What is Geography? Is it more than studying countries and capitals?
What is Geography? Is it more than studying countries and capitals? Content Standard: 3.0 State Standards Geography enables the students to see, understand and appreciate the web of relationships between people, places, and environments. Students will use the knowledge, skills, and understanding of concepts within the six essential elements of geography: world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment and society, and the uses of geography. 3.01 Understand the characteristics and uses of maps, globes, and other geographic tools and technologies. 7.3.01 Discuss applications of current geographic techniques in mapping such as GIS and GPS What is Geography? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToVFvsU Two Main Branches of Geography Geography is the knowledge of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create… Landscapes are all the physical and human features that make it unique. Two kinds of features on Earth means Two kinds of Geography physical geography and human geography Physical vs. Human Landscapes It is important to remember that a feature can only be classified as being physical if it is not created by humans. Examples: rivers and mountains. This means that features such as agricultural crops and man-made dams, are considered to be human features. Human landscapes are those which have been made by humans. The most obvious examples are settlements (towns and cities), transportation systems (road, rail, sea and air) and industry (mining and agriculture etc). Physical vs. Human Landscapes Geographers who study primarily physical landscapes are call Physical Geographers Physical Geography Human Geography Rocks and Minerals Population Landforms Settlements Soils Economic Activities Animals Transportation Plants Recreational Activities Water Religion Atmosphere Tropical Rainforests Rivers and Other Water Bodies Political Systems Environment Human Migration Climate and Weather Agricultural Systems Oceans Urban Systems AND MORE………… MORE……….. Social Traditions Geographers who study primarily human landscapes are call Human Geographers Two Main Branches of Geography Geography is the knowledge of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create… Green Slides Green Book Pages 4-5 Two Main Branches of Geography Branches of Geography Physical Geography Human Geography Two Main Branches of Geography Physical Geography Study of Earth’s physical features– its landforms, bodies of water, climates, soils, and plants ---- how they work and influence humans. Physical Geography Two Main Branches of Geography Geographers who study the physical features of Earth, like scientists, ask questions such as: Physical Geography What causes things? • Why are some mountains still growing? Why are they located where they are? • What causes rivers to flow North, South, East or West? • Why are there different climates? Example: Geographers, and other scientists, researching volcanoes: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/disco very/7158-kilauea-a-volcano-labvideo.htm Physical Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography …as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two main divisions… Physical Geography Why study Earth's features? • By understanding of Earth's features and how they effect people, we can really understand our world. • Studying physical features allows geographers to see changes - such as the damage caused by pollution Physical Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography …as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two main divisions… Physical Geography Why study Earth's changes? •To see if we can prevent the changes or slow them down. Example: global warming. •Helps us prepare for those changes. Example: knowing what causes volcanoes helps us to prepare for danger. Physical Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography …as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two main divisions… Physical Geography Closely linked to science • Studies Earth's physical features and how they work. Example: how it is shaped and what is happening now. • Studies Earth's surface such as plate tectonics; climate; glaciers Delicate Arch LaSalle in Utah’s Arches National Park. Physical Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography Physical Geography Examples of Questions 1. What does the land look like? Are there tall mountains or is the land flat? 2. Is the land covered with snow? Is the ground covered with green vegetation? 3. Does the area experience tornados, hurricanes, or earthquakes? 4. What kind of seasons does the area experience? Physical Geography Two Main Branches of Geography Geography is a Science Physical geography is a science in that it researches, makes observations, gathers data, takes measurements, and analyzes data. Planet Earth: What a Wonderful World Physical Geography Two Main Branches of Geography What a wonderful world! But what is missing? Human Geography Two Main Branches of Geography Human geography is a social science in that it studies people and the relationships among them. Relations with other people. Relationships with the environment. Human Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography Human Geography Studies •World's people, communities, culture...and interactions •Geographers look at where people live and why. They look at why some parts of Earth are more densely populated and why other parts of Earth have almost no people living there at all Human Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography Human Geography Studies • Human geographers study what people do: What are their jobs? What crops do they grow? What makes them move from place to place? Human Geography Two Main Divisions of Geography Human Geography Studies how Earth’s features affect humans. Studies how humans affect Earth’s features. Two Main Divisions of Geography Human Geography •Studies governments and politics. •Studies population •Studies cities •Studies race and nationality •Studies culture: the language, religion, music, economy, government and other cultural aspects •Studies the history of how people have interacted with their environment, and created culture. Two Main Branches of Geography Geographers who study people and their interactions with each other and their landscapes are called social scientists. They ask questions like: 1. Do people live in apartments or houses? 