1. art and entertainment
2. theatre

Musical Theatre
What is a Musical?
Musicals have gone by many different
names
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Comic operas
Operettas
Burlesque
Revues which have their roots in
vaudeville, music halls and minstrel
shows
The Best Musicals have three essential
qualities…
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Brains (intelligence
and style)
Heart (genuine and
believable emotion)
Courage (The guts to
do something creative
and exciting)
Musical Theatre
A Brief History
Greeks
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Added music to their productions as early as the
5th Century B.C.
The Greek Chorus sometimes included music
(Aeschylus & Sophocles composed their own
music but melodies no longer exist)
Solos were not unheard of
No direct effect on modern musicals but it shows
that show tunes have been around for more than
2500 years
Romans
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3rd Century comedies of Plautus included song
and dance routines with full orchestrations
To make dance steps more audible in large
open air theatres, actors attached metal chips
called "sabilla" to their footwear – the first tap
shoes
Stress on spectacle and special effects, a trend
that echoes into our own time
Europe – Middle Ages
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Traveling minstrels and roving troupes of
performers offered popular songs and
slapstick comedy
12th and 13th centuries religious dramas,
intended as liturgical teaching tools, used
church chants, creating their own form of
musical theatre
Europe – Renaissance
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Minstrels reached their peak with
Commedia Dell’arte in Italy with raucous
clown characters improving their way
through familiar stories
Formal musical theatre was rare in the
Renaissance, but Moliere turned several of
his plays into comedies with songs when
the court of Louis XIV demanded song and
dance entertainments in the late 1600s
Europe – 18th Century
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By the 1700s, two forms of musical theater were
common in Britain, France and Germany
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ballad operas like John Gay's The Beggars Opera
(1728) that borrowed popular songs of the day and
rewrote the lyrics
comic operas, with original scores and mostly
romantic plot lines, like Michael Balfe's The
Bohemian Girl (1845).
Which brings us to the question…
Are Musicals Descended From
Opera?
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Opera has been with us since the late 1500s, but
contemporary musical theatre and film are not direct
descendants of grand opera.
Opera can be called a descendant of classical theatre.
When Renaissance writers and composers tried to
resurrect the forms of Greek drama, they added music.
This eventually led to the birth of grand opera.
From its birth in the 1800s, the musical has often
spoofed opera, but it traces its roots to other sources.
Vaudeville, burlesque, and many other forms are the
true ancestors of the modern musical -- not opera.
Are Musicals Descended From
Opera?
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Of course, the melodies of grand opera were part of the
popular musical culture of the 1800s and early 1900s,
and therefore had some effect on the musical theater
melodies of that time.
However, the so-called "comic operas" that dominated
Broadway in the late 1880s and 90s, including the works
of Gilbert & Sullivan, are not operas. Producers called
these shows "comic operas" to make them sound more
sophisticated, but with extended dialogue and melodies
designed for the popular taste of that era, they were
clearly musicals.
Musical Theatre
Gilbert and Sullivan
Gilbert and Sullivan
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In the 1870s, William S. Gilbert and Arthur
Sullivan revolutionized the musical theatre,
creating witty, melodic operettas. Their songs
sparkled with melody and clever rhyme, and
Gilbert's librettos blended silliness and satire in
settings that ranged from fantasy to the realistic.
Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte publicized these
shows as "light operas", but by any name, they
were musicals – some of the finest the world
would ever see.
Gilbert and Sullivan - Beginnings
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Gilbert was an unsuccessful attorney before his
comic poems appeared in popular magazines. This
opened the way to a career as a playwright and
director.
Sullivan was Britain's most promising serious
composer, but he woud compose lighter pieces to
cover the expenses of his high-society lifestyle.
In the 1860s, British musical theatre consisted of
variety shows, French operettas, and slapdash
comic light operas presented by John Hollingshead
at The Gaiety Theatre.
Trial by Jury (1875)
Trial by Jury
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Hollingshead hired G&S to create Thespis (1871), a
mythological spoof. Gilbert didn’t like it, but it impressed
producer Richard D'Oyly Carte.
4 years later, he needed a one-act "curtain raiser" to share
the bill with his production at London's Opera Comique. Carte
convinced G&S to adapt one of Gilbert's satirical poems.
Trial by Jury (1875) was a huge success
This piece established several themes that run through most
of Gilbert and Sullivan's shows –
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unqualified men who have oiled their way into high public office
the course of true love flowing in surprising directions
an appalling disdain for women over 40 years of age
Gilbert and Sullivan – The Sorcerer
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D'Oyly Carte then persuaded G&S to attempt a full-length
work. The Sorcerer (1877) involved a magician who wreaks
havoc in a small English village with a love potion.
Gilbert and Sullivan were developing a form of British
operetta that was quite unlike its predecessors. They
eliminated overt sexual references and replaced the
cartoonish characters with more familiar, believable
characters.
Encouraged by The Sorcerer's profitable run, they then
created an operetta that succeeded beyond their wildest
dreams, with a show that reshaped the popular musical
theatre on both sides of the Atlantic.
HMS Pinafore (1878)
HMS Pinafore (1878)
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H.M.S. Pinafore was the story of a naval captain's daughter
who spurns the attentions of the First Lord of the Admiralty
because she loves a common sailor, spoofing the Victorian
class system.
