.04
Leaf Litter
0.001
0029
20.89
0.05
Coconut Husk Gly-coal
0.002
0025
20.93
0.02
Saw Dust Gly-coal
0.009
0023
20.88
0.08
Pongamia Seed Husk GC
0.003
0023
20.89
0.05
Leaf Litter GC
0.002
0024
20.95
0.03
Calorific value
The CV is measured by burning it in a controlled environment. The
resulting heat released by this combustion i.e. the net temperature rise, is
proportional to the calorific value and was tested by firing the coal in
Bomb calorimeter at Bangalore Test House.
Type of Coal
Calorific Value
(kJ/kg)
Coal
21000 (Avg.)
Saw Dust Gly-coal
26700
Pongamia Husk Gly-coal
25590
Leaf Litter Gly-coal
24460
Coconut Husk Gly-coal
27170
Burning Efficiency Test
The gly-coal burning capacity was tested by boiling water using 50
grams of gly-coal and parameters such as time and temperature
were recorded.
Result Table –Burning efficiency
Type of Coal Used
Time taken by
500 ml water
to reach 100°C
Time taken for
complete
combustion
Coal
8 mins
18 mins
Coconut Husk Gly-coal
6 mins
20 mins
Pongamia Seed Gly-coal
8 mins
21 mins
Leaf Litter Gly-coal
9 mins
20 mins
Saw Dust Gly-coal
9 mins
19 mins
Gly-Ethanol
Ethanol fermentation from glycerin is an
anaerobic fermentation. The process uses yeast
to convert glycerin into ethanol.
Reagents used• 20% glycerin
• 5g baker’s yeast
• Distilled water
• 20g Broken wheat
Glycerol Kinase
Fermentation using Yeast
Glycerin
Ethanol
150 ml of ethanol was produced.
Flame Test
• Blue color flame observed when burnt in a
spirit lamp.
Dichromate assay
Ethanol after
titration
On adding starch
Concentration of ethanol obtained= 21 %
Gly-Gas
• The effects of glycerin on the performance of anaerobic
digester were examined by adding glycerin in order to
enhance methane production.
• The supplementation of the feed with crude glycerol had a
significant positive effect in methane production rate.
RESULTS
Biomass added to
digester to burn
for 2.5 hrs
Weight of the
biomass added
With glycerin
Kitchen waste
Cow Dung
1 Liter
2. 5 kgs
40 kgs
Biogas plant
Biogas stove
Feeding with glycerin
Rising of the Gas holder tank
Characterization of Gly-gas
Components
Glycerin
CH4 % vol
CO2 % vol
Household
wastes
50-60
38-34
N2 % vol
O2 % vol
H2O % vol
5-0
1-0
6 (at 40° C)
4.5%
1.64%
2 (at 40° C)
Total % vol
H2S mg/m3
NH3 mg/m3
Aromatic mg/m3
100
100 - 900
0 - 200
100
-
Organochlorinated or
organofluorated mg/m3
100-800
-
71.54%
22.33%
Conclusion
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All by-products of biodiesel production provide valuable
feedstocks for power generation. The results can be
summarized in few points:
Crude glycerol from biodiesel production was proven to be
a suitable substrate for anaerobic degradation.
Gly-coal of good quality with efficient burning and low
emissions and can be used as a substitute for coal.
Renewable and sustainable energy to the industry
Ethanol of 21% concentration was produced with glycerin
as source of carbon.
Bio-gas production was found to be enhanced with the
addition of glycerin
• Bio-gas is one such source which is renewable and can
reduce the dependence on fossil oil to a considerable
extent.
• Bio-gas production technology is simple and has proven
successful for Indian weather conditions.
Overall, crude glycerin has various applications and we
have experimented with a few of them.
The results were mainly 3 important sources from a
process industry waste .
THANK YOU !!
References
• Biomass briquettes and pellets, Dr.David Fulford and Dr.Anne Wheldon,
Ashden Technology,2010.
• Anaerobic Fermentation of Glycerol to Ethanol, Chloe LeGendre, Jordan
Mendel, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemical and
biomolecular engineering, 2009.
• Zero Waste Biodiesel Using Glycerin and biomass to create renewable
energy, Sean Brady, Gregory Leung, Christopher Salam, Department of
chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 2007.
• ”Glycerol production by microbial fermentation- A Review”, Zheng-Xiang
Wang, Jian Zhuge, et al, Biotechnology Advances,2001.
• Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production from
multiple feedstocks J. C. Thompson, B. B. He
• Ethanol Production during Batch Fermentation with Saccharomyces
cerevisiae: Changes in Glycolytic Enzymes and Internal pH K. M. Dombek
and L. 0. Ingram, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 1987, p.
1286-1291 Vol. 53, No. 6