2. Do most people own cars? Have telephones? Have Internet? 3. What kinds of goods do they manufacture? What kinds of services do they provide? 4. How long do they live? 5. How many people immigrate or emigrate? 6. Where do people build cities and why? Example: Geographers, and other scientists, study Southeast Cities. Human Geography Two Main Branches of Geography Geography is a Science How do Physical Geographers gather data? Some ways are: 1. Take detailed measurements of places like mountains or measurements of temperature. 2. Study satellite images. 3. Track changes over time. 4. Keep careful records. How do Human Geographers gather data? Geography is a science in that it researches, makes observations, gathers data, takes measurements, and analyzes data. Some ways are: 1. Take detailed measurements of people’s interactions with each other, their government, their religion or with their physical environment. 2. Study satellite images. 3. Track changes over time. 4. Keep careful records. Two Main Branches of Geography Geography Human Geography (Social Science). Study of the world’s people, community and human landscapes. Physical Geography (Science) Wants to learn how world works. Uses Scientific Methods Observes, asks questions, forms hypothesis Conducts Experiments Uses scientific method Researches to gather data (Read books. Study environment, like crawling in caves, climbing mountains and taking measurements. Analyzes satellite Images) Collects & Analyzes Data Study where people live. Want to learn how people interact with their environment: 1. How people influence the environment and 2. How the environment influences the people. See picture on page 17 Study how people and the environment interact Two Main Branches of Geography H= P= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN1D3D0f5Lg&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL Summary: p. 5 1. What are the ways that geographers can gather scientific data about places? 2. Why is geography sometimes called a social science? 3. What are some types of work a geographer might do? 4. In what ways could studying geography be useful? Branches of Geography – In Detail Purple Slides Green Book p. 16 - 20 Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Physical Geographers study Earths physical features such as plate tectonic activity, land forms, climate, bodies of water, soils and flora and fauna… Every place on Earth is unique. Physical Geographer Plate Tectonics “Why do earthquakes happen? Where do they happen? Are they related to volcanoes?” See animation: http://www.neiu.edu/~llsander/earthquakes.html Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Physical Geographers want to know where the world’s plains and mountains are located. They want to know how rivers flow. They want to know why it is hot in some places and cold in another. Physical Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Physical Geographers want to know what causes the different shapes on Earth. They want to know why mountains are located where they are and why some of the mountains are still growing. Physical Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Physical Geographers want to know why some rivers flow north, some flow south, and others flow east or west. Physical Geographer “What are natural causes that change Earth’s physical features?” Most of the time, natural changes to Earth’s physical features are slow. But such fast changes can occur by earthquakes and ocean waves. Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Physical Geographers want to know the world’s different weather patterns and climate. Physical Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geographer Geography Physical Geography (Science) Wants to learn how world works. Uses Scientific Methods Observes, asks questions, forms hypothesis Researches to gather data (Read books. Study environment, like crawling in caves, climbing mountains and taking measurements. Analyzes satellite Images) Conducts Experiments Collects Data How do they gather data? Some ways are: 1. Take detailed measurements of places like mountains or measurements of temperature. 2. Study satellite images. 3. Track changes over time. 4. Keep careful records. Branches of Geography – In Detail Physical Geography Uses: 1. The main purpose of physical geography is to give us a better understanding of the physical features of our world. Once they study the physical features, the physical geographers want to know how these effect people and how they live. The main reason is to learn how the world works. 2. Studying changes of the physical features helps us prepare to be safe. For example, physical geographers study volcanoes so they can predict when the next eruption will occur so people can evacuate. Similar with storms… This helps us adjust to the changes and dangers of our world. Physical Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Study of the world’s people, community and human landscapes. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Study of the world’s people: their past and present. Look at where people and why. They want to know why many people live in one area and a few people live in another. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Study of the world’s people: What are the jobs? What kinds of crops do they grow? What makes people move from place to place? Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Because there are so many different people in our world, human geographers often specialize. a. Some may choose to study a certain region like Africa. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Because there are so many different people in our world, human geographers often specialize. b. Some human geographers don’t want to study just one place. Instead, they choose to study a certain aspect of people’s lives: religion, economics, politics or government types. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Geography Human Geography (Social Science). Study of the world’s people, community and human landscapes. Human Geographer How do they gather data? Uses scientific method on people Study where people live. Want to learn how people interact with their environment: 1. How people influence the environment and 2. How the environment influences the people. Study how people and the environment interact Some ways are: 1. Take detailed measurements of people’s interactions with each other, government, religion or with their physical environment. 2. Study satellite images. 3. Track changes over time. 4. Keep careful records. Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Uses: 1. By studying basic needs of all humans: food, water, and shelter. These are needed to survive. Human geographers can help people improve their lives. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Uses: 2. If study government systems, the Human Geographers can give people information so they can make good decisions. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Uses: 3. If study different cultures, they can provide information to help people understand one another so they will get along with one another. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Uses: 4. If study cities, they can provide information to help people build efficient cities with well planned roads, school, and neighborhoods. By studying where people g and what they need, geographers can help city planners place roads, shopping malls, and schools. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Human Geography Uses: 5. If study people and environment, then Human Geographers can help local and federal governmental agencies protect the environment. Human Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Cartography The science of making maps. Without maps, geographers could not study the world. Cartography Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Cartography The science of making maps. In the past, maps were drawn by hand. Therefore, not many maps were not completely accurate. Cartography Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Cartography John Ogilby (1600-1676) was a Scottish cartographer, translator and publisher who was appointed “His Majesty's Cosmographer and Geographic Printer” under the royal patronage of Charles II in 1674. After the Great Fire of London in 1666 had destroyed his house and shop along with a majority of his inventory, Ogilby began to publish the geographical works that he would later become famous for. One of the most important volumes that he published was "America" (1671). Cartography Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Cartography John Ogilby "America" (1671). Cartography Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Cartography Now, maps are made by computers. Satellite images are sent to computers. Then the computers use the information to make maps. Read: Computer Mapping, p. 19 Cartography Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Hydrology The study of water on Earth. Study world’s rivers and rainfall patterns. Study what causes floods and how people can have safe drinking water. Work to measure and protect world’s supply of water. Hydrology Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Meteorology The study of weather and what cause it. Meteorologists study weather patterns in an area. Then they use the information to make predictions of future weather. This helps people to plan what to wear or to cancel school. Their study can also save people’s lives by predicting tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, or hurricanes. Meteorology Geographer Branches of Geography – In Detail Branches of Geography Physical Geography Human Geography Population Geography Cartography Hydrology Meteorology And more + Political Geography Religion Geography = And more Branches of Geography – In Detail Other Branches: Anthropology – the study of humans.. They gather information about places, sometimes, by crawling into deep caves or climbing tall mountains to make observations or to take measurements. Sometimes they study satellite images. Urban Studies – study city life, government, and services. Population Geography – studies the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations. Medical Geography – the study of the geographical aspects of health and healthcare. Branches of Geography – In Detail Summary: p. 17 1. How is the study of geography similar to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? 2. What might a geographer measure to learn about the world? 3. How could the study of physical geography help people who live in an area at risk for tsunamis? Summary: p. 19 1. How do smaller branches of geography like cartography, meteorology and hydrology relate to the two main branches of geography? 2. What is hydrology? 3. What are some smaller branches of human geography? Think of another one on your own. + = Branches of Geography – In Detail Game: Use a sheet of paper and label H or P http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3W8fdFDiOE&feature=autoplay&list=UL2u3nk rbK5MY&index=3&playnext=1 + = Different Ways of Looking at the World To fully understand how the world works, geographers often look at places at three different levels. Gray Slides Green Book p. 6-7 Different Ways of Looking at the World Whether they study volcanoes or people, geographers use three different levels for their investigations: local level, regional level, global level. At each level they ask different questions and look for different types of information. Then they put the information gathered from each level. 