Pinafore was such a hit that D'Oyly Carte's investors tried to
steal the production from him, sending thugs to carry off the
sets and costumes in the middle of a performance!
Since there was no international copyright laws, both Britain
and the U.S. were flooded with Pinafore copycats. When
G&S brought their company of Pinafore to New York, the
casts of several unauthorized Pinafore's brazenly turned out
to welcome them in the harbor.
Pirates of Penzance (1880)
Pirates of Penzance
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D'Oyly Carte secured the first international copyright by
premiering The Pirates of Penzance (1880) simultaneously
in New York and Great Britain.
Pirates is the story of Fredrick, a young man who was
accidentally apprenticed to a band of pirates. He falls in love
with a Major General's ward and tries to atone for his past by
plotting the destruction of his former comrades. When it turns
out the soft-hearted pirates are really "noblemen who have
gone wrong," they and a relieved Frederick marry the
multitudinous wards of the rather "modern Major General."
The success of Pirates confirmed Gilbert and Sullivan's place
in popular culture. The amazing thing was that they were just
getting started.
The Rocky Road of Success
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G&S continued to turn out successes such as Patience
(1881), Iolanthe (1882), but Princess Ida (1884) was not as
well received so it closed early. D’Oyly requested another
show to take it’s place.
Gilbert submitted yet another plot involving a love potion, and
when no amount of re-writing could make Sullivan accept it,
the disagreement turned ugly.
Sullivan declared that it was time for him to concentrate on
more serious compositions, and Gilbert resented the
suggestion that their collaboration was holding Sullivan back.
The partnership was on the brink of collapse when a
Japanese sword fell from the wall of Gilbert's study –
inspiring the plot for their most popular show ever.
The Mikado (1885)
The Mikado
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The Mikado was influenced by an 1880s craze for “all things Japanese.” The
complicated plot centers on what happens when the Emperor of Japan decrees
that flirting is punishable by death. Because no one in the town of Titipu is
willing to enforce this horrible law, a condemned tailor (Koko) is appointed Lord
High Executioner – the reasoning being that he cannot behead anyone until he
beheads himself. When it turns out he has to execute someone after all, he
selects Nanki-Poo, a traveling minstrel. Nanki-Poo will only agree to the
scheme if he can first marry the executioner's ward and finance, the lovely
Yum-Yum. This will allow the minstrel a month of happiness, and the
Executioner can then behead the man and marry his ward as planned. An aged
woman (Katisha) from the royal court appears, announcing that Nanki-poo is
really the crown prince who has been in hiding since he toyed with her
affections! After a series of deceptions and misunderstandings, everything is
resolved.
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The Mikado's Japanese setting and costumes masked the fact that it was a
send-up of British customs and pretensions. In the United States, "Mikadomania" fed a nationwide American passion for all things Japanese. It
remains one of the most frequently produced musicals of all time, and still
receives new amateur and professional stagings worldwide.
The Beginning of the End
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G&S’s following shows were not able to live up to
the success of The Mikado.
When it seemed Gilbert and Sullivan's
collaboration was at its peak, it fell apart over
several trivial disputes – including an infamous
quarrel over the price of some new carpeting in
the Savoy Theatre.
After several years, the Savoy trio effected a
reconciliation, but things were never quite the
same. Gilbert and Sullivan's talents were intact,
but both were losing the fresh creative edge.
The Final Years
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G&S remained on cordial terms in their final years, and were both
hailed by the public. When Sullivan received a knighthood in 1888,
Gilbert was overlooked. The old collaborators worked on revivals
and shared curtain calls at the opening nights. Sullivan continued
composing classical pieces, and wrote comic operas with new
librettists. Weakened by years of kidney trouble, he succumbed to
a severe case of bronchitis in 1900 at age 58 years.
Gilbert enjoyed renewed health and popularity in the new century,
writing plays and musical librettos, and finally received his
knighthood in 1907. In late May 1911, Gilbert (at age 74) suffered a
fatal heart attack while saving a young woman from drowning on his
country estate.
After many years of illness, Richard D'Oyly Carte died in 1901.
Musical Theatre
Musical Theatre in America:
The Minstrel Show
Minstrel Shows
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The American musical has one shameful chapter in its history –
minstrel shows. The most popular musical stage shows of the
early and mid 19th Century, minstrelsy embodied racial hatred.
Both white and black performers donned blackface, and audiences
of all colors loved it. Hateful as it was, minstrel shows were the first
form of musical theatre that was 100% American-born and bred.
Minstrel shows developed in the 1840’s, peaked after the Civil War
and remained popular into the early 1900s. In these shows, white
men blackened their faces with burnt cork to lampoon Blacks,
performing songs and skits that sentimentalized slave life on
Southern plantations.
Blacks were shown as naive buffoons who sang and danced the
days away, gobbling "chitlins," stealing the occasional watermelon,
and expressing their inexplicable love for "ol' massuh."
Jim Crow
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Blackface acts were common features in circuses and
traveling shows from the 1790s onwards.
In the 1820s white entertainer Thomas "Daddy" Rice
caused a nationwide sensation by wearing burnt cork to
perform the song "Jump Jim Crow" on stage. He first
heard it from an old black street singer who supposedly
made up the lyric about his own name –
"Jim Crow" turned out to be more than a popular song. It
became a stock comedy character, and a by-word for
legalized racial segregation. (Separate but Equal)
Minstrel Shows
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Minstrelsy was the first example of the way American
popular culture would exploit and manipulate AfroAmericans and their culture to please and benefit white
Americans.
As laws changed, several all-black minstrel companies
toured America and Great Britain. Black performers still
had to wear blackface makeup in order to look "dark
enough," performing material that demeaned their own
race. Despite such drawbacks, minstrelsy provided
African American performers with their first professional
stage outlet.
Famous Minstrel Performers
Amos and Andy
Al Jolson
Musical Theatre
Musical Theatre in America:
Burlesque
Burlesque
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Beginning in the 1840s, these works entertained the lower
and middle classes by making fun of (or "burlesquing") the
operas, plays and social habits of the upper classes.
Everything from Shakespearean drama to opera could inspire
a full-length burlesque spoof.
By the 1860s, burlesque relied on the display of shapely,
underdressed women to keep audiences interested. In the
Victorian age, when proper women went to great lengths to
hide their physical form beneath bustles, hoops and frills, the
idea of young ladies appearing onstage in tights was a
powerful challenge.
Burlesque
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Suggestive rather than bawdy, these shows relied less on
strong scripts or songs than on sheer star power. When
Broadway's The Black Crook became a massive hit in 1866,
its troop of ballerinas in flesh-colored tights served notice that
respectable American audiences were ready to fork over big
bucks for sexually stimulating entertainment.
At first, the American press praised burlesques, but turned
vicious under pressure from influential do-gooders. But the
cries of the self-righteous had an unintended effect. Editorials
and sermons condemning burlesque as "indecent" only made
the form more popular!
Burlesque
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By the 1880s, wit was gradually replaced by a determination
to reveal as much of the feminine form as local laws allowed.
But obscenity and vulgarity were avoided – the point was to
spoof, not to offend.
Burlesque underwent a crucial change when Michael Leavitt
produced burlesque variety shows using something similar to
the three act minstrel show format –
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ACT ONE: The ensemble entertains with songs and gags,
dressed in formal evening clothes.
ACT TWO: An "olio" of variety acts (singers, comics, skits, etc.).
ACT THREE: A complete one-act musical burlesque. These
ranged from Shakespearean take offs like Much Ado About a
Merchant of Venice to a Gilbert and Sullivan spoof called The
Mick Hair-Do.
Burlesque
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The biggest burlesque star of the early 20th Century was dancer Millie
DeLeon, who tossed her garters into the audience and occasionally
neglected to wear tights, which got her arrested on occasion, and helped to
give burlesque a raunchy reputation.
In time, burlesque bills began and ended with extended skits that made fun
of hit shows and popular topics. In between came a variety olio where
singers, comics, and specialty acts were all part of the mix. By the time
most performers reached vaudeville, they were already experienced pros.
While it was common for burlesque stars to graduate into vaudeville,
vaudevillians considered it a fatal disgrace to appear in burlesque, insisting
that only those who were "washed up" would stoop so low. However, many
vaudeville veterans did burlesque during dry spells, appearing under an
assumed name.
Some famous comedians learned their craft working in burlesque, including
future musical comedy stars Jackie Gleason, Bert Lahr, W.C. Fields, Red
Skelton, and Bob Hope.
Burlesque
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From the 1880s onwards, burlesque comedy was built around
situations familiar to lower and working class audiences. Sexual
innuendo was always present, but the focus was on making fun of
sex. Some examples –
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(Injured Man crosses stage in assorted bandages and casts.)
Comic: What happened to you?
Injured Man: I was living the life of Riley.
Comic: And?
Injured Man: Riley came home!
(Minister walks up to a beautiful young woman.)
Minister: Do you believe in the hereafter?
Woman: Certainly, I do!
Minister: (Leering) Then you know what I'm here after.
Many burlesque routines spoofed social conventions and linguistic
idiosyncrasies. The most famous was Bud Abbott and Lou
Costello's glorious "Who's On First,"
Musical Theatre
Musical Theatre in America:
Vaudeville
Vaudeville
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By the 1880’s, half of the population was now
concentrated in towns and cities, that left most of them
with a little spare cash and weekly leisure time.
People wanted affordable entertainment on a regular
basis. Most variety shows were too coarse for women or
children to attend, and minstrel shows were declining in
popularity.
Vaudeville also tried to bridge a social gap that had
divided the American upper and lower class.
Two Boston producers in 1883, using the fortune they
made staging unauthorized Gilbert and Sullivan
productions started building a chain of ornate theatres
across the northeast.
Vaudeville
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Presenting commercially successful "clean" variety
shows, they instituted a policy of continuous multiple
daily performances, which they called "vaudeville."
As vaudeville spread through the United States, major
theatre chains or circuits were built. All of them were
run by tough businessmen, and all insisted that acts
keep their material clean at all times.
Headliners could bend the rules, but transgressions by
lesser known performers were not tolerated.
By 1907, Variety reported that vaudeville was earning
$30 million a year.
Vaudeville
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Appearing in vaudeville was hard. A successful act
toured for forty plus weeks a year, doing "one nighters,"
or weekly stands.