1. Local Level: Study a neighborhood or city’s local foods, housing, clothing, physical landscape, climate, government… Johnson City Different Ways of Looking at the World 2. Regional Level Sometimes geographers study bigger parts of the world so they study regions. Regions are parts of the world that has one or more common features that make it different from its surroundings. A geographer might study physical characteristics such as mountain ranges, climates, or plants. Some examples of physical regions are the Rocky Mountains or the Sahara. A geographers might study regions based on human characteristics of a place such as language, religion, or history. The Three Grand Divisions of TN are based on politics and historic boundaries,, not physical features. Culture is also different in East TN. The steep terrain has kept many towns isolated. Different Ways of Looking at the World Some regions are small, like Chinatown in San Francisco. Different Ways of Looking at the World Other regions are huge, like the Americas. Different Ways of Looking at the World Studying the whole world is difficult, so geographers divide their study into regions. A smaller area is easier to examine than a large area. When studying the region of East TN a geographer will examine many characteristics. Some features include how people interact with one another, government structure, climate, mountains, valleys, Appalachian culture…. Different Ways of Looking at the World 3. Global Level Sometimes geographers what to see the “whole picture.” They want to learn how people interact globally. They study how events and ideas from one regions of the world affect people in other regions. They try to find relationships among people who live far apart. For example, they may examine the products that a country exports to see how those products are used in other countries. Since world trade is increasing, as well as world communication, we need to understand how our actions affect people. Different Ways of Looking at the World Global Regional Local Analyzing Visuals: Looking at the World, p. 6 & 7 Tools of Geography Geographers use tools such as maps, instruments, graphs, and statistics… It answers such questions as, “How do maps, satellites, graphs, and charts help geographers?” Blue Slides Green Book Pages 8 – 9, 15 Tools of Geography Map – flat drawings that shows all or part to Earth’s surface. Globe – a spherical, or ball-shaped, model of Earth. A globe shows the world as it really is. Both maps and globes show what the world looks like. They can show where mountains, deserts, and oceans are. They can also identify and describe the worlds' countries and major cities. However, there are major differences. What are they? Tools of Geography A map cannot show Earth perfectly as the globe can. Why? Think of the peel of an orange. Tools of Geography A map cannot show Earth perfectly as the globe can. Why? Distortion. Although Alaska is a large state— more than twice the size of Texas, its nearest competition—it is hardly as large as it appears. Greenland presents a more extreme example: while in this projection it appears to be about the same size as Africa, it is in fact about fourteen times smaller. (Africa weighs in at a mighty 30 million square kilometers, easily trouncing Greenland’s 2.2 million.) Whole-Earth Mercator projection Tools of Geography What are the advantages of flat maps over globes? Tools of Geography Advantages: 1. Easier to work with than globes. 2. Shows more information like cities in a state. 3. Less expensive to make. 4. Easier to carry around. Tools of Geography Advantages: 5. Can show more information like land use and city streets. 6. Special purpose maps can show such things as languages of the world. .. Tools of Geography Advantages: 6. … like land use Bosina and Herzegovina Land Use Map 6. …like oil trade Map Tools The Middle East is the biggest oil producer, currently providing nearly one-third of the world's total. Europe and Eurasia (mainly Russia and the UK) and North America are also big producers. The difference is, nearly all the Middle East oil is for export while Europe and the US do not produce enough to meet their own needs. Maps, Charts, and Graphs Tools U.S. Population, 1790 - 2000 See: http://www.quantcast.com/dhlusa.com Technology Tools Geographers study images gathered by satellites. 1. These images show what and area looks like above Earth. 2. Satellites also collect information that we cannot see from the planet’s surface. 3. Images from satellites help cartographers make accurate maps. True color and infrared are two basic types of satellite images. See page 15. Tools of Geography Satellite images See: http://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/Ocean/loggerhead.html Tools of Geography There are many types of satellite images. Below are two types: true color and infrared. True color images are similar to what we see on the ground. For example, we see vegetation, ice/snow, and barrenness. This infrared image are taken with special lenses and cameras. This shows heat patterns that we cannot see on the ground. Tools of Geography Analyzing Satellite Images p. 15 This image is taken in the infrared band of light and show relative warmth of objects. Colder objects are brighter and warmer objects are darker. Lower layers of clouds, generally warmer and lower in altitude, are colored gray. Colder and generally higher clouds tops are highlighted in colors. Infrared imagery is useful for determining cloud features both at day and night. So… Why Study Geography? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pbgai3dK16Q Secondary Rehearsal Online quiz practice: http://www.thinkcentral.com/index.htm Keyword: TN TEACHER Chapter Resources Homework Pages 21 – 22 Numbers 1 – 11 12a 13 15 – 17 Page 23 Numbers 1-3, 5, 7 - 8
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