Performers put up with these demanding schedules
because even those who did not reach the level of
headliner could make good money.
In 1919, when the average factory worker earned less
than $1,300, a small time circuit performer playing a 42
week season at $75 per week earned $3,150 a year.
Anyone with determination and a talent to entertain
could earn a solid, respectable living. Few other fields
could claim to offer the disadvantaged such accessible
rewards in the early 20th Century.
Vaudeville Acts
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More than 25,000 people performed in vaudeville over it’s
50-plus years of existence
An act could be anything that was inoffensive and
entertaining. A performer's gender, race and appearance
were no barrier to success, and nothing was too eccentric.
While singers and dancers were part of every bill, the
specialty acts set vaudeville apart
Among them were mind readers, escape artists - Houdini
and his many imitators, high divers, strong men,
contortionists, balancing acts, freak acts, and regurgitators
- who drank liquids and then brought them back up. Hadji
Ali would swallow water & kerosene, then spew kerosene
onto open flames, followed by the water to put the flames
out. Not pretty, but audiences were fascinated.
The Decline of Vaudeville
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Many factors brought about the end of Vaudeville
The advent of motion pictures was a devastating blow to
vaudeville.
Audiences also grew tired of the vaudeville format
causing a sharp decline of ticket sales.
The Great Depression also hit the vaudeville circuit
pretty hard.
Most vaudeville houses were converted to movie
theatres and several circuit producers made the
transition to movies as well.
Many vaudeville performers were able to make the
transition to radio and film.
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Judy Garland
George Burns and
Gracie Allen
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Eddie Cantor
Sophie Tucker
Famous Vaudeville Performers
W.C. Fields
Jack Benny
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Ma Rainey
Bessie Smith
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Bill “Bojangles” Robinson
Nicholas Brothers
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Will Rogers
Charlie Chaplin
Famous Vaudeville Performers
Marx Brothers
Buster Keaton
Musical Theatre
1900 - 1920
1900’s
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By 1900 there were 33 Broadway theatres and many more
on the rise.
London was still the theatrical capital of the world and as a
result most Broadway shows were from London.
In 1904 the NY Subway opened allowing many more people
to come to the theatre district
Improved railroads also allowed Broadway shows to be
shown around the country
Everyone working in the theatre saw it as a business, not an
art form. This meant that all shows had to appeal to the
growing middle and working classes.
Musicals were mostly upbeat celebrations of American knowhow and decency. And no one was more expert at providing
such entertainments than George M. Cohan.
George M. Cohan
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An Irish-American graduate of variety and vaudeville who
wrote, directed, produced and starred in patriotic musical
comedies that celebrated the triumph of American know-how
and New York-style "street smarts."
After limited runs on Broadway, where most critics frowned
on Cohan's shameless, sentimentality, these musicals toured
the U.S., drawing packed houses for a year or more.
Cohan's most memorable hits included –
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Little Johnny Jones (Give My Regards to Broadway & Yankee
Doodle Dandy)
Forty-five Minutes to Broadway
George Washington Jr.
Florenz Ziegfeld & The Follies
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Ziegfeld made the revue format a huge success with his
Follies in the early 1910’s.
Ziegfeld spared no expense making Follies the costliest
shows on Broadway. The 1907 edition was produced for a
mere $13,800 -- the 1919 edition came in at $150,000, and
the 1927 edition cost over $250,000.
Although the emphasis was on spectacle and beautiful girls,
the Follies introduced several memorable songs. Irving
Berlin's "A Pretty Girl is Like a Melody" became the unofficial
anthem for the series.
The Follies biggest attraction was its line-up of comedic
talent. Some of the funniest stars in show business achieved
fame, including W.C. Fields and Will Rogers.
The Follies would remain on Broadway through the late 20’s.
Broadway & WWI
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When the U.S. entered the war in 1917 most Broadway stars
played an active role at home.
George M. Cohan wrote the mega-hit “Over There.”
Al Jolson and other actors entertained the troops
Few book musicals dealt with the war, but many musical
reviews did.
An influenza outbreak in 1918 almost wiped out commercial
theatre across the nation, but NY kept their theatres open to
very small crowds.
At the end of the war, American pride ran high and brought
about the “Roaring 20’s,” and Broadway was glad to oblige.
The Actors Strike of 1919
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The Post WWI boom was interrupted when the Actor's Equity
Association demanded better working conditions for its members in
response to abusive treatment by producers.
It was common practice for actors to pay for their own costumes, to
rehearse endless hours without pay, and to be fired without notice.
In a patriotic gesture, Equity waited until after the war to press its
demands.
When producers refused to recognize the union, Equity called the
first-ever strike in the history of the American theatre 1919.
Producers tried to put together non-union casts to keep shows
running until the stagehands union agreed to honor the strike,
shutting down almost every professional production in the country.
Faced with crippling losses, the producers were forced to recognize
Actors Equity, finally giving actors professional leverage.
Musical Theatre
The 1920’s
1920’s
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The1920s were Broadway's busiest years, with as
many as fifty new musicals opening in a single
season.
Record numbers of people forked over up to $3.50
a seat.
Shows began to be written by craftsmen who took
musical theatre seriously, trying to provide quality
entertainment and make a profit at the same time.
No, No, Nanette was one of the biggest hits of the
20’s
Black Theatre during the 20’s
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Shuffle Along, also a huge hit, was produced, written and
performed entirely by African-Americans. It gave major
breaks to Josephine Baker and Paul Robeson
Starting in 1926 a series of Blackbirds reviews were also
successful with all black casts but produced by whites.
By contemporary standards, these shows would seem
offensive. Actors still wore blackface, and most of the
comedy relied on old minstrel show stereotypes.
With racial enlightenment was still more dream than reality in
1928, many African Americans embraced the show, realizing
that a certain degree of bowing and scraping was necessary
for the success of the performer.
Musical Theatre
New Composers of the 1920’s
Rogers and Hart
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Gained fame with the review The Garrick Gaities
Rodgers, Hart and Fields achieved even greater success with
A Connecticut Yankee. Based on Mark Twain's tale of a
modern American who dreams that he has been transported
to King Arthur's legendary court.
Their early shows were lighthearted romps, but some of their
songs had surprising, bittersweet undertones.
As the stock market crash of 1929 led to tough times on
Broadway, Rodgers and Hart suffered a series of frustrating
near hits and outright flops. When Paramount Pictures
offered them a generous contract to create screen musicals,
they took their talents out West.
Cole Porter
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Cole Porter inherited a fortune, so he had little financial
incentive to pursue a theatrical career.
After his initial failure with the musical, See America First,
(he quit and lived the high life in Europe for several years.
Things changed in the 1920’s when he began working on a
succession of worthwhile projects. The musical Paris had the
daring song hit "Let's Do It," which led to the musical comedy
Fifty Million Frenchmen, featuring "You've Got That Thing"
and "You Do Something to Me."
Porter's melodies ranged from bright to sensual, and his witty
lyrics featured witty rhymes and daring sexual innuendo. The
first Broadway lyricist to openly discuss sex in his songs,
Porter would rise to fame in the 1930’s.
George and Ira Gershwin
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George's rousing melody to "Swanee" won little attention in a
mediocre Broadway revue, but then Al Jolson made it an
international sensation.
George quickly became one of the hottest musical talents in
New York, and teamed with Ira on nine 1920s stage scores.
Lady Be Good (1924) brought Broadway stardom to Fred
Astaire.
Oh Kay! (1926) was about a millionaire who doesn't realize
that rum runners are using his mansion as a smuggling
station.
Funny Face (1927) featured a girl trying to get back her diary
from her guardian, opening the way for a series of mishaps.
Their librettos were little more than excuses to get from song
to song, something they change in the next decade.
Musical Theatre
The Mega Hits of the 1920’s
Good News (1927)
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Good News was not the first musical about college life,
but it was such a hit that it established its own set of
theatrical clichés.
The plot about a football hero who has to pass an exam
so he can play in the big game and win the girl he loves.
The dance-happy songs included "The Best Things in
Life are Free" and "The Varsity Drag," a Charleston-style
dance number that became an international craze.
Depicting the "roaring 20s" as people would like to
remember it, this show remains one of the definitive
theatrical events of 1920s.
Al Jolson
“The World’s Greatest Entertainer”
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Born in a Russian in the 1880s. His family emigrated to the
U.S. and Asa Yoelson decided to become an entertainer and
changed his name to Al Jolson.
After winning fame in minstrel shows and vaudeville, Jolson
made his Broadway debut at The Winter Garden Theatre
where Jolson became the toast of New York.
His shows toured the country for years at a time, making him
a star from coast to coast.
Jolson is best remembered today for his use of blackface, but
he was not a racist.
Sensitive to discrimination of all kinds, he championed the
rights of black performers on several occasions.
His career spanned stardom in minstrelsy, vaudeville,
Broadway, Hollywood and radio.
Showboat (1927)
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One of the most powerful and popular musicals ever written,
Show Boat was the collaborative effort of three theatrical
giants -- producer Florenz Ziegfeld, composer Jerome Kern
and lyricist-librettist Oscar Hammerstein II.
It told the epic tale of the inhabitants of a Mississippi show
boat from the 1880's to the 1920s, it deals with racism and
marital heartbreak – subjects that had been considered taboo
in musicals.
The ground-breaking libretto was matched by an innovative,
character-driven score with such hits as "Make Believe," "Old
Man River" and "You Are Love."
Although many identify "Old Man River" with Paul Robeson,
the song was introduced on Broadway by Jules Bledsoe.
Showboat (1927)
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Show Boat was a tremendous gamble. Nothing like it had
ever been tried on Broadway before, and Ziegfeld was
wracked with doubts about the show's commercial prospects.
Even so, he spared no expense, giving this sweeping saga
the visual grandeur it needed to achieve optimal impact. After
the opening night performance at the Ziegfeld Theater, a
stunned audience filed out in near silence. Ziegfeld thought
his worst fears had been confirmed. He was shocked when
the next morning brought ecstatic reviews and long lines at
the box office. Show Boat was an unqualified triumph, the
most lasting accomplishment of Ziegfeld's career.
This masterpiece spawned no trends, but it showed what
musical theater could aspire to. With one silent and two
sound film versions, as well as four acclaimed Broadway
revivals, Show Boat's appeal has survived the test of time.
Musical Theatre
The 1930’s
Broadway & The Great Depression
1930’s
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During the 1930’s, Broadway dealt with the last
Vaudeville bill closing (1932), the Great
Depression, and Radio & Movies.
Radio was free, movies were only 5 cents, but Bway musicals were around $3 a seat.
Producers kept theatre alive through bankruptcy
and great personal sacrifice.
Despite the turmoil, the 1930’s saw the Broadway
musical reach new creative heights.
Hits of 1930’s
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George & Ira Gershwin produced hits such as Strike Up
the Band, Girl Crazy (Ethel Merman’s debut), Of Thee I
Sing, and the famous Jazz-Opera Porgy & Bess.
George died in 1937 but Ira continued to work in movies
through the 1950’s.
Rogers and Hart turned out several hits including The
Boys from Syracuse (a musical version of The Comedy
of Errors) and starring such stars as Ray Bolger, Ethel
Merman, and Desi Arnez.
Reviews continued to be popular but were redefined
due to rising costs and slumping box offices.
Hits of 1930’s
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Noel Coward (Britain’s only success in Broadway during
the 30’s) turned out several hit revues and the hit
comedy, Private Lives.
The most popular composer of the 30’s was Cole Porter
who wrote the hits; The Gay Divorce (“Night and Day”)
Anything Goes (“I Kick Out of You”) and Red Hot and
Blue (“Delovely”)
With network radio offering all-star variety entertainment
at no charge, revues became rare on Broadway in the
1940s, and eventually moved to the less expensive
realm of Off-Broadway.
Musical Theatre
The 1940’s
Broadway & World War II
1940’s
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With WWII and America still suffering echoes of the Great
Depression, Broadway felt that audiences during the early
1940s wanted entertainment that provided an escape from
reality, the more lighthearted the better.
Cole Porter, Ira Gershwin and Irving Berlin continued to have
several hits including Berlin’s military revue This is the Army
(1942)
As the 1940s began, great art was not the goal in musical
theatre. Most producers and critics were convinced that good
songs and good fun were all that theatergoers required.
Rodgers and Hart split in 1942. Rodgers then teamed with
Oscar Hammerstein II creating the most renowned creative
partnership the American musical theatre has ever known.
Oklahoma
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The plot involves an Oklahoma Territory farm girl of the early
1900s choosing whether she will go to a dance with the
farmhand she fears or the cowboy she loves.
This simple love story takes a jarring turn when the farmhand
proves to be a psychopathic murderer who the heroic cowboy
is forced to kill in self defense. Murder in a musical?
Despite strong comic material and a healthy dose of
romance, it was neither a typical musical comedy nor an
operetta. This was something new – a fully rounded musical
play, with everything dedicated to moving the story forward.
Hammerstein had tried something similar in his libretto to
Show Boat, but those characters were two dimensional and
the plot relied on all sorts of old melodramatic devices.
Oklahoma
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R&H insisted that the leads fit the characters rather than use
“stars.”
Since the play dealt with emotions that might sound awkward
if spoken, R&H decided to use dance as an integral element
and hired famed modern dancer Agnes DeMille, who insisted
on selecting trained modern dancers in place of the standard
chorus girls.
The Pre-Broadway reviews were terrible. One critic stated;
“No gags, no girls, no chance."
After some major revisions, Oklahoma opened to rave
reviews on Broadway setting records in NY and London.
Initial backers gained 2500% on their investment.
Oklahoma’s Impact
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Before Oklahoma, composers and lyricists were songwriters.
After Oklahoma, they had to be dramatists, using everything
in the score to develop character and advance the action.
Everything in a musical now serves a dramatic purpose.
Diverting dance routines of the past were replaced by
choreography that helped tell the show's story. Past shows
used stars to perform showstoppers that had nothing to do
with the plot. Oklahoma rejected these ideas, tossing out
anything which did not fit the plot or bring characters into
sharper focus.
Audience members now have compassion for the characters
who are no longer one dimensional.
Post - Oklahoma
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After Oklahoma, Rodgers did a revival of
Connecticut Yankee and Hammerstein did
Carmen Jones.
They reunited to create Carousel (1945)
Other big hits of the 40’s included On the Town,
Kiss Me Kate, Annie Get Your Gun and the last
big hit of the 1940’s was South Pacific (again by
Rogers and Hammerstein)
Another big advancement started in the 1940’s
was the full cast recording released on vinyl and
packaged to look like a “photo album.”
South Pacific (1949)
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As the 40’s ended, New York was the center of the theatrical world,
and the last musical hit of the decade was one of the biggest ever.
R&H wrote South Pacific about a military nurse who falls in love
with a Frenchman, and a Lieutenant who gives his heart to a
Polynesian girl. Dealing with bigotry and set amid the tensions of
WW II, it was a world away from previous musical comedies hits.
It had a well crafted script, and a score that included "Some
Enchanted Evening," "Younger Than Springtime," "Bali Hai," and
"I'm In Love With A Wonderful Guy".
There was almost no dance, more than one key love story, and the
dramatic tension was not provided by an antagonist ("bad guy") or a
"silly misunderstanding."
South Pacific confirmed R&H’s command of the genre. It won the
Tony for Best Musical and became the second musical to receive
the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Musical Theatre
1950’s
The Golden Age
of the Broadway Musical
1950’s
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During the 50’s, showtunes were a major part of popular
music.
R&H’s successes continued with the hits; The King and
I, Flower Drum Song, and the Sound of Music.
Other hits include; Guys and Dolls, The Music Man, The
Unsinkable Molly Brown, Camelot, and the biggest hit,
My Fair Lady.
Directors became crucial figures in musical theatre. The
old separations between acting, song and dance faded,
replaced by a greater fluidity in the staging and structure
of musicals.
Stars of the 1950’s
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Jerome Robbins, coming from classical ballet,
used dance as a story-telling device, making it as
essential as the script and the score. He directed
and/or choreographed many shows including; On
the Town, The King and I, West Side Story, and
Gypsy.
Bob Fosse built on what Robbins & DeMille had
begun, adding show biz razzle dazzle and
unapologetic sex appeal. Fosse took the directorchoreographer's role to new heights for several
decades.
Stars of the 1950’s
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Leonard Bernstein, was a conductor of the New
York Philharmonic. His blend of classical, pop
and jazz styles so distinctly invoked New York
that his three hit musicals were all set in that
city. (On the Town, Candide, and West Side
Story) Bernstein is considered one of the most
remarkable personalities of the 20th Century.
Mega-star actresses of the 50’s included; Mary
Martin (Peter Pan & Sound of Music) and Ethel
Merman (Gypsy).
Musical Theatre
1960’s
Sunset of the Golden Age
1960’s
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The Fantasticks (1960) became the longest
running hit in off-Broadway history (17,162
performances)
Mega-hits included; Hello Dolly, Funny Girl,
Fiddler on the Roof, Man of La Mancha, Mame
and Cabaret.
These shows made superstars of Carol Channing,
Barbara Streisand, Zero Mostel, Angela Lansbury,
and Joel Grey.
1960’s
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During the 60’s Broadway musicals declined
making steady work for actors a serious issue.
The popularity of Rock music pushed showtunes
out of the charts.
Rock music found its way into Broadway with the
politically charged Hair (Aquarius and Let the Sun
Shine In) and the controversial Oh, Calcutta!
Many claimed that the musical was dying but it
was merely changing.
Musical Theatre
1970’s
1970’s
The Rock Musical continued with the hits;
Jesus Christ Superstar, Godspell, Grease
and The Wiz
 Fosse hit his stride in the 70’s by directing
Pippin and Chicago.
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Flops of the 1970’s
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– Dude (1972 - 16) was a muddled story of God and Satan battling over a man's soul. The
Broadway Theatre was converted into an arena-style performance space, but this expensive
gesture could not make up for Dude's amateurish book and score. Despite having most of Hair's
creative team on hand, the confusing show closed in two weeks, losing over a million dollars.
– Via Galactica (1972 - 8) offered a futuristic story of social outcasts living on an asteroid. It was
so incoherent that even a plot synopsis inserted in the program could not clarify what was
happening on stage. Via Galactica was one of the first Broadway flops to lose more than a million
dollars.
– The Lieutenant (1975 - 9) was a rock opera inspired by the 1968 massacre of Vietnamese
citizens in My Lai. Some critics raved for this passionate work, but few Americans wanted a
musical reminder of a long, demoralizing war. It would be another sixteen years before a musical
set in Vietnam would succeed on Broadway.
Rockabye Hamlet (1976 - 7) was the most embarrassing nail in the rock musical's coffin. It was
based on Shakespeare's classic drama about a fictional Danish prince avenging his royal father's
death. Director Gower Champion staged the show like an all-out rock concert, and the result
was such an incoherent mess that many found it hard to believe that Champion could have been
responsible for it. The score included "He Got It in The Ear," and disgruntled audiences laughed
when the despairing Ophelia strangled herself with a microphone cord. Bad rock and bad theatre,
it closed in just one week. It was not until the late 1970s that rock and other pop idioms would
again reach Broadway in an effective theatrical format.
Stephen Sondheim – The Dean of
Hollywood Composers
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A protégé of Oscar Hammerstein, Sondheim has
become an icon of Musical Theatre, working with
several other directors and composers, He has worked
on some of the most famous shows of the 20th Century.
With Leonard Bernstein he wrote the lyrics to West Side
Story and with Julie Stynes’ he wrote the lyrics for
Gypsy.
With Harold Prince, he wrote lyrics for the classics;
Company, A Little Night Music, Follies, and Sweeny
Todd.
He then teamed with James Lapine to create; Sunday in
the Park With George, Into The Woods , Passion, and
Assassins.
Chorus Line (1975)
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Created by interviewing a series of actual Broadway
chorus dancers, Michael Bennett wrote a riveting
play where a director demands that his dancers
share their most personal stories.
In the finale “One,” the entire cast sings and dances
in a rigid formation, which was a dazzling smash hit.
Chorus Line won multiple Tony’s and became the
longest running show on Broadway (6,137) until
Cats.
Many consider Chorus Line to be the greatest
musical ever.
The Late 1970’s
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Other hits of the 70’s include Annie and the
revue Ain’t Misbehavin’, and the burlesque
revue Sugar Babies.
By the end of the 70’s cast albums were in
decline and production costs for musicals
soared past the $1,000,000 mark
Andrew Lloyd Webber’s follow up to Jesus
Christ Superstar was the 1979 smash hit Evita,
leading to the British Mega-musicals of the
1980’s.
Andrew Lloyd Webber
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Born to classical musicians, Webber began writing
musicals at Oxford with classmate Tim Rice.
He and Rice are responsible for the smash hits
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat,
and Jesus Christ Superstar
Webber has also collaborated on Phantom of the
Opera, Starlight Express and of course the longest
running show on Broadway, Cats (7,485).
Later shows such as Aspects of Love, Sunset
Boulevard and Bombay Dreams have been much
less successful.
Musical Theatre
1980’s
The Mega-Musicals
1980’s
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The beginning of the 80’s saw modest hits from
revivals and new shows such as Nine and Little
Shop of Horrors.
The biggest hit of course was Cats. What made it
so revolutionary was the marketing. Everything
from T-Shirts to snow globes playing “Memory,”
made the producers millions.
On the opposite end, the 80’s also brought
perhaps Broadway’s biggest flop; Carrie: The
Musical, lasting a whopping 5 performances.
1980’s
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Other smash hits of the 80’s were Phantom
(6,000+ still running), Into the Woods, and
Les Miserables (6,680).
With these mega hits came the trend of
mega-spectacle with each new show trying
to out each other with spectacle rather than
substance. This trend hit it’s peak in the
early 90’s with an actual helicopter
“landing” on stage in Miss Saigon.
Musical Theatre
1990’s
The Corporate Musicals
1990’s
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The 90’s also started with modest hits such as
Will Roger’s Follies, Secret Garden, Jelly’s Last
Jam and Kiss of the Spiderwoman.
Webber’s Aspects of Love and Sunset Boulevard
had modest success Cameron Mackintosh
followed Les Miz with Miss Saigon.
But 1994 brought a new kind of theatre to
Broadway… Walt Disney’s Beauty and the Beast
(4,000+ and still running)
Disney on Broadway
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With Beauty and the Beast, Disney was able to
replicate exact copies all over the world in many
different languages.
Parents brought kids to a cleaner safer Broadway
and with merchandise rolling in more than ever,
Disney made billions.
Disney elevated the trend with The Lion King
(2,000+ still running) by opening a retails store
next door and an ultra-modern Disney hotel up
the block.
The Corporate Musical
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People with no interest in theatre now flocked to
Broadway and tickets began to sell out years in
advance.
Shows began to be produced by entertainment
corporations and made to look slick, contain pop
ballads, and be reproduced world-wide with ease.
The average musical budget soared to
$8,000,000.
One of the biggest hits of the 90’s tried to break
that mold.
Rent (1996 2,600+ still running)
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Jonathan Larson’s Off-Broadway experiment was a
calculated risk that paid off big for producers
It went through multiple rewrites and would have
gone through more if it weren’t for the tragic death
of Larson on the show’s final dress rehearsal.
Larson’s death brought the show an amazing
amount of publicity and made the show a smash on
Broadway
Produced for a ¼ the price as The Lion King, and
marketed worldwide, Rent brought large profits to
producers.
Other hits of the 90’s
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The complete revamping of two Kander and Ebb
musicals Chicago and Cabaret were two of the
biggest hits of the late 90’s
Other hits include; Bring in Da' Noise, Bring in Da'
Funk, Jekyll and Hyde, and Titantic
Less successful were the remakes of the movies;
Footloose and Saturday Night Fever, starting an
ominous trend of movie remakes.
Musical Theatre
2000 – Present
The Future of Broadway
2000 - Present
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The 21st century started off well with The Full
Monty, and The Producers and Disney’s Aida,.
It also brought back the “jukebox musical” trend
with Mamma Mia, Movin’ Out, and Jersey Boys.
Other diverse hits include Wicked, The Color
Purple, Spamalot, and The 25th Annual Putnam
County Spelling Bee.
So what does the future of Broadway hold?
The Future?
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Many feel that Broadway’s outlook is grim. With
the trend of musicals such as The Wedding
Singer, Legally Blonde, Lestat, Xanadu, and just
about every Disney musical ever made, it seems
true.
Production cost continue to skyrocket. The
Producers was rumored to cost $10 million.
Production costs are forcing ticket prices well over
$100 per ticket.
But is Broadway dead?
Sondheim said it best…
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"You have two kinds of shows on Broadway – revivals and
the same kind of musicals over and over again, all
spectacles. You get your tickets for The Lion King a year in
advance, and essentially a family comes as if to a picnic, and
they pass on to their children the idea that that's what the
theater is – a spectacular musical you see once a year, a
stage version of a movie. It has nothing to do with theater at
all. It has to do with seeing what is familiar. We live in a
recycled culture . . . I don't think the theatre will die per se,
but it's never going to be what it was. You can't bring it back.
It's gone. It's a tourist attraction.
But is Broadway Dead?
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Dead? Certainly not. But changing none
the less. Broadway will continue to evolve
and go through trends both up and down.
Whether there will be a revival of content
and substance or it will merely become Las
Vegas East is yet to be seen.
Oscar Hammerstein also said it best…
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"It is nonsense to say what a musical
should or should not be. It should be
anything it wants to be, and if you don't like
it you don't have to go to it. There is only
one absolutely indispensable element that
a musical must have. It must have music.
And there is only one thing that it has to be
– it has to be good."